Bao Cao Thong Tin Dien Luc

Bo co thc tp h thng thng tin in lc

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MC LC

LI NI U ................................................................................................................. 4

CHNG 1. KHI QUT CHUNG V SCADA ........................................................ 5

1.1. Tng quan chung v SCADA ............................................................................ 5

1.2. Cc ng dng vo thc t v so snh vi h thng c ....................................... 6

1.3. Kt cu ca mt h thng SCADA .................................................................... 7

1.4. Phn cng v phn mm ca h thng SCADA .............................................. 10

1.5. Truyn tin trong h thng SCADA .................................................................. 10

1.6. Nhng yu cu chung v mt h thng SCADA ............................................. 12

CHNG 2. NG DNG SCADA TRONG CNG TC IU H THNG

IN VIT NAM ......................................................................................................... 13

2.1. ng dng trong cng tc iu h thng in Vit Nam ............................. 13

2.2. Nguyn tc lm vic ca h thng SCADA .................................................... 13

2.3. ng dng SCADA trn li in .................................................................... 14

2.4. SCADA trong h thng in lc ...................................................................... 18

2.5. Cc loi hnh SCADA trong h thng in ..................................................... 20

2.6. H thng SCADA/EMS trong h thng in ................................................... 22

CHNG 3. SCADA TRM TRONG H THNG TRUYN TI IN ............... 25

3.1. SCADA trm v t chc ca SCADA ............................................................. 25

3.2. Cc chc nng ca SCADA trm .................................................................... 26

3.3. Cc kin trc ca SCADA trm ....................................................................... 26

3.4. Li ch ca vic s dng SCADA trm ........................................................... 28

3.5. Xy dng SCADA trm ................................................................................... 29

3.6. WinCC Chun mc xy dng HMI cho h thng SCADA .......................... 33

KT LUN ................................................................................................................... 37

TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................. 38


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DANH MC HNH NH

Hnh 1.1. S cu trc h thng SCADA c bn ......................................................... 7

Hnh 1.2. Kin trc phn mm Client/Server ca h thng SCADA .............................. 8

Hnh 1.3. Hnh nh ca thit b RTU............................................................................... 9

Hnh 1.4. S mt h thng SCADA c bn ............................................................. 15

Hnh 4.1. S v cp SCADA trong h thng in Vit Nam ................................... 21


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DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1. Cc dng truyn tin thng dng trong h thng SCADA ........................... 11

Bng 4.1. Tm tt s lc nhng cp qun l trong vic phn b in ........................ 19

Bng 2.1. Bng phn loi cc kiu kin trc SCADA trm .......................................... 27


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LI NI U

Vi nhu cu s dng in ca cc c nhn v doanh nghip vo mc ch phc

v i sng hng ngy hay sn xut kinh doanh ngy tng ln. Mt vn cp thit

cn phi a ra hng gii quyt l lm sao lng in nng p ng nhu cu

ca c cc c nhn n cc doanh nghip to cho s pht trin ca nn kinh t

t nc. Nu lng in nng cung cp cho cc doanh nghip m khng s dn

n nhiu doanh nghip lm n sa st v c th dn n ph sn, hoc cung cp cho

ngi dn khng m bo i sng sinh hot ca h th cng gy ra nhng vn

nghim trng m khng th lng trc c.

Ngy nay nn khoa hc k thut pht trin ngy cng nhanh, c bit l ngnh

cng ngh thng tin, ch vi mt khong thi gian ngn m ngnh t c nhiu

thnh tu xut xc.Vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo ngnh in cng vy, vi

nhiu phn mm ra i vi mc ch h tr ngnh in c th tnh ton, phn tch, m

phng gip ngnh in c th a ra nhng gii php thch hp v chnh xc mang

li li ch cho nhn dn.

Trong ti ny em s tm hiu cc ni dung chnh sau:

- Chng 1. Khi qut chung v SCADA

- Chng 2. ng dng SCADA trong cng tc iu h thng in Vit Nam

- Chng 3. SCADA trm trong h thng truyn ti in


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CHNG 1. KHI QUT CHUNG V SCADA

1.1. Tng quan chung v SCADA

1.1.1. nh ngha

SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) l mt h thng thu thp

d liu, gim st v iu khin cc qu trnh t xa. Ngi vn hnh c th nhn bit v

iu khin hot ng cc thit b thng qua my tnh v mng truyn thng. Ni cch

khc, SCADA thng c dng ch tt c cc h thng my tnh c thit k

thc hin cc chc nng sau:

Thu thp d liu t cc thit thit b cng nghip hoc cc cm bin.

X l v thc hin cc php tnh trn cc d liu thu thp c.

Hin th cc d liu thu thp c v kt qu x l.

Nhn cc lnh t ngi iu hnh v gi cc lnh n cc thit b ca nh

my.

X l cc lnh iu khin t ng hoc bng tay mt cch kp thi v chnh xc.

1.1.2. Chc nng v vai tr

Mi h thng sn xut cng nghip thng c t chc theo nhiu cp qun l.

Mi cp c nhim v o lng, thu thp v iu khin gim st ring ln tng i

tng c th ca h thng. Chnh v th vic SCADA cho mt h thng sn xut cng

nghip cng c phn ra tng cp SCADA c th, tu vo quy m ca tng cp m

c nhng yu cu c th khc nhau song ni chung mi cp SCADA l phi thc hin

nhng dch v sau:

Thu thp s liu t xa (qua ng truyn s liu) cc s liu v sn xut v t

chc vic lu tr trong nhiu loi c s s liu (s liu v lch s sn xut, v s kin

thao tc, v bo ng).

iu khin v gim st h sn xut trn c s cc d liu thu thp c.

Thc hin cng tc truyn thng s liu trong v ra ngoi h (c/vit s liu

PLC/RTU, tr li cc bn tin yu cu t cp trn v s liu, v thao tc h).

Nhn chung SCADA l mt s kt hp gia phn cng v phn mm theo mt

phng thc truyn thng no t ng ho vic qun l gim st, iu khin cho

mt i tng cng nghip. V ta nhn thy rng xu th t ng ho l mt xu th

khng th trnh khi do vy vic p dng bi ton SCADA l mt vic lm tt yu nu


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chng ta khng mun tt hu trong sn xut. Vai tr ca n l rt r rng, SCADA

gip ta thu thp rt chnh xc v h thng t c th a ra cc quyt nh ng ng

v h, ng thi ta cng d dng trong cng tc iu khin v ra quyt nh. Vic lm

ny s gim ng k vic chi ph v vn nhn lc, v vn hnh iu ny gp phn

ng k trong vic gim gi thnh sn phm, tng sc cnh tranh.

