Baseline Survey

Baseline SurveyFood Security (EALAAF)
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Acknowledgements
First, thanks are extended to Nestor Mogollon the M&E Director at ADRA International for his invaluable
collaboration and support at the time of the baseline survey design and implementation. The authors wish
to acknowledge EALAAF project management and staff for their support and commitment to the
execution of this study.
We would like to thank the survey team members, including team leaders, and enumerators, for their
dedication and meticulous attention in scope of the survey. Their commitment to collect data in a very
short time and under condition with security restrictions in very remote communities is commendable.
The authors are highly appreciative to all responding households for their time and valuable information
they provide.
The Authors
ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency
EALAAF Emergency Assistance in Lahj, Abyan and Al Dhale’e for Food Security
FCS Food Consumption Score
FFP Food for Peace
HHS Household Hunger Scale
IDP Internally Displaced Person
MDC Mobile Data Collection
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
USAID United States Agency of International Development
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2.3 Quality Control and Data Analysis and Reporting ................................................................... 18
2.4 Study limitation ....................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Section one: Household Demography .................................................................................... 20
3.1.1 Age and Gender: ................................................................................................................. 20
3.1.2 Family Status: ...................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 Means of Support: .............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.2 Household Monthly Income and Level of Debt: ................................................................. 22
3.3 Section three: Food Security ................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Previous Food and Livelihood Support: .............................................................................. 23
3.3.2 Food availability: ................................................................................................................. 23
3.4.1 Household Hunger Scale: .................................................................................................... 26
3.5 Section Five: Reduced Coping Strategy Index. ........................................................................ 27
3.5.1 reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI): ................................................................................ 27
3.6 Section Six: Household Dietary Diversity and Food Consumption ......................................... 28
3.6.1 Household Dietary Diversity: .............................................................................................. 28
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Triangulation of data: .......................................................................................................................... 32
TABLE 1 FINDINGS OF KEY INDICATORS ....................................................................................................................... IX
TABLE 2 NUMBER OF COMPLETED QUESTIONNAIRES IN THE SURVEY DISAGGREGATED BY SEX AND GOVERNORATE
............................................................................................................................................................................ 18
TABLE 4 HOUSEHOLD HUNGER CATEGORIES .............................................................................................................. 26
TABLE 5 RCSI MEAN IN THE SURVEY AREAS. ............................................................................................................... 28
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FIGURE 1- TRAINING OF ENUMERATORS ON INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES. .................................................................. 16
FIGURE 2- EXPLAINATION OF ONE OF THE KEY QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE. ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
FIGURE 3 - DURING THE REVIEW OF QUESTIONNAIRE. ............................................................................................. 17
FIGURE 4 - A PICURE SHOWS A REGGUED ROAD TO A REMOTE COMMUNITY. ....................................................... 18
FIGURE 5 - PICTURES OF SURVEYED COMMUNITIES. ................................................................................................ 19
FIGURE 6 GENDER PROPORTIONS IN THE TARGETED AREAS .................................................................................... 20
FIGURE 7 SOURCES OF INCOME OF THE SAMPLED HOUSEHOLDS. ........................................................................... 21
FIGURE 8 AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME AND LEVEL OF DEBT IN THE THREE GOVERNORATES. .............................. 22
FIGURE 9 PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS RECEIVED FOOD ASSISTANCE IN ABYAN, LAHJ, AND AL-DHALE’E. ........ 23
FIGURE 10 - FOOD SUFFICIENCY IN THE TARGETED AREAS. ...................................................................................... 24
FIGURE 11 PERIOD OF HARDEST FOOD SHORTAGE 12 MONTHS BEFORE THE SURVEY. .......................................... 25
FIGURE 12 - INTERVIEWS WITH HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS ........................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 13: HOUSEHOLD HUNGER IN THE SURVEY AREAS ........................................................................................ 26
FIGURE 14 - ONE OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS RESPONDING TO INTERVIEW QUESTIONS. ................................ 29
FIGURE 15 - AN ENUMERATOR USING MDC METHOD TO COLLECT DATA................................................................ 29
FIGURE 16 FOOD GROUPS CONSUMED ONE DAY BEFORE THE SURVEY ................................................................... 30
FIGURE 17 - AN INTERVIEWEE IS RESPONDING TO FOOD CONSUMPTION QUESTIONS. ......................................... 31
FIGURE 18 FOOD CONSUMPTION GROUPS AMONG THE SURVEY AREAS ................................................................ 31
FIGURE 19 AVERAGE CONSUMPTION OF FOOD GROUPS 7 DAYS BEFORE THE SURVEY .......................................... 32
FIGURE 20 CORRELATION BETWEEN RCSI AND HHS .................................................................................................. 33
FIGURE 21 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RCSI AND FCG INDICATORS ............................................................................ 33
Background
Yemen has always been one of the most impoverished countries in the middle east, the current
conflict has only exacerbated that reality as millions lost their income sources to a failed
government or private sector employment cuts, if not the destruction of their most valuable
properties.
To address acute needs in Southern Yemen, ADRA Yemen proposes the 18-month Emergency
Assistance in Lahj, Abyan and Al Dhale’e for Food Security (EALAAF) Program targeting a set of
10,000 vulnerable IDPs and host households with a 12-cycle food assistance program.
The goal of the proposed program is: “To contribute to reducing food insecurity in a safe,
dignified, and equitable manner among vulnerable conflict-affected households in Abyan, Al
Dhale’e and Lahj Governorates of Yemen through provision of life-saving food voucher assistance
with complementary nutrition-related activities.
Methodology
The survey process was adhered to the guidelines designed by FFP/USAID for the evaluations of
food security projects and with the Yemen Food Security and Agriculture Cluster (FSAC).
The baseline survey was initially planned to be a beneficiary-based survey but due to the fact that
identification of beneficiaries will take longer time than expected a population-based survey was
decided to be conducted to meet the deadline of submission report.
The sample size calculation was done in-house following the guidelines established by Feed the
Future Population-Based Survey Sampling Guide.
