Based on a Series of Public Lectures, University of Indiana, Bloomington 1972.

Based on a Series of Public Lectures, University of Indiana, Bloomington 1972

Eshel Ben-Jacob

University of Indiana at Bloomington, May 10

Why Holograms?

In the everyday world, a hologram is a special kind of photograph that generates a full three-dimensional image when it is illuminated in the right manner.

All the information describing the 3-D scene is encoded on a two-dimensional piece of film, ready to be regenerated

If you cut a hologram in half you will have 2 smaller whole images in each half.

The "whole in every part" nature of a hologram provides us with an entirely new way of understanding organization and order.

Why Holograms II.

Extraction of Relevant Information from Data

Assignment of Meaning to Information – Contextual Interpretation

Prepare for the Future by Learning from Experience

Higher Flexibility for Better Adaptability

Identification of Causal Correlations – making sense of Repetitions and Variations

Turing, the secrets of Intelligence and Meaning-Based Natural Intelligence

Einstein

His Universe

His Preserved Brain

Was it a Special Brain ?And if so, in what sense ?

Einstein

Who thought in Holograms

Einstein’s Brain

Like all of us,

Einstein’s Brain had:

~ 1011 Neurons

~ 1016 Synaptic connections

Not only Einstein, but we all generate 4-Dimensional Causal Holograms

How? and How can we prove it?

Epilepsy – the source of recorded human brain activity

Some facts:

~ 1% of the population

~ 30% need operation (usually children)

~ 40% of operations fail

~ ?% of operations cause severe damage

Recording of Brain Activity for several weeks before dissection

Subdural Grids

Recorded Brain Activity

Time

Voltage

Neurology, Surgery and Pediatrics

The University of ChicagoThe University of Chicago

Vernon L. Towle, Ph.D.Vernon L. Towle, Ph.D.

The Challenge

-

Onset

Normal (inter ictal)

Seizure (ictal)

Questions:

Looking for “function-follow-form” in action

• What causes brain cells to go into seizures?• Could epileptogenic areas be identified when brain is calm?• Can functionally distinct areas of cortex be identified?• Can information flow be tracked in the cortex?

Can we simplify the complexity ?

II.

Construction of similarity networks

The colors of the lines indicate the similarity

The Current Approach

mV

Time

123

For example C(1,2) >> C(1,3)

Computation of the inter-electrode

coherences – C(i,j)

The similarity of the activity

I.

1 2

3

Typical Results

Normal (inter-Ictal) Seizure (Ictal)

Additional Approach – Looking at similarity (correlation) matrices

(Like the analyses of gene expression data)Normal Ictal

Looking for Woozles

I. The high dimension space of correlations

II. The Associative links

III. The 4 dimensional space of maximal informationItay Baruchi

John Hunter

An N-Dimensional Space

Computing the

Correlation Distance

D(5,37)

D(37,13)

Associative Link (i,j) = Correlation (i,j)

Correlation distance (i,j)

A(i,j) ≡ C(i,j)/D(i,j)

(Affinity)

Interpretation

2

1

3

I

II

III

2

1

3

I

II

III

Correlation space Affinity space

The 3-Dimensional Space + Time of the most relevant information

3-D 1-D

The Principal 1D Vector

Illustration of the idea from 3-D to 1-D

(Principle Component Analysis ; SVD ; Structure Factorization; …)

The direction of maximal variation

The correlation space The affinity space

Geometrical Information Topological Information

Construction of the Holograms

Inter-Ictal (Normal)Connectivity Network in Real Space

Inhibitory Sub-Network

Our New AnalysisIctal

0)(

)(

WIC

CWWD

ZZC

A

AAZ

z

T

T

For the mathematically skeptics

Illustration of the significance of the three leading vectors

1+2

2+3

1+3

Looking at Larger Domains

Seizure

Normal

Clues about a new holographic principle

Intermingled and Orthogonal Causal HologramsIn

The Space of Associative Links

Baruchi and Ben-Jacob

Home made holography

But what about the brain?It has no laser diodes, no film to write on, no coherent waves, …

Coupled Unitary Networks

Meditated and Linked coupling

neurons

~ 1012 Glia Cells The missing fabric of the brainChemical waves

Mediated coupling

Linked coupling

Can the brain do it?

