Basic Principles of WCDMA System.pdf

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Basic Principles of WCDMA System

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Basic Principles of WCDMA System Index

2004-10-26 Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission

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Index

Chapter 1 WCDMA System Overview ............................................................ 1.1 Development of Mobile Communications .............................................

1.1.1 Standardization Organizations................................................... 1.1.2 3G Evolution Policies ................................................................

1.2 Types and Differences of 3G Systems................................................. 1.2.1 Origin of the Multiple Systems ................................................... 1.2.2 RTT Technical Proposal ............................................................ 1.2.3 Technical Merge........................................................................ 1.2.4 Comparison Among the Three Major Technical Systems...........

1.3 3G Frequency Spectrum......................................................................

Chapter 2 WCDMA Services........................................................................... 2.1 Overview.............................................................................................

2.1.1 Categories of 3G Services......................................................... 2.1.2 Features of 3G Services............................................................

2.2 Details of Typical 3G Services ............................................................. 2.2.1 CAMEL Phase 3 Intelligent Service ........................................... 2.2.2 Location Services...................................................................... 2.2.3 Multimedia Service.................................................................... 2.2.4 Other Typical Services ..............................................................

2.3 Brief Introduction to the Implementation of Typical 3G Services ........... 2.3.1 CAMEL Phase 3 Intelligent Service ........................................... 2.3.2 LCS........................................................................................... 2.3.3 MMS Service.............................................................................

Chapter 3 WCDMA System Structure ............................................................ 3.1 Overview.............................................................................................

3.1.1 Composition of the UMTS Network System ............................... 3.2 Basic Structure of UTRAN...................................................................

3.2.1 System Interfaces ..................................................................... 3.2.2 Basic Protocol Structure of UTRAN Interfaces ........................... 3.2.3 Functions Implemented by UTRAN............................................ 3.2.4 RNC (Radio Network Controller)................................................ 3.2.5 Node B......................................................................................

3.3 Basic Structure of the Core Network .................................................... 3.3.1 Structure and Interfaces of the R99 Network.............................. 3.3.2 Structure and Interface of the R4 Network ................................. 3.3.3 Structure and Interface of the R5 Network .................................

Chapter 4 Key Technology of WCDMA.......................................................... 4.1 RAKE Receiver ...................................................................................



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4.2 CDMA RF and IF Designing Principles ................................................ 4.2.1 CDMA RF and IF Architecture ................................................... 4.2.2 CDMA RF Designing Performance and Considerations ............. 4.2.3 Digital IF Technology.................................................................

4.3 Diversity Reception Principle ............................................................... 4.4 Channel Coding...................................................................................

4.4.1 Convolution Code...................................................................... 4.4.2 Turbo Code...............................................................................

4.5 Multi-User Detection Technology .........................................................

Chapter 5 WCDMA Radio Interface Technology ........................................... 5.1 Overview of the WCDMA Radio Interface ............................................

5.1.1 Protocol Structure of Radio Interfaces ....................................... 5.1.2 Spreading Spectrum and Scrambling.........................................

5.2 Logical Channel................................................................................... 5.3 Transport Channel...............................................................................

5.3.1 Types of Transport Channels..................................................... 5.3.2 Dedicated Transport Channel .................................................... 5.3.3 Common Transport Channel ..................................................... 5.3.4 Indicator.................................................................................... 5.3.5 Mapping from the Logical Channel to the Transport Channel .....

5.4 Physical Channel................................................................................. 5.4.1 Relevant Concepts of the Physical Channel............................... 5.4.2 Architecture of the Uplink Physical Channel............................... 5.4.3 Structure of the Downlink Physical Channel............................... 5.4.4 Mapping from the Transport Channels and Physical Channels... 5.4.5 Spreading and Modulation of Physical Channels .......................

5.5 Physical layer Procedures ................................................................... 5.5.1 Synchronous Procedure ............................................................ 5.5.2 Paging Procedure ..................................................................... 5.5.3 Random Access Procedure ....................................................... 5.5.4 Access Procedure of the CPCH................................................. 5.5.5 Downlink Transmit Diversity ......................................................

Chapter 6 Basic Signaling Procedures.......................................................... 6.1 Overview.............................................................................................

6.1.1 Types of Signaling Procedures .................................................. 6.1.2 General Introduction..................................................................

6.2 UE State and Paging Procedure.......................................................... 6.2.1 UE State ................................................................................... 6.2.2 Paging Procedure .....................................................................

6.3 UE in the Idle Mode............................................................................. 6.3.1 Overview................................................................................... 6.3.2 PLMN Selection and Reselection...............................................



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6.3.3 Cell Selection and Reselection .................................................. 6.3.4 Location Registration.................................................................

6.4 Radio Resource Management Procedures........................................... 6.4.1 RRC Connection Setup Procedure ............................................ 6.4.2 Signaling Setup Procedure........................................................ 6.4.3 RAB Establishment Procedure .................................................. 6.4.4 Call Release Procedure............................................................. 6.4.5 Handover Procedure ................................................................. 6.4.6 SRNS Relocation ......................................................................

6.5 CS Domain Mobility Management Procedures ..................................... 6.5.1 Location Update........................................................................ 6.5.2 Detachment............................................................................... 6.5.3 Identification.............................................................................. 6.5.4 Purge........................................................................................ 6.5.5 Authentication Procedure .......................................................... 6.5.6 Secure Mode Control ................................................................ 6.5.7 TMSI Reallocation..................................................................... 6.5.8 Combined Location Update .......................................................

6.6 PS Domain Mobility Management Procedures ..................................... 6.6.1 MM Function Overview.............................................................. 6.6.2 Mobility Management State ....................................................... 6.6.3 Association Between SGSN and MSC/VLR............................... 6.6.4 Combined GPRS/IMSI Attach Procedure................................... 6.6.5 Detach Procedures.................................................................... 6.6.6 Security Procedure (Authentication & Ciphering) ....................... 6.6.7 Location Management (Routing Area Update) ........................... 6.6.8 Service Request........................................................................

6.7 Call Control ......................................................................................... 6.7.1 Mobile-originated Call Setup...................................................... 6.7.2 Mobile-terminated Call Setup..................................................... 6.7.3 RAB Procedure ......................................................................... 6.7.4 Paging Procedure ..................................................................... 6.7.5 Call Release Procedure.............................................................

6.8 PS Domain Session Management Procedures..................................... 6.8.1 Basic Concepts of Session Management................................... 6.8.2 PDP Context Activation ............................................................. 6.8.3 PDP Context Modification.......................................................... 6.8.4 PDP Context Deactivation ......................................................... 6.8.5 Reservation Procedure and RAB Reestablishment ....................

Chapter 7 Radio Network Planning for WCDMA ........................................... 7.1 Overview............................................................................................. 7.2 3G Network Planning Procedure..........................................................



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7.3 3G Radio Network Antenna ................................................................. 7.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 7.3.2 3G Network Structure................................................................ 7.3.3 3G Radio Network Typical Antennas ......................................... 7.3.4 3G Smart Antenna (SA).............................................................

7.4 3G Handover Design........................................................................... 7.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 7.4.2 Measurement Procedures ......................................................... 7.4.3 Co-frequency Handover ............................................................ 7.4.4 Handover between WCDMA System and GSM System............. 7.4.5 Inter-frequency Handover in WCDMA........................................ 7.4.6 Handover Design ......................................................................

7.5 WCDMA Power Control Planning ........................................................ 7.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 7.5.2 Principles of Power Control Implementation............................... 7.5.3 Planning of the Power Control Parameters ................................

7.6 WCDMA Radio Network Structure and Resource Planning .................. 7.6.1 Basic Network Structure............................................................ 7.6.2 Hierarchical Network Structure .................................................. 7.6.3 Mobility Management ................................................................ 7.6.4 Factors Affecting the Network Structure..................................... 7.6.5 Radio Resource Planning..........................................................