1.2. Cc ng dng vo thc t v so snh vi h thng c

Cc h thng SCADA c dng cho h thng in, h thng xe la, nh my

nc sch, trm x l nc sch, hng hi

H thng SCADA ca ngnh in Vit nam hin nay c chia thnh ba cp: cp

quc gia, cp Bc Trung Nam v cp tnh. Khi h thng tr thnh phc tp hn, c th

s c cp huyn. Trung tm iu quc gia theo di v iu khin cc nh my pht

in, cc ng dy/trm 500kV v cc ng dy/trm 220kV ln. Ba trung tm iu

min theo di v iu khin cc ng dy/trm 220kV v cc ng dy/trm

110kV ln trong khu vc mnh. Cc trung tm iu cp tnh theo di v iu khin

h thng phn phi in trong khu vc ca mnh.

Cc h thng SCADA dng RTU ngy cng c thay th bi PLC, trong h

SCADA cho h thng iu in cp quc gia hay min cng ang ngy cng i

theo xu th ny. Vic xy dng cc h thng SCADA dng PLC s em li cc li th

sau:

Kinh ph s thp hn nhiu.

Cc h iu khin c c nhiu t, bng, kho, nt n Do chng rt cng

knh, chim nhiu din tch.Ngoi ra cn rt kh khn trong vic lp t, kim

nh, vn hnh, gim st, bo dng. Tuy nhin cng vic ny s rt n gin

nu chng ta s dng h SCADA dng PLC.

Cc k s Vit Nam d tip cn vi cng ngh PLC hn v do kh nngthit

k, nng cp v lm ch cng ngh d dng hn.

Mua thit b d dng hn.

D bo dng v thay th cc thit b.

c bit vi h SCADA th vic thu thp, lu tr, bo co, thng k, phn tch

h thng rt d dng.

Cc h thng SCADA s tr nn n gin hn v ph bin hn trong tng lai

bi l cc thit b trong lnh vc t ng ho ang ngay cng pht trin mnh.


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Hnh 1.1. S cu trc h thng SCADA c bn

1.3. Kt cu ca mt h thng SCADA

Ni mt cch n gin, h thng SCADA c ba phn: Cc PC phng iu

khin trung tm, cc RTU (remote terminal unit) hay PLC (programable logic

controller) cc trm xa v thit b thng tin kt ni hai phn trn vi nhau.

Kt cu phn mm ca phn PC phng iu khin trung tm c th hin

trong bng Hnh 1.1, chng ta s thy cc chc nng ca cc PC ca h thng

SCADA tng t nh phn HMI ca h thng DCS: Hin th, iu khin t

phng iu khin trung tm, thu thp d liu, qun l cc s liu, qun l bo ng,

bo co. Cc h thng SCADA c chy trn mi trng DOS, VMS hay UNIX. Cc

h thng mi hn chy trn nn ca Windows, Linux.


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Hnh 1.2. Kin trc phn mm Client/Server ca h thng SCADA

1.3.1. SCADA Server

SCADA Sever chnh l my Server ca h thng SCADA trung tm c ni

vi cc RTU hay PLC. Trong cu trc phn mm my ch Server c chc nng thu

thp, chia s d liu vi cc my Client thng qua mang Ethernet v gi mnh lnh t

cc Client trc tip n cc b iu khin.V vy trn cc my Server thng c

dng ci t cc phn mm pht trin (development), thit lp cu hnh truyn

thng kt ni vi thit b hin trng.


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1.3.2. SCADA Client

SCADA Client gm cc my tnh cng nghip c ni vi my Server bng

mng Ethernet. Cc my tnh ny s c ci cc phn mm giao din ngi my

(Human Machine Interface) kt ni vi d liu ca my Server hin th hoc iu

khin. Tc l cc my Client nay s thu thp cc trng thi v iu khin cc b

controller gin tip thng qua my Server. Mi quan h gia cc Client v Server do

cc k s lp trnh thit lp, tu thuc vo phn mm cng nghip c s dng trong

h SCADA.

1.3.3. PLC RTU

Hnh 1.3. Hnh nh ca thit b RTU

RTU c nh ngha l mt thit b c iu khin bng b vi x l, c kh

nng x l cc u vo ra theo thi gian thc, thu thp s liu v bo ng, bo co v

SCADA Server, v thi hnh cc lnh ca SCADA Server. Theo truyn thng, h thng

SCADA thng s dng cc thit b RTU. Nhng ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca

PLC, cc nh tch hp h thng thch dng PLC thay v RTU cho vic thit k cho

nhiu h thng SCADA.

Cc RTU v cc PLC c ni vi cc I/O ti cc trm. Cc u vo, qua RTU

hay PLC cho cc thit b SCADA phng iu khin trung tm bit trng thi ca h

thng ti hin trng.Thit b SCADA c th iu khin bng cch thao tc u ra,

cng nh qua cc RTU hay PLC.


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Nh vy, RTU v PLC l thit b c trc tip ni vi I/O v trung tm iu

khin tn hiu.

1.4. Phn cng v phn mm ca h thng SCADA

1.4.1. Phn cng

Tu thuc vo tng hng ch to, cc h SCADA s mang mt s c im khc

nhau, tuy nhin ni chung phn cng ca h SCADA s gm nhng phn sau:

My tnh PC vi cc dch v truyn thng chun v cc chng trnh giao din

ho c thit k sn.

Cc b iu khin logic c kh nng lp trnh PLC (Programmable Logic

Controller).

Cc transmitter/RTU s thng minh.

Card mng v h thng cp ni i theo phc v cho qu trnh thu thp v iu

khin.

1.4.2. Phn mm

Phn mm ca SCADA l mt chng trnh thc hin cc nhim v c th ca

mt h SCADA. Phn mm phi c kh nng thu thp d liu theo thi gian thc v

c kh nng iu khin p ng cc yu cu k thut ca h thng. Ngoi ra, phn

mm SCADA phi c kh nng kt ni mng, chng hn nh Internet hay Ethernet,

c th chuuyn cc bo co di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, nh dng bng thng k,

dng biu hay dng th.

1.5. Truyn tin trong h thng SCADA

1.5.1. Cc dng truyn tin trong h thng SCADA

Ngoi vic s dng cc my tnh cng nghip, cc Server, thit b mng

phng theo di trung tm. Mt b phn khng th thiu c trong h thng SCADA

l h thng truyn tin. N lin quan n tnh n nh v s chnh xc ca h thng. V

vy, mt h truyn tin c chn trong mt h SCADA phi tho mn cc tiu chun

nh: gii tc truyn, giao thc truyn thng, truyn ng b hay d b, khong cch

a l H thng truyn tin c chn phi tng thch vi thit b trng v my

ch Server. Mt s thit b c th s dng c truyn d liu trong h SCADA

nh sau: Modem RDT (Radio Data Technology) ca Anh quc c cc loi truyn sng

Radio, v tuyn; cc thit b thu pht sng ca Motorola, cc b RTU, GPS. Tu theo


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m hnh, phm vi ca tng h SCADA m ta p dng tng loi thit b trn s pht

huy ht tnh nng tc dng ca n.

