GMIND INSTITUTE 1 Basic & Computer Fundamentals Basic &Computer Fundamentals Definition of Computer:-
GMIND INSTITUTE
1 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Basic &Computer Fundamentals
Definition of Computer:-
GMIND INSTITUTE
2 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Computer is an electronic device that can
help sowed problems by accepting data and processing in C.P.U. then give us
results or generate output through output devices.
OR
Computer is a basically & electronic devices. Which can data accept from user
it convert into some meaning & full information.
Full form of the COMPUTER:-
C = Commonly, Calculator, Calculation.
O = Operating.
M = Machine, Memory.
P = Particular, Purpose, Program, Processing.
U = Used in, User, Update.
T = Trade, Technical, Tabulate, Technology.
E = Education, Electronics, Engineering.
R = Research, Result, Response.
History of the Computer
The history of Computer is known as near about 3000 years old.
Chinese invented a calculating machine called
ABACUS: - Abacus is a device of counting beats in string or rapes, was used to
calculate and store the immediate results of mental arithmetic.
In 17th century, developed a mechanical calculator which named „PASCALINE‟ by
blasé Pascal in 1642.
Jacquard’s Loom:-
Joseph Jacquard invented a stiff card with a series of holes
punched on it, in 1801. Joseph Jacquard was a French weaver and his full name was
Joseph Jacquard. His machine was used to draw different types of design and
pattern change automatically in dotes.
GMIND INSTITUTE
3 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Charles Babbage Difference Engine:-
Early 19th
century, is considered
as the Golden Era (Loj.kh; ;qx) in the history of the computer.
Charles Babbage developed a calculation, which was previously done manually
using „HANDSET MATHEMATICAL TABLES‟, these calculations should be
inaccurate if there were some errors in the table. To overcome this, Charles
Babbage developed a machine in 1822 called „DIFFERENCE ENGINE‟ was a
special purpose computing machine.
Charles Babbage was an English professor from Cambridge University.
Analytical Engine:-
Analytical Engine was developed by Charles Babbage in
1833. This machine was building general purpose computing machine and more
advanced than the difference engine. Analytical engine was built around the some
five components-
a) Input
b) Control
c) Steer
d) A.L.U.
e) Output
Note: - Father of Computer science “CHARLES BABBAGE”.
Hollerith Census Tabulator:-
Herman Hollerith developed a tabulating
machine in 1890. Hollerith tabulating machine is used for census (tux.kuk).
AIKEN MARK-I:-
In year 1944 Dr. Howard Aiken and four other engineers of
IBM ventured together developed a machine officially known as „Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculators‟. This machine was latter given a name „MARK-
I‟.ABC (Atana soff Berry Computer):-
In 1945, Atana soff developed an electronic
machine which was named ABC. This was first electronic computer.
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
GMIND INSTITUTE
4 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
The history of commercial computing is recognized of generation. Each
characteristic by specific developments.
1. First Generation of Computer (1946-1955):-
During 1943-46, John William
Mauchley and J.P. Eckert developed first large general purpose computer is called
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). It was 100 ft long and 10
ft height. It consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes and consumed 140 kw of electricity.
It was 30 tones heavy.
2. Second Generating of Computer (1955-1963):- The computer otter 1955 is
known as second generation of computer. The electronic vacuum tube is replaced
by transistor. These were much smaller in size rare faster IBM-1620, IBM-1401;
IBM-7090 etc. are some commonly second generations of computers.
3. Third Generation of computer (1963-1975):- The computer footer 1963 is
known as third generation of computers, used IC (Integrated Circuited). This
increased their storage capacity. Computers of this generation have
multiprogramming facilities.
4. Fourth Generation of computer (1975-1994):- The fourth generation of
computer was produced offer 1970. The computer of this generation used
„Microprocessor‟. Microprocessor is a silicon chip. A microprocessor performs all
the logical function in a computer.
5. Fifth Generation of computer (1994-upto):- The fifth generation of
computer involved the concept of computer of artificial intelligence with makes the
computer think likes human beings. The intelligence of these computers will be
greatly improved to make logical and sensible decisions just like a human being like
ROBOT.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
GMIND INSTITUTE
5 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Application Purpose Size Analog Computer Special Purpose Computer Mini computer
Digital Computer General Purpose Computer Micro
Computer
Hybrid Computer Mainframe
Computer
Workstation
Computer
Super Computer
(PARAM)
Types of Computer based on Application:-
There are three types of application computer
Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer
Analog Computer: - These are the computer which can work with continuously
variable physical parameters. For example Pressure, Temperature, Length, vertex
etc. and expressed them in numerals a parameters.
Digital Computer:- The computer which work on binary digits (0,1) is called
digital computers these computer work very fast with accuracy, so they are very
popular.
For Example: - Pentium-1 – P1
P2 Old Computers.
P3
P4
Dual core, core 2do, core I3, core I4, core I5, these are present computers.
Hybrid Computer: - Hybrid Computer is the combination of digital computer
and analog computer. For example Mainframe computer, super computer.
Types of Computer based on Purpose:- There are two types of purpose
computers
General purpose computer
Special purpose computer
GMIND INSTITUTE
6 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
General purpose computer:-These are general jobs, such as word processor is
used to prepare letter, document etc. These computers have a cheaper C.P.U.
Special purpose computer: - These computers are made for special purpose.
Their C.P.U. are especially designed are used for film, beside these three fields
were special purpose computers are used as under.
Hedicine and Surgery.
Engineering
Traffic control
In the field of chemical research
Agriculture
Types of Computer based on Size:-There are mainly five types of sized computers.
Micro computer
Mini computer
Mainframe computer
Workstation computer
Super computer (or PARAM)
Micro Computer:-these computers are used micro processor. These led to the
availability of cheaper computer system. This made possible, small computer to
extend that they can be put on the desk – can be kept inside the briefcase.
Microcomputers are being used in business, homes, office and school etc.
Workstation computer:- Workstation computer are like microcomputer much
powerful than these especially used for running complex programs. These powerful
machines are greatly used by the scientist, engineers and other professionals.
Mini computer:- These are medium sized computers. Mini computers are more
expensive than a micro computer, one cannot think of purchasing a mini computer.
For personal use, these computers are generally useful for small or medium sized
computers.
Mainframe computer:-These are large computers with bigger storage capacity.
These can stores huge data basis. They are used being used by big companies, bank
etc.
GMIND INSTITUTE
7 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Super computer: - Super computers are computer with highest capacity and
highest working speed among all the categories of computers. „PARAM‟ is made
by Indian. Super computer also known as PARAM computer.
Input Device
Input device convert the data and information into readable forms o and 1 beats.
Device can be classified as mentioned below -
Online input device
Offline input device
Various input devices are as follows: Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
OMR
MICR
Joystick
Light Pen
Touch Screen
Track Ball
Keyboard: - Keyboard is most common and convenient input device. Data and
program are input in computer through keyboard.
There are mainly three types of keys of keyboard:
i. The alpha-Numeric keys
ii. The Numeric keypad
iii. The functional keys (f1 to f12)
iv. Special purpose keys or other keys.
Keyboard is three types-
1) Normal Keyboard (85-87)
2) Standard Keyboard (105-111)
3) Multi-Keypad (127)
Mouse: - Mouse is a handheld pointing input device which can be used by single
hand. Mouse has two or more buttons. Left hand side button is most in use.
There are three types of mouse
Mechanical Mouse
Optical Mouse
GMIND INSTITUTE
8 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Cordless Mouse
OMR (optical mark reader):- OMR is a device which checks the presence
and absence of the pencil mark on the paper. It reads the paper by flashing light on
a paper and by receiving the reflection of the paper.
OCR (optical character recognizer):- OCR consists of special character,
letter, number, and special symbols than can read by a light source that can convert
then electrical signals that can be sent to a computer tar processing.
Scanner: - Scanner is the input device which input data on the paper in the
graphics, picture or text directly into the computer.