7.7 3G Network Capacity Estimation ......................................................... 7.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 7.7.2 Downlink Orthogonal Code........................................................ 7.7.3 Link Budget............................................................................... 7.7.4 Capacity and Coverage Analysis ............................................... 7.7.5 Soft Capacity............................................................................. 7.7.6 Planning Conclusion..................................................................

Chapter 8 WCDMA Network Management System........................................ 8.1 Overview............................................................................................. 8.2 NMS Basic Principle............................................................................

8.2.1 Introduction to the TMN............................................................. 8.2.2 Introduction to the TOM Model .................................................. 8.2.3 Introduction to the WCDMA NMS ..............................................

8.3 Introduction to the Service Features of the 3G NMS ............................ 8.3.1 Performance Management ........................................................ 8.3.2 Roaming Agreement Management ............................................ 8.3.3 Fraud Management................................................................... 8.3.4 Configuration Management ....................................................... 8.3.5 Fault Management .................................................................... 8.3.6 Accounting Management...........................................................



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8.3.7 Software Management .............................................................. 8.3.8 Security Management................................................................ 8.3.9 QoS Management .....................................................................

8.4 Introduction to Common NMS Interfaces ............................................. 8.4.1 Reference Models for Common NMS interfaces ........................ 8.4.2 Common NMS Interfaces ..........................................................

Chapter 9 WCDMA Billing System................................................................. 9.1 WCDMA CS Domain Billing Principles.................................................

9.1.1 WCDMA CS Domain Billing Architecture ................................... 9.1.2 Billing Data Generated by MSC/MSC Server .............................

9.2 Billing Principles of WCDMA PS Domain ............................................. 9.2.1 WCDMA PS Domain Billing System Architecture....................... 9.2.2 Billing Data Generated by GSN ................................................. 9.2.3 CGF.......................................................................................... 9.2.4 Billing Center............................................................................. 9.2.5 GTP' Protocol............................................................................

Chapter 10 Huawei WCDMA Network Solution ............................................. 10.1 Overview of WCDMA Evolution .........................................................

10.1.1 Overview of Standard Evolution............................................... 10.1.2 Network Construction Solutions...............................................

10.2 Total Network Solution....................................................................... 10.2.1 CS Domain Construction Solution............................................ 10.2.2 PS Domain Construction Solution............................................ 10.2.3 NMS Solution .......................................................................... 10.2.4 Signaling Network Solution......................................................

10.3 Internetworking Solution .................................................................... 10.3.1 Numbering Plan ...................................................................... 10.3.2 Gateway Exchange Solution.................................................... 10.3.3 Echo Canceller (EC) Configuration Solution............................. 10.3.4 Routing Mode.......................................................................... 10.3.5 R4 Interworking.......................................................................

Basic Principles of WCDMA System WCDMA System Overview


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Chapter 1 WCDMA System Overview

1.1 Development of Mobile Communications

Up till now the modern mobile communication has experienced two generations and evolved into the third generation that is ongoing with pre-commercialization. Many manufacturers have already carried out their commercial trials in Europe and Asia.

The first generation is the analog cellular mobile communication network in the time period from the middle of 1970s to the middle of 1980s. The most important breakthrough in this period is the concept of cellular networks put forward by the Bell Labs in the 1970s, as compared to the former mobile communication systems. The cellular network system is based on cells to implement frequency reuse and thus greatly enhances the system capacity.

The typical examples of the first generation mobile communication systems are the AMPS system and the later enhanced TACS of USA, the NMT and the NTT. The AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) uses the 800 MHz band of the analog cellular transmission system and it is widely applied in North America, South America and some Circum-Pacific countries. The TACS (Total Access Communication System) uses the 900 MHz band and includes two versions: ETACS (Enhanced TACS) in Europe and NTACS (Narrowband TACS) in Japan. It is widely applied in Britain, Japan and some Asian countries.

The main feature of the first generation mobile communication systems is that they use the frequency reuse technology, adopt analog modulation for voice signals and provide an analog subscriber channel every other 30 kHz/25 kHz. However, their defects are also obvious: 1) Low utilization of the frequency spectrum 2) Limited types of services 3) No high-speed data services 4) Poor confidentiality and high vulnerability to interception and number

embezzlement 5) High equipment cost 6) Large volume and big weight To solve these fundamental technical defects of the analog systems, the digital mobile communication technologies emerged and the second generation mobile communication systems represented by GSM and IS-95 came into being in the middle of 1980s. The typical examples of the second generation cellular mobile communication systems are the DAMPS of USA, the IS-95 and the European GSM system.

The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is originated from Europe. Designed as the TDMA standard for mobile digital cellular communications, it supports the 64 kbps data rate and can interconnect with the ISDN. It uses the 900 MHz band while the DCS1800 system uses the 1800 MHz band. The GSM system uses the FDD and TDMA modes and each carrier supports eight channels with the signal bandwidth of 200 kHz.

The DAMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) is also called the IS-54 (North America Digital Cellular System). Using the 800 MHz bandwidth, it is the earlier of the two North America digital cellular standards and specifies the use of the TDMA mode.



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The IS-95 standard is another digital cellular standard of North America. Using the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band, it specifies the use of the CDMA mode and has already become the first choice among the technologies of American PCS (Personal Communication System) networks.

Since the 2G mobile communication systems focus on the transmission of voice and low-speed data services, the 2.5G mobile communication systems emerged in 1996 to address the medium-rate data transmission needs. These systems include GPRS and IS-95B.

The CDMA system has a very large capacity that is equivalent to ten or even twenty times that of the analog systems. It also has good compatibility with the analog systems. Currently some countries and regions such as USA, Korea and Hong Kong have put the CDMA system into operation to provide services for subscribers. As the narrowband CDMA technologies come into maturity at a time later than the GSM technologies, their application far lags behind the GSM ones and currently they have only found large-scale commercial applications in North America, Korea and China. The major services of mobile communications are currently still voice services and low-speed data services. With the development of networks, data and multimedia communications have also witnessed rapid development; therefore, the target of the 3G mobile communication is to implement broadband multimedia communication.

The 3G mobile communication systems are a kind of communication system that can provide multiple kinds of high quality multimedia services and implement global seamless coverage and global roaming. They are compatible with the fixed networks and can implement any kind of communication at any time and any place with portable terminals.

Put forward in 1985 by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), the 3G mobile communication system was called the FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System) and was later renamed as IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication-2000). The major systems include WCDMA, cdma2000 and UWC-136. On November 5, 1999, the 18th conference of ITU-R TG8/1 passed the Recommended Specification of Radio Interfaces of IMT-2000 and the TD-SCDMA technologies put forward by China were incorporated into the IMT-2000 CDMA TDD part of the technical specification. This showed that the work of the TG8/1 in formulating the technical specifications of radio interfaces in 3G mobile communication systems had basically come into an end and the development and application of the 3G mobile communication systems would enter a new and essential phase.

1.1.1 Standardization Organizations

The standardization of 3G mobile communication systems are in fact pushed forward and implemented by two standardization organizations: 3GPP (3rd Generation Partner Project) and 3GPP2.

Established in December 1998, the 3GPP is composed of the European ETSI, the Japanese ARIB, the Korean TTA and the American T1. It adopts the WCDMA technologies of Europe and Japan to construct a new radio access network and smoothly evolves a core switching network from the existing GSM mobile switching network to provide more diversified services. The UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) is used as the radio interface standard.

In January 1999, the 3GPP2 composed of the American TIA, the Japanese ARIB and the Korean TTA also formally came into being. The cdma2000 and UWC-136 technologies are applied for radio access and the cdma2000 technologies adopt the Qualcomm patents to a large extent. ANSI/IS-41 is used for the core network.



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One formal member of the above two standardization organizations is the China Wireless Telecommunications Standard Group (CWTS) and two Chinese companies (Huawei and Datang) are two independent members of the 3GPP organization.