Can we show how?

Testing the idea in cultured networks

Testing the Idea in a

Specially Designed Experiment

Mediated networks Linked networks

Learning from cultured networks

Dissection Surgery of Coupled Cultured Networks

After Dissection !

Clues about Alzheimer

Activity of an ‘Old’ Network’ After chemical + Electrical Treatment

Hybrid Information ProcessingIn

The Neuro-Glia Fabrics

(Baruchi&Ben-Jacob, Neuroinformatics)

Next, The Role of Mitochondria – The ‘Feminine Connection’

(Ben-Jacob&Shapira, “The Cradle of Creativity”)

Mitochondria –

The Bacterial Colony inside each of our cells

A single Mitochondrion A colony of mitochondria in a glia cell

How and Where Information and Meanings are Stored?

Functional Holography of Gene - Expression

Clues about Collective Gene – Expression States ?

(with N. Barkai, Weizmann)

Clues about our hemispheres ?Lamprey

Right sideLeft side

With D. Parker Cambridge

Evolutionary Perspective

From Motor Control to Information Processing and

Intelligence

Social Intelligence ->

Analytical/Mathematical Intelligence

( with Sheffi, Ayali and Fuchs)

Summary

The secret of Einstein’s Elegant Brain – four times more glia cells in the “Inferior” part of the cortex

Glia – the Missing CPU of Our Brain

Neuro-Glia Fabrics – Hybrid Information Processing

High Dimension Space of Associative Links

Coding and Decoding of Information and Meaning in Causal Holograms

The holograms are imprinted in Collective Gene-Expression States

Applications: Epilepsy, Alzheimer, Networks-Repair, Mental Skills Improvements, …

Beyond Machinery?Meaning-Based Natural Intelligence vs. Information-Based Artificial Intelligence

Bacteria - Wednesday talk

Ask anybody what the physical world is made of, and you are likely to be told "matter and energy."

Information in the Holographic UniverseTheoretical results about black holes suggest

that the universe could be like a gigantic hologramBy Jacob D. Bekenstein

Scientific American August 2003

A current trend, to regard the physical world as made of information, with energy and matter as incidentals.

In the everyday world, a hologram is a special kind of photograph that generates a full three-dimensional image when it is illuminated in the right manner.

All the information describing the 3-D scene is encodedon a two-dimensional piece of film, ready to be regenerated.

Holography may be a guide to a better theory. What is the fundamental theory like? The chain of reasoning involving holography suggests that such a final theory must be concerned with information exchange among physical processes. If so, the vision of information as the stuff the world is made of will have found a worthy embodiment.

Boltzmann -> Hasenohrl -> Herzfeld -> Wheeler -> Bekenstein

Yet if we have learned anything from engineering, biology and physics, information is just as crucial an ingredient.

A ribosome in a cell in can synthesize no proteins without the information brought to it from the DNA in the cell's nucleus.

Likewise, a century of developments in physics has taught us that information is a crucial player in physical systems and processes. Indeed, a current trend, initiated by John A. Wheeler is, to regard the physical world as made of information, with energy and matter as incidentals.

Ask anybody what the physical world is made of, and you are likely to be told "matter and energy."

Information in the Holographic Universe

Theoretical results about black holes suggest that the universe could be like a gigantic hologram

By Jacob D. Bekenstein

Scientific American August 2003

3[ms] The action potential is transmitted along the axon at a speed of ~2m/s.

Synaptic time constants ~1ms

Neurons communicate by sending pulses of voltage

As Francis Bacon said:

“It would be an unsound fancy and self-contradictory to expect,

that things which have never yet been done can be done

except by means which never have yet been tried”