Baseline Study Report - UNEP€¦ · Baseline Study Report on ... (SEED Nepal) Anamnagar, ... The management system has been described based on generation based waste management system

Baseline Study Report

on

Assessment of Current Waste Agricultural Biomass

Management System and Practices at National and Local

Level at Madhyapur Thimi Municipality

Prepared By

Society for Environment and Economic Development Nepal

(SEED Nepal)

Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Submitted to

UNEP, DTIE,

International Environmental Technology Center (IETC)

Osaka, Japan

September 2009

1

i

Table of Content

Abbreviation .......................................................................................................................................... iii

1. Background....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Objective ......................................................................................................................................3

1.2 Limitation of the Study ...............................................................................................................3

1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................3

2. Existing Waste Management Systems ............................................................................................5

2.1 Generation-based Waste Management......................................................................................5

2.1.1 Agricultural Farms ...............................................................................................................5

2.1.2 Agro Industries.....................................................................................................................5

2.1.3 Commercial...........................................................................................................................6

2.2 Stakeholders –based Integrated Solid Waste Management.....................................................6

2.2.1 Waste Generators .................................................................................................................6

2.2.2 Government ..........................................................................................................................6

2.2.3 SWM Service providers........................................................................................................7

2.2.4 Businesses.............................................................................................................................7

3. Assessment of WAB Management Systems.................................................................................8

3.1 Laws and Regulations .................................................................................................................8

3.1.1 Acts ........................................................................................................................................8

3.1.2 Rules ......................................................................................................................................8

3.1.3 Economic Instruments.........................................................................................................9

3.1.4 Enforcement .........................................................................................................................9

3.2 Institutions.................................................................................................................................10

3.3 Financial Mechanisms...............................................................................................................11

4. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................17

Reference .............................................................................................................................................18

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List of Tables

Table 1: Selection of Samples at Ward Level ..........................................................................................3

Table 2: Data Sheet on Policies...............................................................................................................9

Table 3: Data Sheet on Institutions.......................................................................................................10

Table 4: Analysis of Status of Institutions, weaknesses and Improvement Measures .........................11

Table 5: Data sheet on Financial Mechanism for Waste Management Chain......................................12

Table 6: Gap Analysis and Suggested Measures for Financial Mechanisms.........................................12

Table 7: Data Sheet on Prevailing Technologies for WM .....................................................................14

Table 8: Analysis of Limitations of the Prevailing Technologies for WM..............................................14

Table 9: Expected Performance Criteria of Technologies for WM .......................................................15

Table 10: Role of Stakeholders, Gap Analysis and Suggested Improvement measures.......................15

iii

Abbreviation

% - percentage

AD - Anno Domini (Number of years after the birth of Jesus Christ)

am - Ante Meridiem (before noon)

CBO - Community Based Organization

DTIE - Division of Technology, Industry and Economics

EST - Environmentally Sound Technology

GHG - Green House Gas

HH - Households

IETC - International Environmental Technology Center

J - Joule (unit of energy)

MSW - Municipal Solid Waste

MTM - Madhyapur Thimi Municipality

NGO - Non-Governmental Organization

SEED Nepal - Society for Environment and Economic Development Nepal

SSFA - Small Scale Funding Agreement

UNEP - United Nations Environmental Programme

WAB - Waste Agricultural Biomass

WM - Waste Management

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1. Background Biomass is a broad term, which generally refers to any plant or animal matter. The main categories

of biomass are; agricultural residues, forestry wastes, animal wastes, wood as well as cellulosic

urban wastes. Almost 43 percent of the energy used by the third world countries is derived from

biomass. Over 2.4 billion people in the world are totally reliant on biomass fuels for their energy

needs. About 88 percent of the total energy consumed in Nepal at present is supplied by biomass. In

a plant body during the process of photosynthesis, the sun’s energy converts water and carbon

dioxide into organic matter. About 3.0 x 1021

J of energy is stored in 2 x 1011

tonnes of organic matter

produced annually by photosynthesis. Yet only 14 percent of the world’s energy comes from

biomass.

Billions of tons of waste agricultural biomass are generated every year particularly in developing

countries where in many cases agriculture continues to be the main economic activity. Waste

agricultural biomass includes all leaves, straw and husks left in the field after harvest as well as hulls

and shells removed during the processing of crop at the mills. The single largest category of crops is

cereals. Wheat, rice, maize, barley, and millet and sorghum account for approximately 28%, 25%,

27% 10% and 6% respectively of these crops. The main waste biomass are wheat residue, rice straw

and husk, barley residue, maize stalks and leaves, and millet and sorghum stalks.

