BASIC BIOLOGY REPORT “Knowing The Ecosystem” …docshare03.docshare.tips/files/29214/292145024.pdfI. TITLE Knowing The Ecosystem II. PURPOSE Knowing the components of the ecosystem

BASIC BIOLOGY REPORT

“Knowing The Ecosystem”

By :

Name : Hesti Apriwiyani

NIM : 140210101107

Group : 4

STUDY PROGRAM OF MATHEMATIC EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER

2015

I. TITLEKnowing The Ecosystem

II. PURPOSEKnowing the components of the ecosystem and its position in the

ecosystem.III. BASIC TEORY

The branch of biology that developed from natural history

is called ecology. Ecology is the study of inter actions that take

place between organisms and their environment (national

geographic, 2004: 36).

Mangrove ecosystem has ecological and economic function

is very useful. Ecologically, mangrove ecosystem serves as

spawning (spawning grounds) and the enlargement area (nursery

grounds) various marine organisms such as fish, shrimp, scallops

and others. In addition mangrove litter (in the form of leaves and

twigs) that fell in the waters after the decomposition process will

be a source of feed in the aquatic environment. Nontji (1993)

states that the mangrove ecosystem as well, a habitat for

berbaga species of birds, reptiles, mammals and type of organic

melainnya, so that mangrove forests provide biological diversity

(biodiversity) and germplasm of high and serves as a life support

system( Wantasen, Adnan S, 2013 : 205).

An ecosystem is a system in nature that it occur in the

interrelationship between organisms with other organism, as well

as environmental conditions (biology lecturer team, 2014: 26).

The word ecosystem proposed by A.G. Tansley in 1935, and consists of

two words and the eco system. The word eco show environment, and said the

system shows a complex system of coordination units. A system consists of a

number of sub-systems that the interconnections between one part and another, as

well as limited by the boundaries clear. A system is composed of various

components that interact and depend to one another to construct a unity. An

ecosystem is made up of components biotic and abiotic components somewhere

and interact to form a unity regular (Sudarmadji, 2004 : 13).

An ecosystem is essentially energy processing system and each component

involved together for a long time. The limits are determined by an environment.

Therefore, in the form of how a life can be sustainable for regional environmental

conditions. Populations of plants and animals in a system is to represent various

objects through the system functions. Simply put all either aquatic or terrestrial

ecosystem is composed of three basic components, namely producers (autotrop),

consumers (heterotrophic), and abiotic components.

1. Producers (autotrophs)

Consists of all green plants and some bacteria, which can make the process

of photosynthesis. Green plants use sunlight to perform photosynthesis and

bacteria by chemosynthesis process using chemical energy to transform simple

inorganic molecules such as carbon dioxide and water taken from the environment

to form complex organic molecules, such as glucose and other nutrients molecule

indispensable living organisms.

2. Consumers (heterotrophic)

A group of organisms that can not make up their own food, but is very

dependent on the manufacturer. Organisms that feed manufacturers such as

herbivorous animals, it is called primary consumers. Other animals that are

carnivores or primary consumer eaters called secondary consumers.

3. Abiotic components

Composed of a wide variety of non-living matter, such as: sunlight,

moisture, soil, water, wind, various nutrients contained in the soil as a result of

demolition material derived from plants and animals.

Ecosystems have an information network communication flow physical

and chemical connecting all parts and to control and regulate the overall

system(Sudarmadji, 2004 : 16).

There are important functional processes in the energy intake and nutrients

into the ecosystem, ie photosynthesis and decomposition.

1. Photosynthesis

Ecosystem functioning is based on energy fixation and production of

organic compounds through photosynthesis activity autotrop. Energy enters

ecosystems as visible light and stored in plants during photosynthesis. From this

process of biochemical changes that include a series of heat released into the

environment.

2. Decomposition

Decomposition is the process of renovation and a reverse process of

photosynthesis. Reduction decomposition process as the organic material into

inorganic compounds. The decomposition process is a complex of a number of

processes, including fragmentation, mixing, changes in physical structure,

decomposition, concentration and enzyme activity undertaken by various

organisms(Sudarmadji, 2004 : 17-18).

In general there are two kinds of ecosystems, ie natural ecosystem and

artificial ecosystem. Natural ecosystems can be divided further into aquatic

ecosystems (aquatic) and terrestrial ecosystems (terrestrial).

