Baseline pollution assessment

Baseline Pollution AssessmentMughalsaraiGangaghatUnnao

Outline

• Overview of sanitation arrangements in Ganga Basin

• Study objectives and scope

• Study approach and methodology

•Water and sanitation in selected cities

• Pollution sources and loads in selected cities

28%

47%

2%6%

17%

Sanitation situation in Uttar Pradesh

Piped sewer systemSTOtherPit and other latrinesNo Latrine within the premises

Prevalence of sewered connections and septic tanks in UP

I II III IV V VI0%

20%40%60%80%

Septic tank prevalence across different city classes in UP

City Class

Shar

e of

septi

c ta

nks (

%(

I II III IV V VI0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%

Piped sewer prevalence across different city classes in UP

City Class

Shar

e of

pip

es se

wer

Class III and smaller cities (population <50,000) have about

60% of HHs relying on septic tanks;Account for 60% of all urban HHs

with septic tanks in UP

Class III and smaller cities (population <50,000) have very

little coverage by sewer networks

Requirements for 100% Pollution Prevention• Address OD

• 6% urban HHs across India practice OD• 15% urban HHs across UP practice OD

• Address gap between wastewater generation and treatment capacity (for sewered households)• 32% urban HHs across India are connected to piped sewer• 28% of urban HHs in UP are connected to piped sewer

• Address pollution arising from septic tanks (dumping of septage without treatment)• 38% urban HHs across India are connected to septic tanks• 47% of urban HHs in UP are connected to septic tanks

• Address other sources of pollution• Solid waste management• Industrial wastewater treatment

Study Objectives

• Integrated baseline assessment of sanitation arrangements in the cities• Identification of pollution sources (fecal pollution sources, industrial

effluents and solid waste)• Identification of pollution pathways – through open drains, sewer

networks, direct discharge, dumping etc. • Quantify pollution loads to the river being contributed by each

selected city

•Carried out in the cities of Mughalsarai (Chandauli district) and Unnao and Gangaghat (Unnao district)

Study approach

Secondary data review

One-on-One meetings with City

representatives

Visual inspection of city • Inspect septic tank

arrangements (access, outflow arrangements etc.)

• Inspect open drains and fecal waste / wastewater contamination therein

•Document prevalence of peri-urban agriculture in / around the city, if observed

Household survey for a sample of

households

Sampling and analysis of water

samples/ fecal sludge /

wastewater

MughalsaraiPopulation: 109650No. of HHs: 16,796 Prevelance of HH toilets: 70%Prevalence of septic tanks: 52%STP capacity: Nil

UnnaoPopulation: 177,658 No. of HHs: 33,273 Prevelance of HH toilets: 78%Prevalence of septic tanks: 54%STP capacity: Nil

GangaghatPopulation: 84,072 No. of HHs: 17,210 Prevelance of HH toilets: 79%Prevalence of septic tanks: 71%STP capacity: Nil

City HHHHs with

toilets (%)

HHs with septic

tanks (%)

HHs with

Sewer (%)

HHs with

Pit (%)

HHs discharging

to open drain (%)

HH relying

on public toilets

(%)

HH practicing

Open Defecation

(%)

Mughalsarai 16,796 53 28 5 4 16 14 33

Unnao 33,273 77 68 - - 9 - 23

Gangaghat 17,210 95 95 - - - 1 3

Survey Findings: Sanitation arrangements in selected cities

10100%88%

On-site facility

Septic tanks, covered pits,

VIPs etc.

Open defecation (including open pits)

Unsafely emptied

or discharged

Treatment Reuse/ disposalTransportCollectionContainment

Source: Sample HH Survey

Not treated Discharged in open drains

Unnao (based on Survey)

68%

32%

68%

32%

100%Land, and indirectly to

ground and surface waters via percolation or run-off

11100%88%

On-site facility

Septic tanks, covered pits,

VIPs etc.

Open defecation

Unsafely emptied

or discharged

Treatment Reuse/ disposalTransportCollectionContainment

Source: Sample HH Survey

Not treated Discharged in open drains

Gangaghat (based on Survey)

97%

3%

97%

3%

100%Directly to surface waters, via drains

and/or sewers

Land, and indirectly to ground and surface waters via percolation or run-off

12100%88%

WC tosewer

On-site facility

Septic tanks, covered pits,

VIPs etc.

