Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Health

OBJECTIVES:At the end of the session, the

participants should be able to:1. Explain the basic principles and

practice of accident and disease prevention in the workplace;

2. Express commitment in preventing the occurrence and recurrence of accidents and diseases within their organization.

I. Global and local updatesII. Brief overview on

- Industrial hygiene- Safety basics- Accident costs and consequences- Safety principles in workplaces

OUTLINE:

Do you know that due to work connected ailments or injuries there is an average of

6,000 people who die everyday equivalent to one

every 15 seconds.

Source: ILO Data

2.3 million deaths per year including 651,000 deaths from Hazardous substances and 160 million work-connected diseases each year.

more deadly than wars.

Source: ILO Data 2005

Source: The ILO Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment SafeWork

EME 6%FSE 6%

India 13%

China 20%

MEC 8%

OAI 24%

LAC 8%

SSA 15%

Established Market Economies Former Socialist Economies

India China

Other Asia and Islands Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America and the Caribbean Middle-Eastern Crescent

Fatal occupational injuries- total: 355,000

Global Estimates(2005)

EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION COMISSION DATA

347,310 work-connected sickness, injury, death claims (2000-2010) or an average of 141,099 cases per year, 386 per day

39,587 work-connected injuries and deaths in 2009: 17,713 with workdays lost

113 are fatal cases

BUREAU OF LOCAL EMPLOYMENT AND STATISTICS DATA (BLES)

Based on 5,126 samples of non-agricultural establishments with 20 or more workers.

http://bles.dole.gov.ph/SURVEY%20RESULTS/2010%20Survey%20Result/2009-2010%20BITS%20mainpage.html

Occupational Accidents and Injuries 2003 - 2009, BLES

52,515

44,800

36,455

58,720

46,570

39,587

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

2003 2007 2009

Accidents Injuries

http://bles.dole.gov.ph/SURVEY%20RESULTS/2010%20Survey%20Result/2009-2010%20BITS%20mainpage.html

19%

9%

15%35%

2%

11%9%

Manufacturing Electricity,Gas,Water

Transport, Storage & Communication Real Estate

Others Constrtuction

Mining

113 FATAL CASES, 2009

Occupational Diseases 2007 - 2009, BLES

47,235

71,894

010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,000

2007 2009

http://bles.dole.gov.ph/SURVEY%20RESULTS/2010%20Survey%20Result/2009-2010%20BITS%20mainpage.html

Diseases 2007 2009

1. Work-related MSD 13,296 28,574

2. Occupational Asthma 8,759 4,906

3. Tuberculosis 2,921

4. Other Infections 6,517 3,482

5. Essential Hypertension 6,152 9,101

6. Occupational Dermatitis 5,965 5,644

7. Peptic Ulcer 4,135 5,871

8. Cardiovascular Diseases 854 767

9. Heat stroke, Cramps, Exhaustion, Chilblain, Freezing

577 670

10. Cataract 284 140

11. Acute poisonings 189 192

12. Deafness 172 320

13. Others 334 9,306

TOTAL 47,235 71,894

Encourages a paradigm shift from purely compensation to one where prevention plays an important role

Entails active participation of both employers and workers in achieving the goals and objectives of WCP

Work Contingency Prevention Concept

Types of Preventions

1. Primary Prevention – any intervention that addresses a risk factor for an injury or disease

2. Secondary Prevention – refers to the early detection of diseases and interventions before symptoms appear

3. Tertiary prevention – clinical management of workers who are injured.

Why Should Accidents/ Injuries and Illness be Prevented?

1. Needless destruction of life and health is morally unjustified

2. Accidents, injuries and illnesses produce far reaching social harm

3. Regulatory requirements for management to provide a safe and healthful workplace.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE is the science concerned with the recognition,

evaluation and control of workplace environmental factors or hazards

that may affect the health, and safety of the worker.

Hazards are defined as existing or potential conditions in the workplace that by themselves or interacting with

other variables can result in death, injuries, property damage and other

losses.