Use of waste agricultural biomass as a fuel is considered to be carbon neutral because plants and

trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it while they grow. Burning waste

agricultural biomass returns this sequestered carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Growth of new crops,

plants and trees keeps the atmosphere’s carbon cycle in balance by recapturing carbon dioxide.

Developing and implementing programmes for converting waste agricultural biomass into useful

energy/material requires comprehensive data on present and anticipated waste situations,

supportive policy frameworks, knowledge and capacity to develop plans/systems, proper use of

environmentally sound technologies, and appropriate financial instruments to support its

implementation.

Since Madhyapur Thimi is the main center for agricultural production in the Kathmandu Valley, the

Municipality of Madhyapur Thimi has been chosen for the project site. Waste agricultural biomass

will be converted into resource using the application of a suitable technology. The selection of the

technology is not yet done and will be done with the consultation of all the stakeholders. The

technologies available include biomass briquetting, biomass Gasification, conversion into liquid fuel,

bio-methanation, composting and bio-gas from biomass. Besides, the waste biomass may also be

converted into material resource. The conversion process will be selected on the basis of social

acceptance, economically feasible and present market situation. The project will establish a real life

demonstration of a technology for converting the waste agricultural biomass into material or energy

resource.

This project is in direct support of Bali Strategic Plan for Capacity Building and Technology Support. It

is aimed that local capacity will be strengthened in data collection and analysis to develop baseline

scenarios for cities on quantification and characterization of waste agricultural biomass as well as on

prevailing management systems including regulations/policies. It is also aimed that local capacity is

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built for identification of appropriate technologies and assessment of their potential for resource

conservation and GHG emissions reduction. It is also aimed that local capacity will be strengthened

on procurement and implementation of the Environmentally Sound technology (EST) with operation

and maintenance skills.

The management of solid wastes in Nepal dates back to 1768 AD when the ruler of those days set

some rules on creation of different castes to perform different activities in the society. The cast

exists in Nepal as Chyamme, Pode in the Kathmandu valley and in the hilly regions of the country

and as Dom in the plain areas were given the responsibility of collection, sorting, transportation and

disposal of the solid wastes mainly generated in the households and public places. Later in 1919,

during the tenure of then Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jung Bahadur Rana, the collection,

sorting, transportation and disposal of the solid wastes are channelized through setting up of an

organization. The name given to this organization was Safai Adda (Cleaning Office). With the

increment of the population in the urban areas, it was only in 1950, municipalities were given

responsibility to look after these issues. Nearly after three decades, in 1981, in order to address the

issue more specifically, Solid Waste Management activities were carried out as a project specially to

manage the wastes generated in the Kathmandu valley.

The management of solid wastes in Nepal can also be analyzed and linked with the urbanization and

the increment in the population in the urban areas. This situation obviously created generation of

higher quantity of solid waste and accumulation of these waste in the residential areas and open

dumping of wastes outside the city wall resulted in risk of outbreak of epidemic diseases, effect on

public health and loss of life. Besides, the improper management of these solid wastes created loss

in the aesthetic value of the area. The concept of management of solid waste in an organized way

and conversion of these wastes to some valuable resource was introduced only in early 1980s. The

major solid wastes generating sources in Nepal are household, industry, construction activities,

commercial activities and farm. In course of the management of the solid wastes in Nepal, the

attitude of people is changing as compared to the past and at the moment a concept of “MOHAR

(money) from PHOHAR (waste)” is becoming popular slogan among the people. It obviously results

in some monetary benefit out of the solid waste used to be thrown out as useless matter in the past.

Society for Environment and Economic Development Nepal (SEED Nepal) has been established to

provide solutions for preventing industrial and urban pollution; providing better working

environment, and improving the quality of life for women and disadvantaged group. Under the

assistance of United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry

and Economics (DTIE), International Environmental Technology Center (IETC) of Japan, Society for

Environment and Economic Development Nepal (SEED Nepal) has launched a project on Converting

Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) into Resource in association with the Madhyapur Thimi

Municipality (MTM). This study report on the Assessment of WAB Management System has been

undertaken as one of the activities under the project to assist in the implementation of the EST.

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1.1 Objective

The objective of this study is to assess the present waste management system relating to the waste

agricultural biomass in the Madhyapur Thimi Municipality so that it will be helpful for selection of

the most potential Environmentally Sound Technology (EST) for converting WAB into resource and

establish successfully the demonstration unit.