H thng SCADA cp quc gia v min dng cc RTU c thit k c bit

cho ngnh in (theo tiu chun IEEE v IEC, c kh nng chu c nhiu in

t). Cc thit b RTU thng minh vi cc trung tm iu qua th tc truyn tin

IEC-870-5-101. Ngoi ra, vi nhiu h SCADA dng PLC dng th tc truyn tin l

Profibus.

Bng di y tng kt li cc dng truyn tin thng dng trong h thng

SCADA:

Bng 1.1. Cc dng truyn tin thng dng trong h thng SCADA

Truyn tin Kiu truyn tin Tiu chun thng dng

My ch vi IDE hin trng

Khng ng b kiu multidrop RS - 485

PLC thu thp vi IDE hin trng

Khng ng b kiu multidrop RS - 485

My ch vi my d phng DMS, EMS, DTS

ng b kiu multidrop Ethernet

My ch vi SCADA cp trn

Khng ng b kiu singledrop RS 232 + ti ba, modem hay Ratio

450Hz

SCADA vi cc ng dng khc

Bn tin qua b nh DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange)

SCADA vi th vin c/vit th vin DLL (Dynamic Link Library)

SCADA vi cc h iu hnh

Qun l cc ca s Windows

SCADA vi my in Song song, ni tip RS 232, ASII

1.5.2. Truyn tin s

Truyn tin s l truyn i cc bn tin s ( m di dng bit, byte) t ni pht

n ni thu c nhng tn hiu truyn m bo truyn s liu.


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Truyn t ng dng ny n mt ng dng khc, trong truyn tin cng nghip

thng l: gia mt ng dng ch vi ng dng slave hay gia mt ng dng khch

hng vi ng dng server phc v hoc gia cc ng dng ch vi cc ng dng slave

ca mi master vi nhau, hay gia cc master vi nhau.

1.5.3. Truyn tin hin trng

Vic truyn tin hin trng nhm m bo vic my ch thng xuyn thng tin

vi cc PLC hay RTU.

Cc thng tin c thng nht theo kiu:

My ch gi t mt bng tin tng lnh n PLC hay RTU trn bus mutidros.

PLC hay RTU lin quan thc hin mi lnh v gi tin tr li kt qu.

Cc bn tin do my ch gi i thng l lnh read cc loi s liu ca PLC hay

RTU v mt vi lnh write mt s h s bng s gn a ch hay n v cho cc s .

Cc bn tin tc thi thng c gi v cc s lng trng thi o ca PLC hay

RTU hay bo co c tnh trng c sai trong bn tin nhn c.

1.6. Nhng yu cu chung v mt h thng SCADA

1.6.1. Nhng yu cu chung v phn cng

My tnh PC dng thu thp v iu khin phi mang tnh ph thng v c

kh nng giao tip tt vi cc hng thit b phn cng khc nhau.

C h iu hnh a nhim c kh nng m rng v giao tip d dng vi cc

phn mm v phn cng khc.

1.6.2. Nhng yu cu chung v phn mm

C kh nng tng thch vi cc giao thc (Protocol) thng dng.

D dng thit k v nng cp khi cn thit.

1.6.3. V dch v SCADA

C kh nng thu thp, lu tr, s dng s liu c t nht trong mt nm.

Cung cp s giao tip v giao din d dng cho ngi s dng v vn hnh. D

dng cho ng dng hin th s v th trong gim st cng nh in bo

co.

Gip thao tc iu khin t xa d dng, tuy nhin vn phi bo m thao tc

iu khin bng tay.


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Yu cu v gi thnh v chi phi lp t phi r, hp l

CHNG 2. NG DNG SCADA TRONG CNG TC IU H THNG

IN VIT NAM

2.1. ng dng trong cng tc iu h thng in Vit Nam

Qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh iu khin h thng in: T nhng nm

1970, h thng my tnh c ng dng rng ri trong cc trung tm iu h

thng in ln trn th gii. Lc u, h thng my tnh phc v vic qun l k thut,

qun l cc d liu, cc thit b trn h thng in v phc v vic tnh ton cc bi

ton ri rc, n l. Dn dn cc phn mm chuyn dng phc v qun l, iu hnh

h thng in c ra i.

Vo u nhng nm 1980, hu ht cc trung tm iu khin ca cc h thng

in ln trn th gii c trang b H thng thu thp d liu v gim st iu

khin gi tt l SCADA. Chc nng c bn ca h thng SCADA l thu nhn t

ng, x l cc d liu, hin th trn mn hnh bng s cc tn hiu thi gian thc

ca cc phn t trn h thng in nh: tn s, in p cc im nt, thng s vn

hnh (cng sut tc dng, cng sut phn khng, dng in, in p, nhit , p lc

du) ca cc thit b (my pht in, my bin p, ng dy in). N hin th

trng thi lm vic ca tt c cc thit b ng ct, tng gim nc phn p ca my bin

p gip cho cc k s iu hnh h thng in iu khin t xa, theo di, gim st

s lm vic ca ton b h thng in.

2.2. Nguyn tc lm vic ca h thng SCADA

Khi cc thit b ang vn hnh vi phm cc gii hn cho php ca cc thng s

k thut hoc b s c, h thng t ng a ra cc tn hiu cnh bo dng chung,

ci; hin th ni dung s kin cnh bo bng nhng dng lnh theo mu sc v nhp

nhy, iu ny gip cho cc k s iu hnh h thng in c nhng hnh ng ng

x kp thi a cc thit b tr li trng thi vn hnh bnh thng hoc a cc

thit b d phng vo hot ng thay th nhm m bo cho h thng in vn lm

vic trng thi n nh v kinh t. Tt c cc s kin xy ra i vi cc thit b trn

h thng in, i vi cc ch vn hnh h thng in u c lu tr t ng

theo trt t thi gian, c chnh xc n tng mili giy (ms), c th truy xut khi cn

thit di dng cc bng biu, th gip cho qu trnh x l v phn tch s c c

chnh xc.


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H thng SCADA cho php cc k s iu hnh c th thc hin cc thao tc,

iu khin cc thit b t xa nh khi ng hay ngng cc t my pht in, thay i

cng sut theo yu cu, ng ct cc thit b, iu chnh nc in p ca cc my bin

p Kh nng ny cho php gim bt nhn lc, tin ti c th xo b ch ngi

trc vn hnh cc trm in, cc nh my. Cc thit b lm vic hon ton t ng,

c iu khin t xa t cc trung tm iu . T thp k 90 tr li y, cc h thng

tch hp thu thp d liu v iu khin gim st c ng dng v pht trin rng ri.

Chc nng c bn ca h thng SCADA tch hp l n c trang b thm nhiu phn

mm ng dng khc h tr trong vic t ng ly cc d liu thi gian thc ca h

thng, a vo tnh ton v cho ra kt qu bng cc lnh iu khin trc tip ln mt

phn thit b ca h thng in hoc a ra cc khuyn co c th cho cc k s iu

hnh thc hin nhm m bo s lm vic ca h thng in c n nh, an ton v

kinh t nht.