Identification of Occupational Hazards

Chemical Hazards Physical Hazards Ergonomic Hazards Biologic Hazards Psychosocial Hazards

Classification

Route of Exposures

InhalationInhalation Oral routeOral route Skin contactSkin contact

Chemical Hazards

- Gases- Vapors- Liquids-Aerosols (dusts, fibers, fumes, mists, fogs)

-Noxious or toxic- Corrosive- Allergens- Irritants- Asphyxiants- Carcinogens- Mutagenics- Reproductive Toxicants- Systemic Poisons

Classification of Hazards

Chemical Hazards

Points to remember:

Chemicals are part of everyone’s life. There are about 5-7 million different chemicals known in the world

For majority of chemicals in the workplace, little or nothing is known about their possible immediate or term effects on health, yet workers are still required to work with potentially toxic substances

Small-scale shoemaker, who applies glue usingfingers, has dermal exposure to the contentsof the glue

Worker in a small enterprise thatmakes boxes, who sprays woodwith coal tar, a confirmed humancarcinogen, and other hazardoussubstances, has daily dermal exposure

Spray painting on cars without the use of personal protective equipment

Toxic Property Part of body affected

Time scale of appearance

Effect Example

Irritant or corrosive

Any but usually the eyes, lungs and skin

A few minutes to several days

Inflammation, burns of exposed areas

Ammonia, sulfuric acid, caustic soda

Fibrogenic Generally lungs Years Gradual loss of lung function leading to disability and death

Asbestos, bagasse

Allergic Lungs and skin Days to years Chronic asthma like disease; industrial dermatitis of skin

Toluene, amine hardeners for epoxy resins

Dermatitic Skin Days to years Inflamed, peeling of skin

Strong acids, alkalis, detergents

Carcinogenic Skin, lungs, bladder

10-40 years Cancer in affected areas

Asbestos, certain tars and oils

Poisonous Liver, brain, kidney

A few minutes to many years

Death of cells in vital organs affected

Carbon tetra chloride, carbon monoxide

Asphyxiants Lungs Minutes Gases replace normal oxygen content or air

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen

Table 1. Types of Toxic Effects Caused by Industrial Chemicals

Biological Hazards

A. Infectious Agents- workers in hospitals and laboratories

B. Non-infectious Agents- viable organisms- biogenic toxinsbacteria, molds and toxins that affect workers in cotton mill, sewage and sludge treatment , in silos- biogenic allergensworkers in agriculture

Classification of Hazards

Biologic Hazards

Physical hazards- Noise- Hot or Cold temperature- Poor illumination- Radiation- Vibration

Examples of Typical Noise Levels

Noise Source dB

Pneumatic chipper at 1 meter 115

Textile room 103

Newspaper press 95

Power lawn mower at 1 meter 92

Diesel truck 50 km/hr at 20 m 85

Passenger car 60 km/hr at 20 m 65

Conversation at 1 m 55

Quiet room 40

Classification of Hazards

Figure 1. A worker in front of the furnace Figure 2. Environmental measurement with a shield in place

Foundry Work Process

Ergonomic Hazards

A. Physical Ergonomics

- working postures, materials handling, repetitive movements, workplace layout

- work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD)

B. Cognitive Ergonomics - mental workload , decision-making, skilled performance,

human-computer interaction

C. Organizational Ergonomics- working time, communication, staff resource management, work design, team work,

participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work paradigms, virtual organizations, and quality management

Classification of Hazards

Ergonomic Hazards

Psychosocial hazards• Work demands• Inter-personal relationship

and leadership• Work-family conflict• Job satisfaction• Job insecurity• Influence and development• Role ambiguity

Classification of Hazards

Evaluation of Hazards

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)•Physico-chemical properties•Fire and explosion hazard data•Reactivity•Health Hazard data

- - signs and symptoms- exposure limits- emergency and first aid- safe handling: usage and

precaution- prescribed control

measure

Workplace Inventory

Workplace InventoryEquipment/ Machines/ Tools

• Type • Use• Biomechanical aspects related to

operation of such devices (specifications/ limitations)

• Physical condition (brand new/ refurbished)

• Maintenance (schedules/ service life replacement)

Workplace InventoryOperation/ Production/ Service

Process details

•Process flow from raw materials to finished product•Individual steps in the process that may have potential hazards involved

Workplace Inventory

Plant/ Factory/ Establishment

• Design • Construction • Lay-out• Building materials• Sanitation and safety facilities• Existing hazard controls

Workplace Inventory

Workers

• Sex and age distribution • Jobs/ tasks assigned • Educational attainment• Skills• Health profile

Workplace Inventory

Management

• Attitudes regarding occupational safety and health and its commitment to OSH Standards compliance

Evaluation of Hazards

Determine the magnitude or extent of identified workplace hazards• Quantity/ concentration

levels compared to permissible exposure limits, TLVs)

• Duration, location, timing of hazards

• Number of workers exposed

• Engineering Control• Administrative Control• Personal Protective

Equipment

Control measures

Noise Pollution Control Isolate or cover machines or parts

of machines’ productivity noise.