1.2 Limitation of the Study

The information in this report were basically derived from the analyses of information collected

through household survey questionnaire from respondents of sampled 300 household of the 17

wards, Vegetable market and Agro processing Industries of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality (MTM).

1.3 Methodology The baseline study has been prepared as per the guidelines developed and made available by UNEP,

DTIE, IETC. The methodology used for the baseline study is as given below:

Formation of a Project Team – After the signing of the Small Scale Funding Agreement (SSFA) with

UNEP, DTIE, IETC, Japan, a Project Team was formed involving the professional from SEED Nepal and

some resource persons.

Collection of Documents and Information –Policy documents, Acts and regulations related to solid

waste management have been collected and reviewed.

Meeting and Interaction – The initiation of the study was done with a meeting at MTM with the

related officials. Necessary data and information to be collected from the generators namely the

farms, the processing facilities and from commercial facilities was discussed and their opinions were

sought.

Desk Study - Study of available literatures including the population census.

Sampling was carried out for more than 5 percent of the agricultural families. The ward wise

distributions of the sample according to 17 wards of the Municipalities are presented below:

Table 1: Selection of Samples at Ward Level

Ward No. Total No. Of HH Agri HH 5% Additional HH Total HH

1 441 325 17 10 27

2 358 260 13 10 23

3 476 337 17 10 27

4 339 187 10 9 19

5 345 273 14 10 24

6 288 238 12 10 22

7 509 207 10 10

8 431 238 12 5 17

9 278 183 9 4 13

10 380 238 12 12

11 407 302 15 15

4

Ward No. Total No. Of HH Agri HH 5% Additional HH Total HH

12 388 252 13 13

13 620 303 15 15

14 434 249 13 13

15 1,780 341 17 17

16 1,075 365 18 18

17 1,002 302 15 15

Total 9,551 4,600 232 68 300

Field Work - Enumerators were recruited from the local area with the cooperation of MTM. They

were provided orientation training to conduct the survey to collect the information. The project

team also visited related offices including office of MTM, District Development Committee of

Bhaktapur, Office of Cottage and Small Industries, District Agriculture Office, Bhaktapur to discuss on

the present management practices for WAB.

Analysis of the collected information - Information collected were reviewed and presented in this

report.

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2. Existing Waste Management Systems The following paragraphs describe the existing practices in the management system relating to WAB.

The management system has been described based on generation based waste management system

and stakeholder based waste management system as given below:

2.1 Generation-based Waste Management The generation based waste management system consists of three major sectors. They are the

farms; the agro processing units or the agro-industries; and the commercial facilities or the

vegetable markets. The existing management systems for the sectors are presented below:

2.1.1 Agricultural Farms

The main crops being planted in the MTM are the paddy, wheat, maize and vegetables. Once the

agricultural products are ready and in the right time of the season depending on the crop, the

farmers harvest the crops.

Paddy and wheat crops are harvested by cutting the plants leaving around 3 inches of straw and

roots in the field. The paddy or the wheat grains are thrashed out from the plant manually or using

the thrashing machine and the rice straw or the wheat straw is piled and left in the field for drying.

The dried straw is bunched in a size of around one kilogram. The farmers are found to use

themselves some of these bunched rice straw and wheat straw for tying of vegetables, knitting of

mats, roofing of huts, cattle feeding etc. For this the farmers transport the necessary amount of

straw bunches from the field to their house manually or on bicycle or power tillers. Any remaining

amount of such waste is sold to other users mainly from the farm itself. Some of such wastes

especially short fibers and dust are also being burnt openly in the field.

In case of the maize crop, the cobs are only harvested leaving the stalks in the field for drying until

the field is to be prepared for the next crop. Some farmers, who also have cattle farming, use the

green stalks for cattle feeding. For the preparation of the next crop, the maize stalks are cut and

piled or subjected to open burning. Some farmers are found to carry these dried stalks to their home

for using as cooking fuel. The leaves covering the cobs and the stem of the cob after removing the

maize grain are also used as cooking fuel.

In case of Vegetables, the crops are plucked leaving the non-sellable portion in the field itself. The

waste vegetable portion is heap dumped to leave it for decaying and used as fertilizer for the next

crop. Some farmers even remove the waste vegetables from the field to dump them in the land near

to the river especially when the land is to be used immediately for next crop. Dry and not decayed

plants are openly burnt in the field before preparing plantation of next crop.

The survey has shown that out of the 300 households, only three persons have received training on

environmental aspects and waste management. Out of them 3 persons have been trained from local

club, 2 from local club, 3 from NGOs and one has received training from government as well as NGO.