Joystick: - Joystick is used for playing videogames. It has a handle which can
help us in navigating the turtle or graphics on the screen.
Track Ball: - It has the same function as that of joystick and also used by kids. It
has a ball on upper surface. This can help us navigating the turtle or graphics on the
screen.
Light Pen: - Light Pen is used to draw any picture or graphics on the computer
screen. A light pen consists of a light sensitive pen like device to select object on a
display screen.
Touch Screen: - Touch screen is an input device which allows the user to place a
finger instead of a pointing device directly on the screen to select a menu or object.
Digital Camera:- Digital video camera is an mobile input device which can store
any photograph or movie. We can also view or stored picture or movie. Digital
video camera is a handily input device which can be taken from one place to
another place.
Sl. OMR Sheet
1 (a) (b)0 (c)0 (d)0
2 (a)0 (b) (c)0 (d)0
3 (a)0 (b)0 (c)0 (d)
GMIND INSTITUTE
9 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
OBCR (optical bar code reader):- Bar Code Reader or photoelectric scanner
that read the bar codes or vertical zebra-stripped makes or bar printed on most
products. OBCR is a handily input device.
OUTPUT DEVICE After processing over the data computer present the result of over all processing
through output device. Generally output are displayed over the screen or printed on
paper through printer.
Some commonly used output devices are:
Monitor
Printer
Speaker
Monitor:- monitor is an output device where you can get output on TV like
screen.
Types of monitor based on color:- there are three types of monitor
1) Monochrome (or black and white monitor)
2) Grey scale (advanced monochrome)
3) Color (RGB)
Types of monitor based on size:- there are two types of monitor based on size
:
A. CRT (cathode ray tube)
B. LCD (liquid crystal display) or (flat panel monitor).
CRT Monitor:- almost monitor are based on “Picture Tube Element” as same as
a television set. This tube is known as “Cathode Ray Tube” CRT monitor is cheaper
and capable of presenting high quality color output.
Flat Panel Monitor (or LCD):- recently, a new technology in the display
devices has been developed. In this technology charged chemical gases adopt
various chemical configurations to create image on the screen. These are called flat
panel display.
Flat Panel monitor also have LCD technology which means liquid crystal display.
LCD technology has less resolution than CRT technology.
Video Standard or Display Modes:-
GMIND INSTITUTE
10 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
CGA (color graphic adopter)
EGA (enhanced graphic adopter)
VGA (video graphic adopter)
XGA [extena graphic (adopter)array]
SVGA (super video graphic adopter)
Printer: - printer is an output device which prints the output on the paper. The
output is printed from is called „HARD COPY‟. The digital signals send from
computer are convert to natural language like Hindi or English. Printer classified on
the basis of printing technology.
They are mainly categorized two types-
i. Impact Printing
ii. Non-Impact Printing
Impact Printing:- These printing method is based on typewriter. In this type of
printer, a metallic hammer or a point head stripes on paper and ribbon to print
character.
Impact printing character are printed either has dot matrix or solid fonts on the
paper.
Non-Impact Printing:- In this printing method there is no direct striking
between print head and paper. These are printing method is two types-
a. Electro Thermal Printing
b. Thermal Transfer Printing
Types of Printer:- there are six types of Printer
1) DMP (Dot Matrix Printer):- It is an impact printer. In this printer there is a
print head which has a matrix of pins on it. Each pin is strikes with ribbon make a
dot on paper. Many dots constitute a character. Print head has vertical columns of
seven, 9, 14, 18 or 24 pins.
2) Daisy Wheel Printer:- Daisy wheel printer are solid fonts type character printer
and give good quality prints, similar to typewriter. Daisy wheel printers print 90
characters per minute.
GMIND INSTITUTE
11 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
3) Inkjet Printer:- Inkjet printer from characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny
nozzles (nozzle pump) through an electrical field that arranged the charged ink
particular into characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters per second.
4) Laser Printer:- Laser printer produced character and other image on paper by
directing a laser bean at a mirror which bounces the beam onto drum. Laser printer
design for commercial use and print approximately 20000 lines per second or 435
pages per minute.
5) Line Printer:- Line printer or line at a time printer, used special mechanism that
can printer. Whole line at once by using of this printer print from 300 to 6000 lines
per minute.
Line printer are classified in three types-
Drum Printer
Chain Printer
Band Printer.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE & HARDWARE COMPUTER
Hardware Software
Keyboard system software Application
software
Mouse Application
Program
Printer Operating System Application
Package
Scanner Pre-
Package Software
DOS, Windows
Hardware:- Physical components of computer system is called hardware.
OR
The components which we can touch, feel, and carry from one place to anther place.
E.g.- Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, scanner.
GMIND INSTITUTE
12 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Software:- software is a collection of program. Software is a set of instructions
that are needed to the hardware in a useful manner for given set of task. This is
something that cannot be touched or seen but essential of working. Software can be
divided into two basic types-
System software
Application software
System software:- system software is used to control, manage and works with
the hardware of the computer.
Application software:- Application software consist of the programs written by
the user for specific purpose such as billing, accounting, payroll etc.
Application Program:- Application program is used for user written programs
to perform certain specified jobs. Many such application programs have been made
commercially available under the name of program package.
Application Package:- these are similar in concept to utility programs except
that application packages or generalized programs for solving business problems.
e.g. stock control.
Pre-Package Software:- The personal computer user can now fulfill their own
information needs and perform analysis, Pre-Package Software is generally
classified into four categories to help user. To identify commercially sold products.
The four categories represent software written for the areas, games, home and
education and business.
Operating system:- Operating system is used to control of the computers
hardware components such as processor, memory device and input, output devices.
The operating of a computer is one of the main factors which contribute to its
capacity.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Programming Language
Machine Language Assembly language High level language
GMIND INSTITUTE
13 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Machine Language: - Instructions stored in binary form which a computer can
process directly is called machine language.
Assembly language: - It was very difficult to remember the machine codes. This
led to the intensive use of “MNEMONIC CODES” (binary code). This could be
easily understood by the human beings.
For e.g. division and subtraction can be written as „Div‟ and „sub‟. This mnemonics
have to be translated into the binary patterned before the machine can understand
the operation code the assembler perform this process translating mnemonic codes
into binary codes.
High Level Language:- A program in a high level language consist of a number
of statements. A statement may contain several instructions and is usually
equivalent to more than one machine language instructions. More high level
language uses of English words (alphabets) and are based on 10 numbers (decimal).
The most popular high level language is FORTRAN, COBAL, C, C++
, JAVA, VB
Net, and Asp. Net, BASIC (Business All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
COMPUTER VIRUS Introduction:- A computer virus, in real is a tiny program which when enters a
computer, get associated with pre installing program and applications and it can
effect working of computer in the following ways:
By destroying important information in the computer.
By making change in directories.
By altering the function of keys on keyboard.
By altering the data stored in program and files.
Full Name of the VIRUS:
V = Vital
I = Information
R = Resources
U = Under
GMIND INSTITUTE
14 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
S = Size.
History of computer VIRUS:- The term virus was wined by the fraud Cohen,
a directorate student at the university of California. He demonstrated how to write a
computer program that could infiltrate and attacked the computer system in much
the someway that a biological virus effect a human beings.
Among a modern virus,”(c) Brain” was among one of the first to spread widely
throughout the world.
How does a virus work? :- A virus is a computer program that has the ability
to duplicate. A virus can only do what it has been programmed to do. As effect on
files, hard disk, operating system etc.
How a virus does spreads?-
i. Using a pirated software:- When a user a program illegally obtained it is
called a irate software. Pirated software mostly infected for virus.
ii. Through Network System:- on the networks when one client gets effected on it is
shared with other client these causes infection spread among all the shares clients.
iii. Through Secondary storage Device:- when a file is copied from the virus affected
through secondary storage device then affected to the computer.