Compressors placed outside the work area

Noise Pollution Control Isolate or relocate work processes

that generate excessive noise

Work process placed

in an open space

Collection ducts connected into a main repository

Management of Airborne Contaminants

Use of local exhaust system connected into a collection dust to prevent the worker from being exposed to harmful dust and vapors.

Collection ducts connected into a main repository

55

Personal Protective Equipment

-Used as a last resort or, if no other protection is available

Some Signs/ Indicators

Fire hazards Electrical hazards

Imminent danger situation

Airborne contaminants/other sources of pollution

Worker

Equipment & materials

Environment Performance

TASK

Fig. 2 Breakdown of Work System in the Presence of an Accident

ACCIDENT

Accident

Is an occurrence or event Is an occurrence or event

UNEXPECTEDUNEXPECTED

UNFORESEENUNFORESEEN

UNPLANNEDUNPLANNED

UNWANTED UNWANTED that that

– interrupts or disrupts the normal and orderly interrupts or disrupts the normal and orderly progress of any activityprogress of any activity

– Physical harmPhysical harm– Damage to propertyDamage to property– Delay in operationDelay in operation

Vehicular Accidents

US accident statistics: - 45% of all accidental deaths are workers- 4.5% occur in the workplace- 2.5% occur in non-vehicle work accidents

Accident Costs

DIRECT COSTSDIRECT COSTS

INDIRECT COSTSINDIRECT COSTS

Accident Costs

DIRECT COSTSDIRECT COSTS

INDIRECT COSTSINDIRECT COSTS

Medical CostsMedical Costs Insurance PremiumsInsurance Premiums Employee CompensationEmployee Compensation

Accident Costs

DIRECT COSTSDIRECT COSTS

INDIRECT COSTSINDIRECT COSTS

Medical CostsMedical Costs Insurance PremiumsInsurance Premiums Employee CompensationEmployee Compensation

Inspect/repair/remove/replace Inspect/repair/remove/replace damaged or destroyed damaged or destroyed equipment and materialsequipment and materials

Order replacement parts, Order replacement parts, materials or entire machinesmaterials or entire machines

Rent temporary replacement Rent temporary replacement machines/toolsmachines/tools

Pay overtime wagesPay overtime wages Absorb possible lost salesAbsorb possible lost sales

Hire and train new employeeHire and train new employee Investigate accidentInvestigate accident Complete written reportsComplete written reports File workers’ compensation or File workers’ compensation or

insurance claimsinsurance claims Clean-up areaClean-up area Repair damaged work areasRepair damaged work areas

Accident Consequences

• Near Miss• Property

Damage• First Aid• Lost Time• Fatality

Safety Principles

You only see the tip of the pyramid.

Accidents

Incidents and Unreported occurrences

Accidents are due to:

1. Unsafe Conditions 2. Unsafe Practices

Accidents are caused by either one or a combination of 3 factors:

- Unsafe conditions- Unsafe acts - Management failure

Unsafe Conditions

• Inadequate guards or protection

• Defective tools/equipment

• Congestion• Substandard

housekeeping• Excessive noise• Inadequate

illumination or ventilation

Some Signs/ indicators:

Safety signages Fire extinguishers Emergency exits Personal protective equipment Machine guards First aid equipment

UNSAFE WORKING CONDITIONS

Example of an Unsafe Condition and Unsafe Act

Unsafe Practices• Operating without authority or

permit• Failure to warn or secure• Operating at improper speed• Making safety devices

inoperable• Using defective equipment• Using equipment improperly • Failure to use personal

protective equipment• Improper loading or placement• Improper lifting• Taking improper position• Servicing equipment in motion• Horseplay• Drinking or drugs

Office Safety

Safe Access And

Fall Protection

Lifting Techniques (Ergonomics)

Poorly Designed Work Station

- Awkward reaching creating a possible tipping hazard

- No upper lumbar support on chair could lead to CTD’s

Ergonomics

Ergonomically Correct Work Station

1.Unsafe lift. Blocked view and not using handrail.

