SYNERGIES AMONG ADAPTATION, SYNERGIES AMONG ADAPTATION, MITIGATION, AND MITIGATION, AND PROFITABILITY PROFITABILITY izabeth Bryan, Claudia Ringler, Barrack Okob izabeth Bryan, Claudia Ringler, Barrack Okob Jawoo Koo, Mario Herrero, and Silvia Silvest awoo Koo, Mario Herrero, and Silvia Silvest Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-11 March 2011 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-11 March 2011
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Barrack Okoba: Agricultural land management: capturing synergies between climate change adaptation, greenhouse gas mitigation and agricultural productivity
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SYNERGIES AMONG ADAPTATION, SYNERGIES AMONG ADAPTATION, MITIGATION, AND PROFITABILITYMITIGATION, AND PROFITABILITY
Elizabeth Bryan, Claudia Ringler, Barrack Okoba,Elizabeth Bryan, Claudia Ringler, Barrack Okoba, Jawoo Koo, Mario Herrero, and Silvia SilvestriJawoo Koo, Mario Herrero, and Silvia Silvestri
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-11 March 2011 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-11 March 2011
Agricultural scenes - Land degradation, reducing livestock,
Background Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are particularly
vulnerable to climate change impacts, because of their limited capacity to adapt.
The development challenges in most of the African countries are considerable (poverty rate, labour force dependency on agriculture), and climate change will only add to these.
Efforts to facilitate adaptation are needed to enhance the resilience of the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and reduce rural poverty.
Not only is adaptation needed to increase the resilience of poor farmers to the threat of climate change, it also offers co-benefits in terms of agricultural mitigation and productivity.
Background Many of the practices that increase resilience to climate
change also increase agricultural productivity/profitability and reduce GHG emissions from agriculture. At the same time, there may be tradeoffs between increasing farm productivity/profitability, adaptation, and mitigation.
To maximize synergies and reduce trade-offs implicit in various crop, livestock, and land management practices, a more holistic view of food security, agricultural adaptation, mitigation, and development is required.
Policymakers should aim to promote adaptation strategies that have the greatest co-benefits in terms of agricultural productivity, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development.
There is little research to date on the synergies and tradeoffs between agricultural adaptation, mitigation, and productivity impacts.
WHAT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES WOULD FARMERS LIKE TO ADOPT?
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MITIGATION
ARE FARMERS AWARE THAT AGRICULTURE CONTRIBUTES TO
CLIMATE CHANGE?
• 67% of farmers stated that they are aware Extensive media reports Government campaigns and
speeches related to climate change
1st Ag Carbon Mitigation project located in Kenya
FARMERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES THAT REDUCE
CLIMATE CHANGE (%)
ABOVE GROUND CARBON STOCK BASED ON SATELLITE IMAGES
Surveyed Household
District
Waterbody
Carbon Stock (tC)< 50
51 - 100
101 - 300
301 - 500
501 - 1,000
1,001 - 3,000
3,001 - 5,000
> 5,000
YIELD AND SOC UNDER ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (GARISSA-
SAND)
YIELD AND SOC UNDER ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (GARISSA-CLAY)
TOP MITIGATION PRACTICES (DSSAT)
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES THAT INCREASE SOC (DSSAT MODELING)
Crop residues increase SCS considerably
Inorganic fertilizer only increases SOC when applied with manure, mulching and/or crop residues
Intercropping of maize and beans or rotation of maize and beans—a key management practice used in much of Kenya—has only limited SCS benefits (insufficient biomass generation)
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES THAT INCREASE SOC (DSSAT MODELING)
Soil water conservation technologies—represented as increased soil water availability prior to planting—show mixed results regarding carbon sequestration, even under a drier future, but are important in Arid areas
Results are similar under dry and wet climate scenarios
ARID ZONE SUMMARY In the arid site, maize yields under
rainfed conditions are very low due to limited water availability
Irrigation is essential to achieve reasonable yield levels.
In particular, yields are maximized when SWC and irrigation are combined
Results are similar for both soil types and maize varieties
SEMI-ARID AND TEMPERATE ZONES SUMMARY
In the semi-arid sites, water is somewhat limited
Therefore, SWC management practices and irrigation increase yield levels
However, yield improvements are much larger from higher nitrogen inputs from both fertilizers and manure
Results are similar in the humid/temperate sites
HUMID ZONE SUMMARY In the sub-humid sites, water is readily
available in general, while nitrogen is limited.
As a result:o Effects of SWC techniques are limitedo Irrigation lowered the average yield
across all management packages, possibly due to the increased nitrogen leaching from the soil
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
PROFITABILITY/PRODUCTIVITY
40-year average annual revenues from SOC* and yield** (USD/ha)
POLICY IMPLICATIONSWin-win-win strategies among adaptation,
mitigation, and profitability do exist, but have yet to be strategically exploited
To do so will require capacity building at national level to ensure that agricultural productivity and food security strategies and policies explicitly include climate change adaptation and mitigation aspects (including NAMA preparation)
Better dialogue between Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Environment (UNFCCC focal point) can support triple-win strategies
POLICY IMPLICATIONS To exploit agricultural mitigation potential
requiresDevelopment of measuring, reporting and
verification (MRV) guidelines at national levels and development of baselines
Capacity building for researcher and advisory agents, including development of MRV systems,
Generation and dissemination of triple-win technologies
Advice to farmers based on demand-driven approaches
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
To exploit agricultural mitigation potential requires
Support to project developers of climate-smart/carbon projects in form of project development and implementation
Implementation and application of MRV systems, risk management aspects (e.g. guarantee or loan to be paid back upon ER delivery)
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Many options for financial support:Carbon marketsAdaptation fundsMitigation funds/NAMAs with less strict MRV requirementsFinancial instruments such as guarantees/loans to private sector (and other institutions)Micro-finance
CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL – “so far, our adaptive gears are getting
undermined, we need help” – future farmers in Arid Kenya