Types of computer Virus:- Virus can be classified into many categories-
Boot sector virus
Partition table virus
File virus
Polymorphic virus
Micro virus
Stealth virus.
GMIND INSTITUTE
15 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Boot sector virus:- These types of virus aff3ected the loading of operating
system. If somehow operating system becomes operative, the it affecting the other
storage devices of the computer.
Partition table virus: - These kinds of virus affected the partition table of a
hard disk but do not affect the data in the computer.
File virus: - These kinds of virus get associated with executable files. Virus also
executes to affect the computer system.
Stealth virus:- A stealth virus is a computer that makes every efforts to conceal
its presence from the user.
Polymorphic virus:- A polymorphic virus is one that is capable of changing
itself so that each infection of the virus is completely different from the original. It
is very difficult to check such viruses since every time they are completely
different.
Micro virus:- A micro virus is designed especially for file virus such as
document files, spread sheet files etc.
Antivirus:-
An Antivirus is a computer program which is used for scanning virus from the
whole systems.
The most popular Antivirus programs-
a) Norton
b) Avira
c) Quick Heal
d) Avast
e) AVG
f) K7
g) Kasper Skay.
GMIND INSTITUTE
16 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
MEMORY
PRIMARY & SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE:-
MEMORY
Primary
Secondary
H.D
RAM ROM C.D S.RAM (Static RAM) P.ROM (Programmable ROM)
DVD D.RAM (Dynamic RAM) EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
Floppy Disk EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM) Pen
Drive
Units of Memory:-
4 Pinels = 1 Nibale
4 Nibale = 1 Bit
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Byte = 1 K.B. (Kilo Byte)
1024 K.B. = 1 M.B. (Mega Byte)
1024 M.B. = 1 G.B. (Giga Byte)
1024 G.B. = 1 T.B. (Tera Byte)
1024 T.B. = 1 P.B. (Peta Byte)
1024 P.B. = 1 E.B. (Exa Byte)
1024 E.B. = 1 Z.B. (Zeta Byte)
1024 Z.B. = 1 Y.B. (Yotta Byte)
Primary Storage:- Primary storage is referred by a variety of name as main
memory, main storage, internal storage, volatile storage etc. The main memory is
the part of the computer that holds data and instruction for processing at least
temporarily until the computer taro off.
Main memory is of two types
GMIND INSTITUTE
17 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM:- RAM is a primary memory. RAM is also called volatile or read and
writable memory. RAM is found different size 128MB to 1GB or 2GB.
Several types of RAM are used in personal computers.
I. Dynamic RAM (D. RAM)
II. Static RAM (S. RAM)
III. Synchronous RAM.
ROM:- ROM is also a primary memory. In this type of memory, data only
readable form. It is a permanent memory of the computer programs are built into
ROM at the factory and cannot be changed by the user. Only we can read them but
not alter.
ROM is of following types:-
i. P.ROM (Programmable ROM)
ii. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
iii. EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM)
Secondary Storage Device:- Secondary storage is also called Auxiliary storage
is found physically outside the C.P.U. secondary storage device is used for storing
data and program. Storage device are used greatly in taking back up and f\which
can be used if any sort of disorder takes place on the computer.
Data Storage and Vertical System:- there are two classification of secondary
storage device based on data retrieval.
i. Direct Access storage
ii. Sequential Access storage.
Direct Access Storage:- Direct Access storage requires an input / output
devices that is directly connected to the C.P.U. such as storage devices are called
direct storage devices.
GMIND INSTITUTE
18 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Sequential Access storage:- Sequential access storage is offline. In this kind of
storage is non-accessible to the CPU until it has been loaded on to an input device
as a reel of taps.
Index Sequential Access:- Index sequential access is compromise between
direct and sequential access method. In this, records are stored sequentially but the
file where data are stored content and index.
Magnetic Tape:- Magnetic tape looks like audio cassette tape, put in comes on a
reel, as we see magnetic tape. Now a day it is primarily used for making back up,
copies of information stored on disk.
Magnetic Disk:- Magnetic disk is another form of sequential access storage. It is
better than direct storage.
There are two types of magnetic disk
Hard Disk
Diskettes or Floppy Disk.
Hard Disk:- Hard disk is a secondary storage device which is used in micro
computer or mini computer. Hard disk is a set of disk platter and every disk platter
is covered with magnet coating. Hard disks are available in the market from 10GB
to 500GB.
Floppy Disk:- Floppy disk is also a secondary storage device. Floppy are used
principally with micro computers. Unlike hard disk, floppy disks are easily portable
or you can remark them from one drive and use on the other.
Floppy are of following two types
Mini Floppy
Micro Floppy.
CD ROM:- CD ROM, known as compact disk Read Only Memory. CD ROM is
used to write from the computer software, interesting packages are also available in
the form of CD ROM in the market in 700MB.
DVD is available in the market of 4.7GB.
GMIND INSTITUTE
19 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating system software is a class of programs which manage the resources of the
computer, process command and control programs execution. Operating system is a
set of control programs which co-ordinate between user and hardware.
Functions of the Operating System:-
i. Process Management:- When you require to run several programs at the same
time. Each program has to get a share of the CPU processing time. These times
management is done by the operating system. Operating systems enable each.
Process or programs to run properly.
USER
GMIND INSTITUTE
20 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
ii. Input / output Management:- Operating system co-ordinates with different
input / output device. It manages the input, output and the entire program running
under its control.
iii. Memory management:- The operating system allocates the amount of memory
(RAM) required by various applications / process running on the system and also
remove the garbage data from the memory.
iv. File management:- When you create folders and save files into it you just
specify the location where it should be saved but do you know it is saved and again
retrieved (to open) when you want to view it again and who does it? This is again
done by o/s. it remembers the memory address of the location where it saves
different files. Thus it serves them at the time of need.
Types of Operating System
User based Interface based
Single user Multi user CUI (command/character user interface) GUI (graphical
user interface)
DOS widows Unix Linux DOS Unix Widows
Linux
User based:-
Single user Operating System:- Single user operating system is designed for
computer tends to serve single person at a time. This operating system is widely
used with personal computer installed in homes, offices, e.g. Windows 98, DOS.
Note:- Here DOS is single user and single task and windows is a single user and
multi task operating system.
GMIND INSTITUTE
21 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Multi user operating system:- Multi user operating system is one that
supports several user at a time. The most popular multi user operating system is
UNIX. Mini computer and Mainframe computers support multi user operating
system.
Interface Based:-
Character / command user Interface:- In CUI based operating system user
interacts with the computer only through the commands typed from the keyboard. It
does not support any other input device to communicate with it so here the user is
required to remember the exact sentence.
E.g.= DOS, UNIX operating system.
Graphical user interface:- The GUI is a picture based way of interacting with
computer. Instead of typing command we select options from menu and pictures to
tell the computer what we want to do. The most popular example of GUI is
windows and LINUX operating system.
GMIND INSTITUTE
22 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Folder
Shortcut
Text documents
Word document
By Name
By size
By type
Auto Arrange.
Active desktop
Arrange Icon
Refresh
Paste
Paste to shortcut
New
Properties
WINDOWS
Windows is also an operating system and are users providing different
methods to operating the computer. Here, data is graphical shown. It is
now provides graphical user interface. A user can provide the setting
related with complete with windows. If user want to perform any
operations with windows it is necessary to provide the help with its help
directly now as desktop.
When user right clicks on desktop the following will be open with it.
Common features of GUI:-
In GUI, we use secondary user input device usually, a pointing input
device called mouse.
Windows display graphically what the computer is doing and how much
work is in program.
All files, directories, application and system entities are represented by
icons.
GMIND INSTITUTE
23 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
It provides different kinds of buttons for e.g. minimize, maximize and
close.
Structure of Windows Screen:-
Windows 98 gets loaded automatically as soon as we switch on over
computer immediately after all kinds of processing we view on the screen
which contains the following parts.
Desktop
Background (Wallpaper)
Task Bar
Icon
Start Button.