Cc phn mm ng dng thng thng i km l:

iu khin pht in t ng (AGC: Automatic Generation Control).

iu kinh t (ED: Economic Dispatch).

Phn tch ch t bin (CA: Contingency Analysis).

nh gi trng thi (SE: State Estimation).

Tnh ton tro lu cng sut (DLF: Dispatch Load Flow).

Ti u ho tro lu cng sut (OPF: Optimal Power Flow).

D bo ph ti (LF: Load Forecast).

Lp k hoch vn hnh (GP: Generation Planning).

2.3. ng dng SCADA trn li in

Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, ng dng ca cc h thng thng

tin o lng iu khin xa ngy cng rng. Xt trong phm vi mt nh my in, l

h thng t ng ho nh my, i vi trm bin p l h thng t ng ho trm

(Substation Automation System - SAS). T nm 1994 cng vi vic xy dng h

thng ti in 500 kV, Trung tm iu HT quc gia ra i vi phn trung tm

ca n l h thng SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition). Sau li

in phn phi ca cc cng ty in lc cng tng bc c p dng h thng

SCADA/EMS (Energy Management System), m ra mt trin vng vn hnh HT an

ton, lin tc v kinh t.


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Hnh 1.4. S mt h thng SCADA c bn

2.3.1. Nguyn l lm vic

Nguyn tc lm vic ca h thng SCADA nh sau:

- Thu thp d liu:

D liu t cc trm bin p v cc nh my in c chia lm ba loi chnh:

D liu trng thi: trng thi cc my ct, dao cch ly, dao tip a, cc kho

iu khin t xa/ti ch v.v... Cc cnh bo ca cc bo v.

D liu tng t: Cng sut tc dng MW, phn khng MVAr, in p, dng

in, v tr nc bin p v.v...

D liu tch lu theo thi gian: in nng kWh, kvarh v.v...

Cc d liu trng thi t cc r le trung gian c a vo cc u vo s ca

RTU, cn cc d liu tng t t cun th cp ca my bin dng in v in p

c a vo cc b bin i (tranducer), u ra ca b bin i c a vo cc

cng u vo tng t ca RTU. Ti RTU d liu c s ho v thng qua knh

truyn (giao thc) gi v trung tm iu .

- iu khin: Lnh iu khin t h thng SCADA ca trung tm iu thng

qua knh truyn gi n RTU (hoc SAS), cc lnh iu khin c th l:

Lnh ng ct my ct, dao cch ly, dao tip a (open/close).

Lnh iu khin tng gim (Raise/Lower)


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Lnh iu khin thay i gi tr t (Setpoint)

- Gim st: D liu thu thp t cc trm v trung tm iu khin s c my tnh

x l:

Hin th trn cc s , bng biu v cc dng th xu hng.

i vi d liu trng thi (my ct, dao cch ly, cnh bo v.v...) khi pht

hin ra c s thay i trng thi h thng SCADA s pht cnh bo bng

m thanh v dng thng bo li ko s ch ca ngi vn hnh.

i vi d liu gi tr o xa, d liu nhn c s c kim tra so snh

vi cc ngng di v ngng trn ( c nh trc), nu gi tr o

c b vi phm th h thng s pht cnh bo cho ngi vn hnh.

2.3.2. Cc chc nng ca SCADA

Thu thp d liu.

iu khin gim st.

Giao tip ngi my ha hon ton.

iu khin cnh bo v s kin.

Ghi nhn trnh t cc s kin.

Lu tr v khi phc d liu qu kh.

Phn tch d liu s c.

Phn tch kt dy v trng thi h thng.

Xu hng ca d liu ng v d liu qu kh.

To bo co, thng l v c bit.

Bin c v th bo thit b ng ct.

Thng tin lin lc vi cc Trung tm iu .

2.3.3. Cc chc nng EMS trong li truyn ti

H thng qun l nng lng (EMS) cung cp cho Trung tm iu phng

tin iu khin v vn hnh mt cch ti u h thng in. Cc chc nng chnh

ca b chng trnh EMS p ng yu cu vn hnh an ton v kinh t. Cc chng

trnh ng dng bao gm:

Thit lp trng thi kt dy v nh gi trng thi.

Phn tch t bin (bao gm c t ng la chn trng hp t bin).


17

Tro lu cng sut cho k s iu hnh.

Vn hnh kinh t trong iu kin c rng buc.

Phn mm huy ng thy in.

T ng iu khin pht in (AGC).

Tro lu cng sut ti u.

D bo ph ti.

Phi hp thu - nhit in.

Huy ng t my.

Cc chng trnh trn c h tr cho c ch thi gian thc v ch nghin

cu. Do tnh cht quan trng ca h thng SCADA/EMS m hu ht cc thit b u

c cu hnh kp. Tng t nh i vi li truyn ti, qun l vn hnh li in

phn phi cao p ngi ta s dng h thng SCADA/DMS. Trong DMS

(Distribution Management System) l cc ng dng i cng vi h thng SCADA

phc v qun l li in phn phi. Ngoi ra phc v cho qun l vn hnh li

trung th phn phi cn c h thng t ng ha li phn phi DAS (Distribution

Automation System).

2.3.4. Cc chc nng DMS trong li phn phi

Cc chc nng DMS gip vn hnh li in phn phi an ton v hiu qu nht,

cc chc nng in hnh nh sau:

T mu ng theo phn cp in p, phn loi thit b hoc theo mc mang ti

v.v...

Tnh ton tro lu cng sut

Tnh ton ngn mch

Cn bng ph ti cho cc xut tuyn hoc cc my bin p

Ti thiu ha tn tht cng sut theo rng buc li

nh v s c

C lp im s c v khi phc li

Lp k hoch sa cha li in

Sa thi ph ti

M phng phc v o to iu vin


18

Hin nay EVN c mt s n v a h thng SCADA/DMS vo vn hnh, c

mt s h thng do ABB cung cp, h thng c hn vn hnh ti Cng ty in lc TP

H Ch Minh, h thng mi vn hnh ti Cng ty in lc H Ni. Cng ty in lc

ng Nai, cc in lc Cn Th, Lm ng thuc Cng ty in lc 2 cng trin

khai thnh cng h thng SCADA/DMS trn li in phn phi. Cng ty in lc 3

ang cng vi ABB Oy trin khai d n a h thng SCADA/DMS vo vn hnh

ti cc thnh ph Nng, Hu, Quy Nhn v Bun M Thut.