2.Trash on stairs.

3.Foot protection. Employees must wear protective footwear when heavy items may fall on the feet.

Safe Access Fire and Electrical Safety

78

Imminent Danger Situation- A broken post which may cause roof collapse

Coco-shavings

- Presence of coco-shavings/ fibers near electrical connections and machine.

Coco-shavings

Some Proposed Improvements in the

Workplace

80

Good Housekeeping-“If in doubt, take it out”.

Improve lay-out for efficient workflow

Before After

81

Proper Materials Handling & Storage- Store chemicals and other hazardous

substances in separate areas with proper labels and warning signs

After

Before

An easy-to-move cart on wheels to transport metal scraps

Proper Materials Handling and Storage

Use mechanical devices for

lifting, lowering and moving

heavy materials

83

Fire protecting equipment-provide appropriate fire extinguisher near the sources of potential fire, should be within easy reach and properly labeled.

84

Machine Guards- Guards should fit the danger areas as closely as possible, but should leave the operation easy to use.

Machine Guards- Fixed guards should be made of strong material and provide protection against flying fragments.

Waste Disposal System-Provision of waste receptacles on wheels for easier transport and disposal

Before After

86

Before

After

Adequate Lighting-Natural light is the best and cheapest source of illumination. Make full use of it through installation of skylights.

87

First Aid Medicines/ Equipment- Emergency medicines & equipment

of adequate quantity as determined by the first-aider or health personnel

of the enterprise

Qualified First-Aider- Must have completed a course/ training under PNRC or any organization accredited by the same

Proper Use of Signages

Proper Use of Signages

Accident COSTS MONEYAccident COSTS MONEYSafety SAVES MONEYSafety SAVES MONEY

More workplace accidents that take place result to higher company insurance

premium

and

Higher company premiums means lower profit on each product unit sold

Philosophy of Accident Prevention

• Society as a whole has a moral responsibility to prevent needless destruction of life and health, particularly in the workplace

• The employer is primarily responsible for ensuring a safe, healthy work environment

• Employees are held accountable for following prescribed safety standards and guidelines

• The Philippine Constitution, 1987 “labor shall be entitled

to…humane conditions of work…”

Philippine Labor Code, 1974Book IV is devoted to prevention and compensation of work-related injuries and illnesses

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

A set of specific rules on OSH

LEGAL BASIS

Rules of the OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

1000 General Provisions 1010 Other Safety Rules 1020 Registration 1030 Training & Accreditation 1040 Health and Safety Committee 1050 Notification & Keeping of Records of Accidents/Illnesses 1060 Premises of Establishments 1070 Environmental Control 1080 Personal Protective Equipment 1090 Hazardous Materials 1100 Gas & Electric Welding & Cutting Operations 1120 Hazardous Work Processes 1140 Explosives 1150 Materials Handling & Storage

1160 Boiler 1170 Unfired Pressure Vessels 1180 Internal Combustion Engine 1200 Machine Guarding 1210 Electrical Safety 1220 Elevators & Related Equipment 1230 Identification of Piping System 1240 Power Piping Lines 1410 Construction Safety 1420 Logging 1940 Fire Protection & Control 1950 Pesticides & Fertilizers 1960 OH Services 1970 Fees 1980 Authority of LGUs 1990 Final Provisions

To fulfill the SOCIAL obligation

To fulfill the FISCAL obligation

To fulfill the LEGAL obligation

96

People workingin a safe and

healthful workplaceare…

Productive Competitive

Efficient

In Summary:• Millions of work-connected illness,

injuries and deaths worldwide each year• Common occupational hazards are

chemical, physical, biologic and ergonomic

• Hazards are controlled thru engineering, administrative and use of PPE

• Accidents can be avoided, mindset change is needed

• Direct and indirect costs of accidents• Accidents are due to unsafe conditions

and unsafe practices• Management commit to safety in order to

fulfil its legal, fiscal and social obligation

Break - +++

Have a safe day!