Basic Concepts: Tissue
Dec 15, 2015
Basic Concepts: Tissue
General Terms
• Anatomy: The study of the structure of an
organism
• Physiology: The study of the function of the
living organism and its parts as well as the
chemical processes involved
• Related fields: Cytology, Histology, Osteology,
Myology, arthrology, neurology
Building Blocks of Anatomy: Tissue• Cells & Tissues of Human Body:
– 100 trillion individual cells (tissue= group of cells)
1) Function:– ingestion of nutrients– breakdown & utilization of nutrients; metabolic,
discharge of wastes– Reproduce themselves– Four Basic Types of Tissue:
• epithelium• connective tissue• nerve• muscle
Tissue• Epithelium
– Sheets of cells covering external surfaces of
the body & line cavities
– Cells; little intracellular substance, adhere,
avascular
– Function: Protection & Absorption
– Covering, Glandular, myoepithelium,
neuroepithelium
Tissue• Epithelium (cont.)
– Classified by cell layers:• simple epithelium (1 layer)
• stratified (2 or more layers)
– Classified by shape:• squamous (flat)- blood vessels, heart,
alveoli
• cubodial (cube-shaped)- thyroid gland
• columnar (cylindrical)- stomach, intestine
Tissue• Connective
– Types: Connective tissue proper, cartilage & bone
1) Connective tissue proper:• few living cells
• nonliving intracellular material
• 3 types of loose tissue: collagen (not stretchable), elastic (Stretch), reticular (like collagen)
• 2 types of dense tissue: (irregular & regular- tendons, ligaments)
A. Collagen Fibers
A. ReticularFibers
A. Elastic Fibers
B. Dense IrregularConnective
Tissue C. Dense RegularConnective
Tissue
A. Loose (3)
Connective Tissue
Tissue• Connective Tissue Proper (cont.)
– Tendon: regular connective tissue; attach muscle to bone
– Ligaments: regular connective tissue; connects bones and cartilage's
2) Cartilage:– rigid consistency, flexibility, slight elasticity
– form resistant to pressure (unlike CTP)
– composed of matrix (cytoplasm)
– 3 types: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous
Cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous
Tissue
• Cartilage (cont.):
– Provides protection
– Shock absorber
– Covers bony surfaces within joints
– surrounded by Perichondrium
Tissue
3) Bone:
– Composed of cells in matrix containing collagen
– Matrix embedded in minerals
– Minerals: calcium phosphate & calcium carbonate
– surrounded by periostium
– Spongy• interconnecting cavities
– Compact• dense & devoid of cavities
Tissue• Joints:
–Union of bones to other bones
–3 types
• fibrous-bind immobile bodies together
• cartilaginous-binds with cartilage
• synovial-lubricating synovial fluid is contained in the articular capsule
Suture (fibrous)
Spheroid (Synovial)
Symphysis (Cartilaginous)
Symphysis (Cartilaginous)
?
Hinge (Synovial)
??
Tissue
• Nerve–Two types of cells
• Nerve–conduction & transmission
–10 billion
–Cell body, axon, dendrites
• Neuroglia–supports neuron
Nerve CellDendrites
Nucleus
Cell Body
Axon Hillock
Axon
Neuron
Lower Motor Neuron
Upper MotorNeuron
Purkinje
Stellate
Granule
Unipolar BipolarMultipolar
Axon
Axon
Axon
Dendrites
AxonHillock
Classification
Tissue
• Nerve (cont.)
–Classified as Motor or sensory
•Motor-CNS to muscles
•Sensory-receive stimuli from
periphery send to CNS
Tissue
• Muscle
–3 types of muscle cells
• Cardiac (heart, long interrupted
function)
• Smooth (blood vessels, intestines, slow
steady contractions)
• Striated (skeletal, conscious control)
Striated
-Cylindrical, tapered at end-Terminates at tendon-Encased in epimysium
Fascicle
Fiber
Myofibril
Myofilaments
Reading/Assignments
• Seikel: Pgs. 638-650 (Installation
Instructions)
• Seikel: Ch.2 (Basic Elements of Anatomy)
• Dickson: Pgs. 15-19; 31-40.
Have a Great
Weekend!!