Baroqueart

Baroque Europe“irregular, oddly shaped”

Or deviated from Renaissanceclassical traditions

PATRONS: powerful Courts andChurch in Counter Reformation

campaign

Louis XIV, Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701,9’ x 7’

HISTORICAL BAROQUE

•Counter Reformation,Catholic resurgence,flourishes in Italy, Flanders,Spain, & France

•Catholic church intent onfighting the Protestantreformation efforts; crusade tofinish St. Peters in 1600,glorify saints, miracles, etc.

•Protestants iconoclasts

•Holland very Protestant, stillsome religious works butlandscapes, portraits, genrepaintings instead

Thirty Years War ended in 1648

Protestants vs. Catholics

But also about political, economic, andsocial issues as well

Courts became powerful-Kings ofSpain, England, France, etc.

Key Ideas - Baroque Art

• Counter reformation fueled religious sculpturesand paintings, especially in Rome, France, &Flanders, and Spain

• In Holland counter voice Baroque art in Protestantform (no saints and miracles)

• Baroque artists: experiments with new forms-landscapes, still life, genre paintings

• Rome still keeper of masterpieces and center ofReligion, but Paris becomes center of artisticinnovation in Europe… thru WWI.

St. Peter’s Basilica and Piazza, Vatican, Rome… Maderno designed the façade toadd to Michelangelo’s original design, and Bernini designed the piazza as a relieffrom the crowded streets of Rome. Why is the piazza shaped like a key hole?(FC)

Baldacchino

By??????

For???????

CATHOLIC RESURGENCE

Gilt bronze and marble

Over altar of ____

Directs vision down nave

Shrine canopy over grave ofSt. Peter, buried under bsilica

Bees & suns symbols ofpatrons, Barberinni family

Counter Reformation spirit inRome

Feat of bronze casting

Church of San Carloalle QuattroFontane, Rome,1638-41

FrancescoBorromini

Square w/ 4fountains

Façade taller thanrest of building

flashcard

Fountain of Four Riversby Bernini

BIGGEST PATRON =CATHOLIC CHURCH

(THEN COURTS)

HUGE CHURCHES AND PALACES SPACESTO FILL WITH MAGNIFICENT SCULPTURESAND PAINTINGS.

MANY BAROQUE ARTISTS WERE DEEPLYRELIGIOUS, SUCH AS RUBENS AND THESCULPTURE BERNINI

POPE URBAN VIII COMMISSIONED SOMEOF

GIANLORENZO BERNINI - sculptor, architect

Best work… Such s the Cornaro Chapelmagnificent marble and bronze altar, and thestatue of St. Theres in ecstasy.

Baroque SculptureCharacteristics (ITALY)•Stressed movement

•Mid motion, mouths open

•sculpture meant to be seen in theround from different angles

•Marble very tactile-flesh is soft, skin ispolished, wings are feathery, drapery isdrapery

•Inspired by Hellenistic sculpture

•Bernini’s DAVID from 1623… marble,life size (FLASHCARD)

•Mid-action swinging the slingshot

•Harp = role as psalmist

•Multiple views

•Use of negative space

This is a flashcard

WHAT IS IT?

Sculptural interpretation of StTheresa’s diary, tells ofvisions of god, angel plungingarrows in to her.

Rays of god light behind

Sexual exhaustion?

Stage like setting

Natural light from hiddenwindow above the work

ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI… Judith & Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes,and Judith and Holofernes, 1625, 6 ft x 4 1/2 ft… tenebrism, drama, strongdiagonals, female empowerment… remember she was raped by her tutor and hadto stand trial to prove her innocence.

Self Portrait on the Allegory ofPainting, oil on canvas, 38” x 29”,1630, Artemisia Gentileschi

Dramatic lighting, self portrait

Gentilleschi was a noted femaleartist, unusual for that time.

Influenced by Caravaggio

Typical of naturalism school ofItalian Baroque….

NATURALISM (drama, tenebrism,everyday people) vs.CLASSICISM of Renaissancestyle paintings

Calling of St. Matthew, Caravaggio

Oil on Canvas, 1600.. Watch video tolearn more!

Caravaggio: the Power of Art

Characteristics of BaroquePainting in Italy#3 types popularized, in addition totraditional religious paintings &portraiture:

-genre painting

Landscapes

Still lifes

TENEBRISM in this paintingEntombment by Caravaggio, strongdiagonals, everyday figures as theylower the body of Jesus

Impasto brushwork (thick, textured)

Artists like Caravaggio

MADE RELIGION REAL ANDCLOSE TO HOME

But they were artistically opposed byclassic style painters….

In Italy, especially Rome, another school of painters opposed the drama and tenebrismof Caravaggio & Gentilleschi… CEILING PAINTERS such as Reni wanted to continueclassical trends. Landscapes had a moral to them, not just a pretty picture.