Only five of them are found to use the knowledge from the training.

2.1.2 Agro Industries

Agro- industries producing WAB operating in MTM are only rice mills and beaten rice or Chiura mills.

Paddy is used as raw material to produce rice and rice husk results as byproduct or waste product.

6

As the rice mills in MTM is small Sheller mills, the rice husk produced is not consumed or used

internally. The rice husk produced is first heap dumped and then packed in jute sacks of around 20

kilograms. These sacked husk are piled in the store area and they are sold to be used as fuel.

The chiura mills also use paddy as the raw material to produce beaten rice or chiura. Rice husk gets

produced as byproduct or waste product. Most of such rice husk produced is used in the industrial

cook-stove in the process of roasting the paddy. Remaining rice husk is heap dumped and then

packed in sacks. These sacks are piled in the store to sell them to poultry farms.

2.1.3 Commercial

MTM has one wholesale vegetable market in Naghdesh and two organized retail markets one at

Gatthaghar and another one at Kaushaltar. The wholesale market operates from 3 am to 6 am in the

morning and the waste vegetables generated in the area is collected by the Municipality. The

collection is done using hand cart and it is carried to Municipal waste bin. Municipality Solid Waste

(MSW) Tipper comes to collect such wastes from the bean to carry and dispose openly to the

riverside. Similarly, the vegetable wastes generated in the retail markets are collected and disposed

to open area near to the rivers using tricycle carriers by private operators.

2.2 Stakeholders –based Integrated Solid Waste Management

This section describes the role of each stakeholder in the management of WAB. Stakeholders have

been categorized into four types namely the waste generator, the Government, the solid waste

management service providers and businesses. The roles in case of MTM are presented below:

2.2.1 Waste Generators

The waste generators are responsible for the proper utilization or proper disposal of the generated

WAB. However, as there are no significant laws, regulations and enforcement of existing laws, the

waste generators are taking it very easy. They are found to use themselves some of the wastes like

rice straw and wheat straw for tying of vegetables, knitting of mats, roofing of huts and cattle feed

etc. Any remaining amount of such waste is sold to other users. Some of such wastes are also being

burnt openly. The vegetable wastes are being heap dumped to convert into bio-fertilizer. The

general concept of the agricultural farmers is that they do not have WAB to throw out or WAB does

not pose any type of problem as waste for waste management.

2.2.2 Government

The national government or the local government does not have specific legislation or activities with

regards to the WAB as such. The following national laws and rules are in existence:

a. Environmental Protection Act, 1997

b. Environmental Protection Rules, 1997

c. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987

d. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Rules, 1989

e. Local Self Governance Act, 1999

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All of the above legislations have provisions for the proper management of generated wastes, but

not specifically the WAB. Government of Nepal has created National Waste Management Council

(NWMC) under the chairmanship of Minister for Local Development and has formulated and

adopted National Solid Waste Management Policy in 1996. This policy envisages a two-tier

institutional system to execute management activities. This aim to have a separate institution from

central to local level and all stakeholders regarding solid waste management should be under its

organization. The local solid waste management agency is to act under instructions from the central

level agency. The major objectives of this policy are:

• to strengthen local governmental units for more efficient and reliable solid waste

management

• to launch awareness campaigns in order to muster public participation

• to involve non-governmental organizations in waste management

• to develop appropriate local technology for waste management

• to manage final disposal sites as per their amount and nature

• to make solid waste management an economically self-sufficient (sustainable) and self-

reliant activity

• to promote self-help cleansing schemes

• to mobilize waste as recycling resources

• to privatize solid waste management activity at different steps

• to intervene in solid waste generating activities at source to reduce them; and

• to prioritize public cleansing activities at the local level.

2.2.3 SWM Service providers

This is a recent phenomenon that the solid waste management has drawn attention. The main

service provider is the MTM. MTM provides services for collection, transportation and disposal of

the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). As the municipality does not have a dumping site, the disposal is

done in open area along the river. The municipality has 20 sweepers, 17 hand carts, 4 tricycle

rickshaws and one Tipper.

There are a number of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based

Organizations (CBOs) providing the services of collecting, shorting and composting of bio-degradable

wastes. The collection and transportation is being done using manual operated tricycle rickshaws.

The compost plant is currently not in operation due to some nuisance problems and conflict among

people residing near to the plant.