Desktop:- It is the base of windows 98 screen where all the icons and
folders are stored and display.
My Computer
START
GMIND INSTITUTE
24 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Wallpaper:-
To make our desktop much more effective and attractive we can
use different kinds of wallpaper and can create our own wallpaper in
paint.
Taskbar:-
By default it is visual at the bottom of the screen taskbar show any
application started by the user file or folder.
Icons: - It is a pictorial representation of any application, file, folder
and other tool. By clicking on it, it will start that application and open
that particular file or folder.
Start Button:-
This button always appears at the left side of the taskbar. This
button is only entry point to work on window application. If we click on
start button then display different program list.
Windows Accessories:-
Windows contain a special folder called accessories that a person
can use to make their task easier and simple. By using accessories, we
can perform calculation create text document, edit picture and play
games.
The accessories folder contains the following programs.
a) Calculator
b) Notepad
c) WordPad
d) Paint Brush
e) Character Map
GMIND INSTITUTE
25 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
f) Games
Calculator:-
By using calculator we can perform both simple mathematical and
advanced scientific calculation. It provides us all kinds of calculation
tools.
Calculator is of two types
Standard Calculator
Scientific Calculator
Notepad:-
Notepad is a basic text editor that can perform to create or edit simple
text file. The default extension of notepad file is .txt
Start button All Program Accessories Calculator
Start button All Program Accessories Notepad OK
Untitled Notepad
File Edit View Format Help
GMIND INSTITUTE
26 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Parts of Notepad Screen:-
i. Title Bar:- Top most part of notepad screen contains the application
name (notepad) and the file name on which you are working. It also
contains three buttons: Minimize Maximize and Close.
ii. Menu Bar:- all notepad commands are available on menu bar
according we can select any option.
iii. Scroll Bar:- There are two types of scroll bar –
Vertical scroll bar:- use to move up and down in the text document.
Horizontal scroll bar:- use to move left and right in the text document.
iv. Client Area:- client area is the area where user can type text.
GMIND INSTITUTE
27 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Word Pad This is a text editor where formatting of the documents can be done by
using various tools provide by it. In WordPad documents, image and
other objects can also be inserted. WordPad files are saved automatically
with .DOC extension name. In this way only one document can be
opened at a time.
Step to open WordPad:-
Start button All Program Accessories WordPad OK
GMIND INSTITUTE
28 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Edit Menu:-
i. Undo:- If any matter is deleted and we want to get it again on document
page, we use the option ctrl+z or click undo.
ii. Cut (ctrl+x):- This option is used to cut the unwanted matter.
iii. Copy (ctrl+c):- If we want to take copy of a particular matter to save
the time and energy we use this option ctrl+c or click copy and to create
the duplicate file.
iv. Paste (ctrl+v):- If we want to paste the cut matter or copy at any other
pace, we can to be pasted.
v. Paste Special:- If we want to create paste link then we use this option.
vi. Find (ctrl+F):- To search a particular word or character.
Edit find
viii) Replace (ctrl+H) to replace the particular word or character.
Edit Replace
Find What Find Next
Match whole word only
Match case
Find
Find what
Replace with
Match whole word only
Match case
Replace
Fined next
Replace
Replace All
Cancel
GMIND INSTITUTE
29 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
ix) Go to (Ctrl+G) if we want to go directly page, line, paragraph then
we use this option edit Go to
X) Select All (Ctlr+A) TO select all the text at a time in current
document.
View Menu:-
I) Tool bar to display on the application window when checked.
II) Format bar to display format bar on the application window when
checked.
III) Status bar to display status bar on the application window when checked.
IV) Ruler Bar to display ruler bar on the application window when checked.
Insert Menu:-
i. Date and Time (F5):- To insert date and time on the document
window.
ii. Object:- object is a application software we can insert different object
from object list.
Format Menu:-
i. Font:- To change the font size, font style and font of the text.
ii. Bullet Style:- To insert bullet in the beginning of the lines.
iii. Paragraph:- To set ideation (first, left or right) and alignment (left,
right or center) of the paragraph.
iv. Tabs:- Tabs are used to set tab stop position.
Character Map
It shows all the 256 characters of a particular font with its keystrokes.
Any one character can be copied and pasted into a document. It works
GMIND INSTITUTE
30 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
with windows based programs. To insert a special character into a
document, the steps are –
Step1:- select character map from the cascading menu in accessories.
Step2:- click on font box to define the face for the character.
Step3:- To select the character, click on character and then on select
button, systems automatically copy the character into the box.
Step4:- Now click on the copy button.
Step5:- Open the document where you want to insert the character and
click on paste button in edit menu.
Start button All Program Accessories character map OK
GMIND INSTITUTE
31 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
MS Paint (Paint Brush)
Micro Soft Paint
It is one of the most interesting applications available in accessories
folder. This application provides us the files with .BMP extension
name, it also provide different tools and menu option here. Here user can
draw any pictures and edit.
How to start MS Paint?:-
Start button All Program Accessories MS Paint OK
GMIND INSTITUTE
32 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Tool Bar:- It is a collection of 16 different tools which helps us to
draw any picture.
1. Regular select (Select):- It can select complete area of object and
image.
2. Irregular select (free from select):- It can also select any picture or
object.
3. Pencil:- It can draw any image in MS-Paint window through which user
can used this drawing tools.
4. Eraser:- It can erase any required object to increase its size. User can
press (+ or -) with ctrl key.
5. Paint Bucket:- it can fill the color in complete document at a time.
6. Paint Brush:- it can fill the color where user can required.
7. Pick color:- it can used to choose the color formatting from any object.
8. Air Brush:- it transfers the color on object in dotted form.
9. Magnifier: - if user want to increase and decrease the image zooming
and look object use this option.
10. Text Toolbar: - if users want to write any character data and use
this option.
11. Line: - if users want to draw any line horizontal or vertical.
12. Curve: - it is used to draw a curve on the document.
13. Rectangle: - it is used to draw any rectangle or square shape.
14. Rounded Rectangle: - it is used to draw semicircular object.
15. Ellipse: - it is used to draw any circle or oval sized object.
16. Polygon: - it is used to draw end and target point connecting
object.
GMIND INSTITUTE
33 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
MS OFFICE
Micro Soft Office
Introduction:- MS-Office can be categorized into four groups.
MS-OFFICE
MS-Word (.DOC) MS-Excel (.XLS) MS-PowerPoint (.PPT) MS-
Access (.MOB)
1) MS-WORD
Micro Soft Word
Introduction:-
Micro soft word is a part of MS-Office. MS-word is based on word
processor software. It have all the features of word like creating
document, changing document, printing document, saving document,
formatting document etc. and its extension is .DOC.
Features of MS-Word: -
1) It is „WYSIWYK‟ (what you see is what you get).
2) It has automatic word wrap.
3) It support default sentence case.
4) It provides facility to check spelling and grammar. When you type a red
web line () appears below mistake word and green web line () appears
below sentence having grammatical mistake.
Opening of the MS-Word: -
Start button All Program MS Office MS Word OK
GMIND INSTITUTE
34 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Start Run
Run
Open:
?
Winword
OK Cancel
GMIND INSTITUTE
35 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
MS-Word screen is divided into two windows
1. Application Window
2. Document window
Application Window: - The outer window which contain title bar,
menu bar, tool bar, status bar.
Document Window: - It has title bar page insert paint.
Standard Tool bar:- It contain buttons of standard operation like
open, save, cut, copy, redo, undo etc.
Formatting Tool bar: - It contains buttons of size, bold, italic,
underline and its buttons is used for formatting the text.
Office Buttons:- It is display related file menu option such as new,
open, save, save as, print etc.
Version:- It is the option which provide us a facility to save the files in
line by line to under the document date and file.