Reni’s fresco is entitled Aurora, and it is on the ceiling of a Palazzo in Rome.

Annibale Carracci was aclassicist painter

CLASSICISM VS.NATURALISM in Italian andFlemish baroque art

Ceiling of Gallery, PalazzoFarnese, Rome, 1601

Baroque landscapes typically had figures in them and told some kind of moral tale orhad a purpose beyond showing nature’s beauty, as in this oil painting by Carracci.

Baroque Art in Flanders• Northern Flanders largely Protestant, rebelled

against Spanish rule & present day Holland gainedindependence

• Southern Flanders (Catholic) returned to directSpanish rule under Hapsburg family

• Key painters: Rubens &Van Dyck w/internationalclientele & reputations

• Rubens was wealthy, educated, diplomat withstrong religious beliefs

• Rubens studied Caravaggio & encouraged patron,Duke of Mantua, to buy Death of the Virgin

Charles I at the Hunt, oil oncanvas, 9’ x 6’, 1635, Anthonyvan Dyck

Van Dyck did many portraits ofthe royal family.

Here he diplomatically madeCharles I look TALL.. By havingthe figure against thebackground, the horse withbowed head, etc.

Raising of the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens, oil on canvas, 1610, Church of St. Walpurga,Antwerp, Belgium. Continued Flemish tradition of the triptych.. Drama and emotioninspired by who? (He traveled to Italy to study)…why is this typical Baroque?

Henri IV Receiving the Portrait ofMarie de’ Medici, Rubens

Oil on canvas, 13’ x 10’, 1625

Rubens did a series ofENORMOUS canvasescommissioned by Marie deMedici, Queen of France…tocommemorate her founding ofthe Bourbon dynasty & role asQueen Regent to son, Louis XV

Rubens is known for his fleshy,sumptuous female nudes, plumpwomen still called Rubenesquetoday.. His colors inspired byTitian

Ran large studio w/ assistants,collaborated with Van Dyck andBrueghel (descended fromRenaissance Bruegel)

Garden of Love, Rubens, oil on canvas…

shows courtly ladies visual & tactile effects of the garden…

In France & Flanders, Rubens & Poussin were from rival schools. Rubens was anaturalist & Poussin was a classicist… followers were called Rubenistes or Poussinistes

French Royal Academy made a system to evaluate painting vs. drawing and grademaster artists… Poussin was stronger in drawing, Rubens in painting & vivid colors

Baroque Art in Northern FlandersThe Dutch Golden Age

• Still lifes term coined inHolland, such as thispainting by Clara Peeters

• Educated, literate Dutchenjoyed portraits, stilllifes, and genre scenes

• Demand for art & printsfrom merchant class,unlike France & Italy

• Group portraiture also aDutch specialty withartists Hals & Rembrandt

Still life with flowers, fruit, andpretzels, Clara Peeters

The Dutch Golden Age,continued…

• Landscapes such as thisVermeer were in demand

• Low horizon to show flatDutch country side,canals, and beautifulskies

View of Delft, 1665, Jan Vermeer

The Jewish Cemetery, Jacob van Ruisdael, 1660. Spiritual meanings of thelandscape, vanitas theme? Allegory of transcience, rainbow shows hope.

Still Life with a watch, Pieter Claesz. Still li fes often showed a theme of the brief natureof life and beauty, with hints of death, a wilting flower, a skull, or other reminder..VANITAS…time passes with the watch? “breakfast piece” like Clara Peeters

Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company, Frans Hals, Oil on Canvas, 6’ x 9’, Livelycomposition, social event, strong diagonals. Positions reflect their ranking. IMPASTOtechnique, very painterly like Velasquez.

Self Portrait, Judith Leyster

Originally thought to beHals’ painting…

Judith looks confidentlyback at the viewer, as doesher subject the fiddler

Caravaggio’s realism,drama, lighting…

Participated in the HaarlemGuild and could takestudents…

Known for informal scenesof daily life

Like who in theRenaissance?

REMBRANDT: IMPORTANTDUTCH BAROQUE ARTIST

•Known for psychologically intenseportraits (self portrait here from1658)

•Internalized spirituality, reflectedsuffering & personality

•In his later works, realism relatesto the spirit of inner meaning notsurface details

•Studied under Lastman, a historypainter who’d worked in Rome

•Learned tenebrism, naturalism,drama

•Interested in both science andfaith.

•Like Rubens, used assistants andran large workshops.

Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, Rembrandt, 1632. Rembrandt transforms Hals’ groupportrait into a dramatic narrative… Cadaver is shockingly green while students leanforward to study the anatomy of the arm.