1.1.2 3G Evolution Policies

In general, the evolution policies formulated by 3GPP and 3GPP2 are progressive. This has the following benefits: l Guaranteeing the existing investment and operators benefits l Facilitating the smooth transition of the existing technologies From the perspective of development, the process of evolution from the existing 2G mobile communication systems to the IMT-2000 is a vital issue. It relates to the reuse of the existing networks (the construction of new networks should not be the optimal solution) and the development of multiple 2G digital network systems towards the same standard.

1. Policies of evolution from GSM to WCDMA

The policies of evolution from GSM to WCDMA should be as follows: The present GSM HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data at the rates from 14.4 kbps to 64 kbps) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service at the rate of 144 kbps) Smooth seamless evolution from the network service coverage ultimately to IMT-2000 WCDMA (DS). 1) HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data HSCSD is a feature to allocate multiple full-rate voice channels to the HSCSD structure. Its purpose is to provide the mixture of multiple services at different air interface subscriber rates with the single physical layer structure. Its benefits lie in the higher data rates (up to 64 kbps; the maximum data rate depends on the manufacturers) and the use of the existing GSM data technologies by slightly modifying the GSM system. 2) GPRS: General Packet Radio Service The major benefits of GPRS are as follows: l Standard radio packet switching Internet/Intranet access applicable to all the

places of GSM coverage l Variable peak data rate that ranges from several bits per second to 171.2 kbps

(the maximum data rate depends on the manufacturers) l Charging by the actual data volume: This charging method enables the

subscribers to pay the cost of the actual data volume transmitted while remaining online all the days

l Support for the existing services and new application services l Packetization over the radio interfaces to optimize the sharing of radio resources l Packet switching technology to optimize the sharing of network resources l Capability of extension to the future radio protocols Based on the existing GSM part, the packet switching GPRS network architecture has the new network function part: 3) WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multi Access The WCDMA has become a new mature technology aiming at the UMTS/IMT-2000. It can satisfy all the requirements listed by the ITU to provide very effective high-speed data services and high quality voice and image services. In the process of evolution from GSM to WCDMA, only the core network part is smoothly evolved. As the change of the air interface is revolutionary, so is the evolution of the radio access network part.



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2. Policies of evolution from IS-95 to cdma2000

After the IS-95A (at the rates of 9.6/14.4 kbps) is evolved to the IS-95B (at the rate of 115.2 kbps) and ultimately to cdma2000 1X, the system can provide higher capacity and a higher data rate (144kbps) and can support the burst mode as well as adding new supplemental channels. The cdma2000 1X EV with enhanced technologies can provide higher performances.

The IS-95B is different from the IS-95A in that multiple channels can be bound in the IS-95B system. These two are basically the same in essence can they can coexist in the same carrier. In contrast, the cdma2000 1X has greater improvements and its system equipment can support 1X terminals and IS-95A/B terminals simultaneously. Therefore, these three systems (IS-95A/IS-95B/1X) can coexist in the same carrier. For the cdma2000 system, the gradual replacement method can be applied in the transition from 2G systems to 3G systems. In other words, one carrier of the 2G systems can be compressed to become a 3G carrier to provide the services of medium and higher rates to the subscribers. As the 3G systems have more and more subscribers, the number of carriers used in the 2G systems can be gradually reduced while more carriers can be added to the 3G systems. Through this kind of smooth upgrading, the network operators can not only provide various latest serves to the subscribers but also well protect the investment of the existing equipment.

In the process of evolution to the 3G systems, the evolution of such wireless equipment as BTS and BSC deserves special attention. The protection of operators investment has been fully taken into account in the formulation of the cdma2000 standard and many radio indices of the 3G systems are the same as in the 2G systems. From the point of view of the BTS, the radio parts such as antenna, RF filters and power amplifiers are all reusable while the baseband signal processing part needs to be replaced.

There are currently two branches in the evolution to the cdma2000 1X EV: 1) The cdma2000 1X EV-DO that only supports data services; and 2) the cdma2000 1X EV-DV that supports both data services and voice services. For the cdma2000 1X EV-DO that only supports data services, the HDR put forward by Qualcomm has been determined; while for the cdma2000 1X EV-DV that supports both data services and voice services, there are several proposals at present (one of them is the LAS-CDMA technology submitted by China) and these are presently in the process of review.

3. Policies of evolution from DAMPS to UWC-136

The first step of evolution from IS-136 (DAMPS) to UWC-136 is to implement the GPRS-136 and the second step is to implement UWC-136 (Universal Wireless Communications). The EDGE-based technologies have been decided for UWCC and TIA TR-45.3, this means that the GPRS network architecture will be used to support the 136+ high-speed data transmission. The GPRS-136 is the official name of the 136+ packet switched data service and its high-layer protocols (L3 protocols and above) are fully the same as those of the GPRS system, considering the economical aspect of the implementation. It provides the same capacity as the GPRS of GSM and its subscribers can have access to two forms of data networks: IP and X.25. Its major purpose is to reduce the technical difference between TIA/EIA-136 and GSM GPRS so that the subscribers can roam between GPRS-136 and GSM GPRS networks. One of the policies for the American TIA to develop the 3G systems is to implement convergence of the 3G systems with the GSM system that also uses the TDMA access mode. This is quite beneficial for the economics of global roaming and products and it also implements the coordination protocol between UWCC and ETSI. Whats more important, it enables the TDMA to player a more important role in the 3G systems.



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1.2 Types and Differences of 3G Systems

1.2.1 Origin of the Multiple Systems

Currently the 3G research work of ITU is mainly undertaken by 3GPP and 3GPP2. The goal of ITU in terms of 3G is to establish the ITM-2000 family and implement global roaming between different 3G systems.

Family concept 1) Network part In one intermediate meeting of ITU-T SG11 in March 1997, the ITM-2000 Family Concept put forward in Europe was passed. This concept was based on the existing networks and involved at least two major standards: GSM MAP and IS-41. 2) Radio interface part In the ITU-R TG8/1 meeting in September 1997, the discussion on the radio interface family concept started. In a special meeting of TG8/1 in January 1998, the concept of suite was put forward and applied and this put the family concept out of use. This means that there may be more than one radio interface standard but the concept of more than one standard is not yet accepted, rather, these different standards are expected to ultimately form a unified standard.

The following two factors have caused various technical differences:

1) Relationship with 2G

The network part must be compatible with 2G, that is, the 3G networks are gradually evolved from the 2G networks. There are two major 2G core networks: GSM MAP and IS-41.

Radio interfaces: The American IS-95 CDMA and IS-136 TDMA operators emphasize on the backward compatibility (evolutional) while the European GSM and Japanese PDC operators emphasize on the backward incompatibility of the radio interface (revolutionary).

The correspondence between the core networks and the radio interfaces is shown in Figure 1-1 below:



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IS-41 core network

IS-136

UWC-136

IS-95 CDMA

cdma2000

PDC core network PDC

Core networks 2G/3G access networks

GSM core networkGSM

W-CDMA

TD-SCDMA

Figure 1-1 Correspondence between the core network and the radio access network interface

3) The important role of frequency spectrum on technical selection In terms of frequency spectrum, the key issue is that the ITM-2000 frequencies allocated by ITU have already been applied to the PCS service in USA. Because the USA requires the sharing of frequency spectrum with 2G systems, the backward compatibility of the radio interfaces is especially emphasized and technically the USA requires gradual evolution. In contrast, most of the other countries have new IMT-2000 frequency bands that feature very large flexibility. Whats more, the intellectual property rights play a very significant role, for example, Qualcomm has its own patent declaration. Competition is also a major factor to contribute to the technical differences.