2.4. SCADA trong h thng in lc

2.4.1. Cc cp iu khin ca h thng SCADA trong h thng in lc

cp thp nht ca h thng SCADA, l cc phn c chc nng theo di v iu

khin cho tng thit b ring bit. Thng gp nht trong h thng in l cc r le bo

v. Khi thit b gp s c, cc rle ny hon ton c th tnh ton v tc ng theo

thng s chnh nh trc m khng cn lin lc vi h thng cp trn. Ngoi chc

nng iu khin, cc phn t thuc cp ny cn c chc nngthu thp s liu, thng s

ca cc thit b gi ln cc Substation server. Trong cc h thng hin i, cc phn

t ny c gi chung l IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices), c cc nguyn l lm

vic v chc nng khc nhau, nhng c cng chun giao tip, cho php IED ny c th

ni chuyn c vi cc IED khc trong cng trm (peer to peer) v trao i vi

substation server. V nguyn tc, s hng hc hay bo tr ti mt IED s khng lm

nh hng n cc IED khc trong h thng.

Cp th hai ca h thng SCADA l cc Substation Server, vi chc nng ch

yu l thu thp s liu t cc IED do n qun l, lu li trong c s d liu, phc v

cc nhu cu c d liu ti ch qua cc HMI (Human Machine Interface)

Cp th ba l Trung tm iu khin ca ton h thng, ni thc hin vic thu

thp s liu t cc Substation Server, thc hin cc chc nng tnh ton nh gi trng

thi ca h thng, d bo nhu cu ph ti, v thc hin cc chc nng iu khin quan

trng, nh vic phn phi li cng sut pht gia cc nh my, ln k hoch vn hnh

ca ton h thng.

Do quy m rng ln ca h thng truyn ti in nng, cc trm iu khin trung

tm cn c th c chia thnh cc cp - iu khin trung tm (Central control Center

hay Central Dispatching Center), v cc trm iu khin vng(Area Control Center).

2.4.2. Cc cp qun l trong h thng in lc


19

Mc ch ca vic SCADA cho cc trm in trong h thng in lc Vit Nam

trc tin nhm p ng nhu cu v t ng ho v s ho h thng in Vit Nam.

N phn nh mt bc i tt yu ca vic hin i ho h thng in, ng thi n

cng phn nh trnh v kinh t - k thut ca li in Vit Nam.

Bng 2.1. Tm tt s lc nhng cp qun l trong vic phn b in

Cp qun l Ni dung qun l

Pht v truyn ti in lc siu cao p 500 KV xuyn quc gia

- Phng n phn pht P, Q trn ton lnh th quc gia.

- Qun l tn s, d phng n nh tnh, ng ca h thng in quc gia.

- Thu thp s liu, thao tc, bo v r-le, chun on, bo dng cc thit b cao p.

Pht v truyn ti in n cc trm trong mng cao p 220 KV khu vc

- Phng n phn b P, Q trn cc khu vc c th.

- Phn b in p 220 KV cc trng tm ti v d phng bo v ngun.

- Thu thp s liu, thao tc, bo v r-le, chun on hng hc v bo dng thit b.

Phn phi v truyn ti in trong a bn cc mng 110 KV

- Pht b cng sut phn khng Q. - Phn b in p trn a bn. - Thu thp cc s liu, thao tc, bo v,

chun on v bo dng thit b.

Phn phi in xung mng 35 KV tr xung

- Pht b cng sut phn khng Q. - iu khin in p trung p v xa thi ti

theo yu cu. - Thu thp s liu, bo v bo dng h

thng.

Cung cp in lc h p cho khu dn c v x nghip nh

- Tin hnh cc thao tc ng ct, bo v v bo dng h thng.

Qua trn chng ta nhn thy mt s iu:

i vi mng siu cao p, vic tnh ton, x l s liu t a ra cc lnh

iu khin h thng i hi mt yu cu nghim ngt v tnh chnh xc v kp thi

trong vic ra quyt nh. Nhim v ny thuc v trung tm iu quc gia A0. Cc

trung tm phn phi in li cp min vo khu vc khng m ng c vic ny.

Tuy nhin mt thc t tn ti l vic thu thp s liu v iu khin thao tc ln h

thng li t xa thuc lnh vc qun l ca cc trm. Do vy, cc trung tm iu


20

mun iu khin t xa th phi da v mt h thng thng tin cng nghip tt nhn

cc s liu t cp di a ln v cc lnh cn thi hnh a xung cp di. Vic

qun l phn phi cung cp in cp cao p th thng giao cho cc trung tm iu

min nm gi. Cc trung tm ny cng tch cc tham gia vo vic gim st h

thng v chia s bt gnh nng iu khin ca SCADA iu cp trn.

n cc trm, cc trm ny thc hin ton b cc tc v thu thp s liu h

thng, iu khin ti ca li v thc hin cc thao tc nhm n nh h thng. Khi

cc trm c t ng ho hon ton th vic gim st h thng v iu khin li lc

ny tr nn rt n gin. Khi SCADA iu cn iu khin thao tc xung mt thit

b pha cp di nh ng ct my ct no th n ch cn gi mt bn tin xung

trm. Ti trm thng qua cc PLC hay cc RTU m thao tc c thc hin. Hay

ngc li khi cn d liu v h thng v trm th SCADA iu ch cn gi mt bn

tin yu cu cc trm gi s liu v h thng trn.

2.5. Cc loi hnh SCADA trong h thng in

Da vo cc phn tch bn trn ta ra hai loi hnh SCADA sau:

SCADA iu

SCADA trm

2.5.1. SCADA iu cp quc gia

y l mt trung tm mang tnh iu cp cao, mang tnh huyt mch ca h

thng in Vit Nam. N lm nhim v iu tit ton b in nng trn li. SCADA

iu quc gia gip cho vic phn b in nng thng sut trn khp ba min.

SCADA iu quc gia m ng cc nhim v sau:

Thu thp cc s o, cc trng thi, tnh hnh ph ti t cc trung tm iu

min a ln.

Trn c s cc s liu thu c tin hnh phn tch, nhn dng, nh gi v a

ra cc iu khin ti u cho h thng v phn b cng sut cng nh n nh d

phng trong li.

Thc cht trung tm SCADA iu quc gia khng trc tip lm nhim v thu

thp s liu v h thng v cng khng iu khin trc tip ln h thng m ch thng

qua cc trm pha di thu thp d liu v iu khin h thng thng qua cc lnh

di dng cc bn tin.


21

Hnh 4.1. S v cp SCADA trong h thng in Vit Nam

2.5.2. SCADA iu cp trn

Ti cc trung tm iu min, cc d liu v h thng c cc trm gi ln,

vi nhng phn tch v nh gi ca mnh cc trung tm ny a ra cc quyt nh

iu khin tc ng ln li nhm mt mc tiu nht nh l n nh h thng.

SCADA iu min l cp trung gian gia SCADA iu quc gia v SCADA

trm nn n c mt s nhim v c trng sau:

Thu thp s liu t cc SCADA trm.

Phn tch biu ph ti thu c, tin hnh nh gi v a ra cc phng n

iu v phn chia ph ti v n nh li. Cc trung tm iu min ng

vai tr quan trng v nh hng cho cc SCADA trm trong vic iu tit

cng sut ti v iu khin h thng.