Open defecation (including open pits)

Unsafely emptied

or discharged

Treatment Reuse/ disposalTransportCollectionContainment

Source: Sample HH Survey

Not treated but unknown where it goes

Mughalsarai (Survey data)

44%49%

7%

44%

7%

7%

49%

100%Directly to surface waters, via drains

and/or sewers

Land, and indirectly to ground and surface waters via percolation or run-off

Households Practicing Open Defecation

UnnaoGangaghat

Mughalsarai

Pollution from Septic Tanks

City Not connected to Soak-pit (Percent)

Connected to soakpit (Percent)

Mughalsarai 42 58Shuklaganj 96 4

Unnao 96 4Total 90 10

City HHHHs with

ST (%)

Avg vol of STs (m3)

STs emptied (%)

Septage Generati

on (m3/day)

Mughalsarai 16,796 28 14 6 3

Unnao 33,273 68 13 35 68Gangaghat 17,210 95 20 55 120

Insufficient treatment provided to overflow from the septic tank

Improper management of septic tank sludge

Pollution from open sewage drains

All domestic sewage generated in the study cities flows through a network of small and progressively larger open drains that eventually flow into the Ganga.

Sources of domestic fecal pollution in open drainsBlackwater generated in toilets

Toilets are directly connected to the open drains outside the house and any fecal matter generated in the toilets is transported without any treatment in these open drains.

Septic tank effluent

Most households that have septic tanks do not have soak-pits or soak-aways for the safe disposal of septic tank effluent.

Septic tank overflow

Septic tank sludge: most common method of disposal of the sludge collected from septic tanks is to discharge the sludge into the nearest open drain

Sewage from sewerage networks

Sewage from partially functioning sewerage systems is pumped out into open drains

Runoff generated in city

Runoff may contain fecal pollution from areas where septage is dumped on the ground, or areas practicing OD

Open drains and sampling locations - Unnao

Loni Drain

City Jail

Drain

Open drains and sampling locations - Gangaghat

Open drains and sampling locations - Mughalsarai

Pollution loads from open drains (kg/d)

CityDry weather

WW (MLD)

BOD Load COD TN TP NO3 TS VS

Unnao 39 2,639 8,796 7,919 210 519 43,678 6,657 Gangagh

at 35 4,498 14,996 7,114 368 691 53,438 9,642

Mughalsarai 122 4,699 15,728 10,541 127 2,282 170,620 39,059

CityWet weather

WW (MLD)

BOD Load COD TN TP NO3 TS VS

Unnao 58 3,383 11,340 2,679 399 406 54,869 10,240 Gangagh

at 42 3,833 12,783 5,462 468 451 64,192 12,052

Mughalsarai 374 18,254 60,852 37,058 1,771 7,897 496,395 137,539

Impact of septage disposal in open drains

Location Name

TS (mg/l)

VS(mg/l)

TC(MPN

/100ml

)

TP(mg/l)

NO3(mg/l)

TKN(mg/l)

TN(g/l)

FC(MPN

/100ml

)

COD(mg/l)

BOD(mg/l)

Sample point 1278 216 22000 6 25 163 188 14000 490 147

Sample point with

septage1238 332 24000 10 22 192 214 50000 506 152

Estimated pollution loads from septic tanks (septage disposal)

City TS (kg/d)

VS (kg/d)

TP (kg/d)

No3 (kg/d)

TKN (kg/d)

TN (kg/d)

COD (kg/d)

BOD (kg/d)

At existing rate of septic rank emptying

Mughalsarai 78 60 0.04 0.13 3.31 3.45 1.28 0.38

Unnao 2,009 1,548 0.98 3.45 85.19 88.67 32.83 9.84

Gangaghat 3,528 2,718 1.72 6.07 149.60 155.71 57.65 17.28

Assuming all septic tanks are cleaned at least once in five years

Mughalsarai 1,312 1,011 0.64 2.26 55.64 57.92 21.44 6.43

Unnao 5,695 4,388 2.78 9.79 241.50 251.36 93.06 27.89

Gangaghat 6,384 4,919 3.12 10.98 270.75 281.80 104.33 31.27

Key FindingsGangaghat: The city of Gangaghat contributes a significant quantity of flow and pollution load

despite being the smallest city. This is likely due to the direct physical connection between the city and the River. The flows generated within the city are directly routed into the river.

Mughalsarai: The open drains flowing through the city of Mughalsarai contribute a large quantum of flow, far in excess of the expected flow from a similar sized city, and significantly greater than the flows generated from the other cities. This is likely a result of agricultural runoffs and flows from surrounding village panchayats flowing through the “Hiloni Pulia” drain, which flows on the boundary of the city. While this drain receives some flow from the city’s households, a major share of the flow may be arising from activities outside the city’s municipal limits.

Unnao: Substantial industrial activity exists in the Unnao region. Previous assessments have also been undertaken on the industrial pollution in the Unnao region and its impact on water quality. The industrial effluents flow in the drains originating in the city, and carry a mix of domestic and industrial effluent, ultimately discharging into river Ganga.

Thank you!