1.2.2 RTT Technical Proposal

The eighth research group of ITU-R, i.e. the TG8/1 Task Group is responsible for promoting the assessment and merge of IMT-2000 Radio Transmission Technology (RTT). Up till September 1998, there have been up to 16 RTT proposals including the MSS (Mobile Satellite Service). They all come from 16 RTT assessment groups of IMT-2000 and are listed as follows: 1) UTRA WCDMA (Europe) 2) DECT (Europe) 3) cdma2000 (USA) 4) UWC-136 (USA) 5) WIMS WCDMA (USA) 6) WCDMA/NA (USA) 7) WCDMA (Japan) 8) TD-SCDMA (China) 9) Global CDMA (Synchronous, Korea) 10) Global CDMA (Asynchronous, Korea)



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11) LEO satellite system SAT-CDMA 12) ESA wideband satellite system SW-CDMA 13) CDMA/TDMA hybrid bandwidth satellite system SW-CTDMA 14) ICO RTT 15) INMARSAT satellite system Horizons 16) Iridium LLC satellite system INX Among these proposals, the first ten are RTT proposals for the IMT-2000 terrestrial system and the last six reflect the efforts of incorporating the MSS (Mobile Satellite Service) into the IMT-2000.

These proposals reflect the concern of many countries as to the future mode of IMT-2000 and their basic wishes to exercise effective influence. However, as viewed from the market basis, backward compatibility and overall features, the UTRA WCDMA of ETSI and the cdma2000 of USA are the most competitive; therefore, the key to the merge of RTT lies in the progress of effectively merging these two proposals.

1.2.3 Technical Merge

IMT-2000 includes both the Terrestrial Mobile Service (TMS) and the Mobile Satellite Service (MSS). The suggestion of one globally uniform and better-merged 3G mobile communication standard is conducive to whether operators, manufacturers, subscribers and policy planning & management bodies, so it is warmly welcomed by all countries in the world.

As far the sixteen RTT candidate schemes are concerned, the ultimate result of merging terrestrial mobile communications will bring the biggest competitiveness to the WCDMA (DS) of ETSI and the cdma2000 of USA TIA in terms of the FDD mode; while for the TDD mode, the TD-CDMA put forward by ETSI UTRA and the D-SCDMA put forward by China CATT will be the major objects of further integration. At the end of March 1999, Ericsson and Qualcomm reached a series of agreements on the IPR and this act cleared way the obstacles from intellectual property rights for promoting a global CDMA standard. At the end of May 1999, the Operator Harmonization Group (OHG) composed of 31 global major operators and 11 major manufacturers put forward a merge proposal of the IMT-2000. This proposal played a positive role in promoting the unification of the major parameters (chip rate, pilot structure, core network protocol based on GSM-MAP and ANSI-41). All the participants unanimously agreed that the chip rate should be 3.84Mcps for FDD-DS-CDMA and 3.6864Mcps for FDD-MC-CDMA, which is also called FDD-cdma2000-(MC). In June 1999, the 17th meeting of TG8/1 was held in Beijing. In this meeting, a framework agreement was reached on Recommendations Rec, IMT and RSPC of the technical specifications of radio interfaces. 3GPP, 3GPP2 and the Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) were encouraged to support the above OHG proposal and TG8/1 Task Group was appointed to carry out more detailed work of the MSS proposal.

The 18th meeting of ITU TG8/1 was held in Helsinki, Finland in November 1999, and the Recommended Specification of Radio Interfaces of IMT-2000 was adopted. This meant that the TG8/1's work in formulating the technical specifications of radio interfaces in the 3G mobile communication systems had basically come to an end and the development and application of 3G mobile communication systems would enter the essential phase. TD-SCDMA, WCDMA and cdma2000 were determined as the ultimate three technical systems.



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1.2.4 Comparison Among the Three Major Technical Systems

1. WCDMA

Formulated by the European standardization organization 3GPP, WCDMA is widely supported by the global standardization organizations, equipment manufacturers, component suppliers and operators. It will become one of the mainstream future 3G systems.

The core network evolves on the basis of and can thus be compatible with the existing GSM/GPRS networks.

It can be based on the TDM, ATM and IP technologies to evolve towards the all-IP network architecture.

Logically, the core network comprises two parts: The circuit domain and the packet domain to complete the circuit-switched services and the packet-switched services respectively.

Based on the ATM technology, the UTRAN uniformly processes voice and packet services and evolves towards the IP network architecture.

MAP and GPRS tunneling technologies are the core of the mobility management mechanism in the WCDMA system.

The air interface adopts the WCDMA technologies with the signal bandwidth of 5 MHz and the chip rate of 3.84 Mcps. It uses the AMR voice encoding scheme and supports the synchronous/asynchronous Node B operation mode. Besides, the following modes are applied in the WCDMA system: Uplink/downlink closed loop power control plus outer loop power control; open loop (STTD & TSTD) and closed loop (FBTD) transmit diversity; pilot-assisted coherent demodulation; convolutional coding and Turbo coding; QPSK modulation in both the uplink and the downlink.

2. cdma2000 system

The cdma2000 system is a 3G standard put forward on the basis of the IS-95 standard. Its standardization work is currently undertaken by 3GPP2.

Circuit Switched (CS) domain: Adapted from the 2G IS95 CDMA network, the circuit domain has introduced a service platform based on the WIN infrastructure.

Packet Switched (PS) domain: A packet network based on the Mobile IP technology.

Radio Access Network (RAN): Based on the ATM switch platform, it provides abundant adaptation layer interfaces.

The air interface adopts the cdma2000 technologies and is compatible with the IS95. The signal bandwidth is N1.25MHz (N = 1, 3, 6, 9, 12) and the chip rate is N1.2288Mcps. It uses the 8K/13K QCELP or 8K EVRC voice coding mode and its BTS needs to run in the GPS/GLONESS synchronous mode. The following modes are applied in the cdma2000 system: Uplink/downlink closed loop power control plus outer loop power control; OTD and STS transmit diversion in the forward direction to improve the anti-fading capacity of channels and the signal quality of the forward channels; pilot-assisted coherent modulation in the reverse direction to improve the demodulation performance; convolutional coding and Turbo coding; BPSK in the uplink and QPSK in the downlink.



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3. TD-SCDMA system

The TD-SCDMA standard is put forward by the Chinese Wireless Telecommunication Standard (CWTS) Group and now it has been merged into the specifications related to the WCDMA-TDD of 3GPP.

The core network evolves on the basis of and can thus be compatible with the existing GSM/GPRS networks.

It can be based on the TDM, ATM and IP technologies to evolve towards the all-IP network architecture.

Logically, the core network comprises two parts: The circuit domain and the packet domain to complete the circuit-switched services and the packet-switched services respectively.

Based on the ATM technology, the UTRAN uniformly processes voice and packet services and evolves towards the IP network architecture.

MAP and GPRS tunneling technologies are the core of the mobility management mechanism in the WCDMA system.

The air interface adopts the TD-SCDMA mode.

The TD-SCDMA features 3S: Smart antenna, Synchronous CDMA and Software radio.

The key technologies used in TD-SCDMA include Intelligent Antenna + Joint Detection, Multi-slot CDMA + DS-CDMA, Synchronous CDMA, Channel Coding/Decoding and Interleaving (the same as in 3GPP) and Baton Handover.

A comparison of the above three systems is given in the table below.

Table 1-1 Comparison among the three major technical systems

System WCDMA cdma2000 TD-SCDMA Using countries Europe and Japan USA and Korea China

Inheritance from GSM Narrowband CDMA GSM

Synchronous mode Asynchronous/synchronous Synchronous Synchronous

Chip rate 3.84Mcps N1.2288Mcps 1.28Mcps

Signal bandwidth 5MHz N1.25MHz 1.6MHz

Air interface WCDMA cdma2000 compatible with IS-95 TD-SCDMA Core network GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP

1.3 3G Frequency Spectrum

ITU has allocated 230 MHz frequency for the 3G mobile communication system IMT-2000: 1885 MHz ~ 2025MHz in the uplink and 2110v~ 2200 MHz in the downlink. Of them, the frequency range of 1980 MHz ~ 2010 MHz (uplink) and that of 2170 MHz ~ 2200 MHz (downlink) are used for mobile satellite services. As the uplink and the downlink bands are asymmetrical, the use of dual-frequency FDD mode or the single-frequency TDD mode may be considered. This plan was passed in WRC92 and new additional bands were approved on the basis of the WRC-92 in the WRC2000 conference in the year 2000: 806 MHz ~ 960 MHz, 1710 MHz ~ 1885 MHz and 2500 MHz ~ 2690 MHz, as shown in Figure 1-2 below.



