BASIC NAVAL ARCHITECTURE by KENNETH C. BARNABY O.B.:E., D.Sc., A.C.G.I. An Honorary VlCt-President of the Royallnstituzion of Naval ArclUttcls Frouae MeJallist Parsons Mulallist Author of Institution of Naval Architects 1860-1960 CAllen and Unwu.) Author of 100 Years of Specialized Shipbuilding and Engineering CHurclUnson) Warsash Nautical Bookshop
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BASIC NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
by KENNETH C. BARNABY
O.B.:E., D.Sc., A.C.G.I.
An Honorary VlCt-President of the Royallnstituzion of Naval ArclUttcls
Frouae MeJallist Parsons Mulallist
Author of Institution of Naval Architects 1860-1960 CAllen and Unwu.) Author of 100 Years of Specialized Shipbuilding and Engineering CHurclUnson)
Warsash Nautical Bookshop
CONTENTS
EXTRACT FROM PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION Page '3 PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION 13
I. INTRODUCTORY IS
I. Ship Terms. IS 2. Symbols and Notation. 15 3. Order of Presentation. 16 4. Dimensions and Rules. 16 5. Appearance. 17
11. HULL FORM-DELINEATION AND GEOMETRY
6. Definitions. 7. Lines Drawing and F airing the Lines 8. Conic and Cylindrical Development 9. Sheer Line.
tII. THE CALCULATION OF AREAS, MOMENTS, ETC.
10. Mensuration Rules. II. T rapezoidal and Mean Ordinate Rules. u. Mathematical Basis for the Simpson and Tchebycheff
Rules. 13. Simpson's First Rule. 14. Simpson's Second Rule. IS. "5 + 8 - I" Rule. 16. Durand's Rules. 17. Tchebycheff's Rules. 18. Half Spacing. 19. Effect of "Knuckles" and End Correction. 20. Choice and Accuracv of Rules. n. The Planimeter. . 22. The Integrator. 23. The Integraph. 24. The Calculation of First Moments and Moments of
Inertia. 25. "3 + 10 - I" Rule for Moments. 26. Radial or "Polar" Integration.
IV. FLUIDS AT REST-FIRST PRINCIPLES
27. Pressure Head. 28. The Density of Sea Water.
19 19 28 29 32
34 34 35
36 37 38 39 40
41 43 43 44 4S 46 48
49 53 53
S6 ~6
57 3
CONTENTS
2.9. Total Pressure and Centre of Pressure. 30. Calculation of the Centre of Pressure. 31• Centre of Pressure on Inclined Plane. p. Floating Structures-Principle of Archimedes. 33. Buoyancy, Pressure and Volume.
V. TRANSVERSE STABILITY
34. The Metacentre and Axes of Inclination. 35. Heeling and Righting Moments. 36. Initial Stability and Metacentric Height. 37. Free Surface. 38. Inclining Experiment. 39. Stability at Large Angles. 40. Layer Correction. 41• Barnes' Method for Stability. 42. Stability by Integrator. 43. Cross Curves of Stability. 44. Alternative Methods for Transverse Stability. 45. Dynamical Stability.
VI. TRIM, LONGITUDINAL STABILITY AND ADDITION OF
WEIGHTS, ETC.
46. Principal Axes of Inclination. 47. Trim and Trimming Moments. 48. Longitudinal Metacentre. 49. Moment to Change Trim One Inch. 50. Formula for Moment to Change Trim One Inch. SI. The Addition of Weights. )2.. Suspended Weights. 53. Movable Weights. 54. Stability when Grounding or Docking. 55. The Stability of Submarines.
VII. HYDROSTATIC CURVES AND THE DISPLACEMENT
SHEET
56. Displacement Calculation. 57. Vertical Centre of Buoyancy (V.C.B.). 58. Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy CL.C.B.). 59. Tons Per Inch (T.P.I.). 60. Transverse Metacentre from Sheet.