The following formula, which is appropriate to provide estimates for indicators that are
expressed in proportions, was used to calculate the sample size:
viii
Where:
• ninitial = The initial sample size required by the surveys for each of the two time points (i.e. for both the
baseline and endline);
• Dest = the estimated design effect (DEFF) of the survey, which represents the ratio of the statistical variance
(square of the SE) under the current multi-stage cluster sampling design to the statistical variance under
a design using simple random sampling (SRS).
• δ = the minimum meaningful effect size to be achieved over the time frame specified by the two surveys;
note that ≠ 0 to compute formula (1).
• P1, est = survey estimate of the true (but unknown) population proportion (P1 at baseline). A value can be
obtained from a recent survey that collects data on the same indicator, conducted in the same country or
region of the country.
• P2, est = represents a survey estimate of the true (but unknown) population proportion (P2 at endline).
• • z1-α = is the value from the Normal Probability Distribution corresponding to a confidence level 1−
• Z1-β = the value from the Normal Probability Distribution corresponding to a power level of 1−
Using the above formula helped determining that the minimum sample size (n) is a total of
729 households. Adding in a non-response factor of 5% and incorrectly completed
questionnaires factor of 5% and the fact that 27 clusters to be surveyed (30 households in
each cluster) gives the target sample size of at least 810 households. 803 of which were
completed in all the 27 clusters.
Qualitative data, through individual interviews with 50 households in Abyan and Lahj, was also
collected to support and further investigate quantitative data that was gathered during
survey. Interview guide was prepared by ADRA Yemen M&E team and was reviewed by the
M&E Director at ADRA International.
Market price data was also collected through interviewing 72 vendors in 13 out of 14 targeted
district in Abyan, Lahj, and Al-Dhale’e governorate. Only one district, Al-Husha, in Al-Dhale’e
was not accessible to the team due to security constraints. ADRA used price Monitoring,
Analysis, and Response Kit (MARKit) tool to gather availability and price data of 15 food items
that are going to be distributed 10,000 households during the implementation of the project.
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The food items are: lentils, canned peas, canned beans, vegetable oil, pasta, rice, dates,
white/wheat flour, eggs, tuna, liquid milk, yoghurt, cheese, salt, and sugar.
General Findings
Respondents Characteristics
The age of the head of household surveyed within the baseline study averages 41.51 years old.
63.0% of the respondents are youth between the age of 26 to 50. About sixty-eight percent
(68.0%) of respondents are males while 32.0 are females.
From the surveyed households, 98.7% reported that they are residents live under poverty, one
household (0.1%) is returnee, and 1.2% reported that they are IDPs came Dhale’e and Lahj
governorates.
Table 1 Findings of key indicators
Category Key indicators’ description and percentage
Monthly Income YER 38,382 ($73.81) is the average of the monthly income of the
surveyed households.
Level of Debt 91.5% of respondent reported that they have debt with an average of
YER 227,297 ($437.11). The majority of interviewed households
had to borrow money to buy food, medicines, water, pay education
or marriage expenses.
Food Availability 41.2% (n=331) of the surveyed households suffered food
insufficient in Al-Dhale'e , Abyan and Lahj during the past 12
months. Customs prevented respondents to report shortage of food
to enumerators as they were saying we only complain to Allah (The
God) not for people! The availability of food with households is
affected by many factors. These factors are the increase of food
price, low or unstable income, difficulty to access markets for
remote areas, receiving governmental salaries late, and the
cumulation of debt.
Scale
There is “little to no hunger” in 85.6% of households, 12.0%
"moderate hunger" and 2.4% of households suffer from “severe
hunger”.
Reduced Coping
Strategy Index
11.25 is the mean rCSI as reported by all surveyed households.
Male-headed households was found more food secure (7.47 mean
rCSI) than female-headed households (19.27 mean rCSI).
Household Dietary
The average of household dietary diversity score (HDDS) is 4.73.
Abyan governorate records the highest HDDS average (5.27) while
Al-Dhale’e records the lowest mean (4.38). Respondents in Lahj
governorate reported 4.56 as mean of HDDS. However, respondents
reported that they eat less quality and diverse food comparing to the
period before the conflict due to high food prices.
Household Food
is 17.4%, " Borderline" 45.5% and "Acceptable" 37.1%. As
reported by respondents oil, main staples are the main ingredients to
make the meals they prefer or they daily eat such us porridge
“Asida” and local bread. Condiments (tea) and sugar are consumed
approximately during or after all meals
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1. Background
Yemen has always been one of the most impoverished countries in the middle east, the
current conflict has only exacerbated that reality as millions lost their income sources to a
failed government or private sector employment cuts, if not the destruction of their most
valuable properties. Its impact on the infrastructure of the country is devastating, with major
roads and airports critically damaged. Despite the ongoing humanitarian aid, 15.9 million
people wake up hungry every day1.
To address acute needs in Southern Yemen, the Adventist Development and Relief Agency
(ADRA) Yemen proposes the 18-month Emergency Assistance in Lahj, Abyan and Al Dhale’e
for Food Security (EALAAF) Program, meaning “Uniting People’s Hearts” in Arabic. ADRA’s
program builds on its previous FFP-funded program in these governorates targeting a set of
10,000 vulnerable IDPs and host households with a 12-cycle food assistance program.
The goal of the proposed program is: “To contribute to reducing food insecurity in a safe,
dignified, and equitable manner among vulnerable conflict-affected households in Abyan, Al
Dhale’e and Lahj Governorates of Yemen through provision of life-saving food voucher
assistance with complementary nutrition-related activities.” This goal is planned to be
achieved through several objectives as the following:
• Improved food access and utilization for vulnerable households;
o Improved dietary intake through the distribution of food vouchers;
o Increased Nutritional Awareness through;
On-site awareness sessions during food vouchers distribution;
In-home awareness sessions by community nutrition volunteers;
o Access to improved livelihood opportunities and life-saving activities.
1 World Food Program (WFP): https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000101600/download/
1.1. Survey Description
This section describes the objectives and the implementation process of the baseline
survey that was occurred in April and May 2019.
1.1.1. Survey Objectives
The main purposes of the baseline survey are the following:
- To determine the baseline values of key impact and outcome level indicators - To Collect data comparable to what will be collected during the final evaluation
to determine the level of change on impact and outcome indicators between baseline and final evaluation
- To Help revise annual and end-line targets for those indicators - To conduct statistical tests of differences between project indicators at different
time points start and end of the project.