View Menu:-
Word offers four ways to view the documents. Each of these views is
designed to make certain editing task easier. Changing the view does not
affect the contents of the document.
i. Normal View:- the normal view provides the easiest way to view the
document and other elements on the screen. In this view the fonts and
other formatting can be seen as it is on the screen.
ii. Print Layout View:- print layout view show the document exactly as
it will be printed. Here we can view or change margin and other detail of
print layout. In this view show the vertical and horizontal ruler bar.
GMIND INSTITUTE
36 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
iii. Web Layout View: - Microsoft word document designed for web
pages. This feature helps us to see how the document will look like when
open in internet explorer.
iv. Outline View:- the outline view creates outline and makes it easier to
look at the structure of a document. In this view the document is
collapsed to see the main heading.
v. Zoom: - the zoom features of MS-word allow us to increase or decrease
the size of the display to make the text easily visible. The zoom
percentage can be set between 10% to 500% in full screen.
Formatting Document:- the term formatting refer to changes you
make it your document appearance. Formatting is an important part of all
the documents.
There are three types of formatting in MS-word -
Character formatting
Paragraph formatting
Page formatting.
GMIND INSTITUTE
37 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Font: - A font is a set of letters and symbols that have a particular
design or style. A font dialogue box includes font, font style, size, font
color, underline style and subscript and superscript, shadow etc.
Change Case:- word allow to change the case of the selected text to
any of the following option available in the change case. There are fives
type of cases:
i. Sentence Case:- converts selection to small letters except for the first
letter for every sentence.
ii. Lower Case:- converts selection to small letters.
iii. Upper Case:- converts selection to capital letters.
iv. Title Case:- converts selection to small letters except for the first letter
of each word.
v. Toggle Case:- reverse selection from capital letter to small and small to
capital.
Font color
Superscript
Subscript
Outline
Font ?
Arial
Times new Roman
Arial Black
Bold
Italic
Underline
10
12
14
Font Font style Size
Font character Spacing Text Effect
None
Ok Cancel
GMIND INSTITUTE
38 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Character formatting using keyboard shortcut-
Action keyboard shortcut
Increase font size ctrl+shift+>
Decrease font size ctrl+shift+<
Change case shift+F3
Bold ctrl+B
Italic ctrl+I
Underline ctrl+U
Subscript ctrl+ =
Superscript ctrl+shift+ =
Drop Cap:-format a word or selected text with a large initial capital
letter. Drop cap is traditionally used on the first letter in a paragraph & it
can appear either in the left margin or drop from the first line in the
paragraph ranging to 10 lines.
Format Drop Cap
Paragraph formatting:- with paragraph formatting you can set
numbers of paragraph that influence how your paragraph in MS-word
will look like i.e. –
None Dropped In Margin
Drop Cap ?
w----------
-------------
-------------
-------------
---------
w---------
-------------
-------------
-------------
W --------
--------
--------
---
Ok Cancel
GMIND INSTITUTE
39 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Alignment
Tabs
Indents
Line spacing
Text flow
Alignment:- Alignment is a way of arranging the text. We can change
the alignment of the selected paragraph in the document. We can use
different alignment: -
1) Left (ctrl+L)
2) Right (ctrl+R)
3) Centered (ctrl+E)
4) Justify (ctrl+J)
Indents:- An indent is the distance that a paragraph is pushed in form to
the left or right margin.
There are four types of Indents-
1. First line
2. Hanging
3. Left
4. Right
Tabs:- tabs are used for creating quick relatively simple list. Tabs are
also used to control the alignment of the text within a document.
By default tabs stops or set 0.5”.
Word offers five types of tab-
1) Left tab
2) Right tab
3) Centre tab
4) Decimal tab
GMIND INSTITUTE
40 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
5) Bar tab
Page Orientation:- page orientation means the way the pages would
be printed.
There are two types of orientation
i. Landscape (Horizontal)
ii. Portrait (vertical)
Border & Shading:- Border and shading can be applied to a single
paragraph, group of paragraphs or around graphics. Use shadings to
create a form of or just to add a decoration.
Steps are –
Select the paragraph Border & shading select the appropriate
border / page border / shading and set border and choose shading style.
Column:- To quickly arrange your text into columns click the column
tool button on the formatting tool bar or select columns on the format
menu and select number of columns.
Steps –
Column choose column no. OK.
Header and footer:- header and footer is used to put respective
information in the top and bottom margin of the document. The header
consists of text or graphics appeared at the top of every page. Footer
appears at the bottom of every page.
For example – company name, date, Page no. etc.
Footnote:- write a short note at the bottom of page.
Steps are –
GMIND INSTITUTE
41 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
References footnote.
Insert Menu:-
Page Break:- page break is used for documents to terminate one page
from the new page or another page.
Cover Page:- It is fully formatted page. It is used to make cover page.
Steps –
Insert cover page choose the cover page format.
Table:- we can insert or draw table on documents page. We can create
table or inset table in two ways –
Insert table insert table
Picture:- we can insert any picture on documents page. We can use this
procedure –
Insert picture display picture window select the picture
click on insert button.
Table Size
No. of Columns
No. of Rows
Auto fit behavior
Fixed column width
Auto fit to contents
Auto fit to window
Remember dimension for new tables
Insert Table ?
5
3
Ok Cancel
Auto
GMIND INSTITUTE
42 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Clip Art:- clip art is also picture we can insert clip art into documents
page including drawings, movies, sound or start photography to
illustrated a specific concept.
Insert clip art open clip art dialogue box organization clip
office collection.
Shape:- we can insert shapes on document page. It is readymade shapes
such as rectangle, lines, circles, arrow, flow chart etc.
Smart Art:- smart art is used to visually information, graphics and
organization chart, we can insert on documents page.
Insert smart art choose a smart art graphic select graphics
OK.
Page Number:- we can insert page number into the document page tap
or bottom.
Insert page number OK.
Text Box:- if we want to insert pre-formatted text box on documents
page then use this option.
Insert Text box select the text box.
Word Art:- word art is used to special text effects and choose different
types of word art style.
Object:- it is used to insert object such as any figure, picture, chart or
any object from clip art gallery or object of any other application.
GMIND INSTITUTE
43 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Book Mark:- book mark are used to identify the place in the chapter or
place in the document from where we left off. With the help of this
option we can jump to any location in the document specifying the book
mark.
Steps –
Place the cursor where you need a book mark Insert Book mark
(it will display book mark dialog box) add a name to book mark
name click on „add‟ to insert a book mark.
Using Thesaurus:- A thesaurus provides synonyms and antonyms of
selected work in the document.
Review Thesaurus
Auto Correct:- It is used to correct meaning automatically when user
type the meaning error.
Spelling & Grammar:- word automatically check the active
document for spelling and grammar and writing style. If word does not
find entered word in the main dictionary, it underlines that word with a
red zigzag line. Shortcut key used is F7.
Replace Replace With
Com Computer
Auto correct ?
Add Ok Cancel
GMIND INSTITUTE
44 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Mail Merge Wizard:- sending in formation, letter, document to more
than one person or company at a time is a very tedious task and can
consume a fully day. To our come this problem mail merge utility can be
used where after drafting a single letter, copies of that letter can be send
at different addresses or supplied through stored data shows.
Create a new document or start with the existing document Mailing
Mail merge Mail merge wizard select a recipients next
starting document Type a new list Create.
Name
Last Name
Company Name
Address
Mobile Number
City
Pin code
Open Mail-Merge List –
Start My document data source select the data source file
name ok enter.
Macro (Alt+F8):- A macro is used to record words. A macro is
sequence of word commands and instruction that are grouped together as
a single command and save it to complete task automatically.
Watermark:- This is often used to indicate that a document is to be
treated especially such as confidential or urgent.
Steps –
Page layout watermark custom watermark apply.
GMIND INSTITUTE
45 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
References Menu Table of content:- add a table of contents to the documents page.
Reference table of content choose any table of content.
End Note:- end note are placed at the end of the document.
Insert citation:- cite a book, journal articles the source for a piece of
information in the document.