TENEBRISM: white collars emphasis the dramatic lighting

The Night Watch (Captain Frans Banning Cocq Mustering His Company):commissioned group portrait @ narrative…girl w/chicken may be company mascot

Originally known as Night Watch, name remains today, but it was cleaned and is not asdark today.

Rembrandt did Three Crosses series ofetchings (prints)

Jan Vermeer genrepaintings&portrait such as

The Girl with the Pearl Earring

Notice the lighting

Believed to have used a“camera oscura”

Still meditative paintings withsingle source of light

Cliphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYtcOw11S-A&feature=related

Woman Holding a Balance

Jan Vermeer

1664

Metaphor for eternaljudgment

(Christ Last Judgmentappears behind her)

Vanitas theme oftranscience of life

Baroque Art in SPAIN•Profound influence ofCaravaggio & his followers

•Ecstatic religiosity plus intenserealism/tenebrism

•Still lifes, genre paintings, andreligious paintings were popular

•Catholic Counter-Reformationstrong-scenes of saints beingmartyred

•Velasquez best knownSpanish Baroque painter

Saint Serapion by Zurbaran shows theBaroque drama, tenebrism

Young Beggar, Murillo, oil oncanvas, mid 17th century

Spanish Baroque master

Influenced by Velasquez

Genre scene

Painted sentimental andtouching works both religiousand secular

Flashcard not in book

Water Carrier of Seville, DiegoVelazquez

Oil on canvas, 41” x 31”, 1619

Early work of Velasquez showsintense interest in Caravaggiotenebrism

Deceptively simple genre scene-sacred quality about the expressions,the clear water, handing over glass

Water jug is masterfully rendered

Juan de Pareja, DiegoVelazquez

Oil on canvas,

Velasquez was courtpainter to King of Spain,genius portraitist.

Went to Italy to paint thePope and wasn’t asrecognized

Painted Pope Innocent

"Velazquez evidently decidedto paint a portrait that wouldshow the Romans what hecould do. He chose as hissubject his assistant and friend,Juan de Pareja (c. 1610-70).Amazingly, this man wastechnically a slave; we stillhave the document ofmanumission with whichVelazquez formally set himfree. However, we can seefrom Velazquez painting thatthe two were undeniablyequals. That steady look ofself-controlled power can evenmake us wonder which of thetwo held a higher opinion ofhimself. It is a daring picture inthat it almost eschews the useof color. This is a dark man,with wonderful coppery skin,set against an indeterminatebackground, where even therich velvets of the sleevesappear dim."

Pope Innocent X• Is this Popeinnocent?

• How doesVelasquezcapture hispersonality?

Francis Bacon

Study After Valasquez’s Portraitof Pope Innocent X

1953oil on canvas

The Surrender at Breda, The Lances, Oil on Canvas, 10’ x 12’, 1634-35

Depicts 1625 victory of Spanish over Dutch in Breda

Graciousness of Spanish victors, more dignified, organized

Cross formed over distant lake, symbol of Catholic victory, mutual respect of both sides

Las Meninas

Diego Velasquez

Oil on canvas

10’5” x 9’

1656

One of most famousand analyzedpaintings

WHAT DO YOUTHINK THEMEANINGS ARE???

Princess at center

Attendants… ladies inwaiting, dwarfs, dog

Pyramidic socialcomposition

King/Queen reflected inmirror??? Or is it apaintingt?

Velasquez shows himselfat work, with Knightsemblem

Why are dogs and dwarfsshown?

Baroque Art inFRANCE•Louis XIV, the Sun King builtthe gorgeous palace atVersailles

•Poussin & Lorrain landscapepainters, Poussin moreclassical in style.

•Georges La Tour didCaravaggesque drama andtenebrism

Palais du Versailles

Hall of Mirrors,Versailles(flashcard)

Begun 1678

Msaterpiece ofBarqouearchitectureJulesHardouin-Mansart

Rebuild huntinglodge ito palace

Louis XIVaudiencechamber,bedroom

Vast garden.Landscapearchitecture

Hall of Mirrors,flickering use oflight

Mary Magdalen with the SmokingFlame, Georges de la Tour,French, 1640

She contemplates looking at thecandle flame

Skull (vanitas) theme aboutbrevity or temporary nature ofhuman life

Diagonals of tilted legs, head,triangle of light around candle

T------sm?

Was Claude Lorrain a Poussiniste or a Rubeniste? Why?

Baroque undulating lights anddarks

Ornate, rich decoration

Simpler exteriors

Benedictine Monastery Church,Melk, Austria

Saint Paul’s Cathedral, London

1675-1710

Christopher Wren, Architect

Designed after Great Fire ofLondon destroyed Gothic church

Facade-dark light contrasts, sidesrecede

Borromini inspired bell towers

Actually 3 domes inside