2.2.4 Businesses

Waste is also used as resource and business communities are smart to grab the opportunity to

convert trash to cash (Phohar converting to Mohar). In MTM, there are some businesses which use

WAB as resource. The examples are: the use of rice husk by the Poultry Farms as bed to mix it with

Poultry Manure to make organic fertilizer; use of wheat straw for making different kinds of

handicrafts; use of rice husk and straw as fuel in the Ceramic and Pottery units; and use of rice husk

in boilers. These business units actually purchase the WAB required from the generator.

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3. Assessment of WAB Management Systems

3.1 Laws and Regulations

The laws and regulations are the important aspect under the stakeholder based waste management

system. The prevailing regulations in Nepal do not cover the provisions of WAB management. A few

legislations concerning the general solid waste management promulgated in the country are given

below:

3.1.1 Acts

a. Environmental Protection Act, 1997

The Environmental Protection Act has the following provisions with regards to the solid wastes:

1. Nobody shall create pollution in such a manner as to cause significant adverse impacts

on the environment or likely to be hazardous to public life and people's health, or

dispose or cause to be disposed sound, heat radioactive rays and wastes from any

mechanical devices, industrial enterprises, or other places contrary to the prescribed

standards.

2. If it appears that anyone has carried out any act contrary to sub-section (1) and caused

significant adverse impacts on the environment, the concerned agency may prescribed

necessary terms in regard thereto or may prohibit the carrying out of such an act.

3. If it appears that the use of any types of substance, fuel tools or device has caused or is

likely to cause significant adverse impacts on the environment, the Ministry may, by a

notification in the Nepal Gazette, forbid the use of such substance, fuel, tools or device.

b. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987

This act has the following provisions concerning the management of the wastes:

a. necessary arrangement for safe pollution free disposal of the wastes by the generators

b. provision for the promoting of reuse and recycle of the solid wastes

c. Local Self Governance Act, 1999

The local self government act has the following provisions with regards to solid waste management

a. Imposition of fine and recur the expense to dispose the waste or order the individuals or

the institution to remove the waste in a safe place.

b. Responsibility for the maintenance of sanitary condition of the place, plaza and road and

launch the awareness programme to then people relating to sanitation.

c. Responsibility for the management of sanitation programme including SWM.

3.1.2 Rules

a. Environmental Protection Rules, 1997

This rule has the following provisions concerning the waste management:

Complaints may be Lodged in case anyone causes Pollution or Emits Waste

In cases where any individual, institution or industry does not control pollution or emits waste in

contravention of the conditions or standards prescribed under the Act or these Rules, the

individual, institution, Village Development Committee or Municipality affected by such action

may lodge a complaint with the concerned body.

Notice to be issued to control Pollution or not to Emit Waste

In cases where the concerned body finds in the course of an investigation conducted on its own

or following a complaint lodged under Rule 17 that any individual, institution or industry has not

9

controlled pollution or has emitted waste in contravention of the conditions or standards

prescribed under the Act and these Rules, it shall immediately issue a notice to the concerned

individual, institution or industry to control pollution or not to emit waste according to the

prescribed conditions or standards.

While issuing a notice to the concerned individual, institution or industry under sub-rule (1), the

concerned body may order him/it to take all or any of the following actions immediately by

prescribing a time-limit in that behalf:

o Measures to be adopted immediately for controlling or reducing pollution, or for not

emitting waste,

o To use, operate, or improve any device or equipment,

o Not to use all or any of the equipment currently being used or operated,

o To adopt the specified monitoring programs and submit a report to it,

o To adopt various alternative measures for controlling pollution and avoiding

emission of waste,

o To develop an environment management system and furnish information thereof,

o To perform other functions which are deemed appropriate for controlling pollution

and prohibiting waste emission activities.

3.1.3 Economic Instruments

The economic instrument is one of the best management tools for sustainable management of solid

waste. However, such instruments have not been used for WAB in the country or in the project area.

3.1.4 Enforcement

Although there are some rules, regulation concerning the solid waste management, there is week

monitoring and enforcement from the side of the government. In fact, with regards to Environment,

there exists only the Ministry and it does not have any department or agency for monitoring and

enforcement. The provision of environmental inspectors has not been put to use, although the

environmental inspectors have been designated from the existing technical staff members of the

Ministry.