22

2.5.3. SCADA trm

y l mt trung tm my tnh iu khin m tc ng trc tip n cht lng

trong li in v y l mt ni m cc tc ng iu khin trc tip tc ng vo h

thng in. Li in c th n nh v bn vng hay khng ph thuc rt nhiu cc

trung tm SCADA trm ny. Vy nhim v ca SCADA trm l phi trc tip:

Thao tc iu khin ln cc thit b ca h thng, cc my bin p

Thu thp v gim st cc thng s v h thng.

iu khin ng/ct nhm bo v h thng trong trng hp li gp s c nh

qu ti, chm chp

a cc d liu v bo co vi SCADA cp trn phc v cho vic phn tch,

nh gi h thng khi cn khc phc s c hay nng cp h thng. Mch thu

thp s liu v iu khin c thit k bng:

Mt PLC v cc module AI/AO, DI/DO.

Mt b RTU vi cc transmitter analog.

Mt b cc transmitter s thng minh.

SCADA trm c thit k cn c cc bus truyn tin phc v cho cc tc v

truyn thng sau:

Mt bus truyn s liu, truyn lnh hin trng kiu RS-485 ni cc PLC, cc

RTU v cc transmitter s thng minh vi trung tm iu khin l cc my tnh

PC.

Mt bus truyn tin theo kiu RS-323 giao tip truyn thng vi SCADA iu

cp trn.

Trung tm iu khin l cc my tnh PC, tu theo quy m ca trm m s lng

my c th l nhiu hay t. Vi mi trm tu vo mc i hi v tin cy ca vic

iu khin m ta c th lp cc my d phng. Cc trm vi quy m nh ta c th ch

cn dng mt my tnh PC tc cao, kh nng x l nhanh v c dung lng b nh

ln l c th m nhn vic ca mt trung tm iu khin v gim st. Cn i vi cc

trm ln v i hi tnh an ton cao th ta nn dng mt my chuyn lm nhim v

iu khin, mt my PC khc th lm nhim v thu thp v gim st nu cn thit c

th dng thm mt my chuyn thc hin cc tc v v truyn thng.

2.6. H thng SCADA/EMS trong h thng in


23

cp thp nht ca h thng SCADA/EMS l cc IED, c chc nng theo di v

iu khin mt thit b c th. Cc IED ca mt trm c ni vi mt thit b u

cui RTU (Remote Terminal Unit). RTU thu thp ton b cc tn hiu t cc IED

trong trm v gi v iu trung tm. Nh minh ho trn hnh v, lin lc gia RTU

v ACC(CCC) c th s dng nhiu phng tin:ng in thoi, cp truyn tn

ring ca ngnh in, sng v tuyn, ng dy cp quang, hoc s dng chnh ng

dy in lm ng truyn tin (PLC - Power Line Carrier)

Thng tin trong h thng c a n ACC (CCC), v c chia s chung trong

mng LAN ca trung tm iu . Cc my ch c ni vo mng LAN v thc hin

cc chc nng khc nhau: EMS, ghi s liu, theo di h thng, hun luyn ngi vn

hnh (dispatcher tranning) (trn s liu thc t). Chc nng trainning ny rt th v v

n kt hp gia h thng s liu thu thp c v mt phn mm m phng ton b h

thng in. Khi y ngi c hun luyn c th theo di trc tip trng thi ca h

thng, v a ra cc quyt nh. Phn ng ca h thng s c tnh ton nh chng

trnh m phng.

cho h thng hot ng mt cch hiu qu l mt vn rt phc tp. Ti cc

trung tm ACC v CCC, thng xuyn c hng chc, hng trm ngn tn hiu phi

c cp nht thng xuyn. Vic m bo tnh chnh xc ca s liu thu thp, tc

iu khin trong thi gian thc(hoc gn vi thi gian thc) i hi khng nhng mt

h thng my tnh mnh, m cn c mt phng thc trao i thng tin hp l.

Thng tin cn c trao i mt cch nhanh chng, tin cy, v i khi l c bo mt.

UCA c xy dng to mt ting ni chung nhng vn khng can thip qu

nhiu vo cc chun truyn tin sn c. M hnh truyn tin 7 lp ca OSI (dng trong

TCP/IP, Novell, DNP) vn c UCA s dng. Ni m UCA can thip ch l lp trn

cng ca kin trc OSI - Application Layer. Ti lp ny, cc nh sn xut cn tun

theo cc chun sau ca UCA:

MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification), l ngn ng trao i cp

application layer gia cc thit b nhm thc hin cc chc nng iu khin v c s

liu.

CASM (Common Application Service Model) l phng thc trao i thng tin.

N quy nh cc bc m cc thit b trong h thng phi tun theo c th trao i

vi nhau. Hiu nm na, l trnh t cc message MMS c trao i phi tun theo

CASM. Cc dch v CASM c th k n gm c cc nhm sau: Truy xut i tng


24

(nhn dng i tng v c s liu), iu khin, to i tng, to report, kim tra

bo mt.

GOMSFE (Generic Object Model for Subsation and Feeder Equipment), l cch

thc m t mt i tng bt k trong mng thng tin, bao gm loi i tng, cc

thng tin ca i tng.y l mt tiu chun m t cc i tng trong h thng

in. Trng thng tin m i tng no cng phi c l loi i tng (RTU, my

bin p, R le. t b, .....), tu vo loi i tng m ta c cc trng thng tin khc

nh dng, p trn tng pha, tn s .. . Trong tn gi ca thit b c cha thng tin v

Domain-v tr ca thit b trong h thng. V vy cc thit b ging nhau trong h thng

vn c tn gi khc nhau. Kh nng pht trin thm cc thit b mi l d dng v

khng gy ra xung t.

ICCP (Inter Control Center Communications Protocol) l mt chun trao i

thng tin lp application, ging MMS. Tuy nhin, ICCP phc v cho vic trao i

thng tin gia cc trung tm iu khin, ch khng hng vo cc i tng nh

MMS. V vy phng thc trao i thng tin trong ICCP khng tun theo CASM,

cng nh GOMSFE. Vic s dng ICCP c ngha tng thch v phn mm hn l

phn cng thit b - cc phn mm ca EMS cn tun theo chun ICCP c th trao

i c s liu vi nhau.


25

CHNG 3. SCADA TRM TRONG H THNG TRUYN TI IN

3.1. SCADA trm v t chc ca SCADA

SCADA trm l mt h thng t ng ho bng my tnh v s dng cc

transmitter/sensor thng minh gip vic gim st, thu thp s liu v iu khin

hot ng ca trm. Cu trc ch yu ca trm l gm: my tnh lm nhim v thu

thp, lu tr, hin th s liu v x l s liu iu khin trm, kt ni thng tin

vi cc thit b o lng v iu khin thng minh.

