Basic Electronics

APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS

OFOF

ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS

Beauty of ElectronicsBeauty of Electronics- Sophistication in miniaturizationSophistication in miniaturization

- If you know it then you are a doctor and if you don’t then If you know it then you are a doctor and if you don’t then you are a patientyou are a patient

- Datasheets are boons for dealing with any component or IC, Datasheets are boons for dealing with any component or IC, you are unaware ofyou are unaware of

- Most versatile in technological applications- a single IC can Most versatile in technological applications- a single IC can sometimes perform hundreds of different operationssometimes perform hundreds of different operations

- A driving force of few watts controls the activities of the A driving force of few watts controls the activities of the giantsgiants

- Machinery, automobiles, all household appliances,- Machinery, automobiles, all household appliances, whole communication system, automization, whole communication system, automization,

defense, defense, weaponry and many more damn things….weaponry and many more damn things….

BASIC DEVELOPMENT TOOLSBASIC DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

BreadboardBreadboard

MultimeterMultimeter

PCB, ECBPCB, ECB

ResistancesResistances

a) a) FixedFixed - carbon- carbon - wire wound- wire wound

b) b) VariableVariable

- - Rheostat, Pot, PresetRheostat, Pot, Preset

App.App. – tuning, voltage curves, – tuning, voltage curves,

voltage dividersvoltage dividers

--Photoresistors (LDRs), thermistors--Photoresistors (LDRs), thermistors

App.App. – sensors, safety devices, – sensors, safety devices,

volumevolume

CapacitorsCapacitors

- polarised (electrolytic, tantalum)- polarised (electrolytic, tantalum)

- unpolarised (small value) - unpolarised (small value)

App.-App.- storing elec. energy, storing elec. energy,

filters, timing circuits filters, timing circuits

-- -- VariableVariable (very small value)(very small value)

App.-App.- radio tuning ckts radio tuning ckts

-- -- TrimmersTrimmers (like presets) (like presets)

DiodesDiodes ( conduct in one dir)( conduct in one dir)

- SwitchingSwitching- - (p-n junc)(p-n junc)

App.- switch, rectificationApp.- switch, rectification

- SchottkySchottky- - (M-SC contact) (M-SC contact)

App.- high speed switching, App.- high speed switching,

RF, low loss rectifierRF, low loss rectifier

- ZenerZener- - (rev breakdown)(rev breakdown)

App.- vol reg, safety cktsApp.- vol reg, safety ckts

- PhotoPhoto (rev current increases linearly)(rev current increases linearly) App.-App.- solar cells, photometry, solar cells, photometry, auto lighting, camera auto lighting, camera

- LaserLaser-- in optical devices and in optical devices and disco lightsdisco lights

- LEDsLEDs- (emits light in FB)- (emits light in FB) App.-App.- opto-isolator with photo opto-isolator with photo diodes, sensors, lighting, diodes, sensors, lighting, power status, flashpower status, flash

- Tunnel, point contact, step recovery, Tunnel, point contact, step recovery, varicap, pin, crystal, avalanche, gunn, varicap, pin, crystal, avalanche, gunn, peltier, clamping, welding….peltier, clamping, welding….

TransistorsTransistors-- (building blocks of circuitry)(building blocks of circuitry)

App.-App.- amplification, switching, amplification, switching,

all ICs and productive ckts,all ICs and productive ckts,

super beta, high vol, audio….super beta, high vol, audio….

-- BJT, FET (JFET, MOSFET), -- BJT, FET (JFET, MOSFET),

unijunc, avalanche, photo, unijunc, avalanche, photo,

darlington, alloy junc….darlington, alloy junc….