References insert citation add new source display create
source dialogue box
GMIND INSTITUTE
46 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Manage Sources:- view the list of all the sources cited in the
document.
Bibliography:- add a bibliography which list all the sources cited in
the document.
Insert Caption:- A caption is a line of text that appears below an
object to describe it. Add a caption to a picture or other image.
Steps –
References insert caption.
Table Menu
Draw table:- It provides a drawing tool with it. A user can draw a table
in any direction.
Delete table:- with the help of this option, the user can delete selected
row or column.
Protect Document:- Here, user can protect the document. After
provide the password on the document user cannot any change in the
document. When user selects this option, the following dialogue will
open –
Track Changes
Comment
Form
Password
Repeat
Protect Document ?
Ok Cancel
GMIND INSTITUTE
47 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Hyperlink (ctrl+K):- create a link to a web page, a picture, an e-mail
address or a program. Here user creates linking between more than one
file. To apply this setting, select any particular character and after that
choose hyperlink option or press its shortcut key Ctrl+K.
When user decides the name of linking files and click on ok button. The
selected word will be appearing in blue color. When user double click on
it will open required file name.
GMIND INSTITUTE
48 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
MS-EXCEL
MICRO SOFT EXCEL (.XLS)
Introduction:-
MS-Excel:-MS-Excel is a window based spreadsheet which is a
product of Microsoft Corporation. It is used to track an analysis numeric
data, record and calculate data and present in an attractive manner. A
worksheet is divided into -65536 rows and 256 (A-IV) columns (in MS-
Excel 2003). 1048576 rows and 16384 (A-XFD) columns (in MS-Excel
2007). The intersection of one row and one column is known as cell. We
entered data in the cells. A cell can contain any kind of data and formula.
The extension name of workbook is .XLS.
Spread Sheet:- A spreadsheet is a tabular representation of any
statistical, mathematical or accounting data. Spreadsheet is an
intersection of horizontal and vertical lines which forms rows and
columns. Using these rows and columns detail analysis of data can be
represented easily. Some spreadsheet packages are LOTUS 123,
Microsoft Excel.
GMIND INSTITUTE
49 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
How to open MS-Excel?
i. Start All Program MS-Office MS-Excel OK.
ii. Start Run Type the name of Program and then press
ok button.
The contents of workbook or worksheet:-
i. Rows:- in a single worksheet rows are numbered from top to bottom. 1
to 65536 in 2003 and 1048576 in 2007 version.
EXCEL
GMIND INSTITUTE
50 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
ii. Columns:- columns are labeled from left to right. (A-IV) 256 in 2003
and (A-XFD) in 2007.
iii. Cell:- cell is the intersection of rows and columns. Therefore each
worksheet contains 1,67,77,216 cells in 2003. Cell is referred the column
number and row number.
iv. Sheet:- Excel has multiple worksheet labeled sheet 1, sheet 2, sheet 3,
and so on, where user can perform the work. By default three sheets are
available in a workbook.
v. Formula Bar:- Provides a space for typing or editing cell data and
formula.
vi. Name Box:- it display the address or name of the active cells.
vii. Status Bar:- it display the valuable information like current mode or
option, keyboard status and the result of auto calculate function.
Creating a new workbook:-
Click on new from file menu or press ctrl+N short key to open file, a new
dialogue box will display.
Select the workbook and click on ok button.
A new workbook is created name.
Opening an existing workbook:-
Click on save from file menu or press ctrl+O short key, and then the open
dialogue box will display.
Select the file to open and click on open button, the selected file opens on
the screen.
Saving a workbook:-
Click on save from file menu or press ctrl+S short key to save the file,
save as dialogue box will open. If the file is being saved for the first time.
Specify the name of the file in the file name text box and click on save
button. The file is saved with the given name.
GMIND INSTITUTE
51 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Cell Reference:- The cell so-ordinates in the formula are known as cell
reference.
There are three types of reference:
Absolute reference
Relative reference
Mixed reference
Absolute Reference:- it means that the co-ordinate of the cells do not
change on copying the formula to another cells. Absolute referencing is
done by the cell co-ordinates by dollar ($) sign. E.g. $A to $10.
Operator:- operator specify the type of calculation that you want to
perform on the elements of a formula.
MS-Excel provides four different types of calculation operators:
i. Arithmetic Operators:- To perform basic mathematical operators
such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division etc. are used.N
ii. Operators Meaning Example
+ (add) Addition 100+5
- (minus) subtraction 45-9
* (multiply/Asterisk) Multiplication 4*5
/ (forward, slash) Division 100/4
% (percent) Percentage 42%
^ (carat) Exponent 33 (27).
GMIND INSTITUTE
52 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
iii. Comparison Operators:- we can compare two values with
comparison operators then those operators compare two values the result
is a logical value either tree or false.
Operators Meaning Example
= equal to a1=b1
> greater than a1>b1
< less than a1<b1
>= greater than equal to a1>=b1
<= less than equal to a1<=b1
<> not equal to a1<>b1
iv. Concatenate Operators:- this operator is used to join two stings.
Operators Meaning Example
& join two strings “North” & “south”
v. Range Operators:- This operator is used to define the range of cell.
Operators Meaning Example
: colon = sum (A3:C3)
, comma = sum (A1, C3)
Function:- function are built in special formulas that perform
calculation in a particular order or structure on values supplied to it.
These values are known as argument.
Argument:- argument are values supplied to functions to work open.
These values can be number, text, data, logical values and a cell
reference.
e.g. = average (1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15) - Argument
a) Mathematical Function:-
i. Sum ():- This function calculates the total of the given range of values.
GMIND INSTITUTE
53 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Syntax: = sum (range)
e.g.: = sum (A1:D1)
ii. Sqrt ():- This function is used to find out the square root of given
number.
Syntax: = sqrt (number)
e.g. = sqrt (16)
iii. Int ():- It removes decimal places rounding down the number of its
nearest least integer.
Syntax: = Int (number)
e.g. = Int (4, 6)
= output- 5.
Round ():- It rounds the number specified by number of digits.
Syntax: = Rounds (number)
e.g. = Rounds (50.126)
= output- 50.13.
Power ():- It raiser number by Power.
Syntax: = Power (number)
e.g. = Power (32)
= output- 9.
b) Logical Function:-
And ():- This function joins two or more condition and returns true if all
the condition are true, return false if any one condition is false.
Syntax: = And (expression1, expression2…)
e.g. = And (2+2=4, 5+4=9) true
= And (2+2=4, 5-4=9) false.
Or ():- This function returns true if any one argument is true and return
false if all the argument are false.
Syntax: = Or (expression1, expression2…)
GMIND INSTITUTE
54 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
e.g. = Or (2+2=4, 5+4=9, 9+8=17) true
= And (2+2=4, 5-4=9, 9-8=17) false.
Not ():- It reverses the result of the logical expressions passed as
parameters.
Syntax: = Not (logical expression)
e.g. = Not (2+2=4) false.
If ():- If evaluates the result and return the true if expression is true and
false value if the condition is false.
Syntax: = If (logical text, value if true, value if false).
e.g.:
Syntax: = If (B2>=50,”pass”,”fail”)
Sum if ():- This function calculates the sum of cell specified by the
given criteria.
Syntax: = sum if (Range, condition, sum range).
c) Text function:-
Len ():- Returns the number of character in the string passed as
argument including spaces.
Syntax:- = Len (“string”)
A B C
1 Roll No Mark Result
2 102 55 Pass
3 103 45 Fail
4 104 33 Fail
5 105 54 Pass
6 106 59 Pass
7 107 89 Pass
8 108 90 Pass
9 109 20 Fail
GMIND INSTITUTE
55 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
e.g. = Len (“Lucknow Computer Education”)
= Output 26.
Upper ():- converts text to upper case.
Syntax:- = Upper (“Text”)
e.g. = Upper (“Computer”)
= = Output COMPUTER.
Lower ():- convert text to lower case.