Following table summarizes the WM related policy instruments:

Table 2: Data Sheet on Policies

Laws / Acts Rules & Standards Economic

Instruments Enforcement

Status Gaps Status Gaps Status Gaps Status Gaps

Overall

(General)

Umbrella

laws

exist

-

General

rules

regarding

solid

waste

exists

No rules

for

specifically

for WAB

Non-

existent

Provision

needed

Presently

very

week

Needs to be

strengthened

Primary

Storage &

Collection

- -

Non

existent

for WAB

Needs to

be

formulated

Incentive

not

available

Incentive

needed - -

Transportation - -

Non

existent

for WAB

Needs to

be

formulated

- - - -

10

Laws / Acts Rules & Standards Economic

Instruments Enforcement

Status Gaps Status Gaps Status Gaps Status Gaps

Incinerators - -

Non

existent

for WAB

Needs to

be

formulated

Incentive

not

available

Incentive

needed - -

Recycling - - - -

Incentive

not

available

Incentive

needed - -

Resource

Recovery

Incentive

not

available

Incentive

needed - -

3.2 Institutions

The following table presents type of institutions involved in the management of waste in the Project

area:

Table 3: Data Sheet on Institutions

Service provide Type of Service

Government Quasi-

governmental

Organization

Private

Sector

NGOs Others

A. Direct waste

management related

services

1. Collection √ √ √

2. Transportation √ √ √

3. Pre-treatment

4. Recycling/ Recovery √ √

5. Disposal √ √ √

Government B. Support Services Academia Consultants &

Expert Institutions Nat Local

Financial

Institution

NGOs

1. Awareness raising √ √ √ √ √

2. Information √

3. Technical Expertise √ √

4. Financing √ √

5. Others

The statuses of the institutions, their weaknesses and suggested measures for improvement have

been presented in the table below:

11

Table 4: Analysis of Status of Institutions, weaknesses and Improvement Measures

Type of Service Status Gaps &

Weaknesses

Suggested

Improvement

Measures

A. Direct waste

management

related services

1. Collection No specific collection system

for WAB

WAB needs to be

collected and used

Code of practice

needed

2. Transportation

Transported manually,

bicycle, tricycle, power tiller

Open condition

Contamination

and adverse

impact

Closed improved

transport system

needed

3. Pre-treatment Non existent Proper packing

needed

Proper packing,

compressing

4. Recycling/

Recovery Partially used

Inefficient

technology used EST

5. Disposal Direct disposal

More waste

generated and

adverse impacts

Controlled disposal

after recovery and

conversion

B. Support Services

1. Awareness raising Once in a while

Inadequate

programmes for

actual target

group

More frequent

using mass media

and direct to target

group

2. Information Limited and inadequate

information

Need of adequate

information

Information cell

needed and to be

strengthened

3. Technical Expertise Not being used Not demonstrated Demo unit needed

4. Financing Inadequate Not need based

budgeting

Budget planning

with good planning

5. Others

3.3 Financial Mechanisms

Currently available financial mechanisms have been presented below:

User Charges - There is no user charge for WAB in Nepal and MTM.

Penalty, fine and levy - Although there is the provision of penalty, fine and compensation in EPA and

EPR, as there are no standards with regards to WAB, these provisions are not effective in practice.

Environmental Bonds – Such bonds have not been floated in the country.

Environmental Fund - MOE has the provision of Environmental protection Fund. But this fund has

not been used for WAB till date.

Direct Loans - MTM has not obtained any direct loan from domestic or international financing

institution for WAB management.

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International Cooperation - There have been some studies on MSW with international and bi-lateral

cooperation. But WAB has not been focused. This is the first project on WAB with UNEP assistance.

National Subsidies - There are no national subsidies for WAB management.

Annual Budget - Although there is no budget for WAB management from the side of National

Government, MTM has allocated some fund of around Rs. 200,000/- for waste management

including WAB Management.

Private Sector Participation

Recent activities have shown that the private sector has shown interest in the field of waste

management specifically segregation and composting. However, there has not been any project for

the management of WAB in the country or MTM.

The following table presents the financial mechanism for the waste management chain:

Table 5: Data sheet on Financial Mechanism for Waste Management Chain

Financing Mode

Area of Application Organization Direct

Revenue

Local Government/

National Government/

International Cooperation

Private Sector

(Mention Type

of PSP)

1. Collection MTM - 100% Local Govt. -

2. Transportation MTM - 100% Local Govt. -

3. Pre-Treatment - - - -

4. Recycling/

Recovery - - - -

5. Disposal MTM - 100% Local Govt. -

Gap analysis and suggested measures for financial mechanisms have been presented below:

