1 Basic Principles of International Copyright Law WIPO Workshop on Intellectual Property Prof. Barton Beebe New York University School of Law WIPO Coordination Office New York February 23, 2010 Presentation Outline I Why is Intellectual Property Important? I. Why is Intellectual Property Important? II. Sources of International Copyright Law III. The “Subject Matter” of Copyright Protection IV. Criteria for Eligibility for Copyright Protection V. The Term of Copyright Protection VI. Exclusive Rights Provided by Copyright Law VII. Limitations on Exclusive Rights
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Basic Principles of International Copyright La Law (Barton... · 23 Limitations on Exclusive Rights • Berne/TRIPS Three-Step Test • “Members shall confine limitations and exceptions
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Basic Principles of International Copyright Law
WIPO Workshop on Intellectual Property
Prof. Barton BeebeNew York University School of Law
WIPO Coordination OfficeNew York
February 23, 2010
Presentation Outline
I Why is Intellectual Property Important?I. Why is Intellectual Property Important?II. Sources of International Copyright LawIII. The “Subject Matter” of Copyright ProtectionIV. Criteria for Eligibility for Copyright ProtectionV. The Term of Copyright ProtectionVI. Exclusive Rights Provided by Copyright Lawg y py gVII. Limitations on Exclusive Rights
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The Economic Importance of “Intellectual” Property
Source: Wired Magazine, Sept. 2001
The Economic Importance of “Intellectual” Property
DEMATERIALIZATIONDEMATERIALIZATION
Source: Wired Magazine, Sept. 2001
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MacBook Air (2008)Colossus Mark II (1944)
( )
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Sources of International Copyright Law
• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994) (“TRIPS”)
• WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996)• WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty g y
(1996)
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Sources of International Copyright Law
• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994)
• WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996)• WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty g y
(1996)
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
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Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary
Sources of International Copyright Law
• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994)
• WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996)• WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty g y
(1996)
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Sources of International Copyright Law
• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994)
• WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996)• WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty g y
(1996)
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Sources of International Copyright Law
• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary• Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
• Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994)
• WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996)• WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty g y
(1996)
EU Copyright Law
• Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs
• Council Directive 92/100/EEC of 19 November 1992 on rental right and lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual propertyC il Di ti 93/98/EEC f 29 O t b 1993 h i i th t f t ti• Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonizing the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights
• Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases
• Directive 98/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 1998 on the legal protection of services based on, or consisting of, conditional access
• Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in theon the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (the “EU Copyright Directive”)
• Directive 2001/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the resale right for the benefit of the author of an original work of art
• Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on measures and procedures to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights
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U.S. Copyright Law
• U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, as amended
The “Subject Matter” of Copyright Protection
• “Literary and artistic works” (Berne Art. 1)• “Every production in the literary scientific andEvery production in the literary, scientific and
artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression” (Berne Art. 2)
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The “Subject Matter” of Copyright Protection
• “Literary and artistic works” (Berne Art. 1)• “Every production in the literary scientific andEvery production in the literary, scientific and
artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression” (Berne Art. 2)
Berne Art. 1
The “Subject Matter” of Copyright Protection
• “Literary and artistic works” (Berne Art. 1)• “Every production in the literary scientific andEvery production in the literary, scientific and
artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression” (Berne Art. 2)
“Copyright protection shall extend toshall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.” (TRIPS Art. 9(2))
Idea/expression dichotomy
Copyright Law Does Not Protect:
“Copyright protection shall extend to
A story about:
an orphan
an orphan who attends a wizard school
an orphan who attends a wizard schooland has two friends, one a girl, the othera boy
shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.” (TRIPS Art. 9(2))
an orphan who attends a wizard schooland has two friends, one a very clever girl,the other a somewhat befuddled boy
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Idea/expression dichotomy
Copyright Law Does Not Protect:
“Copyright protection shall extend toshall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.” (TRIPS Art. 9(2))
General idea of story
Literal, word for word expression in novel
Specific characters, plot elements
Requirements for Eligibility
• The work must be “original” expression: the author must have independently created theauthor must have independently created the work
• The work must be “fixed” (required by some countries, optional under Berne Art. 2(2))
The right to authorize/prevent others from publiclyAdaptation right
• Distribution right• Performance right• Display right• Moral rights
prevent others from publiclyperforming, broadcasting,transmitting the work
– on stage– on television– on radio– over the internet
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Exclusive Rights Provided byCopyright Law
• Reproduction right• Adaptation right
The right to authorize/prevent others from publiclyAdaptation right
• Distribution right• Performance right• Display right• Moral rights
prevent others from publiclydisplaying the work
– on television– over the internet
Exclusive Rights Provided byCopyright Law
• Reproduction right• Adaptation right
• Right of integrity• Right of attributionAdaptation right
• Distribution right• Performance right• Display right• Moral rights
Right of attribution• Right of disclosure/
withdrawal
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Limitations on Exclusive Rights
• Berne/TRIPS Three-Step Test
• “Members shall confine limitations and exceptionsTest
• Fair Use• Compulsory Licenses
limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special caseswhich do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder.”
--TRIPS, Art. 13
Limitations on Exclusive Rights
• Berne/TRIPS Three-Step Test
• quotation for purposes of criticism or reviewTest
• Fair Use• Compulsory Licenses
criticism or review• reproduction in news
reporting• reproduction for
educational purposes• use for purposes of
caricature or parody
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Limitations on Exclusive Rights
• Berne/TRIPS Three-Step Test
• quotation for purposes of criticism or reviewTest
• Fair Use• Compulsory Licenses
criticism or review• reproduction in news
reporting• reproduction for
educational purposes• use for purposes of
caricature or parody
U.S. Four Factor analysis• Purpose and character of
defendant’s useNature of plaintiff’s work• Nature of plaintiff s work
• Amount and substantiality of defendant’s taking
• Effect on value of or market for plaintiff’s work
Article 5, EU Copyright Directive
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Limitations on Exclusive Rights
• Berne/TRIPS Three-Step Test
Examples• “Fair compensation”Test
• Fair Use• Compulsory Licenses
Fair compensation under EC Directive on copyright and the information society
• U.S. “mechanical license”
Further information: http://www.wipo.int/copyright