The baseline survey will be a comparative analytical survey that will allow ADRA to
estimate the change difference of the project outcome indicators at the end-line
survey.
This will also fulfill a major part of evaluation compliance of the cooperative agreement
for the project. The baseline survey measured outcome indicators.
List of Outcome Indicators:
The list of outcome and impact indicators to be collected at baseline and final survey
include:
Prevalence of households with moderate or severe hunger (Household Hunger Scale) HHS.
Percentage of household with poor, borderline and acceptable food consumption score (disaggregated by sex of household head);
Mean Reduced Coping Strategy Index (disaggregated by sex of household head) Average Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS).
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• Preparation phase: it consists in doing literature review (EALAAF project
proposal), assessing data needs, developing questionnaire, establishing
sampling frame (Identified-communities list), and training survey team
(enumerators, team leaders, and data entry clerks);
• Implementation phase: this phase deals mainly with data collection using
interviews at the household level;
• Post-implementation phase: it includes performing data cleaning, data
processing and analysis, and writing survey report.
2. Methodology
With the support of the M&E Director at ADRA International, ADRA Yemen developed the
survey to adhere to the guidelines designed by FFP/USAID for the evaluations of food
security projects and with the Yemen Food Security and Agriculture Cluster (FSAC). The
survey questionnaire was developed and translated from English to Arabic and retranslated
backwards from Arabic to English by way of a participatory process. A second review of the
Arabic version was performed during the survey training for survey team leaders and
enumerators. The survey team discussed what each question means, why it is important
for the survey and understood techniques of how to ask each question and mark
response(s). Questions covered demography, food availability, and access. The content of
each question took into account potential respondents’ languages and dialects,
understanding and cultural sensitivity in the target area. One day was allotted for the
questionnaire pre-testing in nearby villages to ensure modifications, if any, are made
before the survey was ready to be deployed for data collection. Arabic and English versions
of final survey questionnaire are attached as appendix B and appendix C, respectively, to
this report.
Appointments for interviews, and field trips as well as logistics support were arranged by
ADRA Yemen staff who facilitated the field work. The survey was conducted by experienced
and well-trained enumerators supervised by project field staff and overseen by the
monitoring and evaluation team.
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Qualitative data, through individual interviews, was also collected to support and further
investigate quantitative data that was gathered during survey. Interview guide was
prepared by ADRA Yemen M&E team and was reviewed by the M&E Director at ADRA
International.
Market price data was also collected in 13 out of 14 targeted district in Abyan, Lahj, and Al-
Dhale’e governorate. Only one district, Al-Husha, in Al-Dhale’e was not accessible to the
team due to security constraints. ADRA used price Monitoring, Analysis, and Response Kit
(MARKit) tool to gather availability and price data of 15 food items that are going to be
distributed 10,000 households during the implementation of the project. The food items
are: lentils, canned peas, canned beans, vegetable oil, pasta, rice, dates, white/wheat flour,
eggs, tuna, liquid milk, yoghurt, cheese, salt, and sugar.
2.1 Sampling
The baseline survey was initially planned to be a beneficiary-based survey but due to the
fact that identification of beneficiaries will take longer time than expected a population-
based survey was decided to be conducted to meet the deadline.
The sample size calculation was done in-house following the guidelines established by Feed
the Future Population-Based Survey Sampling Guide.
The sample universe is consisted of all households and villages in the target areas of EALAAF
project. The sampling frame listed all villages with their corresponding total number of
households in the target area. The sampling design is based on a simple adequacy – before
and after comparison. Probability proportional to size (PPS) is the sampling technique used
for this survey in which the probability of selecting a sampling unit (e.g., village, zone,
district) is proportional to the size of its population. It gives a probability (i.e., random,
representative) sample. It is most useful when the sampling units vary considerably in size
because it assures that those in larger sites have the same probability of getting into the
sample as those in smaller sites, and vice versa. This method also facilitated planning for
field work because pre-determined numbers of respondents to be interviewed in each unit
was selected, and staff were allocated accordingly. No stratification is contemplated as the
project’s outcome indicators refer to one entity of survey.
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The following formula, which is appropriate to provide estimates for indicators that are
expressed in proportions, was used to calculate the sample size:
Where:
• ninitial = The initial sample size required by the surveys for each of the two time points (i.e. for both the
baseline and endline);
• Dest = the estimated design effect (DEFF) of the survey, which represents the ratio of the statistical
variance (square of the SE) under the current multi-stage cluster sampling design to the statistical
variance under a design using simple random sampling (SRS).
• δ = the minimum meaningful effect size to be achieved over the time frame specified by the two
surveys; note that ≠ 0 to compute formula (1).
• P1, est = survey estimate of the true (but unknown) population proportion (P1 at baseline). A value can
be obtained from a recent survey that collects data on the same indicator, conducted in the same
country or region of the country.
• P2, est = represents a survey estimate of the true (but unknown) population proportion (P2 at endline).
• • z1-α = is the value from the Normal Probability Distribution corresponding to a confidence level 1−
• Z1-β = the value from the Normal Probability Distribution corresponding to a power level of 1−
Using this formula helped determining that the minimum sample size (n) is a total of 729
households. Adding in a non-response factor of 5% and incorrectly completed
questionnaires factor of 5% gives an initial target sample size of at least 802 households.
The baseline survey used a two-stage cluster sampling. At the first stage, communities were
selected as cluster based on probability-proportionate-to-size (PPS) method. In second
stage, households from within selected communities were identified as secondary
sampling units using random sampling technique. The baseline survey adopted 27 clusters
to keep the design effects below two. This increased the sample size to 810 households.
The sampling frame of 159 communities and the randomly selected communities (clusters)
is attached as appendix D.
50 households were interviewed to collect qualitative data in Khanfir and Ahwar districts
in Abyan; and Radfan and Al-Melah districts in Lahj governorate. Interviewing 50
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households was enough to reach data saturation. English and Arabic interview guides are
attached in the report as appendix E and F respectively.
72 vendors were interviewed (3-6 in each district) in the 13 districts in Abyan, Lahj, and Al-
Dhale’e governorates to collect market price data of the 15 food items that are going to
distributed during the implementation of the project. The market price assessment tool is
attached in the report as appendix G.