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1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

Reserve

IMT 2000GSM 1800 DECT MSS

MSSIMT 2000PHS MSSIMT 2000

IMT 2000

MSSIMT 2000IMT 2000

IMT 2000

MSSIMT 2000

MSS

A D B EF A B C MSS

MSS MSS

GSM 1800, PCS

D FEB BC

ITU identifications

Europe

China

Japan,Korea (w/o PHS)

North America

1700 1750 1800950 1000800 850 900

IMT 2000IMT 2000

GSM

Cellular

PDC

Cellular

P C SMSS

GSM

Previous IMT-2000 terrestrial bands

New IMT-2000 terrestrial bands

Figure 1-2 Frequency spectrum allocation of WRC-2000

The European Union (EU) also attached great importance to 3G mobile communication systems and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) started the research work of 3G mobile communication standardization as early as over ten years ago and it established a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) Forum that was composed of operators, equipment manufacturers and telecommunication management organizations. In 1995, the technical proposal for frequency spectrum division was submitted formally to the ITU.

In Europe, the allocation of frequency spectrum is as follows: 1900 MHz ~ 1980MHz, 2010 MHz ~ 2025MHz and 2110 MHz ~ 2170MHz, totaling 155 MHz.

The situation in North America is rather complex, as shown in Figure 1-2. The 1850 MHz ~ 1990 MHz band among the 3G low bands has already allocated for PCS use and it has been divided into two 15 MHz and two 5 MHz bands. Since the PCS service has already occupied the frequency spectrum of IMT-2000, the uplink band of the adjusted IMT-2000 even needs to be shared together with the downlink band of PCS. This kind of arrange is not suitable for the high-transmit and low-receive configurations of ordinary base stations.

In Japan, the frequency band of 1893.5 MHz ~ 1919.6 MHz has already been allocated for PHS use and the 3G bands totaling 135 MHz (2 60 MHz + 15 MHz) are still available: 1920 MHz ~ 1980MHz, 2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz, 2010 MHz ~ 2025 MHz). At present, Japan is endeavoring to clear the conflicts with the frequencies for 3G mobile communications.

Korea has the same allocated frequency as in ITU Recommendations, i.e., 170 MHz.

The WCDMA FDD mode uses the following frequency spectrum (bands other than those specified by 3GPP may also be used): Uplink 1920 MHz ~ 1980 MHz and downlink 2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz. Each carrier frequency has the 5M band and the duplex spacing is 190 MHz. In America, the used frequency spectrum is 1850 MHz ~ 1910 MHz in the uplink and 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz in the downlink and the duplex spacing is 80 MHz.

The frequency spectrum used by the WCDMA TDD mode (including the high bit rates and the low bit rates) is as follows (bands other than those specified by 3GPP may also be used):

1) Uplink 1900 ~ 1920MHz and 2010 ~ 2025MHz



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2) America: Uplink 1850 MHz ~ 1910 MHz and downlink 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz.

3) America: 1910 MHz ~ 1930 MHz in both the uplink and the downlink

In special cases (such as the boundary area of two countries), the TDD mode and the FDD mode may coexist in the same frequency band and 3GPP TSG RAN WG4 is currently researching this situation.

There is only the FDD mode in the cdma2000 system and currently there are a total of seven band classes, of which Band Class 6 is the 1920 MHz ~1980 MHz/2110 MHz ~ 2180 MHz band stipulated in IMT-2000.

In China, according to the present radio frequency division, mobile services, fixed services and spatial services are using the 1700 MHz ~ 2300 MHz band, which is currently serving plenty of microwave communication systems and a certain number of wireless location devices. In December 1996, the State Radio Regulatory Committee of P. R. China re-planned and adjusted some terrestrial radio service frequencies of 2 GHz to adapt to the needs of cellular mobile communication development and radio access. However, the frequency spectrum still conflicts with the 3G mobile communication systems, that is, the 1.9 MHz band for public cellular mobile communications and the radio access band have both taken up some of the IMT-2000 bands.

Therefore, the 3G mobile communication systems have to share the limited frequency resources with the existing radio communication systems. With the development of technologies and services, the planning and adjustment of IMT-2000 bands must be well done to stimulate the operators, scientific research organizations/institutions, manufacturers and other bodies to actively develop the 3G mobile communication systems, so as to meet both the short-term and the long-term frequency spectrum needs in China mobile communication development.

The occupation of the IMT-2000 frequency spectrum in China is illustrated in the following figure.

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

ITU

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

1880 MHz 1980 MHz

1885 MHz 2025 MHz

2010 MHz

IMT 2000

2170 MHz

IMT 20002110 MHz 2170 MHz

MSS MSS

China MSSMSS MSSFDDFDD

1920 MHz

TDD TDD

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

ITU

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

1880 MHz 1980 MHz

1885 MHz 2025 MHz

2010 MHz

IMT 2000

2170 MHz

IMT 20002110 MHz 2170 MHz

MSS MSS

China MSSMSS MSSFDDFDD

1920 MHz

TDD TDD

Figure 1-3 Occupation of the IMT-2000 frequency spectrum in China

The bands allocated for IMT-2000 in China are listed below:

1) Basic operating bands



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FDD mode: 1920 MHz ~ 1980MHz/2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz

TDD mode: 1880 MHz ~ 1920 MHz/2010 MHz ~ 2025 MHz

2) Supplementary operating bands

FDD mode: 1755 MHz ~ 1785 MHz/1850 MHz ~ 1880 MHz

TDD mode: 2300 MHz ~ 2400 MHz, shared together with the wireless location services; both are major services and the sharing standard is to be specially formulated.

3) Operating band for satellite mobile communication systems

1980 MHz ~ 2010 MHz/2170 MHz ~ 2200 MHz.

Basic Principles of WCDMA System WCDMA Services


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Chapter 2 WCDMA Services

2.1 Overview

Compatible with abundant services and applications of GSM and GPRS, the WCDMA system has an open integrated service platform to provide a wide prospect for various 3G services. This chapter introduces the categories and features of 3G services, and presents several typical types of services and their implementation methods, so that the readers may gain a general understanding of 3G services.

2.1.1 Categories of 3G Services

l Basic telecom services, including voice service, emergency call service and SMS. l Supplementary services, the same as the supplementary services defined in

GSM. l Bearer services, including circuit bearer service and packet bearer service. l Intelligent service, an intelligent network service based on CAMEL mechanism

inherited from the GSM system. l Location services, services related to location information, such as charging by

area, mobile yellow page and emergency locating. l Multimedia services, including circuit real-time multimedia service, packet

real-time multimedia service and non real-time store-and-transfer multimedia message service.

The above services are roughly classified. Actually these services may overlap. For example, charging by area is not only a location service, but also an intelligent service.

2.1.2 Features of 3G Services

3G (WCDMA) services are inherited from 2G (GSM) services. In a new architecture, new service capabilities are generated, and more service types are available. Service characteristics vary greatly, so each service features differently. Generally, there are features as follows: l The real-time services such as voice service generally have the QoS requirement. l Compatible backward with all the services provided by GSM. l The concept of multimedia service is introduced.

2.2 Details of Typical 3G Services

2.2.1 CAMEL Phase 3 Intelligent Service

CAMEL Phase 2 is implemented in GSM, mainly providing the prepaid service. CAMEL Phase 3 needs to be implemented in UMTS. Phase 2 supports services such as CS, USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data), SS (Supplementary Service) and CF (Call Forwarding). On this base, Phase 3 has added support for GPRS, SMS, MM and LCS (optional).