Theo yu cu ca h SCADA, chng ta nhn thy SCADA c cc c im sau:

a. H thng va truyn tin, va tin hnh thu thp s liu, tnh ton, tin hnh

tng tc vi ngi dng v truyn tin vi cp trn trong tt c thi gian thc.

b. H thng c nhiu tnh nng khc nhau. Mt s i hi vic tnh ton l rt

nhiu( v d nh vic lp cc bo co, phn tch h thng ) nhng mt s

cng vic li i hi tnh thi gian cht ch( cc h thng i hi tnh thi gian

thc cao nh l cc h thng thu thp s liu, truyn tin cp di, cnh bo, bo

ng).

c. Mt s tnh nng hot ng lin tc(v d nh: o, thu thp thng s h thng,

truyn tin) nhng mt s tnh nng li ch hot ng theo yu cu hay nh

k ri ngh( v d nh trong cng tc in bo co, lp bng biu ch lm theo yu

cu ca ngi dung ).

d. Mt s tnh nng bt buc phi c, mt s tnh nng khc th li l tu chn ca

ngi dng c th thm vo hay bt i m khng lm nh hng n h thng.

H SCADA trm thc hin trn mt my tnh c nhn PC n b x l, thc

hin a chc nng, a lung bng cch phn chia thi gian thc hin gia cc

lung hot ng v thc hin a tc v, a x l thc s cp transmitter s.

H thng SCADA trm ca chng ta c xy dng t cc i tng sau:

i tng cp trng l cc trasmitter s thng minh, cc b chuyn i,

cc sensor cm bin.

i tng thu thp.

i tng lp bo co( hin th v in n cc bo co).

i tng truyn tin vi cp trn.


26

i tng qun l c s s liu v lch s vn hnh, lch s s kin thao tc,

s c

i tng thit k cc trang hin th( gm cc thanh tc v tasbar, bus

bar).

i tng thit k bo co.

i tng lp cu hnh h thng.

3.2. Cc chc nng ca SCADA trm

SCADA trm c cc chc nng c bn sau:

Thu thp s liu cc thanh ci ca trm bao gm b cc thng s(U, I, P,Q)

ca cc phn t v trng thi ca cc thit b trong trm(ch yu l trng thi

my ct, trng thi cu dao, in p trn thanh ci ).

Thc hin cc lnh theo yu cu ca ngi iu hnh h thng v ngi trc

trm a ra hoc ca SCADA iu cp trn. Vic iu khin ch yu l ng

ct cc my ct v iu chnh tng gim nc phn p ca my bin p.

Cung cp giao tip ngi - my vi ngi iu hnh hay ngi trc trm: cc

control pannel, cc bng mch m trn ta dng biu th cc thit b, thng

s gi y ta thay th bng giao tip bi mn hnh, chut, bn phm. Giao din

ngi my (HMI) ca SCADA trm cho php ngi dng d dng hn trong

vic gim st, thu thp d liu, iu khin, qun l h thng v vn hnh trm.

Ghi nhn, qun l, lu gi lch s vn hnh trm, lch s cc s kin nh: bo

ng, s c; lu tr cc qu trnh thao tc trong h. iu ny s rt c ch trong

vic pht hin v s l khi c li xy ra.

Qun l c s d liu lch s ca trm phc v trong vic in bo co vi cp

trn, gi s liu ln SCADA iu cp trn.

C mt c ch t ng to v in cc bo cc khi cn thit.

C kh nng truyn thng vi cp trn nh: nhn lnh t cp trn a xung v

tin hnh gi cc bo co theo yu cu ca cp trn.

Truyn tin vi cp di ca SCADA trm l cc transmitter, sensor, c cu

chp hnh.

3.3. Cc kin trc ca SCADA trm


27

Hin nay cc thit b o lng v iu khin thng minh, cc transmitter s hp

b, cc RTU v cc PLC ang pht trin mnh v bt u c ng dng ngay cng

rng ri hn trong hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip t cc khu ch bin thc phm, ni

cc nh my x nghip sn xut m dng nh trc y khng my khi s dng n

cc thit b t ng ho, cho n cc khu ch xut, cc khu cng nghip. mt s

nc tin tin, cc h thng SCADA s dng RTU hay PLC ang ngy cng c

pht trin. Tuy nhin xu hng ngi ta ngy cng s dng PLC thay cho cc RTU

cng ngy cng c a chung hn. Rt nhiu phn mm SCADA ra i vi

nhiu h tr hn cho ngi thit k h thng, mt s sn phm, thit b ca nhiu hng

nh Wonderware, Siemens, Nari ra i v c a ra th trng.

Ni chung, chng ta c th phn cc sn phm ny thnh mt s kiu cu trc

sau:

Bng 2.2. Bng phn loi cc kiu kin trc SCADA trm

Kiu kin trc SCADA trm

PC/PLC RTU PC/PLC/Transmitter

s

H iu hnh Unix, Windows Unix, Windows Windows

H thu thp s liu

PLC, transmitter

analog, sensor

PLC, transmitter

analog, sensor

PC, transmitter s, cc sensor

Protocol truyn tin

Da trn protocol ca PLC

RS - 232 RS 485

Gi c Cao Trung bnh n cao Cao

S dng Hin hnh Hin hnh Tng lai gn

3.3.1. Kin trc kiu PC/PLC

S dng PC vi PLC kt hp vi vic s dng h iu hnh ca Unix hay

Windows. N s dng cc b bin i, cc transmitter analog, cc sensor thu thp

s liu. Kiu kin trc ny ph hp hn trong vic ng dng vo SCADA cho cc trm

vi quy m nh. Tuy nhin, gi thnh s dng kh cao.

3.3.2. Kin trc kiu RTU

Kiu kin trc ny da trn cc thit b u cui, cc transmitter analog, cc

sensor, cm bin. Cc thit b ny s thu thp trng thi ca h thng v a v my

tnh x l s liu v thng qua cc b iu khin a xung c cu chp hnh. Kin

trc da trn cc RTU thng c ng dng trong vic SCADA trm vi quy m nh


28

v va. u im ca n l gi c r song vic lp t h thng v thit k l khng n

gin. Trong tng lai kiu ny s khng cn c s dng thng dng na.

3.3.3. Kin trc da trn PC/PLC/Transmitter s

Kiu kin trc ny vi my PC c coi nh l my ch v cc Slave l cc

PLC, cc transmitter s thng tnh. Cc PLC v cc transmitter s thng minh ny

c ni vi nhau thnh mt mng da trn chun truyn tin RS 485. My ch PC s

lm nhim v thu thp s liu, ra lnh iu khin, ghi nhn trng thi, thao tc vn

hnh v s c. PC l ni hin th cc giao din ngi - my v cng l ni qun l cc

c s d liu ca h thng. Kin trc kiu ny rt ph hp vi nhng trm c quy m

ln v ang ngy cng c s dng nhiu hn trong tng lai bi h thng v quy

m ca cc trm cng ngay cng phc tp.