2.2 Training and Data Collection
Ten enumerators (6 males, 4 females)
were selected to conduct the survey.
Selection was based on previous
experience volunteering with ADRA and
ability to use mobile technology. After
the selection, enumerators attended a
two-day training (appendix A), which
included an overview of the project, the
survey purpose, proper and improper
interview techniques including
and responsibility of survey team.
During the training, the team reviewed all the questionnaire questions individually, as they
also observed demonstration interviews, provided feedback about the interviews, and
practiced conducting interviews (role-playing activity).
Figure 1- Training of enumerators on interview techniques.
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data using Mobile Data Collection (MDC)
method using “kobo toolbox” platform and
its associated application “kobo collect”.
However, paper copies of the survey questionnaire were deployed as a backup for any
possible malfunction of the electronic data collection equipment or software.
The survey took place in April and first week of May 2019. The questionnaires were
administered through face-to-face interviews. The key respondents were the head of
households and the adult person responsible of food preparation. The average length of
interviews was approximately 20 minutes. The enumerators were led by five Field Officers
in Abyan, Lahj and Al-Dhale'e. The survey field officers have direct communication with,
and supervision of, enumerators to track the progress of the survey and provide support.
They all reported to the monitoring and evaluation team the progress of the survey and
they asked for clarifications when needed.
Figure 3 - During the review of questionnaire.
Figure 2- Explaination of one of the key questions in the questionnaire.
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A total of 803 questionnaires were administered and completed as shown in the table
below.
Table 2 Number of completed questionnaires in the survey disaggregated by sex and governorate
Governorate Males Females Total surveyed
Abyan 191 72 263
Lahj 171 99 270
Al-Dhale'e 184 86 270
Total 546 257 803
2.3 Quality Control and Data Analysis and Reporting
The use of mobile data collection method to collect , kobo toolbox tool, all survey data
ensured timely delivery of data as each completed interview was uploaded into the web-
based database that as a result ensures timely access to data for validation and correction.
Data was exported into SPSS software for data processing and analysis. Excel 2016 software
was used to produce illustrative charts.
2.4 Study limitation
communities was the main challenge to
complete the survey.
were influenced by customs as respondents
prevents to answer the questions related to
food shortage, although they are vulnerable, as
they considered them as complaining and
declared that they only complain to Allah (The
God), which is known as social desirability bias
(giving acceptable rather than true answers.)
This decreased the accuracy of these responses. Figure 4 - A picture shows a reggued road to a remote community.
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As the survey is population-based, it may not reflect accurately the food security status of
project beneficiaries. ADRA will conduct another survey to compare and confirm the
accuracy and validity of data generated from this survey.
Figure 5 - Pictures of surveyed communities.
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3. Findings and Discussion
3.1 Section one: Household Demographics:
In the first section of the survey, entitled ‘Household Demography, the survey sought to
gather a picture of the project population in the three governorates Abyan, Lahj and Al
Dhale'e in terms of age, gender and family status.
3.1.1 Age and Gender:
Data from 803 interviews shows that the average age of respondents is 41.51 years old.
63.0% of the respondents are youth between the age of 26 to 50, while 23.5% were older
than 50 years old. Table 3 illustrates the distribution of age groups in the targeted
community.
Age Groups # %
No Response 0 0
Total 803 100
68.0% of respondents were male while (32.0%) were female. Abyan recorded the lowest
proportion of female respondents comparing to Al-Dhale’e and Lahj governorates.
Figure 6 Gender proportions in the targeted areas
72.6
Male Female
3.1.2 Family Status:
Most of the respondents (98.7%) reported that they are residents, 1.2% (n=10) reported that
they are IDPs come from Al-Dhale’e and Lahj. Only one household 0.1% declared that it is a
returnee family displaced Abyan governorate. The low proportion of IDPs and returnees is
due to that ADRA targeted remote communities in mountains and valleys which lack to basic
services that households displaced to.
3.2 Section two: Household income
In this section, information was gathered on the main sources of income, monthly income,
the effect of conflict on respondents' income, household expenditure, and the household
level of debt.
3.2.1 Means of Support:
Daily labor (40.6%) and civil employment (34.2%) are the most sources of income the
sampled households depend on to cover their needs. 5.8% of the respondents reported that
they rely on relatives whether inside or outside Yemen and on charities to get the basic needs
for their families. Begging is not a source of income that households depend on to cover their
needs due to culture of the sampled communities. Figure 7 illustrates the sources of income
percentages of the sampled households.
Figure 7 Sources of income of the sampled households.
0.0%
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%
0.7%
1.0%
2.7%
4.0%
5.1%
6.4%
7.7%
34.2%
40.6%
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0%
Begging
Beekeeping
Other
Fishing
3.2.2 Household Monthly Income and Level of Debt:
The average monthly income from all sources is YER 38,382 ($73.81) with an exchange range
of 1:520 at the time of conducting the survey. Level of debt was also collected. The majority
of respondents (91.5%) reported that they have debt that should be paid off. YER 227,297
($437.11) is the average level of debt as reported by respondents. Further qualitative
research revealed that the majority of interviewed households had to borrow money to buy
food, medicines, water, pay education or marriage expenses. However, the interviewed
households are obligated to pay off debts during harvest seasons, or when receive their
salaries or money from group savings (association). However, the majority of households are
not able to pay debts off unless their income become better or by selling their assets.
Both monthly income and level of debt was compared within the target governorates. It was
found that Al-Dhale’e records the highest average of income ($90.54) while Abyan records
the lowest ($63.06). It seems that average of income has correlation (not proved statistically)
in Abyan. Abyan records the lowest average of monthly income but the highest average level
of debt ($486.10). Figure 8 illustrates the average monthly income and level of debt as
reported by respondents in the three governorates.
Figure 8 Average monthly income and level of debt in the three governorates.
$63.06
$67.90
$90.54
$486.10
$385.65
$440.85
Abyan
Lahj
Al-Dhale'e
Debt Income
3.3 Section three: Food Security
Interviewees were asked in this section if they received any food assistance or livelihood
support from. In addition, they were asked about the food availability during the past 12
months from the survey month and in which month food insufficient occurred.
