BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY TYPES OF ELECTRICTY Earth Cloud High Voltage, Low Current No Reliable Method to store Electricity Battery Low Voltage High Current Local Use only will not work over long Distance STATIC + - Direct Current DC Alternating Current AC Generator High Voltage, Medium Voltage ,Low Voltage Wide Current Range + Long Distance Nuclear Steam /Coal Diesel Engine Lightning (Voltage Drops too high for use, caused by cable resistance ) INFINITY CABLING Nylon Carpet Voltage Path High Low
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BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
TYPES OF ELECTRICTY
Earth
Cloud High Voltage, Low Current
No Reliable Method to store Electricity
Battery
Low Voltage High Current Local Use only will not work over long Distance
STATIC
+ -
Direct Current DC
Alternating Current AC
Generator
High Voltage, Medium Voltage ,Low Voltage
Wide Current Range + Long Distance
Nuclear Steam /Coal Diesel Engine
Lightning
(Voltage Drops too high for use, caused by cable resistance )
INFINITY CABLING
Nylon Carpet
Voltage Path
High
Low
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
Copper Wire Copper Atoms With Electrons in Orbit
VOLTAGE SOURCE + -
Copper Atom Electron in Orbit Around Atom
Atomic Structure
Electrons forced to next Atom by Voltage pressure, Atom with two electrons Not possible ,atom pushes extra electron to next Atom this process continues As long as Voltage is present this movement is called Electric Current ,and is Measured in Amps
Copper Wire
Voltage and Current
Electron Flow (Current )
INFINITY CABLING
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
Copper Atom Electron in Orbit Around Atom
Atomic Structure Resistance
VOLTAGE SOURCE + -
Copper Wire Electron Flow (Current )
Very Good Conductor (Electrons move easily in copper )
VOLTAGE SOURCE + -
Wood ,Glass, Ceramics
Low Resistance
(ohms)
Very High Resistance
Very Bad Conductor (Electrons very hard to move ) ( Would require Millions of Volts and possible destruction of material )
“Conductor”
“Insulator”
INFINITY CABLING
Current Flow in Simple DC Circuits
+
_
High
Low
+ _
Current flow
High
Low
_
Light Off
Current flow
Light On
+
_ Current flow
+
+
Light Off
Current flow _
Light On
+ Current flow _
INFINITY CABLING
Current Flow in Simple DC Circuits
+ _
+ _ Current flow “Short Circuit “
( Very Dangerous allows very high current to flow, can damage equipment and cause a fire)
+ _ Current flow Light On
( Circuit must have a “Load” connected ie a device to be powered by circuit )
SAFETY FIRST
INFINITY CABLING
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetic Field
Cable
AC Voltage Input
+ -
Magnetic Field
Cable
DC Voltage Input
Cable
AC Voltage Output
N
S
N
Moving Permanent Magnet
AC Generator
N
S
N
Spinning Coil
Fixed Permanent Magnet
AC Voltage Output
Steam Turbine Heat Source
Coal, Oil, Gas,Nuclear
Practical AC Generator (Rotor)
(Stator)
Magnetic Effects
INFINITY CABLING
BASIC GENERATORS AC Output
Drilling Machine
Typical Science Project
Magnet
50 Pulses per Second 50 HZ (Hertz)
INFINITY CABLING
“Prime Mover”
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES & MACHINES
TRANSFORMERS
AC Voltage Input
AC Voltage Output
Primary Coil Secondary Coil
Magnetic Field
Types – STEP DOWN High Voltage input Low voltage Output
Types – STEP UP Low Voltage input High voltage Output
Soft Iron Core Made up with Thin Plates Stacked Together
Practical Transformer Construction
Primary Coil Secondary Coil
Magnetic Field
Iron Core Concentrates magnetic field
The Number of Turns & The Size of Wire Is how the Voltage & Current Required is Calculated