Syntax:- = Lower (“Text”)
e.g. = Lower (“COMPUTER”)
= = Output computer.
Formatting Worksheet:-
1) Alignment of cells:- To align the contents of selected cell, wrapping
text, adjust width of columns and rows.
Steps are –
i. Click on cell format menu bar, a dialogue box will appear on the screen
having some options helpful for all formatting.
ii. To set the alignment of the text select alignment tab.
Text Alignment Orientation
Horizontal
Vertical
Degree
Format Cells ?
Number Alignment Font Border Pattern Protection
Cancel
Bottom
Text
Ok Cancel
GMIND INSTITUTE
56 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
2) Auto format:- excel automatically applies in combination of format
called Auto format, excel provides variety of auto format that apply
formats, form numbers, alignment, font, border, patter and shading.
3) Rename a sheet:- We can change the name of the sheet with the help
of following steps –
i. Move the pointer in sheet which you want to rename.
Click on format sheet rename.
ii. We can also hide the sheet by clicking on –
Click on format sheet hide.
4) Filter:-
In excel, user can filter the data to see only the records user required
for this. There are two kinds of filter:
a) Auto filter:-
Select the cell which needs to be filtered.
Click on data filter auto filter, the auto filter button appears at the
right in the column.
Click on auto filter button where filter is required.
A drop down list of criteria appears. Showing the option that you can
choose from.
b) Advanced filter:-
It is used to filter the required data or record and stored it in son ether
location.
Copy the heading to another location.
Specify the criteria in worksheet from the record you need.
Choose data filter advanced filter, the advanced filter dialogue
box will be appeared.
Specify the address of data, destination cell in the dialogue box.
GMIND INSTITUTE
57 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Sorting data in worksheet:- By sorting user can arrange rows in
which according to the contents to particular column that is arranging the
contents of a list/paper in ascending or descending order.
Steps are –
Select the cell you want to sort include the heading if u wishes.
Click on sort from data menu, the sort dialogue box will appear.
If you have include headings in your selection click on header rows. If
you not than no header rows, radio button.
Select first sorting key in sort by drop down list and select the order.
Click on ok to finally sort the data.
Insert object option:-
Click on insert from object.
Select the type of object to insert from object type list box.
Click on ok and object will be inserting and open for editing.
Page Breaker:- Move the pointer at position where you want to inser
page break.
Click on insert page break.
Goal Seek:-
Finding the value using goal seek. It is used to adjust the
value in a specified cell until the formula that is depending on that cell
reach to a target value.
GMIND INSTITUTE
58 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Steps are –
Select the cell having a formula whose value is to be edited.
Click on data what if analyses goal seek. Goal seek dialogue box
will be displayed.
Click on to value text box and type the new value.
Click on by changing cell box and type cell address of cell where relating
value is to be changed.
Click on ok button, the goal seek status dialogue box, appear giving the
result.
Click on ok to change the value and cancel to ignore the result.
Set Cell:
To Value:
By Changing Cell:
Goal Seek
Cancel OK
? x
GMIND INSTITUTE
59 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
CHART
Chart are visual representation of data is a very effective manner and
make it easy for user to see comparisons and patterns in data.
Chart Type:- charts are of fallowing types:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v. Bar:- It compare values (n.M vkjs[k).
Y
O
vi. Column:- column graphs are similar to a bar graphs except that the bars
are stacked on top of each other instead of side by side.
y
GMIND INSTITUTE
60 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
vii. Pie:- Pie graph is used to show the relation between the parts of whole
data.
viii. Line:- It compares the data series over the time.
Y
O
ix. Area: - Area shows one or more data trends over one time.
25% 45%
5%
15% 10%
GMIND INSTITUTE
61 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
x. Bubbles:- It compares three sets of data.
xi. 3-D:- It often cylinder, pyramid and cone shape. It distinguishes between
different sets of data.
Components of Chart
Axis:-
Axis is straight lines used on a graph for measurement and a reference.
More charts used to straight lines. The horizontal line is x-axis and
vertical line is y-axis.
Grid lines:- grid lines makes it easier to see the value in the chart.
Plot area:- Plot area is the area bounded by the axis or in the case of pie
chart or the area within circle.
Steps to create a chart:-
First of all select the range which you want to represent with the help of
chart.
Select the type of chart which you want to insert for your presentation.
Data Validation:
It is used to insure that only correct data is interred in the worksheet.
Steps of data validation –
Select the cell to restrict.
Click on data validation (data validation dialogue box will appear).
GMIND INSTITUTE
62 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
In setting tab select the data type in allowed drop down list box, select
logical comparison operator from data drop down list box and set the
minimum and maximum values in minimum and maximum text box.
Set input and error message and then click on ok button.
Sheet Protection:
Sheet protection option will help person to protect the sheet from
unauthorized access.
Steps are –
On the tools menu point on protection and then click on protect sheet.
To prevent changes to cell on worksheet or to data and other items in
chare and prevent of hidden rows, columns and formulas, select the
content text box.
Pivot Table:
It is used to create reports that summarize worksheet data in menu full
format. We can rotate its rows and columns. We can also filter the data
by pages. It is used when long list of data is to be summarized and
compared while creating pivot table you have to specify four elements.
Pages allow creating drop down list.
Rows cells that form the rows.
Columns cells that forms the columns.
Sum of values values you want to add at each intersection.
Create a Pivot Table:-
GMIND INSTITUTE
63 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Insert Pivot Table.
Pivot Table x ?
GMIND INSTITUTE
64 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Sub Total:- subtotal is used to display summary information and grand
total in the form of list.
Steps –
Select data Subtotal.
Scenario:- What if analysis is the most powerful feature of excel
(.XLS). it helps the automatic recalculation of formula, when any of the
souce data changes.
Steps –
Data what if analysis scenario.
Some other functions:
Statistical function:
i. Average function:- This function is used to calculate the average of
given range.
Syntax: = Average (no.1, no.2….)
e.g. = Average (10, 10, 10)
= output =10.
ii. Maximum function:- This function is used to return the maximum
value from the range specified.
Syntax: = Max (no.1, no.2….)
e.g. = Max (2, 8, 5, 10, 16)
= output =16.
GMIND INSTITUTE
65 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
iii. Minimum function:- This function is used to return the minimum
value from the given range.
Syntax: = Min (no.1, no.2….)
e.g. = Min (2, 8, 5, 10, 16)
= output =2.
iv. Count function:-
This function is used to count the number of value in the specified
range. It doesn‟t count text entry, blank, cell and errors. This count
function can‟t take more than 30 arguments.
Syntax: = count (value1, value2….)
e.g. = count (1, 5, 7, 10, 15)
= output =5.
v. Count if function:- It returns the number of the value that match the
criteria.
Syntax: = count if (range, criteria)
e.g.
= count if (A1:A5, 17)
= output – 2.
vi. Mod function:- It returns the remainder.
GMIND INSTITUTE
66 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Syntax: = mod (number, division)
e.g. = mod (15, 2)
= output – 1
vii. Abs function:- It returns the obsolete value of the given value. It
criminates the sign used in the given value range.
Syntax: = abs (value)
e.g. = abs (-50)
= output- 50.
viii. Sum if function:- This function is used to sum the specified cell.
Syntax: = sum if (Range, “=name”, sum range)
e.g.
i. = Sum if (B2:B6, “=ACCOUNT”, C2:C6)
= output – 30000.
ii. = Sum if (A2:A6, “=XXX”, C2:C6)
= output – 20000.
GMIND INSTITUTE
67 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
ix. Left function:- returns the most number of characters from text
including space.
Syntax: = left (text, number and character)
e.g. = left (“Hello India”, 7)
= output- Hello I.
x. Right function:- returns right most number of character from text.
Syntax: = right (text, Number and character)
e.g. = right (“Hello India”, 5)
= output- India.