3.3.1 Previous Food and Livelihood Support:
About half of the interviewed households (55.2%) declared that they received food
assistance in the last two months of doing this study. None of the respondent reported
receiving livelihood support. Partners such as WFP, Care, social solidarity, and Relief
International distributed food rations in the communities of study. In addition, ADRA, at the
time of survey, started the distribution of food voucher assistance in Ahwar and Khanfir
districts in Abyan and Tuban district in Lahj governorate. Figure 9 depicts the percentage of
households received food assistance in Abyan, Lahj, and Al-Dhale’e.
Figure 9 Percentage of households received food assistance in Abyan, Lahj, and Al-Dhale’e.
3.3.2 Food availability:
A total of 41.2% (n=331) of the surveyed households report that they suffered from shortage
of food in the past 12 months. This proportion did not significantly differ for households who
received food assistance in the last two months from different partners which indicates of
the need of the target communities. Furthermore, customs prevented respondents to report
shortage of food to enumerators as they were saying we only complain to Allah (The God)
50.7%
53.7%
61.2%
49.3%
46.3%
38.8%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Lahj
Al-Dhale'e
Abyan
Percentage of households received food assistance in the last two months
Yes No
Page 24 of 52
not for people which is one of the study limitations. The qualitative research found that
availability of food with households is affected by many factors. These factors are the
increase of food price, low or unstable income, difficulty to access markets for remote areas,
receiving governmental salaries late, and the cumulation of debt.
Minor difference was observed in terms of
food insufficiency in the three
governorates. Lahj respondents reported
and Al-Dhale’e was reported as 41.1% and
37.8% respectively. Figure 10 illustrates the
food insufficiency in the targeted areas.
Among 331 households who are hit food insufficiency, 61.9% of which did not have enough
food to feed their families for three or more months during the last 12 months. Survey results
show in Figure 11 that the period of hardest food shortage lies in October 2018, followed
the month of December 2018. The majority of respondents through the qualitative research
reported that have difficulty to provide food during the dry seasons or when children get
back to school. Some of the respondents mentioned that they have difficulties in holy
Ramadan month while others declared that they face difficulties to provide food all they
year.
44.841.137.8
55.258.962.2
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
LahjAbyanAl-Dhale'e
Having less food Having enough food
Figure 10 - Food sufficiency in the targeted areas.
Page 25 of 52
Figure 11 Period of hardest food shortage 12 months before the survey.
The average of number of months with adequate household food provisioning (MAHFP) is
estimated at 10.33 in the survey area. Respondents in Lahj record the lowest mean value of
MAHFP (9.73), while Al-Dhale’e record the highest mean (10.69). 10.58 is the mean value of
MAHFP that Abyan record.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Apr-18 May-18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Aug-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Nov-18 Dec-18 Jan-19 Feb-19 Mar-19
Food Sharotage in past 12 months
Figure 12 - Interviews with head of households
Page 26 of 52
3.4 Section Four: Household Hunger Scale
Data was gathered to measure the household food deprivation scale in the survey area which
covers the food quantity dimension of food access (Ballard et al., 2011).
3.4.1 Household Hunger Scale:
HHS scores for all interviewed households vary between zero (0) and six (6), with a median
value of 0. Analysis of data allows understanding that there is “little to no hunger” in 85.6%
(n= 688) of households. A total of 2.4% of households suffer from “severe hunger” as shown
in the table below.
Household Hunger Categories %
Moderate hunger in the household 12.0
Severe hunger in the household 2.4
Among the survey governorates, Lahj registers the highest proportion of “severe hunger”
households (3.7%) and the lowest proportion of “little to no hunger” (83.0%). Figure 13
describes the family hunger situation in Abyan, Lahj and Al-Dhale'e governorates.
Figure 13: Household Hunger in the survey areas
85.6
83
88.5
13.3
13.3
9.3
1.1
3.7
2.2
020406080100120
Abyan
Lahj
Al-Dhale'e
Little to no hunger
3.5 Section Five: Reduced Coping Strategy Index.
The reduced Coping Strategy Index has been developed to compare food security across
different contexts. It is a sub-set of the context-specific CSI but is calculated using a specific
set of behaviors with a universal set of severity weightings for each behavior. Thus, the
reduced CSI uses a standard set of five individual coping behaviors that can be employed by
any household, anywhere in a given period of time. The five standard coping strategies and
their severity weightings are:
• eating less-preferred foods (1.0),
• limiting portions at mealtime (1.0),
• limiting adult intake (3.0), and
• reducing the number of meals per day (1.0).
The higher the rCSI raw index score, the less food secure a household is.
3.5.1 reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI):
The analysis showed that more than half of the interviewed households rely on less preferred
and expensive food or borrow food from friends or relatives as coping strategies when they do not
have enough food or resources to purchase food. Households also had to limit the portions size of
their meals, reduce the number of meals eaten in a day and had to reduce the consumption of adults
so that small children have better portion size. Figure 14 illustrates the percentage of strategies that
interviewed households had to use in the past 7 days of the survey.
Page 28 of 52
Figure 14 Percentage of Copying Strategies used in the targeted communities
The mean reduced Coping Strategy Index of all surveyed households is 11.25. It was found
that meal-headed households are more food secure than female-headed households as
indicated by this index. The mean rCSI of male-headed households is 7.47 while mean rCSI
reported by female-headed households is 19.27.
The mean rCSI was different in survey areas. Surveyed households in Lahj governorate are
considered less food secure as they record the highest mean rCSI (12.48) than interviewed
households in Abyan governorate who reported the lowest mean rCSI (10.05). Table 5
describes the mean rCSI in the three survey governorates.
Table 5 rCSI mean in the survey areas.
Governorate rCSI
Abyan 10.05
Lahj 12.48
3.6.1 Household Dietary Diversity:
Households dietary diversity is a proxy measure of household food access. It collects the
number of different food groups consumed over the last day of the survey.
58.8% 54.9%
Borrow food, or rely on help from
a friend or relative
Reduce number of meals eaten in a
day
eat
Page 29 of 52
the average of household dietary
diversity score (HDDS) is 4.73. However,
respondents reported that they eat less
quality and diverse food comparing to
the period before the conflict due to
high food prices. Although that half of
the surveyed households (55.2%)
partners in the last two months of doing
the survey, the average of HDDS was
approximately the same between those who received food assistance (4.72) and those who
did not receive any food ration (4.74). However, this average was slightly different in the
target governorates. Abyan governorate records the highest HDDS average (5.27) while Al-
Dhale’e records the lowest mean (4.38). Respondents in Lahj governorate reported 4.56 as
mean of HDDS.
