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Access to drinking water and
sanitation in Bulgaria
Assoc. Prof. Galia Bardarska, Ph.D.
Bulgarian Academy of [email protected]
Equitable accessto water, Paris,
5-6 July 2007
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Bulgaria is part of the 5th EU enlargement
- January 1, 2007
Area 110993.6 km2
Population7 718 750 (2005)
70% of totalpopulation in the
towns
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Total number of settlements in the country 5332
(31.12.2005)
Number of settlements with inhabitants number
less then 2000 - 4941 (31.12.2005) of which: 19 towns;
2 monasteries;
4922 villages
Total number of inhabitants living in thesettlements with less then 2000 inhabitants
1 881 387 inhabitants or 24.4% of total population
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NATALITY, MORTALITY AND NATURAL INCREASEPer 1 000 population
The decline is entirely due to the negative natural increase of the population, i.e.the significantly greater number of deaths compared to that of live births.
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After reaching the high level in 1997 -17.5, the rate decrease in the next yearsand reaches 11.6 in 2004. In 2005, 739children up to the age of 1 year died in
Bulgaria, with the infant mortality ratedecreasing to 10.4.
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Educational Status of the Population between 25 and
64 Years of Age in Rural and Urban Areas (2001,NSI)
16.9
35.9
51.9
43.4
20.6
5.5
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Urban
RuralIlliterate
Primary education
Low er secondary
Secondary education
College
University
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An EU directive pits environmentalists against developers in BulgariaEU directive starts battle in Bulgaria over sites that will be protected
By Matthew Brunwasser
Published: February 23, 2007
International Herald Tribune
Bulgaria is the poorest and one of the leasteconomically developed countries in theEU, with monthly wages of 182, or $238.
Gross domestic product, measured indollars, was $3,328 per capita in 2005,compared to the $29,207 average for the
then EU- 25.
http://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?query=By%20Matthew%20Brunwasser&sort=publicationdate&submit=Searchhttp://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?query=By%20Matthew%20Brunwasser&sort=publicationdate&submit=Search8/3/2019 Bard Arska
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GDP (2005): 25=100France=109; Bulgaria = 32
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Low Income Middle Income High Income
Development level
Typical shift in national priorities according to development levels
Environmental Sustainability
Economic Development
Water Supply & Sanitation
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0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
Wate
r,thousand
m3/year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
Public water supply system in Bulgaria
Water supply Water lossess
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Structure of water-supply network by
type of pipes
75.3% Asbestos cement
14.6% Steel pipes
2.9% Zinc-coated
3.6% PE
0.4% PVC
3.2% Others
2005
Water-supply network69043 km
Water-supply network built in
20.2% By the end of 1960
37.0% From 1961 to 1970
22.5% From 1971 to 1980
13.4% From 1981 to 2000
5.0% From 1991 to 2000
1.9% From 2001 to 2005
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Public water supply -98.9% of totalpopulation:
- 100% urban areas
- 84% in rural areas
4% of total population
dont have tappedwater in villages
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There are some villages with 40 l/cap/day
(WHO limit is 50 l/cap/day)Households consumption in Bulgaria
132 1
37
99
95
90 9
594
92
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1
991
1
995
2
000
2
001
2
002
2
003
2
004
2
005
Year
Consum
ption,l
/cap/d
Households consumption
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Prices of drinking water (households)
Source: Gographie romande des prix de leau -HES
PRICE OF DRINKING WATER SWITZERLAND
City /m3
Sion 0.18
Martigny 0.19
Neuchtel 0.78
Genve 0.79
La Chaux de Fonds 1.24
Lausanne 1.31
PRICE OF DRINKING WATER
BULGARIA 2005
Water supply & seweragecompany /m3
Rakitovo 0.16
Plovdiv 0.30
Sofia 0.31
Veliko Tarnovo 0.55
Dobrich 0.74
Razgrad 0.92
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Costs of water supply in (2005) Bulgaria
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02
0.42 0.440.51
0.28
0.92 0.92 0.92
0.57
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Household Public Industry Not drinking
water
Minimum
Average
Maximum
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Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water
intended for human consumptionRegulation No. 9of 16 March 2001 on the
Quality of Water Intended for HumanConsumption(State Gazette No. 30 of 28May 2001)
Mi i t f H lth
http://../recent_doc/legislation/water/en/regulations/Nar.9_vodi.dochttp://../recent_doc/legislation/water/en/regulations/Nar.9_vodi.doc8/3/2019 Bard Arska
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Ministry of Health,
28 Regional Inspectorate for Protection and
Control of Public Health
5892 sources of central drinking water supply were
monitored, 315 of which being surface water sources. Only 109 surface water sources have treatment
installations