1. Aquatic Ecosystems

Swimming is one example of aquatic ecosystems. This ecosystem there

that are moving and are quiet. The components that make up an ecosystem can be

differentiated as follows:

a. Manufacturers are composed of a variety of organisms that can make up

their own food through photosynthesis.

b. Consumer consists of a variety of organisms ranging from the microscopic

to the macroscopic.

c. Decomposers creature composed of various bacteria and fungi aquatic

scattered across the bottom of the pool and some other zone phytoplankton and

macrophyte plants.

d. Abiotic components are composed of water, soil, air, sunlight and various

organic and inorganic compounds.

2. Terrestrial Ecosystems

Tropical forests is one example of a terrestrial ecosystem. This forest can

be distinguished on the difference steeper toward the sea level, ie there are plain

forest, hill forest, montane forest, sub-alpine forest and alpine forest. Konponen

components that make up the forest ecosystem:

a. Manufacturers consists of all organisms autotrof and is usually represented

by a variety of plant species.

b. Consumers can be divided into mikrokonsumen and makrokonsumen.

Makrokonsumen usually dominated by herbivores while mikrokonsumen usually

as being decomposers.

c. Decomposers creature composed of various types of microorganisms

contained in soil.

d. Abiotic components consisting of soil, water, air, sunlight and various

organic and inorganic compounds in the form of humus.

3. Agro Ecosystems (ecosystem of Agriculture)

Agro ecosystems or agricultural ecosystems are artificial ecosystems and

have dependence on energy and surrounding circumstances. Agro ecosystem also

has a component manufacturer which is an integral part of the ecosystem.

When compared with natural ecosystems, then this artificial ecosystem has

three key differences, such as paddy, tegal, columns, ponds. The third difference is

as follows:

a. Additional energy is supporting the solar energy input is controlled by

humans, which consists of labor and animals, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation

water, vehicle / engine air motors.

b. Diversity of organisms is very minimized to maximize foodstuffs or other

products.

c. Plants or animals that pursued as a result of artificial selection, not natural

selection. So ekosistemagro is planned and managed by humans, and aims to

convert as much as possible solar energy and other energy into edible

products((Sudarmadji, 2004 : 19-22).

The nonliving environment:Abiotic factors

Examples ofabiotic factors include air currents,

temperature, moisture, light, and soil.Ecology includes the study

of featuresof the environment that are not livingbecause these

features are part of anorganism’s life. For example, a complete

study of the ecology of moleswould include an examination of

thetypes of soil in which these animalsdig their tunnels. Similarly,

a thorough investigation of the life cycle oftrout would need to

include whetherthey need to lay their eggs on rocky orsandy

stream bottoms. Abiotic factors have obvious effectson living

things and often determinewhich species survive in a

particularenvironment. For example, extendedlack of rainfall can

cause drought (national geographic, 2004 : 37).

Biotic Factors

It consists of the living parts of the environment, including

the association of a lot of interrelated populations that belong to

different species

inhabiting a common

environment. The

populations are those

ABIOTICCOMPONENTS

BIOTICCOMPONENTS

SunlightPrimaryproducers

Temperature HerbivoresPrecipitation CarnivoresWater or moisture OmnivoresSoil or water chemistry(e.g., P, NH4+)

Detritivores

etc. etc.

of the animal community, the plant community and the microbial

community. The biotic community is divided into autotrophs,

saprotrophs and heterotrophs.

(Regents of the University of Michigan, 2008 :online)

Ecologists assign species to trophiclevels based on their

main source of nutrition and energy. Thetrophic level that

ultimately supports all others consists of autotrophs, also called

the primary producers of the ecosystem. Most autotrophs are

photosynthetic organisms that uselight energy to synthesize

sugars and other organic compounds,which they then use as fuel

for cellular respiration and as building material for growth. Plants,

algae, and photosynthetic prokaryotes are the biosphere’s main

autotrophs, although chemosynthetic prokaryotes are the

primary producers in ecosystems such as deep sea hydrothermal

vents and places deep under the ground or ice Organisms in

trophic levels above the primary producers are heterotrophs,

which depend directly or indirectly on the outputs of primary

producers for their source of energy. Herbivores, which eat plants

and other primary producers, areprimary consumers. Carnivores

that eat herbivores aresecondary consumers, and carnivores that

eat other carnivores are tertiary consumers. Another group of

heterotrophs is the detritivores, or decomposers, terms we use

synonymously in this text to refer to consumers that get their

energy from detritus. Detritusis nonliving organic material, such

as the remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and

wood. Many detritivores are in turn eaten by secondary and

tertiary consumers. Two important groups of detritivores are

prokaryotes and fung (campbell, 2011 : 1220). All of these

categories occur in any ecosystem. They represent different

trophic levels, from the Greek wordtrophos, which means

“feeder.” Organisms from each trophic level, feeding on one

another, make up a series called a food chain

(figure 28.8). The length and complexity of food

chains vary greatly. In real life, it is rather rare

for a given kind of organism to feed only on one

other type of organism. Usually, each organism

feeds on two or more kinds and in turn is eaten

by several other kinds of organisms. When

diagrammed, the relationship appears as a

series of branching lines, rather than a straight

line; it is called a food web (figure 28.9) (raven &

jhonson, 2001 :578-579).