Oil/fats, cereals, and condiments were highest food groups consumed by interviewed
households, with an average 7.68 family members, while root and tubers, fruits, and milk or
milk products were reported as the lowest consumed good groups one day before the
survey. Figure 17 illustrate the food groups consumed one day before the survey as reported
by respondents.
Figure 15 - One of the head of households responding to interview questions.
Figure 16 - An enumerator using MDC method to collect data.
Page 30 of 52
Figure 17 Food groups consumed one day before the survey
3.6.2 Household Food Consumption:
The food consumption score (FCS) or the frequency weighted diet diversity score is a score
calculated using the frequency of consumption of different food groups consumed by
household during the 7 days before the survey, according to WFP.
Based on this score, the households classified into three groups as the following:
Food Consumption Groups FCS
Acceptable > 35
The food consumption score (FCS) of all the surveyed households ranged from 3.5 to 112
with an average of 35.45. Households received food assistance reported, approximately, the
same average food consumption score (35.4) of those households who did not received aby
food support during the last two months of the survey. However, a difference in the average
FCS was observed between the three governorates. Respondents in Abyan reported the
highest average of FCS (42.16). No major difference was reported in Lahj and Al-Dhale’e
governorates. The average FCS in Lahj and Al-Dhale’e is 32.32 and 32.05 respectively.
5.6
6.2
10
10.3
10.6
17.9
23
31
76.1
91.8
94.5
96.1
Root and tubers
Percentage of food groups consumed one day before the survey
Page 31 of 52
The proportion of "Poor" group among all interviewed households is 17.4%, " Borderline"
45.5% and "Acceptable" 37.1%.
It was found that the proportion of “poor” group (15.8%) in households supported with food
ration within two months before doing the survey is lower than of those households did not
receive any food assistance (19.4%). Among the survey area, Al-Dhale'e records the highest
proportion of "Poor" group 18.5% while Abyan record the lowest proportion of “Poor” group
16.7%. Figure 19 illustrates the food consumption groups among the survey areas.
Figure 19 Food Consumption Groups among the survey areas
In average, Oil, condiments and main staples are the most food groups consumed by the
sampled households while fruits, and milk are the lowest average consumed. As reported by
respondents through the qualitative research oil, main staples are the main ingredients to
make the meals they prefer or they daily eat such us porridge “Asida” and local bread.
Condiments (tea) and sugar are consumed approximately during or after all meals.
16.717.018.5
27.8
52.655.6
55.5
30.425.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
AbyanLahjAl-Dhale'e
Food Consumption Groups
Poor Borderline Acceptable Figure 18 - An interviewee is responding to food consumption questions.
Page 32 of 52
Figure 20 Average consumption of food groups 7 days before the survey
Triangulation of data:
Triangulation of data of food security indicators specifically Household Hunger Scale (HHS),
reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI), and Food Consumption Score (FCS) was necessary to
validate data and confirm the food security status of the surveyed areas.
Through analysis of data, it was found that the severity of food security that indicated by the
rCSI correlates positively with the degree of hunger that is explained by the use of
Households Hunger Scale (HHS). Households under the “severe hunger” group were found
the least food secure group while households under the “little to no hunger” group were
found most food secure group. Figure 21 depicts the correlation between rCSI and HHS
findings.
The relationship between reduced coping strategy index and food consumption score
findings was also observed. The food consumption patterns and severity of food security was
positively correlated. Households that have “acceptable” food consumption habits were
found as the most food secure households. Figure 22 illustrates the relationship between
rCSI and FCG indicators.
Vegetables Sugar Stables Condiments Oil
Average consumption of food groups 7 days before the survey
Page 33 of 52
Figure 22 Relationship between rCSI and FCG indicators
Baseline Market Analysis
ADRA is going to distribute 15 food item through voucher modality for 10,000 households
in Abyan, Lahj, and Al-Dhale’e governorates for 12 months. The food items are: lentils,
canned peas, canned beans, vegetable oil, pasta, rice, dates, white/wheat flour, eggs, tuna,
liquid milk, yoghurt, cheese, salt, and sugar.
Availability and price data of each food item was collected in 13 out of 14 districts was
collected. Only Al-Husha district, Al-Dhale’e could not be accessible so findings of this
survey will exclude it. The following is a summary of the survey findings of each food item:
1. Lentils:
Lentils is not available in almost all the targeted areas. Few vendors provide it in Al- Dhale’e district in Al-Dhale’e, Al-Dhale’e; Tuban district in Lahj, and Sabah in Abyan governorate. However, two brands are imported to these local markets which are Chinese, Indian and Turkish. The price of these types is significantly different as Chinese is considered the least in terms of quality while the Turkish is considered the best.
2. Canned peas:
Little to no hunger in the
household
Correlation of rCSI and HHS findings
16.14
Page 34 of 52
It is available in all markets with many brands. However, people have different preference in terms of brands but the majority prefer Al-Hanna brand which is locally made.
3. Canned beans:
Like the canned peas, beans are available in all local markets with different brands.
4. Vegetable oil:
As vegetable oil is approximately used to produce all meals, it is available in all markets with many brands, however, with the same quality.
5. Pasta:
Pasta was found available in all targeted local markets with many different brands.
6. Rice:
It is available in almost all local markets except some mountain districts such as Rusud and Sabbah in Abyan, Halmeen in Lahj, and Al-Azareq in Al-Dhale’e governorate. Many brands were found in markets but quality of rice is different with brands. Vendors classified rice as first and second-quality brands. Price of rice is significantly different depending on the brands.
7. Dates:
As one of the Islamic rituals to start breakfast with dates during the fasting in Ramadan, it is highly consumed in Ramadan month. However, some vendors in local markets reported that they only sell it in that month while others sell it all the year. Saudi dates is the preferred by people which is available with many brands almost the same quality.