Table 6: Gap Analysis and Suggested Measures for Financial Mechanisms

Area of

Application Financing Mode Gaps & Weaknesses

Suggested

Improvement Measures

1. Collection Direct Revenue

Value of waste not

known to generator or

MTM

Provide good service

and impose direct

revenue

Govt and International

Cooperation

Non-sustained

financing

Funding for demo so

that it can be sustained

and replicated

Private Sector Awareness, skill and

technology lacking

Involve private sector in

Demo

2. Transportation Direct Revenue - -

Govt and International

Cooperation - -

Private Sector - -

13

Area of

Application Financing Mode Gaps & Weaknesses

Suggested

Improvement Measures

3. Pre-Treatment Direct Revenue - -

Govt and International

Cooperation - -

Private Sector - -

4. Recycling/

Recovery Direct Revenue - -

Govt and International

Cooperation

Lack of fund for

recycle/ recovery of

WAB

Sufficient funding for

demo

Private Sector Not motivated to

invest

User or recycler must be

provided with incentives

5. Disposal Direct Revenue No monitoring and

enforcement

Must be charged from

generator for non-value

WAB

Govt and International

Cooperation Insufficient funding Sufficient funding

Private Sector No financial

motivation

Motivating through

payment of charges

3.4 Technology and Infrastructure

The prevailing technology and infrastructure for the Waste Management in MTM have been

described below:

Primary Collection and Transfer stations

The collection is done manually and there is no transfer station for WAB

Transportation

The transportation means for the transportation of WAB are manual on shoulder using Kharpan, bi-

cycle, tricycle rickshaw and in a small number on power tillers or tractors.

Pre-treatment

Open and direct Sun drying is the only pre-treatment used on WAB.

Recycling and Recovery

WAB is only used as fuel. Vegetable wastes are used for composting.

Final Disposal

Final disposal is just dumping openly along the river.

Prevailing technologies for Waste Management (WM) have been presented in the table below:

14

Table 7: Data Sheet on Prevailing Technologies for WM

Area of Application Technology

Type Number Important Features

1. Collection Hand tools As no of

farmers Manual

2. Transportation Kharpan, bicycle,

tricycle, Power tillers Varying Traditional

3. Pre-Treatment - - Only sun drying

4. Recycling /Recovery Burning - Traditional

5. Disposal open - Adverse impact to

environment

The table below presents the analysis of limitations of prevailing technology for WM:

Table 8: Analysis of Limitations of the Prevailing Technologies for WM

Limitations Area of

Application Technology

Technical Economic Environmental Social

1. Collection A: manual slow -

(Low cost)

-

(No adverse

impact)

-

(accepted)

2. Transportation A: Kharpan

Human

effort

based

-

(Low cost)

No adverse

impact, but

health impact

is there

-

B: bicycle/

tricycle slow

Medium

cost

-

(No adverse

impact)

-

C: tractor Not

accessible High cost Polluting

Only rich

farmers can

afford

3. Pre-Treatment A: sun

drying

Seasonal

slow

-

(Low cost) - -

4. Recycling

/Recovery

A: used as

fuel Traditional Low benefit Polluting

Complained by

neighbour

B: Used in

poultry Traditional

Comparatively

low benefit Odour problem -

C:

composting Traditional Low benefit GHG emitting

Complained by

neighbour

5. Disposal

A: open

dumping

along river

- - polluting

Aesthetic,

religious

problems

Any new technology to be introduced should have the essential and desirable performance criteria

as given in the table below:

15

Table 9: Expected Performance Criteria of Technologies for WM

Area of

Application Expected Performance Criteria

Technical Economic Environmental Social

Essential Desirable Essential Desirable Essential Desirable Essential Desirable

1. Collection simple manual

Beneficial

to

generator

Low cost

Without

health

hazard

Non-

polluting

Not

disturbing

traditional

practice

Local

Employment

generating

2. Transportation Appropriat

e for land

condition

Efficient Low

Cost

Cost on

volume

basis

Meeting

std.

Eco-

friendly -

No noise

disturba

nce

3. Pre-Treatment - simple - Low cost Meeting

std.

Eco-

friendly

As per IEE

report

Beneficial

to society

4. Recycling

/Recovery - efficient

Within

budget Low cost

Meeting

std.