IV. METHODSIV.1 Tools and Materials

1. Tool Rope Peg Plastic bag Stationary

2. Materials Terrestrial ecosystem

(the area around the

campus)IV.2 Procedure

Determining the terrestrial ecosystem that will be observed

Finding the observation area by making quadrant 2x2 m2

Inventorying the biotic and abiotic components in thequadrant

V. RESULT OF OBSERVATION

Type of ecosystem

Biotic component ( 814

x100% =57,14%)

Abiotic component (614

x100%= 42,85%)Name of

componen

t

Amoun

t of

compo

nent

Percent

age

Name of

compon

ent

Amount

of

compon

ent

Percenta

ge

Grasshoppe

r

2 219 x10

0%=

10,52%

Dry Leave ∞ -

Ant ∞ - Branches ∞ -

Grass A 6 619 x10

0%=

31,57%

Gravel ∞ -

Grass B 2 219 x10

0%=

10,52%

Soil ∞ -

Grass C 2 219 x10

0%=

10,52%

Brick 3 33 x100

% =

100%Spiny

Amaranth

(Piper

1 119 x10

0%=

Fruit Fall ∞ -

Drawing a diagram that depict the relation among componentsof ecosystem and energy cycle in it

Aduncum) 5,26%

Clover Leaf

(Semanggi)

∞ -

Trivoluatus 6 619 x10

0%=

1,67%Total 19 100% Total 3 100%

VI. DISCUSSION

An ecosystem is a natural system in which in it a mutual relationship

between the components of biotic, abiotic components biotic components such as

temperature, wind speed, humidity, soil, water (environmental conditions).

Ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components.

The food chain is an event eat and be eaten between living things in a

certain order. In the food chain there are living beings who act as producers,

consumers, and decomposers.

Food nets is a collection of interconnected food chains. Survival of the

organism requires energy from organic materials that are eaten. Energy containing

organic material and chemical elements transfer from one organism to another

takes place through the interaction of eating and being eaten. Events eat and be

eaten between organisms in an ecosystem trophic structure forming stratified.

1. Components Biotic

Biotic is a living creature. Biotic environment of a living thing is all living

things, both of their own species or from different species that live in the same

place. Thus, in one place, every living thing is the environment for other living

beings. Biotic components consist of various types of microorganisms, fungi,

algae, mosses, ferns, higher plants, invertebrates and vertebrates and humans.

2. Abiotic components

Abiotic is not living or non-living components. Abiotic components of the

physical and chemical components of a living creatures. Contoj abiotic

components include temperature, light, water, humidity, air, mineral salts, and

soil.

a) Temperature

Temperature or temperature is the degree of heat energy. The main source

of heat energy is solar radiation. the temperature in the abiotic components of air,

soil, water. Temperature is required by every living creature, with regard to the

chemical reactions that occur in living bodies.

b) Light

Light is one of the energy that comes from solar radiation. sunlight is

composed of several kinds of wavelengths. Type the wavelength, light intensity,

and duration of irradiation of sunlight with certain wavelengths for

photosynthesis.

c) Water

Water is composed of H2O molecules. Water can be solid, liquid and gas.

In nature, the water can be gaseous form of water vapor. In life, water is needed

by living things because most of their body contains water.

d) Humidity

Humidity is one of the abiotic components in the air and soil. Humidity in

the air means the moisture content in the air, while moisture in the soil means the

water content in the soil. Moisture is needed by mkhluk life so that his body does

not dry quickly due to evaporation. Moisture is needed every living creature is

different.

e) Air

Air consists of various gases are nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.93%),

carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other gases. Nitrogen is use to living beings to form

proteins. Oxygen used for breathing creatures. Carbon dioxide used separately

plant photosynthesis.

f) The salts

The salts include nitrogen ions. Phosphates, sulfur, calcium and sodium.