r CONTENTS
61. Longitudinal Metacentre from Sheet and Centre of Flotation. 101
62. Moment to Change Trim One Inch from Sheet. 103
63. Change of Displacement for One Foot Change of Trim at Perpendiculars. 103
64. The Plotting of Hydrostatic Curves. 103
6j. Morrish Formula. IOj
66 . . Bonjean Curves. 10j
67. Wetted Surface by Measurement. 107
68. Wetted Surface by Formula. 107
69. Wetted Surface of Abnormally Shallow-Draught Forms. 108
74. Round of Beam Correction. 113 7j. Nomenclature and Dimensions, etc., in F reeboard
and Subdivision Rules. 113 76. The Criterion of Service Numeral (C,). 116 77. Factor of Subdivision. 117 78. Use of Standard Floodable Length Curve. 119 79. Correction of Standard Curves. 120
80. Modifications for Restricted Plying Limits. 120
81. Permeability Interpolation Formula. 122
82. Basic Principles and Equations for Floodable Length Curves. 122
83. Explanation of Form Corrections to Floodable Length Curves. 125
84. Special Rules concerning Subdivision. 127
85. Added Weight Method for Flooded Stability. 128
86. Lost Buoyancy Method for Flooded Stability. 129 87. Flooded Metacentric Height and Angle of Heel. '30 88. Intact Buoyancy and Angle of Heel. 131
89. Stability Requirements. 132
IX. FLUIDS IN MOTION-FIRST ·PRINCIPLIi:S 135
90. Currents and Streams. 13S 91. Dimensions of Measurement Units. 135
!
CONTENTS
92. Total Energy of Water. 93. Bernoulli's Steady Motion Theorem. 94. Limitations of Bernoulli's Theorem. 9j. Venturi Tube and Meter. 96. Venturi Effect with Ships in Restricted Waterways. 97. Magnus Effect and "Circulation" 98. Pitot Tube. 99. Streamline Flow around Vessel in Open Water.
100. Impact of Water.
X. FLUIDS IN MOTION--GRAVITY AND VISCOSITY
EFFECTS
101. Real Fluids. 102. Viscosity. 103. Effect of Temperature on Viscosity. 104. Kinematic Viscosity. 10j. Comparison with Air. 106. Pressure Conditions on Inclined Flat Plate. 107. Flow Pattern at Inclined Flat Plate. 108. Formulae for Pressures on Plates Inclined at Various
Angles. 109. Eddy-making Resistance from Blunt-Ended Fittings. 110. Laws of Dimensional Similarity and Comparison. lIt. Reynolds Number and Viscous Resistance. 112. Froude Number and Speed/Length Ratio. 113. Combined Viscosity and Gravity Resistance. 114. Froude's Method and Law of Comparison. 115. The Validity of Froude's Assumptions. 116. Presentation of Form and Resistance Data-
Froude's Constants. 117. American Notation for Resistance Data. 118. The Admiralty Constant and "Circular C" 119. Reynolds Number for Propellers and Sails
XI. THE PROPERTIES OF WAVES
6
120. Types of Waves-Pressure Waves. 12t. Ripples or "Capillary Waves". 122. Waves of Oscillation-the Trochoidal Theory in
Deep Water. 123. Dimensions of Actual Ocean Waves. 124. Group Velocity of Wave Trains. 125. Shallow-Water Waves and Waves of Translation.
- - - ---------------
CONTENTS
XII. SURFACE FRICTION
u6. Froude's Experiments. 187
1~7. Reynolds' Experiments. 189
128. Gebers' Experiments. 190 u9. Laminar and Transitional Flow. 192
130. Boundary Layer Flow Conditions. 193
131. "Smooth-Turbulent" Friction Lines. 195
Ip. Boundary Layer Thickness. 201
lB. Effect of Rough Surfaces. 201
134. Comparison of Froude's Constants with Modem Formulations. 204
135. Calculation of Frictional Resistance and Horse-power. 205
136. Temperature Correction for Surface Friction. 206
137. Effect of Fouling. 206
138. Form Effect. 207
139. Frictional Wake. 208
140. Summary of Friction Calculations. 209
XII!. RESIDUAL RESISTANCE AND FORM 211
141. Wave Causation. 211
142. Growth of Wave-Making Resistance. 212
143. Spacing of Wave Systems. 214 144. Residuary Resistance from Standard Series Tests. 217
148. Parallel Middle Body and Length of Entry. 224
149. Angle of Entrance. 225 150. Curve of Transverse Areas. 226
'51. Maier-Form Bow. 227 152. Bulbous Bows and "Waveless" Forms 228
'53. Residuary Resistance of Destroyer Types. 229
154. Residuary Resistance of Motor Launches. 229
155. Residuary Resistance of Fast Round-Bottom Launches. 230
XIV. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING TANKS OR "MODEL BASINS" 232
156. Types and Dimensions. 2 J2 157. The Scaling Up of Tank Results. 235
'58. Turbulence Stimulation and Tank "Storms". 238
159. Telfer Method with "Geosims" 240
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CONTENTS
XV. AIR RESISTANCE AND SAIL PROPULSION 242 ./
160. Comparison of Air and \Vater Resistance. 242 161. True and Relative or "Apparent" Wind. 244 ; 162. Air Resistance of Ships. 24j
i 163. Sail Propulsion. 249 I 164. The "Gimcrack" Sail Coefficients. 212 , 16j. Sail Plans. 2j6 ! 166. Centre of Effort and "Lead". 2j7 167. Resistance and Balance of Sailing Vessels. 2j9
!.