8. White/wheat flour:
White flour is available in all market but not in the mountain districts in Abyan and Al-Dhale’e governorates. However, the majority of vendors sell one brand of flour which is called “Al-Sanabel” as it is made locally. There are other brands such Omani flour which is imported in Oman but it is not largely purchased in the target markets. It is consumed in the eastern side of Yemen such us Hadhramout governorate.
Wheat flour is available in all markets but some vendors do not sell it as it is not consumed by majority of people. However, it is available with many brands but with approximate price.
No major difference in terms of price between white and wheat flour was found during the assessment.
Page 35 of 52
9. Eggs:
It is not available in Al-Madharba, Halmeen, and Radfan districts in Lahj. However, no specific commercial brands were noticed.
10. Tuan:
Tuna is consumed by all targeted communities so it is available in all markets. It is available with two sizes and comes with many brands but all have approximate price.
11. Liquid milk:
It is found available in all markets except Radfan, Lahj. Different commercial brands were found which vary in price. However, the most of the commercial brands are locally made.
12. Yoghurt:
Three local commercial brands were found in the market during the assessment. However, all of which are available with the same price. Some vendors in Radfan and Halmeen districts in Lahj don’t sell it.
13. Cheese:
Cheese is available in all markets and comes with many brands. One brand “Salim” is available in all markets as it is preferred by communities. The other two brands are not highly preferred so they were not sold by all vendors.
14. Salt:
As all communities use salt to prepare their meals, it is available in all markets.
15. Sugar:
Like salt, sugar is found is all markets. However, it is available with different brands but no major difference in brands were noticed.
Page 36 of 52
Conclusion
Analysis of data collected from 803 households located in the three survey governorates –
Abyan, Lahj, and Al-Dhale’e –allows for better understanding of the food security in the
targeted communities. The main conclusions the study reveals are:
• The food security in the surveyed communities is severe and immediate response is needed. However, Abyan governorate is considered more food secure than Al- Dhale’e and Lahj governorates.
• Although that the fact half of the interviewed households received food assistance within two months before the survey, households are still food insecure.
• Female-headed of households are less food secure than male-headed households.
The baseline survey reveals the following findings:
o The targeted community, overall, is very vulnerable with an average of monthly income
of YER 38,382 ($73.81). A total of 91.5% of respondent reported that they have debt with
an average of YER 227,297 ($437.11). The majority of interviewed households had to
borrow money to buy food, medicines, water, pay education or marriage expenses.
o A total of 55.2% of the surveyed households declared that they received food ration from
implementing partners such as WFP, Care, social solidarity, and Relief International but
none of them reported receiving any livelihood support.
o 41.2% (n=331) report that they did not have enough food to meet their family’s needs in
the past 12 months. Among them, fifty one percent (61.9% %) did not have enough food
to feed their families for three or more months during the last 12 months. The average of
months with adequate household food provisioning in all surveyed areas is estimated at
10.33. The availability of food with households is affected by many factors. These factors
are the increase of food price, low or unstable income, difficulty to access markets for
remote areas, receiving governmental salaries late, and the cumulation of debt.
o HHS scores for all interviewed households vary between zero (0) and six (6), with a
median value of 0. Analysis of data allows understanding that the proportion of moderate
and sever hunger in the households is 12.0% and 2.4% respectively. 85.6% is the
proportion of “little to no hunger in the households” in the all targeted areas.
o 11.25 is the average of rCSI as reported by all interviewed households.
o The average of household dietary diversity score (HDDS) is 4.73, although that half of the
surveyed households (55.2%) received food assistance from different partners within the
last two months of doing the survey. However, respondents reported that they eat less
quality and diverse food comparing to the period before the conflict due to high food
prices.
Page 37 of 52
o The food consumption score of all the surveyed households in all targeted areas ranged
from 3.5 to 112 with an average of 35.45. The proportion of "Poor" group among all
interviewed households is 17.4%, " Borderline" 45.5% and "Acceptable" 37.1%.
o All food items are available almost in all targeted markets with exception to lentils which
is rarely consumed by communities.
Page 38 of 52
# Trainer Trainees Training Period Males Females Total
1 Amal Twofiq 6 4 10 6 hours 2 Amgad Anees
# Day Training Objective Time 1
Day 1
Project description 10:00 - 10:15 2 Survey purpose 10:16 - 10:30 3 Proper interviewing technique 10:31 - 11:00 4 Role and responsibility of survey team 11:01 - 11:15 6 Break 11:16 - 11:30
5 Questionnaire review 11:31 - 13:00 7
Day 2 Electronic data collection (kobo toolbox)
10:00 - 11:00
EALAAF Baseline Survey
(EALAAF) , ,
(Base-line Survey )
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Page 40 of 52
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Page 41 of 52
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15 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018
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Page 42 of 52
: HDDS - FCS)(
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Page 43 of 52
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Page 44 of 52
Appendix C
Emergency Assistance in Lahj, Abyan and Aldale’e for Food Security (EALAAF)
(Base-line Survey)
April 2019
INFORMED CONSENT
Hello. My name is ___________________ and I work for ADRA Yemen. We are conducting a survey
about the EALAAF project, the Emergency Assistance in Lahj, Abyan and Aldale’e for Food Security.
The information we collect will be used for planning, implementation and evaluation of the project.
You have been selected to be interviewed for this survey and we would very much appreciate your
participation. The survey usually takes about 20 to 25 minutes. Your participation is voluntary and
you may end the survey at any time or decide not to answer a particular question. Your answers will
be kept confidential. Do you agree to participate in the survey?
0 = No If No, STOP here. /__/
1 = Yes If Yes, proceed with the interview.
IDENTIFICATION
GOVERNORATE: _________________________________ /__ /
DISTRICT: ________________________________ /__/__/
A. HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHY
1 Name of respondent
3 Sex of respondent
1. Male
2. Female
4 What is the status of your household in your current
location (because of the conflict in 2015)? 1. IDP
2. Returnee
3. Resident
Page 45 of 52
5 If you are an IDP, where did you come from? Governorate: ____________
District: ________________
Village: ________________
district, and village name
6 If you are a returnee, where did you displace? Governorate: ____________
District: ________________
Village: ________________
7 What is your current main occupation for living?
Farming Agricultural labor
Yemen)
all sources)?