- BJTBJT-- (majority/minority carriers, (majority/minority carriers,

E-B-C, two p-n junc, current E-B-C, two p-n junc, current

operated, NPN-PNP)operated, NPN-PNP)

- VHF-UHFVHF-UHF (2N3866/4427) (2N3866/4427)

Si-NPN, TO-39, low powerSi-NPN, TO-39, low power

- Small SignalSmall Signal (BC-327/328, (BC-327/328,

BC-556/57/58/59/60)BC-556/57/58/59/60)

Si-PNP, TO-92, switching, amplificationSi-PNP, TO-92, switching, amplification

- General purposeGeneral purpose (BC-546/7/8) (BC-546/7/8)

Si-NPN,TO-92, amplifier, 625 mWSi-NPN,TO-92, amplifier, 625 mW

SL/CL-100 (TO-39)SL/CL-100 (TO-39)

- - FETFET-- (unipolar, n/p-channel, S-G-D)(unipolar, n/p-channel, S-G-D)

a) JFETS b) MOSFETSa) JFETS b) MOSFETS

App.-App.- precision, comp logic, precision, comp logic,

Digi ICs, MUXingDigi ICs, MUXing

- PhototransistorsPhototransistors- - photodetector, camera, photodetector, camera,

cd players, VCRs, TVcd players, VCRs, TV

- - Darlington/arrayDarlington/array-- huge amplification, huge amplification,

buffering, motor drivers, buffering, motor drivers,

touch sensitive switchtouch sensitive switch

- - Some ckt app.Some ckt app.

BiasingBiasing cascadingcascading

tuned amptuned amp power amppower ampmultivibratormultivibrator

TRANSFORMERSTRANSFORMERS

generally for step-down from AC-mains generally for step-down from AC-mains

to 18/12/9/6 V etc.to 18/12/9/6 V etc.

- current rating is important- current rating is important

LINEAR ICsLINEAR ICs

- Amplifiers-- Amplifiers- for increasing voltage or power for increasing voltage or power

(audio, video,(audio, video, radio freq, wide band, differential)radio freq, wide band, differential)

Op-AmpsOp-Amps (high gain voltage amp) (high gain voltage amp)

- LM-741 (mono op-amp, 8 pin)- LM-741 (mono op-amp, 8 pin)

- LM-158/258/358/2904 (low power dual op-amp, 8 pin)- LM-158/258/358/2904 (low power dual op-amp, 8 pin)

- LM-124/224/324 (low power quad op-amp, 14 pin)- LM-124/224/324 (low power quad op-amp, 14 pin)

- - ApplicationsApplications-- diff. amp, oscillator, voltage follower, diff. amp, oscillator, voltage follower, inverter,inverter,

adder, subtractor, AC vol amp, rectifiers, peak adder, subtractor, AC vol amp, rectifiers, peak detector, detector,

clipper, clamper, S/H, comparator, clipper, clamper, S/H, comparator, multiplier/divider, multiplier/divider,

differentiator/integrator, zero crossing detector, differentiator/integrator, zero crossing detector, phase phase

detector, schmitt trigger, square/triangular/sine detector, schmitt trigger, square/triangular/sine wave wave

generator…generator…

555 Timer555 Timer (TO-99 can or 8 pin mini DIP)(TO-99 can or 8 pin mini DIP)

- Generates accurate time delay and oscillationGenerates accurate time delay and oscillation

a) astable b) monostable c) bistablea) astable b) monostable c) bistable

- App.-App.- power on delay in appliances, oscillator, power on delay in appliances, oscillator, pulse/ramp/square wave generator, traffic light pulse/ramp/square wave generator, traffic light control,control,

burglar alarm, timed-bombs, missing pulse burglar alarm, timed-bombs, missing pulse detector,detector,

frequency divider, PWM, FSK generator, PPM, frequency divider, PWM, FSK generator, PPM, schmitt schmitt trigger, lifts…..trigger, lifts…..