Service category:



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l CAMEL control service of basic circuit switch calls: It implements authentication and accounting of voice calls.

l CAMEL control service of GPRS: It implements authentication and accounting of GPRS bearers.

l CAMEL control service of SMS: It implements authentication, accounting and transfer of SMS.

l CAMEL control service of USSD. l CAMEL control service of mobility management. l CAMEL control service of location information.

2.2.2 Location Services

It is widely accepted in the industry that the LCS has a promising market and commercial prospect. LCS has been commercialized in GSM and GPRS networks in China and other countries. In the 3G field, because of improvement of location precision and application of the open system structure, LCS is very attractive. It may become one of the main killer services in 3G. There are the following types of LCS: l Public security service In the United States, October 1, 2001 started the provisioning of the Enhanced Emergency Services. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) stipulated that wireless operators should provide an estimated value of longitude and latitude of the caller. The precision should be within 125 meters (67% of the estimated value) or lower than the result by root mean square. Mainly driven by national laws, this kind of service is provided by operators for the public interest. It is available without users application. To operators, it is a non-profitable service but can promote operators image. And this service is an inevitable development result of mobile communication technologies.

Besides emergency calls, there is also vehicle rescues: If a vehicle is broken on the road, a fault locating automatic report is available. If there is an accident, the detection device will detect it and auto report the related information such as location of the accident. l Location Based Charging Specific user charging: Some location areas (LAs) can be set as discount areas. In these LAs, calling and answering will be discounted.

Close location charging: If the caller and the called are in the same LA or close LAs, they will get a discount.

Specific area charging: If one or both of the caller and called are in a specific location, such as shopping area, a discount will be given. It is to encourage the user to enter this area. l Enhanced Call Routing (ECR) The ECR enables users calls to be routed to the nearest service point according to the location. The user can implement corresponding tasks with specific access numbers. For example, the user can input 427 to have access to the nearest gas station. This service is available for chain companies, such as Caltex and KFC. The companies can apply for specific access numbers or preferential access number that will be preferred for access among the counterparts (such as gas stations). To bank services, the user can get the latest bank information or ATM information through ECR. l Location Based Information Services



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Get the subscriber location information

Return the subscriber location information

The information about the nearby restaurant is returned and it can be in the

form of graphics or text

Query The nearby restaurant

Location Server

SP Web ServerPORTAL

Location Server

Radio network

SP Web ServerPORTAL

Figure 2-1 Location Based Information Services

Figure 2-1 shows the location-based information service that enables the user to get the specific location-based information. Following are examples of service applications:

City sightseeing: Providing direction navigation between touring sites, or indicating touring sites nearby, and finding the nearest hotel, bank, airport, bus station or relaxation place.

Location-based content broadcast: It can deliver messages to users in a specific area. It is mainly used in advertisement services, for example, delivering advertisements to users in or near a shopping center to attract customers. It can also filter users. For example, the administration of a port can deliver dispatch messages to the staff within the port area. In addition, activities schedules can also be delivered to tourists in the sightseeing area. l Mobile yellow page Mobile yellow page is similar to ECR. It provides contact information of the nearest service point according to users needs. For example, the customer can input an entry restaurant or more conditions such as Chinese food and within 3 kilometers to search. The output result can be phone numbers or addresses. l Network Enhancing Services This service is still yet to be defined. At present lawful interception service is available. Lawful interception is the ability to intercept Content of Communication (CC) and Intercept Related Information (IRI) of an MS by the 3G system for Law Enforcement Agency (LEA). The mobile target can be local subscribers, or subscribers roaming from other 3G systems, or roaming subscribers that can use the 3G system from other mobile networks, such as GSM subscribers.



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2.2.3 Multimedia Service

In 3G, distributed multimedia service is the first to be developed. With a little bandwidth, voice service is the first to be developed, especially with the wide use of high-compression-ratio MP3. The first application of video service is unidirectional video application based on low bit rate and small image MPEG4 mode, such as real-time advertising service, or movie clips.

Details of service types: l Circuit real-time multimedia service: The implementation of multimedia service in

the circuit domain mainly uses H.324/M protocol. l Packet real-time multimedia service Multimedia service in the packet domain is mainly implemented via the SIP protocol. The major applications include 384 Kbps Video On Demand (VOD) and mobile teleconference. An example of VOD service is illustrated in Figure 2-2. l Non real-time multimedia message service This service is called MMS (Multimedia Message Service), a natural development of SMS. Technically speaking, SMS delivers text format messages through signaling, only able to deliver or receive text-only messages with a capacity of a little bit more than one hundred bytes. MMS, with rich service supporting capabilities, can deliver multi-functional message containing text, images, video, audio and data.

PlatformPortalWAP GW

Huawei OSS

WIN- CDMA

GPRS/ WCDMA

GGSN

WWW server

WSRAS server

Router

QuidwayQuidwayTMTMS 2402S 2402

QuidwayQuidwayTMTMS 2402S 2402

IntranetApplication server DB

WS

Still one hour before boarding, so I can see a

movie with my 3G MS

Figure 2-2 Example of VOD service



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2.2.4 Other Typical Services

1. PUSH Service

PUSH service is kind of push technology. It means the network side (mainly the web sites) initially pushes messages to subscribers, such as weather broadcast, stock information, news, adverting service, traffic information and other customized messages. To the research and discussion of PUSH service, 3GPP proposes series of implementation schemes. These schemes include: PUSH service implemented by using network-initiated PDP context activation process; PUSH service implemented by using network-initiated PDP context activation process triggered by DNS query; PUSH service implemented by using SMS; PUSH service implemented by using on line for ever, PUSH service implemented based on the SIP protocol, and PUSH service using the HTTP protocol.

2. PORTAL service

PORTAL service is a kind of service based on PUSH service.

When the user accesses the Internet, the network will push portal pages. To the network operators, they can get advertising fees from the pages. To the subscribers, they can access the Internet in a foolproof way, and get public information such as weather, traffic and stock for free.

To enhance this service, mobile subscribers can click the page to select each ISP, or access an enterprise network without fussy inputs.

2.3 Brief Introduction to the Implementation of Typical 3G Services

2.3.1 CAMEL Phase 3 Intelligent Service

To introduce the intelligent network into the mobile communication system, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defined CAMEL in Gsm Phase 2+ in 1997 to provide subscribers with service consistency unrelated to the specific service network. The CAMEL feature is not a supplementary service but a network feature. Even the subscriber is not in the HPLMN (Home public land mobile network), the CAMEL feature can be a means of helping network operators provide the subscriber with the specific service.

The network structure of CAMEL Phase3 is shown in Figure 2-3. Several function entities are added into the GSM network: GsmSSF (Service Switching Function), GsmSRF (Specialized Resource Function) and GsmSCF (Service Control Function). CAP Phase3 protocol interface is employed between GsmSCF and GsmSSF, and between GsmSCF and GsmSRF. While an internal protocol interface is used between MSC and GsmSRF, the others use MAP Phase3 interfaces.

The equipment designed specially for GsmSCF implementation is called the SCP, for GsmSSF implementation the SSP, and for GsmSRF implementation the IP.



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HLR

GMSC

gsmSCF

MSC

Forwarded leg

MSIncoming line

Visited NetworkInterrogating Network

Home Network

gsmSSFVLR

Roaming leg

CAPCAP

MAP

MAP MAP

gsmSSF

gsmSRFHome/Interrogating/Visited Network

CAP

MO call - Outgoing leg(or Forwarding leg)

MAP

Figure 2-3 Network structure of CAMEL Phase3

CAMEL mainly embodies the separation of switching and services. The fundamental idea is as follows: The switch only implements the basic call connection function, but the control of all intelligent services is implemented by another network layer, i.e., the intelligent network. Of them, the Service Switching Function (SSF) implements the switching function, reports various events during the call to the Service Control Function (SCF) and possibly suspends the call, waiting for further instruction of SCF. The triggering points of these events are called the Detection Points (DPs). SCF implements the service logic control function. The essential of the CAMEL mechanism is a control mechanism between SCF and SSF.