GMIND INSTITUTE
68 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
MS-POWERPOINT (.PPT):
Introduction:-
Micro soft PowerPoint is presentation software used to
create interactive, self running or speaker control visual display. This can
be reproduced on transparency sheet 35mm slides, photo prints or on
screen presentation. These presentations can also be used to a company
lectures or has the basic for website.
Starting MS-PowerPoint: -
1. Start All Program MS-Office MS-PowerPoint.
2. Start Run Type the name of program and press
enter key or click on ok button.
Slides:- The term „slide‟ in the context of power point are images that
make up a presentation . Each slide can contain text, graphics, charts,
sounds, videos and organization charts.
Notes Page:-
Notes Page is speaking acts that consist of an image of
each slide together with any notes that you need for that slide. The notes
are not visible to the audience. In 2003version, notes page is known as
Speaker Page.
Hand Outs:- Hand Outs are paper, copies of all or some of the slides to
be given to the audience. They can be one prepares or reduced to three or
six per page.
Media Clips:- The term media clips include sound animation and video
clips. The media clips make the presentation more presentable and easy
to understood.
Powerpnt
GMIND INSTITUTE
69 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Graph:- It is a classic way to convey information particularly numerical
data in a presentation using graph. It is a pictorial presentation of data.
HTML:- Hyper Text Markup Language. Its extension name is .HTML /
.HTM.
DHTML:- Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language.
Clip Art:- Clip art contain images and audio, video clips that can be
input into application to add visual impact on slides.
Web Pages: - Presentation slides are perfect for generating web page.
Once you add the text, graphics and charts. You document. Ready for
used on the WORD WIDE WEB (WWW).
PowerPoint View:- PowerPoint can display a presentation in different
view that make it easier to perform certain task.
i. Slide view:- It is the default view used to create and edit slides and
immediately show the impact of the changes.
Slide view
GMIND INSTITUTE
70 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
ii. Slide sorter view:- It is a miniature form of slides. We can move
slides and add Trans act ions and animations effect. Here we can get a
preview of the effect as we select and choose them.
iii. Outline View:- It is used to display an outline format of our
presentation showing the slide number and text contain here it is very
easy to edit the display text, delete slide and cut and paste from one
location to another location. We are also collapse items see first the name
of each slide.
Slide sorter view
1=
2=
3=
Outline View
GMIND INSTITUTE
71 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
iv. Note page view: - It is used to create and see notes for the slides
within presentation also we can create speakers note for the slide.
v. Slide show view: - It show how each slide will looks in full screen
mode.
Use this view to actually show or simply preview our slide presentation.
Animation & Objects: - Animation effects applied to an object or
multiple objects.
There are two types of animation:
i. Present Animation
ii. Custom Animation
Present Animation: - present animation are set by PowerPoint, sound
effect, animation effect are present in a PowerPoint.
Note page view
GMIND INSTITUTE
72 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Custom Animation: - we are changing the order in which each object
will appear on the slide. We can also attribute sound to the individual
object on a slide. To change the setting for an object. Click on
Slide show Custom Animation
We can choose multiple objects on the same slide by clicking on each
object while holding the shift key. We can also apply sound effect, chart
effect and multimedia setting.
Slide transaction: - It controls the way of each slide will appear as it
open on the slide screen.
Setting of Media clips: - we can insert multimedia clips into a slide in
a PowerPoint to insert a media clip.
Practical Work
Design this Presentation: -
Slide1: - Lucknow Computer and technical Education.
s Presentation: -1
GMIND INSTITUTE
73 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Slide 2: - Branches of GCMR.
I. Sultanpur (Head Office)
II. Luck now
III. Faizabad
IV. Gonad
V. Ajodhya
VI. Allahabad
VII. Gorakhpur
VIII. Kanpur
IX. Paratapgrah
X. Siddhartha Nagar.
Slide 3: - Course offered by GCMR.
i. DCA
ii. ADCA
iii. Hardware Course
iv. Networking Course
v. Web Designing
vi. Tally
vii. English Speaking
viii. Personality Development
ix. Basic Course
x. CCC
xi. PGDCA
xii. DTP
Branches of GCMR
Sultanpur (Head Office)
Luck now
Faizabad
Gonad
Ajodhya
Allahabad
Gorakhpur
Kanpur
Paratapgrah
Siddhartha Nagar
Presentation: -2
Course offered by GCMR
DCA English Speaking
ADCA Basic Course
Hardware Course CCC
Networking Course PGDCA
Web Designing DTP
Tally
Personality Development
Presentation: -3
GMIND INSTITUTE
74 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
MS-ACCESS (.MDB)
Introduction: - MS-ACCESS is a part of MS-OFFICE and it is a
relational data base management system (RDBMS). Most data base
application comprise of a back and front end.
The back end part of the application is the one which takes care of
storing and retrieving the data.
What is data base?
A data base is a collection of data as well as programs required to
manage that data. The data base is stored in a tabular formed like
spreadsheet.
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS):-
A database is considered to be collection of interrelated data and
programs. The data in a database has to be related.
Example –
A college management system which takes care of maintaining students
records. A database management system is software that takes care of
maintaining of database. A data base that is design on this modern is
called relational database and the software that helps to maintain this
database called Relational Database Management System.
Entities:- It can be used to denote a person, place object etc.
Attributes:- each entity has a set of properties that define an entity.
S.No. Customer Name Order Date Quantity
GMIND INSTITUTE
75 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Entity relationship Diagram (ERD):- ERD are entity relationship
diagram makes the combination in the process of database design.
ERD graphically represent the entity.
Symbols used in ERD:-
Denotes an entity in ERD.
Represent an attribute of an entity.
Denote the relationship between entities.
ENTITY ATTRIBUTES
CUSTOMER CUSTOMER NAME, CUSTOMER ADDRESS,
CUSTOMER PHONE NO.
ORDER ORDER NUMBER, ORDER DATE, ORDER NAME.
ITEM ITEM NAME, ITEM CODE, RATE, AND QUANTITY.
CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER
ADDRESS
ATTRIBUTES
CUSTOMER NAME CUSTOMER PHONE NO.
GMIND INSTITUTE
76 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Use of the Table in MS-ACCESS: - A database is a set of
interrelated tables. A table is a set of related record.
A record is a set of interrelated fields.
Start of MS-ACCESS: -
Start All Programs MS-OFFICE MS-ACCESS.
Create a Table by Design View:-
CUSTOMER ORDER PLA
CUSTOME
R NAME
CUSTOME
R
CUSTOME
R PHONE
ORDER
NUMBER
ORDER
DATE
ORDER
NAME
S.R. NO. NUMBER
ROLL NO. NUMBER
NAME TEXT
FATHER’S NAME TEXT
SUNJECTS TEXT
OBTAINED MARKS NUMBER
TOTAL MARKS NUMBER
PERCENTAGE NUMBER
DIVISION TEXT
RESULT TEXT
TABLE X -
GMIND INSTITUTE
77 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Click on close button.
Decide the table name.
After deciding the table name finally clicks on ok button.
Data Type:- The data type of a field specify the type of data that will
be stored in the field.
Use of Data Type in MS-ACCESS:-
Data type Description
TEXT Store alpha numeric data (30 words)
NUMBER Store numeric data.
DATE & TIME Store date and time format.
CURRENCY Store currency values.
AUTO NUMBER Automatically generate serial format.
MEMO Store data that exceeds 255 character.
YES/NO Store logical values.
OLE use of different application program.
HYPERLINK Links to other file on a system.
Query:- We use query in two views, change and analyses data in
different ways. We can also use them as a source of records for forms,
report etc.
Queries provide two questions use data base like we can formulate
simple queries that look for record in a single table.
GMIND INSTITUTE
78 Basic & Computer Fundamentals
Create a Query by Design view:-
Click on the Queries tab.
Out of the two option design double click create query design view.
Then display a dialogue box.
Click the add button and click the close button.
Click on table tab then select the table.
End of Basic & Computer Fundamentals.
Written by- OUR EXPERT FACULTY
S