Voltage RegulatorVoltage Regulator zener, op-amp, SCR, 78XX, 723, 317, switchingzener, op-amp, SCR, 78XX, 723, 317, switching

- 78XX/79XX78XX/79XX (TO-3 metal, TO-220 plastic)(TO-3 metal, TO-220 plastic)

XX=05,06,08,12,15,18,24XX=05,06,08,12,15,18,24

-2 and -5.2 too in 79XX -2 and -5.2 too in 79XX

App.-App.- fixed series regulation, adjustable reg,double fixed series regulation, adjustable reg,double voltage voltage supply, IC supplies, precision meterssupply, IC supplies, precision meters

- 723723 (14 pin DIP, 10 pin metal can) (14 pin DIP, 10 pin metal can)

App.- general purpose, low/high voltage reg, App.- general purpose, low/high voltage reg, appliances appliances

- SwitchingSwitching-- (2653, 2727, 64 42)-by PWM (duty cycle) (2653, 2727, 64 42)-by PWM (duty cycle)

high power eff, even higher voltage than i/p, opp high power eff, even higher voltage than i/p, opp polarity toopolarity too

App.-App.- portable comps portable comps

ADCADC- - converts analog signal to several line/bit digital converts analog signal to several line/bit digital valuevalue

- - ADC 0803/04-ADC 0803/04- (CMOS 8 bit, 20 pin,5v, 100 microsec., (CMOS 8 bit, 20 pin,5v, 100 microsec., microP microP compatible, 0-5 v range)compatible, 0-5 v range)

- - AD 7824/28-AD 7824/28- (4/8 analog channel, Linear Compatible (4/8 analog channel, Linear Compatible CMOS CMOS high speed, 8 bit,24/28 pin 5v, high speed, 8 bit,24/28 pin 5v, 2.5 microsec/channel)2.5 microsec/channel)

- - App.App.-- microprocessor interface, interfacing linear ckts, microprocessor interface, interfacing linear ckts, digital digital meters/displays, sensor ckts……meters/displays, sensor ckts……

- Common cktsCommon ckts

- DACDAC-- converts several line digital value to analog converts several line digital value to analog equivalentequivalent

AD7524AD7524- - (8 bit, 100 ns settling time, 80 ns prop (8 bit, 100 ns settling time, 80 ns prop delay) delay)

0830/1/20830/1/2- (CMOS, 8 bit, double buffered, 1 microsec - (CMOS, 8 bit, double buffered, 1 microsec sett time)sett time)

App.-App.- audio players, sound cards, video, computer audio players, sound cards, video, computer interfaceinterface

SENSORSSENSORS

LIGHTLIGHT-- LED, laser, LDR, photo transistors/diodesLED, laser, LDR, photo transistors/diodes

LDR- resistance varies with intensity of light hence givesLDR- resistance varies with intensity of light hence gives

variable output voltage in the ckt which is tracked for variable output voltage in the ckt which is tracked for

sensing purposes- led, lasers are light sources sensing purposes- led, lasers are light sources

App.-App.- burglar alarms, robotics, light operated clocks, shadowburglar alarms, robotics, light operated clocks, shadow

detector, automatic lighting, dimmer, LCDs, mobilesdetector, automatic lighting, dimmer, LCDs, mobiles

IR- IR- IR led, TSOP 17XX, PIR, pyroelectricIR led, TSOP 17XX, PIR, pyroelectric - - TSOP 1730/36/38/56-TSOP 1730/36/38/56- (receiver- (receiver-

photodetector+preamplifier,photodetector+preamplifier,

-0.3-6 v, 1200 bits/sec data transmission)-0.3-6 v, 1200 bits/sec data transmission)

- - Passive IR (PIR)-Passive IR (PIR)- measure IR light radiated from objects in measure IR light radiated from objects in field of viewfield of view

- Pyroelectric- (IRA-E700/900/940)- highly sensitive- Pyroelectric- (IRA-E700/900/940)- highly sensitive

- - App.-App.- motion detector, burglar alarms, remote motion detector, burglar alarms, remote thermometer, thermometer,

night vision, IR camera, surveillance/monitoring, night vision, IR camera, surveillance/monitoring, diagnosticsdiagnostics