I 168. Sail Area and Power to Carry Sail. 261 169. Multi-hulled Vessels. 262
XVI. MARINE PROPELLERS 26j
170. Jet Propulsion and Fluid Efficiency. 26j I
171. Apparent and Real Slip. 268 I.
172. Wake Factors and Wake Percentage. 269 i 173. Paddle Wheels. 270 174. Volpich and Bridge Method of Paddle Wheel Design. 272 17j. Stem Wheels. 274 176. Fixed and Feathering Floats. 27j 177. Screw Propellers-Theories and Methods of Design. 277 178. Propeller Notation and Constants. 278 179. Propellers and the Law of Similarity. 28j 180. Interaction of Hull and Propeller. 181. Variation of Hull Efficiency, Thrust Deduction and
287
Wake. 289 182. The Calculation of Thrust Loads and Bollard Pull 292 183. Kort Nozzles. 298 184. Lateral Thrust Units. 299 18j. Blade Area and Number of Blades. 301 186. Cavitation and High Thrust Loading. 303 187. Fully Cavitating Propellers. 308 188. Examples of Propeller Design. 3II 189. Handing of Propellers. 312
19Q. Strength, Thickness and Materials of Propeller Blades. 313 191. Circulation or Vortex Theory. 31j
XVII. THE POWERING OF VESSELS 320
192. Powering Methods. 320 193. Propulsive Efficiency. 323 194. The Admiralty Constant. 325 195. Direct Power Curves. 327
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CONTENTS
196. The "K" Method of Pow~ring. 32.S 197. Tow-rope Horse Power for Dumb Barges, etc. 330 I9S, Shallow Water Resistance. 331
XVIlI. THE DESIGN AND POWERING OF PLANING CRAFT 336
199. The Planing Principle. 336 200. Measurement Coefficients for Planing Hulls. 339 201. Lift and Centre of Pressure. . 340 202. The V.S.T.M.B. Series 62 Tests. 345 203. The Powering of Hard Chine Stepless Hulls. 347 204. Stepped Hulls. 349 20S. The Hydrofoil Boat. 351
XIX. MOTION IN A SEAWAY 356 206. Types of Motion. 356 207. Forces Due to Rolling and Pitching. 360 20S. Period of Encounter and Forced Rolling and Pitching. 361 209. Relation of Period of Encounter to Natural Period. 362 210. Steering and Manreuvring. 364 2II. Turning Circles. 364 212. Rudder Areas and Pressures. 366 213. Balanced Rudders, Strength of Rudders, etc. 369 214. Heel when Turning. 371 21 5. Steering by Propellers. 372. 216. Fletmer, Kitchen and Tutin Rudders. 373 217. Summary of Steering and Course-Keeping. 374 2IS. Anti-Rolling Devices. 375 2. I 9. Seaworthiness and Proportions. 380 220. The Starting and Acceleration of Ships. 3SI 2.21. Stopping, Astern Way and Propeller Drag. 384
tions, ete. 390 224. Direct Detennination of Bending MomenL 393 225. Standard Approximation for Bending Moment. 397 226. Still Water and Wave Bending Moments. 398 227. Stress and Modulus Calculations. 401 228. Working Stresses. 402 229. LocaI!Strength. 403
9
..
CONTENTS
230. Measurement of Static Stresses, Strains and Deflec-tions. 404
XXI. THE VIBRATION OF SHIPS 409 234. Modes of Vibration for Uniform Bar. 409 235. The Vertical Vibration of Ships. 410 236. The Horizontal Vibration of Ships. 421 237. Precautions against Vibration. 423
Plywood, 444 Polar Moment of inertia, Fig. J35, 476 Polyester resin, 45 I Pomiglion (a knoh on tlu ",J of a gun), '5 Pooping, .11 5 Popoffka, 17 Porpoising, 338, 346 Position head, 140
Poundal, 13G Power (definition), 139(j) -- to carry sail, 261
Powering curves, 327, Fig. 104, Figs. 137-9,490-2
-- methods, 320, 32.8 Pressure, absolute, 57 -- gradient, 65 -- head, 56--65 __ on inclined plane, 6 I ---- plate, J 56 -- -volume relation, 63 Pressure W3ves, 173 Prismatic coefficien~ .14,173,216 Pro-meucentre, 69 Propeller area and number of blades, 301