No Physical Connection Between Coils
INFINITY CABLING
INFINITY CABLING
Normally Open ( NO )
Normally Closed ( NC )
Single Pole Change Over (SPCO or CO )
Double Pole Change Over (DPCO)
Crossover Switch
Normally Open Push Button
Normally Closed Push Button
Contact
Contact
c
c
c NO
NC
3
4 2
Crossover Switch Position A
Position B 1
1
2
3
4 Also called “Intermediate” switch
Also called “Intermediate” switch
Exit Push Button
Break Glass Unit
Controller Outputs
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
CONTACTS & SWITCHES
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES & MACHINES
RELAYS
C NO NC Coil Coil
v Relay Control Voltage
AC,DC Any Voltage (Chose Specific Relay for application ie 12v dc for Cars )
Common Normally Open
Normally Closed
Control Contact Control
Contact Control Contact
Contacts
Wiring Terminals
Example Shows :- Single Pole Relay
INFINITY CABLING
Current Flow in Simple DC Circuits
_ +
Relay (off )
Current flow
_ +
Relay ( on, energized ) Button Pushed
Current flow
_ +
Button Pushed
Current flow
Led
9V Battery
+
-
12 v
Practical Circuit To Build
INFINITY CABLING
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
C NO NC Coil Coil
Contacts
Parking Boom (22O Volt Motor) Relay Application
+ -
12 v DC Coil
12 v Battery
220 v Socket
Button Open
Relay De Energized Boom Down
INFINITY CABLING
Boom Control Push Button
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
NO NC Coil
Coil
Contacts
Parking Boom (22O Volt Motor) Relay Application
+ -
12 v DC Coil
12 v Battery
220 v Socket
Boom Up Relay Energized Button Closed
Button Closed (Pushed)
Relay Energized Boom Open
C Coil
Boom Control Push Button
INFINITY CABLING
Ground (Earth )
Power Station
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
EARTHING
Live Neutral Earth
(Brown)
(Blue)
(Green/Yellow) x
Cabinet
Live cable Touches Cabinet !
Not Connected
Voltage Runs Through man to Earth Seriously Hurt and or Killed !!
Earth Symbol
INFINITY CABLING
Ground (Earth )
Power Station
BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
EARTHING
Live Neutral Earth
(Brown)
(Blue)
(Green/Yellow)
Cabinet
Live cable Touches Cabinet !
Earth Symbol
Earth Connected !
Voltage to earth Via Earth Cable
Fuse Blows/ Circuit Trips Man Safe
INFINITY CABLING
THE DISPLAY (Shows Result of Measurement )
THE SELECTOR SWITCH ( “What do I want to Measure ?” )
Test Cable Input Sockets ( Connects to the object being measured )
Example Measure the Voltage of a DC Battery
Reads 8.754 volts DC
“Battery is slightly Discharged should Be 9 volts dc “
INFINITY CABLING
Selector Switch to DC Volts
THE MULTIMETER DC VOLTAGE
V
THE DISPLAY (Shows Result of Measurement )
THE SELECTOR SWITCH ( “What do I want to Measure ?” )
Test Cable Input Sockets ( Connects to the object being measured )
Example Measure A Short Circuit
INFINITY CABLING
Selector Switch to OHMS (200)
00.1
Touch Probe Tips Together
Displays 0.1 Ohms ie Resistance of Meter Leads
THE MULTIMETER RESISTANCE
Leads Apart (Open Circuit )
THE DISPLAY (Shows Result of Measurement )
THE SELECTOR SWITCH ( “What do I want to Measure ?” )
Test Cable Input Sockets ( Connects to the object being measured )
INFINITY CABLING
Selector Switch to Volts AC
220.0
Electrical Outlet
Warning !! Leads Live to 220 Volts. Do not Touch Any bare metal Parts. Do not short Leads when connected to Socket
The Voltage Levels Present are LETHAL
THE MULTIMETER AC VOLTAGE
THE DISPLAY (Shows Result of Measurement )
THE SELECTOR SWITCH ( “What do I want to Measure ?” )
Test Cable Input Sockets ( Connects to the object being measured )