Eco-

friendly

As per IEE

report

Beneficial

to society

5. Disposal Proper

site

Scientific

land fill

Within

budget Low cost

As per IEE

report

Eco-

friendly

As per IEE

report

Beneficial

to society

The roles of stakeholders, gap analysis and suggested improvement measures are presented in the

table below:

Table 10: Role of Stakeholders, Gap Analysis and Suggested Improvement measures

Area of Application Major

Stakeholders

Role of

Stakeholder

Gaps and

Weaknesses

Suggested

improvement

measures

Waste Generator

(Farmer, industry)

Collection, segregate,

pre-treat

Inefficient

collection

Improvement in

the collecting

practices

Govt. / MTM

Develop Code of

Practice, Collection,

Formulation of rules,

monitoring

Weak

enforcement,

Impractical rules

Rules and

regulations should

be practical and

strict enforcement

Service Provider Collection Inefficient

collection

Improvement in

the collecting

practices

1. Collection

Private / NGO Awareness, Collection

Insufficient

awareness,

Inefficient

collection

Improvement in

the collecting

practices

Waste Generator

(Farmer, industry)

Transportation to

storage point

Inefficient and

inappropriate

transportation

Improvement in

transportation

system

Govt. / MTM

Develop Code of

Practice, Formulation

of rules, monitoring,

transportation

Weak

enforcement,

Impractical rules

Rules and

regulations should

be practical and

strict enforcement

Service Provider Transportation Inefficient

transportation

Improvement in

the transportation

system

2. Transportation

Private / NGO Transportation and

awareness

Insufficient

awareness,

Inefficient

transportation

Improvement in

the transportation

system

16

Area of Application Major

Stakeholders

Role of

Stakeholder

Gaps and

Weaknesses

Suggested

improvement

measures

Waste Generator

(Farmer, industry)

Pre-treat (drying

only)

Govt. / MTM

Develop Code of

Practice, Formulation

of rules, monitoring

No rules and

regulation

Develop Code of

Practice,

Formulation of

rules, monitoring

Service Provider - - May introduce

pre-treatment

3. Pre-Treatment

Private / NGO - - May introduce

pre-treatment

Waste Generator

(Farmer, industry) - -

Better if the

generators

introduce

recycling /

recovery unit

Govt. / MTM

Motivation and

incentives, Formulate

rules and regulation

of rules, monitoring

No motivation, No

incentives, No

formulation of

rules and

regulation

Motivate other

stakeholders,

Formulate rules

and regulation

Service Provider - -

Better if the

service providers

introduce

recycling /

recovery unit

4. Recycling

/Recovery

Private / NGO Recycling / recovery

Inefficient and

incomplete

recycling /

recovery

Improve and

efficiently

operating

recycling /

recovery unit

Waste Generator

(Farmer, industry) Disposal

Partial and

improper disposal

Either complete

and proper

disposal or

subcontract

disposal

Govt. / MTM

Awareness, dumping

site arrangement,

Formulate rules and

regulation of rules,

monitoring, dumping

No dumping site,

No formulation of

rules and

regulation

Arrangement of

proper dumping

site, formulation

of rules and

regulation

Service Provider Disposal Partial and

improper disposal

Proper disposal at

dumping site

5. Disposal

Private / NGO Awareness, disposal

Insufficient

awareness,

improper and

incomplete

disposal

Massive

awareness, Proper

and complete

disposal

17

4. Conclusions The management system relating to WAB has been studied and presented in the report using the

UNEP guidelines. The formats provided have been helpful to summarize the various issues relating

to the management of the WAB in the project area.

Most of the items generated in the farm (except straws and stalks) are being heap dumped in the

field itself to decay contributing Methane, which is a harmful green house gas. These are being used

as bio-fertilizer. Only straws and stalks are being used for tying of green vegetables or as fuel. Some

portion of the straw left after cutting including the roots are left in the field for decaying. If they do

not decay before the plantation of next crop these are burnt openly with no benefit but emitting

carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The husk from rice mills are mainly used as fuel or as bed for

collecting bird manure in the poultry farms. Waste from commercial facilities or vegetable markets

are collected by MTM to be disposed openly along the river together with other Municipal Solid

Wastes.

The practices of waste management being carried out by the stakeholders are found to be

inadequate also because they are not really aware of the effect and consequences. The true values

of the generated wastes are not known and hence these wastes have not been efficiently utilized.

The baseline study has clearly shown the need to manage the WAB properly by converting into

valuable resource and preventing the damage being caused to environment.

18

Reference UNEP, 2009. Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into Energy Resource – Volume 2 - Guidelines

for Assessment of Current Waste Management System and Gap Analysis, United Nations

Environmental Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, International

Environmental Technology Center, Osaka/Shiga, Japan

ISRC, 2008. Municipality Profile of Nepal 2008- A socio-Economic Development Database of Nepal,

Intensive Study and Research Center, Putalisadak, Kathmandu

CBS, 2001. Population Census of Nepal, 2001, Published by the Central Bureau of Statistics,

Government of Nepal

Environmental Protection Act, 1997

Environmental Protection Rules, 1997

Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987

Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Rules, 1989

Local Self Governance Act, 1999