The composition of certain mineral salts determining the nature of soil and water.

g) Land

Soil is the result of weathering caused by climate or moss, and the decay of

organic material. Have the nature of the soil, the texture and content of certain

mineral salts.

From the data, biotic component that we had found are

Grasshopper, ants, grasses A, grasses B, grasses C, Spiny

Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi), Trivoluatus. And abiotic

component that we had found in plot are dry leaves, branches,

gravel, brick, fruit fall, and soil. Amount of biotic and abiotic

component can see on the result of observation. And the

percentage of biotic component is bigger than percentage of

abiotic component. The percentage of biotic component is 57,14

% and the percentage of abiotic component is 42,85 %.

The detail of biotic percentage are Grasshopper is 10,52%,

grasses A is 31,57%, grasses B is 10,52%, grasses C is 10,52%,

Spiny Amaranth is 5,26% , Trivoluatus 1,67%. And the detail of

abiotic component are Brick 100%.

Biotic and abiotic component has important role in

ecosystem. Each component has important role and interrelated

in ecosystem. Biotic component depend on abiotic component,

and biotic component depend on other biotic component. For

example, plant can grow well because there is water and enough

nutrient. Plant can produce food because there is sunlight and

carbon dioxide. Insect depend their life in flower. They take

nectar from flower. Animal that take food from plant called

herbivore, and animal that get their food from other animal

(prey) is called carnivore. Grass A, grass B, grass C, Spiny

Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi) and Trivoluatus in ecosystem

has role as a producer for other organism and placing trophic

level I. Producers take energy from sun. Sun is the ultimate

source of the energy for life. Producers, in this case Grass A,

grass B, grass C, Spiny Amaranth, Clover Leaf (Semanggi) and

Trivoluatus use the sun’s energy to manufacture food in a

process called photosynthesis. An organism that uses light

energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy

rich compounds is called autotroph. If there is producer, so it

must be consumers too. The component that has role as

consumer are grasshopper and ants. Consumers are incapable of

producing their own food. They obtain nutrients by eating other

organisms. An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds

on other organisms is called heterotroph. Heterotrophs include

organisms that feed only on producers, organisms that feed only

on other heterotrophs, and organisms that feed on both

autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Heterotrophs display a variety of feeding relationships. A

heterotroph that feeds only on plants is an herbivore. In this

case, herbivores include grasshopper and ants that placing

trophic level II. Some heterotrophs eat other heterotrophs.

Animals that kill and eat only other animals are carnivores. And

heterotroph that feed on both autotrophs and heterotrophs is

called omnivores. Some heterotrophs, called scavengers, do not

kill for food. Instead, scavengers eat animals that have already

died. Scavengers, such as black vultures, feed on dead animals

and garbage. In ecosystem there is decomposer too, it has role to

break down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants

and animals into simpler molecules that can be more easily

absorbed. The organism that has function as decomposer are

many bacteria, and most fungi carry out this essential process of

nutrient recycling. But we can’t find this organism in our

observation.

The relationship between grasses with ants is mutualism.

Where ant ants will protect homes that are underneath. On the

other hand the ants will outline the dried leaves and twigs that

will become compost for plants. But the ants will suck glucose on

dry leaves and twigs. Less inequality such an outbreak can be

caused by agents of the spread, both biotic and abiotic factors

are less involved. Moreover, it also depends on the breeding of

each species itself. If specias has flowers, it will spread rapidly

because it has a greater opportunity to produce a new individual.

It is seen from the percentage of each of the components of

abiotic or biotic.

Abiotic component that we found are branches, gravel,

brick, fruit fall, and soil. Soil is place for organism life. Type of soil

cause organism that live on there are different. Soil is made from

erosion or weathering of rock. Rain, wind, temperature, etc. are several factors

that has role in soil making. For plants, soil has important role for :

1) Media for plant stick.2) Water storage place for plants3) Place for oxygen storage

And for other organism as place for doing activities, as resident for living

organism, gardening, construct a building, and many others.In this observation, we found branches, fruit fall, gravel, brick and dry

leaves too. It is included on abiotic component and will decomposed by

decomposer, and its element will back to soil, so the soil will be prosperous. Branches and dried leaves belong to the abiotic components as an inanimate

object. Although basically derived from living organisms, but they have been

separated from the title. This is in addition because they've been separated from

the parent plant, they are just a collection of cells that can not be grown again.