TemperatureTemperature-- thermistor, AD590, LM335thermistor, AD590, LM335

- - AD590-AD590- constant current source dependent on constant current source dependent on temperaturetemperature

- - LM135/235/335LM135/235/335- precision sensors, 2 terminal zener, - precision sensors, 2 terminal zener, brekdown brekdown

voltage proportional to temp, -40 to 150 deg Cvoltage proportional to temp, -40 to 150 deg C

- - App.-App.- appliances, overheat protection, fire alarms, appliances, overheat protection, fire alarms,

PressurePressure-- diaphragm, liquid level, gaugediaphragm, liquid level, gauge

- pressure transduced into electrical quantity- pressure transduced into electrical quantity

- variable capacitance- one plate is diaphragm of sensor- variable capacitance- one plate is diaphragm of sensor

- piezoresistive- piezoresistive strain induces voltage- piezoresistive- piezoresistive strain induces voltage

- - App.-App.- pressure sensing, altitude sensing, density, pressure sensing, altitude sensing, density, weighing weighing machines, impact sensing, security, liftsmachines, impact sensing, security, lifts

SwitchesSwitches

- Binary devices which interrupt the flow of electrons in - Binary devices which interrupt the flow of electrons in a ckt a ckt

by any physical or chemical processby any physical or chemical process

- - LimitLimit-- (machine motion operated switch)- lever (machine motion operated switch)- lever actuator, actuator,

proximity (energised by moving magnet), opticalproximity (energised by moving magnet), optical

- - ProcessProcess-- pressure (gas/liquid-piston/diaphragm), pressure (gas/liquid-piston/diaphragm), speed (rotory speed of shaft), temperature speed (rotory speed of shaft), temperature (bimetallic, brass bulb) , liquid level, liquid flow, tilt (bimetallic, brass bulb) , liquid level, liquid flow, tilt (mercury), reed (magnetic field)(mercury), reed (magnetic field)

HandHand- - rocker, toggle, pushbutton, slide, joystic, tact, rocker, toggle, pushbutton, slide, joystic, tact, DIP,DIP,

snap action, rotary, key lock, navigation, leafsnap action, rotary, key lock, navigation, leaf

- - PolePole- - no. of contacts/leversno. of contacts/levers

- - ThrowThrow-- no. of contact positions/ways/switching positionsno. of contact positions/ways/switching positions

break before makebreak before make make before breakmake before break

- ApplicationsApplications-- ckts, robotics, machines, alarms, all ckts, robotics, machines, alarms, all industries/industries/

appliances, automatic/property controlled switching, appliances, automatic/property controlled switching, robotic robotic

toys, multiple/secure/compact/easy switching, toys, multiple/secure/compact/easy switching, changers…..changers…..

RelaysRelays-- solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contactscontacts

- controls a large amount of current and/or voltage with - controls a large amount of current and/or voltage with small electrical signalsmall electrical signal

- acts as binary amp (controls one electrical signal with - acts as binary amp (controls one electrical signal with other)other)

- coil and contact ckts are electrically isolated- coil and contact ckts are electrically isolated

- pull in current- min current for actuation- pull in current- min current for actuation

- drop out current- max current at which- drop out current- max current at which

contacts come in normal statecontacts come in normal state

- Latching (bistable states) Latching (bistable states) - Contactor (electric motors starter)Contactor (electric motors starter)- Reed (contact in gas tube- no corrosion) Reed (contact in gas tube- no corrosion) - Mercury wetted (no bounce), Mercury wetted (no bounce), - Solid state (no movables – SCR, opto triac - optically Solid state (no movables – SCR, opto triac - optically

coupled)coupled)- Overload protection (bimetallic) Overload protection (bimetallic) - Time delay (shock absorber attached to armature by Time delay (shock absorber attached to armature by

pneumatic dashpots/fluid filled piston/RC ckts)pneumatic dashpots/fluid filled piston/RC ckts)

- App.-- App.- automatic switches/changers, telephone automatic switches/changers, telephone exchange, exchange,

industries, protection, electronic ckts, interfacing, industries, protection, electronic ckts, interfacing, decoupled decoupled

ckts interaction….ckts interaction….