2.3.2 LCS

Figure 2-4 shows the network structure of LCS implementation. Here, when MSC/SGSN supports LCS, new interfaces to various network entities are added: The Lg interface between MSC/SGSN and GMLC, the Lh interface between GMLC and HLR, and the Lc interface between GMLC and gsmSCF.



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UE Node B

(LMUType B)

HLR

GatewayMLC

ExternalLCS client

LeLg

Lg

Lh

GatewayMLC

Other PLMN

LMUType A

Uu

IuIub

gsmSCF

Lc

CBCNote 1)

IuBC 3G-SGSN

3G-MSC/VLR

RNCNode B(LMU

Type B)

Iur

Iub

SRNC(SMLCfunctio-nality)

Figure 2-4 Network structure of LCS

The functions of the LCS system are described as follows: l LCS Client LCS Client is the source of sending location requests, and uses the location result to implement related services based on location. There are four kinds of clients according to the LCS Client functions. 1) Value-added LCS Clients - Using LCS to support various value-added services,

they may include UEs or no specific UEs. 2) PLMN operator LCS Clients - Using LCS to enhance or support some tasks

related to O&M, such as supplementary service, IN related service, bearer service and telecommunication service.

3) Emergency services LCS Clients - Using LCS enhance the support of emergency calls from the subscribers.

4) Lawful Interception LCS Clients - Using LCS to implement various legal requests and acceptance services.

l GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center) GMLC is a gateway device in the network connecting to the external LCS Client. After getting related location request messages through the Le interface, it is responsible for HLR addressing, and delivering the location requests to the SGSN through the Lg interface. GMLC is also responsible for delivering related location results to related LCS Clients, or convents the results into local coordinate information upon request. l MSC/SGSN/VLR MSC/SGSN/VLR mainly implements the coding/decoding of related location information, version negotiation and processing of related signaling protocol information. In addition, it provides interface functions of related signaling tracing, maintenance and management. MSC/SGSN/VLR needs to implement the main processing and control of location procedure, and user privacy protection, and provides charging information according to the processing. l HLR



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HLR stores the subscription data related to LCS, and provides the MSC number of the located subscriber. l Target UE The Target UE (also referred as MS) is a target mobile phone located. The network needs to locate the current or last location of the mobile subscriber according to the location request. Generally, the target MS is the object to be located. But for MO-LR (Mobile Originated-Location Request), the target MS is the MS that initiates the location request. l RNC In 3G networks, RNC implements the specific locating testing and calculation in LCS implementation.

RNC

SGSN/SGSN Server

MSC/MSC Server

GMLC

HLR

LCS client

Lg

Lh

Le

RNC

Figure 2-5 Example of LCS procedure

The external client requests the location information of a target UE/MS from GMLC (or non real-time location information request). 1) GMLC checks the ID of the client and the requested service, and then gets UE/MS

identification from the request information. 2) GMLC delivers a message to HLR/HSS to query the address of SGSN or

MSC/MSC Server. Upon receipt of the needed address, GMLC will deliver a location request to SGSN.

3) If GMLC belongs to another PLMN, SGSN needs to check whether the LCS request is allowed. Then SGSN will check whether the request can be initiated according to the subscription information of the target UE/MS. If any item fails, SGSN will directly return a failure response. If the check is passed, the SGSN then delivers a location request to RAN.

4) If RAN stores location information that meets the requirements of SGSN, it returns a location report to SGSN. Otherwise, RAN needs to initiate a special location processing message with the used location method. RAN returns a location information report that SGSN has estimated.

5) SGSN returns the estimated location information and acquisition time to GMLC. 6) GMLC returns the location information to the LCS Client. GMLC records the LCS

Client CDR and the CDR of SGSN inter-network cooperation.



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2.3.3 MMS Service

MMS can run in different types of networks. The terminals can be used in 2G and 3G networks. The MMS Environment (MMSE) includes all necessary service units, such as transfer, storage and notification functions. These service units can be in one network, or in different networks. Figure 2-6 illustrates the structure of the MMS system.

MMS User Agent

MMS User Agent

Roaming MMS User Agent

2G Mobile Network

A

3G Mobile Network

A

Internet/IP Network

Mobile Network

B

Mailbox

Wired Email Client

User DB

Message Store

MMS Server

MMS Relay

(Profile/ hlr )

MMSE

Figure 2-6 MMS system structure

NMS User Agent: As the MMS functional part of the user terminal equipment, it must be able to support the MMS capability.

MMS Server: As the core part, it receives, notifies, dispatches, sends and forwards the multimedia messages. Equivalent to a control center, it dispatches different services. In one MMSE there may be multiple MMS Servers, e.g. MMS Server, E-Mail Server, SMS Server and FAX Server.

MMS Relay: Acting as a bridge between the MMS User Agent and the MMS Server, it eliminates the difference between different servers and between different networks.

MMS User DB: Composed of the MMS Subscription Database, the MMS Profile Database and the HLR, it enables users to flexibly customize services as they wish.

In terms of physical entities, the MMS Server, the MMS Relay and the MMS User DB can be integrated to form a Multimedia Messaging Service Center (MMSC). In this way, the MMSC exists as an independent entity and can be directly superimposed on the existing GPRS network.

In practice, different manufacturers may adopt different networking modes based on their own comprehension of the protocols. Next we will introduce a WAP-based networking mode in the GPRS network. In this mode, the WAP gateway is added between the MMSC and the wireless network to implement the interconnection between these two. Figure 2-7 lists the implementation flow of the multimedia messaging service.



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MSC/VLR/HLR

SMSC

GGSN1

SGSN1 SGSN2

BTS1

BSC1BTS2

BSC2

GPRS backbone network

MMSCWAP GW

Email Server

SMTP

Arrow 1

IP network

Figure 2-7 MMS service flow

1) The MS activates the MMS service and sends a message to the MMSC via BTS, BSC, SGSN, GGSN and WAP Gateway in turn.

2) The MMSC distributes the message according to the terminal type and sends a short message notification to the MS via the SMSC if the type of terminal is an MS.

3) Upon receipt of the notification, the called accesses the MMSC via the GPRS network and the WAP Gateway, so as to distribute the MMS short message.

4) If the subscriber does not get the message within the specified time limit, the MMSC forwards the message to the mailbox system.

Basic Principles of WCDMA System WCDMA System Structure


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Chapter 3 WCDMA System Structure

3.1 Overview

The UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is the third generation mobile telecommunication system by using the WCDMA air interface technology, usually called the WCDMA telecommunication system. It adopts a structure similar to the second generation mobile telecommunication system, including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core Network). The RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions, while the CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections within the UMTS system, and implements the function of external network switching and routing. Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and the PS (Packet Switched) Domain. UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together constitute the whole UMTS system, the structure of which is shown in Figure 3-1.

3G PS

MSCVLRGMSCgsmSSF3G CS PSTN

SGSN,GGSN

UTRANService application

domainHLR, SCP

AN 3G CN External networkUE

Internet

Figure 3-1 UMTS system structure

From the point of view of the 3GPP R99 standard, the UE and the UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) are composed of new protocols, and the design is based on WCDMA radio technologies. However, the CN adopts the definition of GSM/GPRS, so it not only can implement smooth transition of the network, but also can implement global roaming at the initial phase of 3G network construction.

3.1.1 Composition of the UMTS Network System

The composition of the UMTS network is shown in Figure 3-2.



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Uu lu

USIM

ME

Cu

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node BRNC

RNC

lub lur

MSC/VLR GMSC

SGSN GGSN

HLR

PLMN PSTN ISDN,etc

INTERNET

External NetworksCNUTRANUE

Figure 3-2 Composition of the UMTS network system

As shown Figure 3-2, the UMTS network system includes the following parts:

1. UE (User Equipment)

As the user terminal equipment, the UE exchanges data with network equipment through the Uu interface, and provides such kinds of services within CS and PS domains as common voice, data communication, mobile multi-media and Internet application (For example, E-mail, WWW browse and FTP).