Eventually they will be destroyed by itself. In this case, the dependence between

biotic and abiotic components visible. Time remaining plants will decompose and

break down into simpler matter. Later this simple matter will return to the soil and

improve soil fertility. Automatically, if the fertility of the soil increases the plants

around them will thrive. This plant thrives invite other animals that help pollinate

plants in the end.

Brick Soil Gravel Dry Leaf Branch Fruit Fall

3

2020202020

The Number Of Members Of Abiotic

Brick Soil Gravel Dry Leaf Branch Fruit Fall

The most dominating abiotic members namely, soil, gravel, fallen leaves,

branches, and fruit fall. This happens because these organs will be broken down

into the ground again by some bacteria that exist, but in practical activity of

bacteria is not found.

The Number Of Members Of Biotic

Grass A

Grass B

Grass C

Spiny Amaranth

Clover Leaf (Semanggi)

Trivoluatus

Ant

Grasshopper

Biotic members that dominates the ecosystem leaf clover (clover) and ant,

this happens because the clover leaf is very beneficial to all kinds of organisms,

especially consumers as a source of food for consumers. While ants because ants

are dominated ecosystems consumer organism that requires energy from the life

of the ecosystem.

p ro du c en (

c o n su m er I (h e rb iv o res)

c on sum er II (carn iv o res)

con sum er III (carn iv o re s)

de com pose r

In biotic component there are some component that has been explained

before. Each component will make a relation and interaction, because each

component is dependence each other. One component will need others

component. In this case, a component will absorb the energy from others

component. This interaction will make a chain that called a food chain. Each

organism in a food chain represents

a feeding step, or trophic level, in

the passage of energy and materials.

The first trophic level is all plant

that can produce consumers is an

organism that feed son plants, such

as a grasshopper. A second order

consumers is an organism that feeds

on a first order heterotroph. A food

chain represents only one possible

route for the transfer of matter and

energy through an ecosystem. Food chain that occur in this observation can be

drawn as in this scheme:

If some of the trophic level is decrease, or lose it will influence the others

trophic. Because it is related each other. If we losing the consumer I, the producer

will increase because there is no organism that will eat it, and consumer II will

decrease because there is no food for eating. The ecosystem will disturb because

of this. And ecosystem equilibrium will be disturbed too. If ecosystem is

disturbed, it will cause some problems. Like caterpillar phenomenon in

probolinggo. It is happen because the predator of caterpillar like bird is decrease,

so it makes the growth of caterpillar become increase. This phenomenon is one of

existence of inequilibrium ecosystem.

VII. CLOSINGVII.1 Conclusion

Ecosystem is a system in nature that it occur in the

interrelationship between organisms with other organism, as well

as environmental conditions. The component of ecosystem is

divided into 2 that are abiotic and biotic component. Biotic and

abiotic component has important role in ecosystem. Each biotic

component will make a relation and interaction. One component will need others

component. In this case, a component will absorb the energy from others

component. This interaction will make a chain that called a food chain. Each

organism in a food chain represents a feeding step, or trophic level, in the passage

of energy and materials. If some of the trophic level is decrease, or lose it will

influence the others trophic. The ecosystem will disturb because of this. And

ecosystem equilibrium will be disturbed too. If ecosystem is disturbed, it will

cause some problems. In the ecosystem, plants as producers (trophic I) and

animals as consumers (trophic II, III, IV and so on).

VII.2 Suggestion

When, observe the plot in ecosystem observation,

observe each component (abiotic and biotic) carefully, in order to

get best and accurate result, and always pay attention the

explanation of the practical assistant when doing a practical

work.

References

Biology lecturer team. 2014. Basic of Biology Student Lab

Manual. Jember : University of Jember.

Campbell, NeilA., Reece, Jane B. 2011. Biology Ninth Edition.

USA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

National Geographic. 2004. Biology The Dynamics Of Life. United

States of America : The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Raven, Jonhson. 2001. Biology Sixth Edition. United States of

America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Sudarmadji. 2004. Ecosystem Ecology. Jember : University of Jember.

Wantasen, Adnan S. 2013. Water Quality And Conditions As The

Basis Substrates Mangrove Growth Factor In Support Activities

Coastal Village Beach Basaan I, Minahasa Southest District.

Scientific Journals Platax. Volume 1 : 204 – 209.

Attachment

File Of Practicum

Biotic

Clover Leaf

(Semanggi)

Grasshopper

Grass ATrivoluatus

Grass CGrass B

Abiotic

AntSpiny Amaranth

(Piper Aduncum)

GravelBrick

Dry LeavesFruit Fall

SoilBranche