Basic Biochemistry The Chemical Context of Life
Basic Biochemistry
The Chemical Context of Life
Hierarchy of Biological Order
Atoms• Building block
of matter.• Composed of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• Negatively charged electrons in orbits around nucleus
• They have mass• They interact and bond to
make molecules.
Ions
• An atom with a net + or – charge because it has either lost or gained an electron.
• Examples: H+ , Cl-, Na+
Molecules• Molecules are formed by 2 important
bonds: ionic and covalent.
• Ionic bonds are formed between ions. The positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged ion.
Molecules• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms
share elections.
Hydrogen bonds
• Weak bonds formed between + charged H atom of H2O and the slightly – charged atom of oxygen of another H2O molecule.
This leads to important properties of water:• Cohesion, • Surface tension, • Capillary action, • Stable temperature, • Universal solvent.
Water
Organic Chemistry• The study of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon.
• Functional groups: clusters of atoms that attach to carbons.
4 Major Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins
Carbohydrates• Sugars• Energy source• Provide storage and
structure• Monosaccharide-
simple sugarsEx. C6H12O6
Glucose
Carbohydrates
• Disaccharide- two sugars
• Polysaccharide- many sugars
Lipids• Fats, Oils, Steroids
• Insoluble in water
• Fatty acid chains attached to glycerol
• Important examples: phospholipids, steroids
• DNA & RNA
• Made up of nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
Nucleic Acids
Proteins• Many important
jobs in structure and function of living things.
• Nearly all proteins are enzymes.
• Made up of the 20 amino acids.
Proteins
Proteins must have a specific shape and structure. If the structure is destroyed, the function is also destroyed.