DIGITAL ICSDIGITAL ICS

- Bit (binary digit)- two discrete values for more reliability (0-- Bit (binary digit)- two discrete values for more reliability (0-1)1)

- Codes- BCD(8421), 84-2-1, 2421, excess 3, biquinary - Codes- BCD(8421), 84-2-1, 2421, excess 3, biquinary (5043210)(5043210)

- Binary logic follows boolean algebra and represented by Binary logic follows boolean algebra and represented by truth tablestruth tables

- Three basic operations- AND, OR, NOTThree basic operations- AND, OR, NOT

- Digital IC types- Digital IC types- SSI- few gates, basic logic operationsSSI- few gates, basic logic operations MSI- 10-100 gates, performs complete logic functionMSI- 10-100 gates, performs complete logic function LSI- more than 100 gatesLSI- more than 100 gates VLSI- thousands of gatesVLSI- thousands of gates

GatesGates

Decoders/demultiplexersDecoders/demultiplexers – – combinational ckt combinational ckt which converts n bit binary information to one of 2^n which converts n bit binary information to one of 2^n unique outputsunique outputs

- demux is a decoder with an enable input - demux is a decoder with an enable input

- 3-8 line- 7411238, 74138- 3-8 line- 7411238, 74138

- 4-16 line- 74154, 744514, 74159 - 4-16 line- 74154, 744514, 74159

- dual 2-4 line- 74139 - dual 2-4 line- 74139

- bcd-decimal- 7442 ……………..- bcd-decimal- 7442 ……………..

Encoder – MUX/Data Selectors-Encoder – MUX/Data Selectors- reverse of reverse of decoderdecoder

2^n – n line, IC packages- priority encoder2^n – n line, IC packages- priority encoder

- Multiplexing- transmitting large no. of information - Multiplexing- transmitting large no. of information units overunits over

smaller no. of linessmaller no. of lines

- 74147 - 10 line decimal to 4 line bcd- 74147 - 10 line decimal to 4 line bcd

- 74148, 4532 B - 8 data lines to 3 lines binary- 74148, 4532 B - 8 data lines to 3 lines binary

- 74157 - quad 2 line to 1 line MUX- 74157 - quad 2 line to 1 line MUX

- App.-- App.- code conversion, interfacing, selecting lines code conversion, interfacing, selecting lines from a ckt,from a ckt,

electronic locks, ROM (decoder + programmed Ors ), electronic locks, ROM (decoder + programmed Ors ), buses, buses,

BCD – 7 Segment display driver/decoderBCD – 7 Segment display driver/decoder

CD 4511 and 7447CD 4511 and 7447

Computer designComputer design

- - Digital Computer is a discrete information processing Digital Computer is a discrete information processing systemsystem

- discrete elements of information are represented by signals- discrete elements of information are represented by signals

- two (binary) discrete values- 0/1- two (binary) discrete values- 0/1

- Gates Gates << adders/decoders/MUX/ROM/PLA/binary cells adders/decoders/MUX/ROM/PLA/binary cells

(flip flops/ferrite cores/punched cards) (flip flops/ferrite cores/punched cards) < < registers/counters registers/counters < < memory/ALU/CU/processors memory/ALU/CU/processors << CPU CPU < < digital/microcomputerdigital/microcomputer

Sequential logicSequential logic- - MemoryMemory

ALUALU

Micro-processorsMicro-processors

Micro-controllers/PICMicro-controllers/PIC

Latke-jhatkeLatke-jhatke

DarlingtonsDarlingtons

Thyristors (SCR), diac, triac Thyristors (SCR), diac, triac

VaricapsVaricaps

Digital thermometerDigital thermometer