UE includes the two parts below: l ME (Mobile Equipment): Providing application and services. l USIM (UMTS Subscriber Module): Providing subscriber identification.

2. UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)

UTRAN is divided into Node B and RNC (Radio Network Controller). l Node B Node B is the base station of the WCDMA system (i.e. radio transceiver), and it interconnects with RNC via the standard Iub interface and processes the physical layer protocols of the Uu interface. Its main functions include spreading/de-spreading, modulation/demodulation, channel coding/decoding, and conversion between baseband signals and RF signals. l RNC (Radio Network Controller) RNC (Radio Network Controller) implements such functions as connection establishment and release, handover, macro diversity and the management and control of radio resources. The details are given as follows: 1) Provides the system information broadcast and system access control functions 2) Provides such mobility management functions as handover and RNC transition 3) Provides radio resource management and control functions such as macro

diversity combination, power control and radio bearer allocation

3. CN (Core Network)

CN (Core Network) is responsible for connecting other networks as well as communicating and managing UEs. The core network equipment of different protocol versions in the WCDMA system differ. Generally, the R99 core network is divided into the CS domain and the PS domain. The R4 core network is the same as the R99 core network, but in the R4 core network, the MSC function of R99 CS is implemented by the



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two separate entities: MSC Server and MGW. The R5 core network is the same as the R4 core network except that R5 has been added with an IP multi-media domain.

The R99 core network has the following function entities: 1) MSC/VLR MSC/VLR is a functional node of the CS domain in the WCDMA core network. It connects with UTRAN via the Iu-CS interface, with external networks (such as PSTN and ISDN) via the PSTN/ISDN interface, with HLR/AUC via the C/D interface, with MSC/VLR, GMSC or SMC via the E interface, with SCP via the CAP interface, and with SGSN via the Gs interface. Its main functions are call control, mobility management, authentication and ciphering of the CS domain. 2) GMSC GMSC is the gateway node between the CS domain of the WCDMA mobile network and external networks, and it is an optional functional node. It connects with external networks (PSTN, ISDN and other PLMN) through the PSTN/ISDN interface, connects with HLR through the C interface and connects with SCP through the CAP interface. It implements the routing function of incoming calls in the VMSC function and inter-network settlement function of such external networks as fixed networks. 3) SGSN SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) is a functional node of the PS domain in the WCDMA core network. It connects with UTRAN through the Iu-PS interface, with GGSN through the Gn/Gp interface, with HLR/AUC through the Gr interface, with MSC/VLR through the Gs interface, with SCP through the CAP interface, with SMC through the Gd interface, with CG through the Ga interface and with SGSN interface through the Gn/Gp interface. And its main functions are route forwarding, mobility management, authentication and ciphering of the PS domain. 4) GGSN GGSN (Gateway GPRS Supporting Node) is a functional node of the PS domain in the WCDMA core network. It connects with SGSN through the Gn/Gp interface and with external data networks (Internet/Intranet) through the Gi interface. It provides the routing and encapsulation of data packets between the WCDMA mobile network and the external data networks. Its major functions are to provide interfaces to external IP packet networks. It needs to provide the gateway function for UE to access external packet networks. From the point of view of external networks, GGSN looks as if it were a router of all user IP networks in the addressable WCDMA mobile network, and it needs to exchange routing information with external networks. 5) HLR HLR (Home Location Register) is a functional node shared by the CS and PS domains in the WCDMA core network. It connects with MSC/VLR or GMSC through the C interface, with SGSN through the Gr interface, and with GGSN through the Gc interface. And its main functions are to store subscription information for subscribers, support new services and provide the enhanced authentication function.

3.2 Basic Structure of UTRAN

The structure of UTRAN is shown in Figure 3-3:

UTRAN includes one or several Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs). A RNS is composed of one RNC and one or several Node Bs. The Iu interface is used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is adopted between RNC and Node B. Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another through the Iur interface. The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct physical connections among them or connect them through the transport network. RNC is used to allocate and control the radio resources



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of the connected or related Node B. However, Node B serves to convert the data flows between the Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the same time, it also participates in part of radio resource management.

RNS

RNC

RNS

RNC

CN

Node B Node B Node B Node B

Iu Iu

Iur

Iub IubIub Iub

PSCS

Figure 3-3 UTRAN structure

3.2.1 System Interfaces

UTRAN has the following main interfaces:

1. Cu interface

The Cu interface is the electrical interface between the USIM card and ME, and it adopts the standard interface.

2. Uu interface

The Uu interface is the radio interface of WCDMA. UE accesses the fixed network of the UMTS system through the Uu interface, so we can say the Uu interface is the most important open interface in the UMTS system.

3. Iur interface

The Iur interface is the interface connecting RNCs. It is specific to the UMTS system for mobility management of UEs in RAN. For example, when different RNCs perform soft handover, all UE data are transmitted from the working RNC to the candidate RNC through the open standard Iur interface.

4. Iub interface

The Iub interface is an open standard interface connecting Node B and RNC. It allows RNC to connect to NodeB from another equipment manufacturer.



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5. Iu interface

The Iu interface is the interface between UTRAN and CN. Similar to the A interface and the Gb interface in the GSM system, it is also an open standard interface. It allows different vendors UTRAN and CN to connect together, and can be divided into the Iu-CS interface and the Iu-PS interface.

3.2.2 Basic Protocol Structure of UTRAN Interfaces

The protocol structure of UTRAN interfaces is designed according to a universal protocol model. The principle of design is that logically the layer and the plane should be independent. If necessary, you can modify a part of the protocol structure without modifying other parts, as shown in Figure 3-4.

ApplicationProtocol

DataStream(s)

ALCAP(s)

TransportNetwork

Layer

Physical Layer

SignallingBearer(s)

TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Control Plane User Plane

TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Transport NetworkControl Plane

RadioNetwork

Layer

SignallingBearer(s)

DataBearer(s)

Figure 3-4 Universal protocol model of UTRAN interfaces

Horizontally, the protocol structure contains the radio network layer and the transport network layer. All protocols related to UTRAN are contained in the radio network layer. The transport network layer is the standard transmission technique adopted by UTRAN, and it has nothing to do with the specific functions of UTRAN.

Vertically, it contains the control plane and the user plane.

The control plane contains application protocols (RANAP in the Iu interface, RNSAP in the Iur interface and NBAP in the Iub interface) and signaling bearers to transmit these application protocols. Application protocols are used to build the bearers to UEs (For example, radio access bearer in the Iu interface, radio links in the Iur and Iub interfaces). These signaling bearers of these application protocols can be the same as or can differ from those of the Access Link Control Application Protocol (ALCAP), and they are established through O&M.



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The user plane contains data flows and data bearers to carry these data flows. All information (such as voice and data) received or sent by UEs is transmitted through the user plane. The transport network control plane is located between the control plane and the user plane, and it is just in the transport layer, so it does not contain any information about the radio network control plane. It contains ALCAP and the signaling bearer required by ALCAP. ALCAP establishes the transport bearer for the user plane. By adopting the transport network control plane, the application protocol implementation of the radio network plane can be independent from the technique selected for the data bearer of the user plane.

In the transport network, the transport bearer of the data plane in the user plane is built in such a way: Application protocols in the control plane conduct signaling processing first, which triggers the establishment of data bearer in the data plane through ALCAP. However, not all types of data bearers should be established through ALCAP. Without signaling processing of ALCAP, the transport network control plane is not needed, so the pre-configured data bearer should be used instead. The signaling bearer of ALCAP can be the same as or can differ from that of the application protocol. Usually, the ALCAP signaling bearer is established through O&M operations.

The data bearer of the user plane and the signaling bearer of the application protocol both belong to the user plane of the transport network. In real-time operations, the data bearer of the transport net

Basic Principles of WCDMA System.pdf

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