1 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Anatomy and Kinesiology 420:024
Dec 31, 2015
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Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts
Anatomy and Kinesiology
420:024
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Outline
Introduction Levers Anatomical Levers Laws of Motion
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Biomechanics
Biomechanics - study of the mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems and especially humans
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Biomechanics
Mechanics:
Mechanics is divided into: Statics Dynamics
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Biomechanics
Statics - study of systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest with no motion or moving at a constant velocity without acceleration
Dynamics - study of systems in motion with acceleration
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Biomechanics
Kinematics & kinetics Kinematics - description of motion and includes
consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system‘s motion
Kinetics - study of forces associated with the motion of a body
Mechanical advantage Load/effort or load divided by effort Ideally using a relatively small force, or effort to move a
much greater resistance
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Outline
Introduction Levers Anatomical Levers Laws of Motion
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Introduction to Levers
Lever: Simple machine that operates according to principle of torques
Torque: The turning effect of a force
T = Fd
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F
d How can you change torque?
10F
d
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Function of Levers
Two functions:
1. Force
2. Speed/ROM
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Function of Levers
Force Examples?
Common traits? Rigid bar Fixed point Lever movement vs. resistance movement
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F R
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Function of Levers
Speed/ROM Examples?
Common traits? Rigid bar Fixed point Lever movement vs. resistance movement
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F R
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Components of a Lever System
Lever: Rigid bar Fulcrum: Axis of rotation/fixed point Force:
Applied force (F) Resistance force (R)
Moment arm: d Applied force Resistance
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More Concepts
Mechanical advantage Levers designed for force
Mechanical disadvantage Levers designed for speed/ROM
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F R
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
How does mechanical advantage affect movement of the lever?
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Human Application?
Lever?
Bones (Not always a bar) Fulcrum?
Joints Applied force?
Muscles Resistance force?
Weight of limb, external resistance
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Classification of Levers
Lever classification based on the relative location of:
1. Axis of rotation/fulcrum (A)
2. Resistance force (R)
3. Applied force (F)
A R F
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First Class Lever
Center: (A) – Axis of rotation/fulcrum Mechanical advantage Mechanical disadvantage Examples
Crow bar
Seesaw
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Advantage or disadvantage?
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Second Class Lever
Center: (R) – Resistance force Mechanical advantage
Always
Mechanical disadvantage Never
Examples
Wheelbarrow
Nutcracker
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Third Class Lever
Center: (F) – Applied force Mechanical advantage
Never Mechanical disadvantage
Always Examples
RowingShovelingBat, tennis racket
27Baseball, tennis?
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Human Application
First class lever Elbow extension against a resistance
29(A) – Axis of rotation/fulcrum
(F) – Applied force
(R) – Resistance force
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage
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Human Application
Second class lever Ankle plantar flexion
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Mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
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Human Application
Third class lever Elbow flexion
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Mechanical advantage or disadvantage?
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In general, is the human body built for force
application or speed/ROM?