24890 samples have been tested in check monitoringand 3332 samples have been tested in audit
monitoring by the State Health Control
97.7% of drinking water in the country meets the
standards in 2006
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Regions 6, Districts - 28Municipalities - 264
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84.00%
86.00%
88.00%
90.00%
92.00%
94.00%
96.00%
98.00%
100.00%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Year
Percentage of the value of quality indices according to
drinking standards, %
Full (complete) analysis
Shortened analysis
Chemical, organoleptic and radiological indices
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Drinking water treatment plants (43 DWTP) -
43.2% of total population
Treatment of drinking water
in Bulgaria
55%
2%
43%
Desinfection
Precipitation and desinfection
Drinking water treatment plant
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
03.10.06
12:00
04.10.06
00:00
04.10.06
12:00
05.10.06
00:00
05.10.06
12:00
06.10.06
00:00
06.10.06
12:00
,
FAU
Turbidity of
drinking
water after
drinking
water
treatmentplant in
Kardjaly
town
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Main drinking water quality problems Deviations from the microbiological indicators
Nitrates
Organoleptic indicators (colour, odour, taste,
turbidity) Manganese
Heavy metals indicators (mainly chromium)
Main reasons: shortages of drinking water(drought), floods, bad water supply systems
condition and lack of treatment facilities
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Impacts of drought on drinking water quality
Gopina G. et al. Chapter 17. Health and Hygienic Aspects of Drought. In: Drought inBulgaria: A Contemporary Analog for Climate Change. Ashgate, UK, 2007, pp. 336
The study for the drought
period 1982-1993
confirmed that rates ofHepatitis A virus and
Shigelloses morbidity had
been consistently higheramong large population
who live in regions with
insufficient amounts ofdrinking water.
Area 1993
Lovech 83.8%
Dobrich 82.7%
Montana 77.1%
Vratsa 57.7%
Targovishte 50.7%
Percentage of the population withregular water supply regimes
during the drought
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Percentage of samples with nitrates concentrates
above 50 mg/l
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88%
87.1
8%
85.9
0%
91.22
%
91.63
%
90.7
9%
82%
84%86%
88%
90%92%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year
Number of control sample for microbiological indices accordingto drinking water standards, %
P t f l ith i bi l i l i di b li it
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Percentage of sample with microbiological indices above limits
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Percentage of samples with concentrations of E. coli and Enterococi
above limits (Vidin and Burgas above WHO limits)
- .
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EU Urban Waste Water Directive
concerns the collection, treatment and
discharge of wastewater from urbanagglomerations of more than 2000 p. e.
Recent review carried out by the Country Water Partnershipsof GWP CEE indicates that small and dispersed communities(less then 2 000 p. e.) are inhabited to 40 percent of the totalpopulation of the CEE countries, which represents to 40millions of inhabitants.
They constitute large but usually economically less successful
segment of our societies.
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In Bulgaria all national
programs and strategiesrefer to construction ofcollecting system and
WWTPs for agglomerationswith above 2 000 p.e.
4765 rural settlements are out of the range of theprogram. They include around 1.8 mln. inhabitants,
which is around 24 % of the population of thecountry and represent around 2.2 mln. p.e. (around18 % of the total p.e.).
At present, there is no working sustainable sanitationsystem in the country.
Visit of ENGREF-Montpellier students
to WWTP Gorna Oryahovitza, March 2007
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BULGARIA
70.5% of total number of towns and2.1% of total number of villages with sewerage systems
(167 towns and 100 villages with sewerage systems)
68.9% inhabitants connected to sewerage systems (2005)
40.7% inhabitants
connected to wastewater
treatment plants71 population areas with
3 342 075 inhabitants with
WWTPs
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66.5
35.6
66.7
35.9
66.7
36.2
66.5
36.7
67.4
38.1
68
38.6
68.4
39.9
68.5
40.3
68.9
40.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Populationconnected,
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
Population connected to public sewerage and to wastewater
treatment plant in Bulgaria
Part of population connected to public sewerage
Part of population connected to WWTP
2005
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Sewage network8244 km
Very old collectors
13.4% By the end of 1960
19.8% From 1961 to 1970
30.3% From 1971 to 1980
26.9% From 1981 to 2000
8.4% From 1991 to 2000
1.2% From 2001 to 2005
sewage network in
70.5% of the townscovering 48.5% of thestreets length
sewage network in2.1% of the villagescovering 0.6% of thestreets length
2005
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Actual working WWTP capacity 54% of design capacity
56 - total number of
WWTP of which:14 Mechanical treatment
42 Biological treatment
1999
thousands m3/day
Design capacity
of which:162 Mechanical treatment
1837 Biological treatment
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Credit: T.