/_________________/ (YER / month)
9 What is the level of debt in your household? ___________________ YER total
C. FOOD SECURITY
1. Yes
2. No
Have your household received any food support in the last two months?
10
If yes, what is the name of the agency that supported your household?
11
1. Yes
2. No
Have your household received any livelihood support in the last two months?
12
If yes, what is the name of the agency that supported your household?
13
2. No
Now I would like to ask you about your household’s food supply during different months of the year.
14
Page 46 of 52
In the past 12 months, were there months in which you did not have enough food to meet your family’s needs?
Do not read the
list of the months
enough food
Feb 19 /__/ Mar 19 /__/ If yes, which were the months in which you did not have enough food to meet your family’s needs?
15 Dec 18 /__/ Jan 19 /__/
Oct 18 /__/ Nov 18 /__/
Aug 18 /__/ Sep 18 /__/
Jun 18 /__/ Jul 18 /__/
Apr 18 /__/ May 18 /__/
D. HOUSEHOLD HUNGER SCALE
16 In the past month, was there a day where
there was no food to eat at all? 1. Yes
2. No
17 How often did this happen in the past
month? 1. Rarely (1-2 times)
2. Sometimes (3-10 times)
18 In the past month, did you or any
household member go to sleep at night
hungry because there was no enough
food?
19 How often did this happen in the past month?
1. Rarely (1-2 times)
2. Sometimes (3-10 times)
20 In the past month, did you or any
household member go a whole day and
night without eating anything at all
because there was not enough food?
1. Yes
2. No
21 How often did this happen in the past month?
1. Rarely (1-2 times)
2. Sometimes (3-10 times)
E. REDUCED COPING STRATEGY INDEX:
22 In the past 7 days, if there have been times when you did not have enough food or money to buy food, how often has your household had to:
Raw Score Universal Severity Weight
Weighted Score = Frequency X weight
Relative Frequency Score a Rely on less preferred and less expensive foods? 1 b Borrow food, or rely on help from a friend or relative? 2 c Limit portion size at mealtimes? 1
d Restrict consumption by adults in order for small children to eat?
3
f Reduce number of meals eaten in a day? 1
Page 47 of 52
TOTAL HOUSEHOLD SCORE—Reduced CSI Sum down the totals for each individual strategy
F. Food Consumption Score (FCS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS):
23 - How many members are there in your household and were home in the last 7 days?
Page 48 of 52
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND CONTRIBUTION OF THIS SURVEY….
Focus on food eaten INSIDE the house
Did your
household eat
the following
7 days?
What was the main source of the food in the last 7 days?
0 =Not eaten
1 = 1 day
2 = 2 days
3 = 3 days
4 = 4 days
2 =Hunting/gathering/fishing
11 Oils and fats
Page 49 of 52
Abyan Ahwar Hanad Almusaeeda 55
Abyan Ahwar Hanad Al Ladumaki 30
Abyan Khanfir Halma Halmah 850
Abyan Khanfir Yaramis Al Rawdha Al Ulia, 30
Abyan Rusud Ala'amri and Almashoshi Rahwat Lamas
35
798
Al-Dalae'e Alazareq Aden
72
162
Al-Dalae'e Al-Dalae'e Almarkoolah Alamarkolah 250
Al-Dalae'e Al-Dalae'e Al-Oshry Alqurain 400
Al-Dalae'e Al-Dalae'e Alwa'arah Kawakabah 73
Al-Dalae'e Jahaf Alsareer Almadad 193
Al-Dalae'e Jahaf Alsareer Alakamah 90
Al-Dalae'e Jahaf Alsareer Alsha'ab 30
Lahj Almilah Alkharrar Alqasha'ah and villages around it
1800
Lahj Habil Jaber Habeel Gaber Almasaken
42
Lahj Radfan Alrabwah Habeel Alakhgaf 87
Lahj Radfan Alrabwah Habeel Alrubya'ai 32
Lahj Radfan Althumair Althumair 50
Lahj Tuban Kadamat Awadh Ali
Al Raian 76
Respondent role in family
Number of family members live and eat together currently
1. Who is in the family responsible to provide food? If not, how you get food?
2. What are the factors affected on getting appropriate food for your family?
3. Does the price of food affect your feeding pattern? How? How many meals does your family eat
per day nowadays? Is there any difference before the conflict? Please explain.
4. Is there a time/month in the year that your family suffer from food insufficiency? Please
describe that in more details and let us know if your family suffer from food shortage all the year
and why?
5. When your family do not have enough food to eat, what do they do (barrow from
someone/grocery, someone help them, reduces number of meals, etc.)? Please explain.
6. What food items did you receive as assistance from any partner? Please list them.
7. What kind of food (food items) does your family like or prefer to eat as part of the daily feeding
system even if you have enough resources to buy others? Is it a community custom? Please list
the food items? How do you use them (e.g. soup, Asseda, etc.)?
8. Please tell us the type of debt you have (food, medicine/hospital costs, school fees, marriage,
etc.)? Rank them from most to least as per your level of debt? How are you going to repay that
debt?
Appendix F
EALAAF Project

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Page 52 of 52
2 Nazeeh Alwan Deputy Programs Manager
3 Waddah Mohammed Qasim Project Manager
4 Abdo Al-Naser Nutrition Coordinator
5 Amgad Anees Ahmed Senior MEAL Officer
6 Amal Towfiq M&E Officer
7 Fadi Saif M&E Officer
8 Hisham Muneer M&E Assistant
9 Khaled Al-Refaee Field Officer
10 Ahmed Mulaikan Field Officer
11 Asrar Al-Olaqi Field Officer
12 Yasir Naji Field Officer
13 Naeema Sanad Field Officer
14 Mazen Qasim Field Officer
15 Ahmed Abdullah Al-Nasiri Enumerator
16 Rauf Abdullah Awadh Enumerator
17 Ahmed Wahib Abdullah Enumerator
18 Rami Nageeb Ahmed Enumerator
19 Omer Fareh Noor Enumerator
20 Aied Saeed Aied Enumerator
21 Buthaina Mohammed Al-Shaiba Enumerator
22 Maiadah Hazza’a Ali Enumerator
23 Yousra Ali Naser Enumerator
24 Saeedah Mohammd Mehdi Enumerator