Trenkova
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Costs of wastewater collection in (2005)
Bulgaria
0.01 0.01 0.020.06 0.07 0.10
0.66 0.66
0.71
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
Household Public Industry
Minimum
Average
Maximum
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Costs of wastewater treatment in (2005)
Bulgaria
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
0.12
0.20.26
0.38
0.28
0.43
0.55
0.83
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
LP 1 LP 2 LP 3
Household Industry (Level Pollution)
Minimum
Average
Maximum
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SECTOR FINANCINGSECTOR FINANCING
Medium term: increased tariffs and investment surchargesMedium term: increased tariffs and investment surcharges
affordable (affordable (Source: S. Sarkar-World Bank, 2004)
Affordability
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.503.00
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
E
UR/m
3
Social ly Affordable Tariff
Tariff: 175 mln. Budget
SWOTSWOT ANALYSISANALYSIS
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SWOTSWOT ANALYSISANALYSIS
OpportunitiesOpportunities
There is a potential for the absorption of aThere is a potential for the absorption of a
great amount of financial resources forgreat amount of financial resources for
infrastructure improvement.infrastructure improvement.
Financial interest is shown by internationalFinancial interest is shown by international
financial institutionsfinancial institutions..
Some internationally recognized operatorsSome internationally recognized operators
have expressed interest to participate in serviceshave expressed interest to participate in services
managementmanagement,, and they are ready to makeand they are ready to makesignificant investments for improvement of thesignificant investments for improvement of the
quality of water supply and sewerage services visquality of water supply and sewerage services vis
concession or other forms of publicconcession or other forms of public--privateprivate
partnershippartnership..
Developm
entleverages
Developm
entleverages
Strong sidesStrong sides
The provided services are of primaryThe provided services are of primary
importance to all consumersimportance to all consumers..
Activities in water supply and sewerageActivities in water supply and seweragebelong tobelong to thethe natural monopoliesnatural monopolies
there are established managementthere are established management
structures and the related facilities.structures and the related facilities.
OverOver 98,5%98,5% of the population uses waterof the population uses water
from water supply systemsfrom water supply systems..The sector is considered a priority one andThe sector is considered a priority one and
it will receive significant funds from theit will receive significant funds from the
EU.EU.
The country has available enough waterThe country has available enough water
resources so that to meet the needs of theresources so that to meet the needs of thepopulation for drinking waterpopulation for drinking water..
In the sector work experienced andIn the sector work experienced and
competent professionals in the field of watercompetent professionals in the field of water
supply and seweragesupply and sewerage..
SWOTSWOT ANALYSISANALYSIS
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ThreatsThreats
High economic loses due to high level ofHigh economic loses due to high level of
water loseswater loses..
Low potential of municipalities and theLow potential of municipalities and the
state to invest in infrastructure.state to invest in infrastructure.
Legislation developing slowly and in aLegislation developing slowly and in a
complex waycomplex way..
Lack of training and reLack of training and re--training programstraining programsdesigned for the professionals employed indesigned for the professionals employed in
the sectorthe sector..
Demographic problems related with theDemographic problems related with the
reduction of consumptionreduction of consumption..Restructuring of economy related with theRestructuring of economy related with the
reduction of water consumptionreduction of water consumption..
Obstaclestoovercom
e
Obstacl
estoovercome
Weak sidesWeak sides
depreciated water supply networksdepreciated water supply networks..
High level of water losesHigh level of water loses overover 60%.60%.
Low level of collection of the ownedLow level of collection of the owned
paymentspayments..
Low level of construction of theLow level of construction of the
sewerage networkssewerage networks..
Necessity of construction ofNecessity of construction ofaa largelarge
number ofnumber ofWaste Water TreatmentWaste Water Treatment
PlantsPlants..
Necessity of significant investmentsNecessity of significant investments..
Low level of income if the populationLow level of income if the population..
SWOTSWOT ANALYSISANALYSIS
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Thank you for attention