3.4. Li ch ca vic s dng SCADA trm

SCADA trm s mang li nhng li ch to ln khi thit k, xy dng, vn hnh,

bo tr v nng cp trm khi cn m rng. c bit n tng cng thm cht lng

gim st, vn hnh v nng cao tnh tin cy ca h thng trm. Cc li ch m SCADA

trm mang li gm:

Li ch khi thit kt v xy dng trm

Gim bt s lng cc thit b d phng.

Gim thiu h tng c s ca trm bao gm: ng cp tn hiu/ng dn

dy, cc t bng o lng, t bng iu khin v din tch nh iu hnh

trm.

D dng nng cp, m rng h thng iu trm.

Li ch khi vn hnh

T ng ghi nhn cc hot ng ghi nhn cc hot ng iu hnh trm ca

ngi trc trm cng nh cc lnh iu hnh ca cp trn.

C c s d liu vn hnh dng trong vic vn hnh, phn tch, tnh ton

vi h thng, iu khin thi gian thc.

Gim c s lng nhn cng vn hnh trm, hn na trn c s h thng

trm c t ng ho hon ton iu ny s trnh c ng k nhng sai

st do ngi cng nhn vn hnh trm.

Li ch trong bo tr h thng


29

C c s d liu v lch s vn hnh, lch s thao tc trm, cc bo ng,

thng tin v s c lun c sn trn h thng.

Cc thit b o c th c trc tip lp trnh v cc thng s cu hnh, chn

on, chnh nh h thng

D dng lp k k hoch bo tr thit b thng qua vic phn tch c s s

liu tnh trng hot ng ca thit b. Chi ph bo tr s gim do c s liu c

th v h thng.

S trm c qun l bng my tnh nn rt d dng trong vic xem xt

cng nh cp nht cc thay i m khng mt nhiu chi ph.

Tng cng tnh tin cy trong h thng

Giao din ngi - my thn thin vi gii thch r rng cng c ch kim tra

hot ng s gim ti thiu kh nng tho tc nhm, thao tc sai ca ngi

trc trm.

Tng s lng, cht lng v tin cy ca vic thu thp s liu.

Cung cp nhanh chng v chnh xc v lch s thao tc cng nh lch s vn

hnh trm c th a ra nhanh chng nhng quyt nh khi h thng c

s c xy ra hay l khi cn nng cp, bo tr h thng.

Trn c s c cc cnh bo sm s khin cho vic bo tr ng thi hn s

gim thiu ng k cc ri ro hng hc mang li.

Do vic thu thp s liu thi gian thc nn cho php thc hin nhanh chng

xc nh v x l tnh trng qu ti. Nhng khu vc b qu ti ny s c

nhanh chng b p bng h thng ngun cp d phng khc; iu ny

gim ng k thi gian b mt in do s c qua ti h thng.

3.5. Xy dng SCADA trm

3.5.1. La chn h iu hnh

Ngy nay k thut phn cng ca my tnh pht trin ht sc mnh m. Nng

lc ca cc my tnh th h mi ca Intel m in hnh l dng chp x l h Pentium

mang li bc nhy vt trong cng vic tnh ton, x l d liu v phn tch h

thng. Giao din ho GUI (Graphical User Interface) cng ngy cng c hon

thin, gn vi ngi s dng hn.Vi h thng th vin ho khng l ca


30

Microsoft Windows vi cc giao tip ho chun to nn nhiu bc ngt trong

lnh vc thit k giao din.

Do my tnh PC l rt n gin, nh gn v tin cy l tuy khng bng cc my

tnh cng nghip nhng vi cng ngh in t hin nay cc my PC vn p ng tt

cc yu cu v x l cng nh tnh ton trong cc qu trnh cng nghip. Trc y

ngi ta hay dng trn h iu hnh truyn thng ca Microsoft Windows l MS

DOS, tuy h iu hnh DOS l kh n gin song ngy nay vi quy m ca cc trm

l rt ln v s cng vic phi thc hin cng mt lc l rt cao v DOS khng p

ng c iu ny. H iu hnh Windows mang li mt s thay i ng k. Do

vy chng ti quyt nh chn vic pht trin b phn mm SCADA trm da trn h

iu hnh ca Microsoft Windows vi version Windows 2000/Windows XP vi cc l

do sau:

Microsoft Windows XP l mt h iu hnh thuc vo loi tin tin hin nay,

n h tr a chng trnh, a nng cng vi mt h thng bo mt nghim ngt

gip bo v ti nguyn ca h thng. Trong khi mt h SCADA c rt nhiu

chc nng, nhim v bao gm: hin th ho, to lp bo co, qun l c s

d liu, iu khin h thng trm, truyn tin Nu chng ta a tt c cc chc

nng ny vo trong mt chng trnh duy nht s lm chng trnh tr nn rt

phc tp, kh nng mc li l rt cao. Hn na vic a tt c cc tc v vo

cng mt chng trnh s rt kh khn trong cng tc qun l cng nh trong

cng tc iu khin h thng. Cn mt l do na l mt s chc nng khng

phi lc no cng c s dng mt cch thng xuyn, lin tc v vy s

khng to nn tnh hiu qu. Bi vy cch tt nht l chia nh chng trnh ra

thnh cc module nh vi cc tc v c lp, chc nng ring bit chy trn

mt h iu hnh a nhim h tr a nng.

Microsoft Windows XP c kh nng qun l b nh ln: kh nng nh a ch

trc tip 32bit ca Windows cho php nh a ch trc tip ti 4Gb nh

p ng yu cu ca mi b phn mm. Ngi lp trnh s khng bao gi

phi bn tm vi vic thiu b nh.

Microsoft Windows XP cung cp cho ngi dng mt phng thc ng nht

to giao tip ho mt cch d dng v thn thin. Bng cch lp trnh

thng nht khng ph thuc phn cng, ngi lp trnh s khng phi bn tm


31

n tnh tng thch gia cc h thng ho khc nhau. DOS l mt h iu

hnh da trn cc dng lnh, khng h tr ho trong lc SCADA lm vic

phn nhiu li l ho, vic ny khin ngi thit k h thng SCADA phi

t xy dng cc th vin ho cho chng trnh SCADA ca mnh. y l

mt vic lm rt kh khn i hi mt nhiu cng sc v tn km. Trong khi y

Windows li cung cp mt h thng cc phn t GUI chun bao gm view,

dialog box, push button, pop-up mennu v nhiu th vin khc vic ny

mang li cho ngi thit k h thng rt nhiu trong vic to ra cc HMI thn

thin v p mt m khng mt nhiu thi gian.

Microsoft Windows XP h tr mnh trong cc giao tip mng nh mng ton

cu Internet, Ethernet cng nghip, cc mng cc b LAN, WANN h tr

s dng modem, gip cho ngi lp trnh d dng to cc giao tip truyn thng

cn thit vi cng sc b ra l t nht.

Microsoft Windows XP h tr a phng tin (multimedia) gip ngi lp

trnh d dng thm vo cc m thanh v cc hnh nh chuyn ng khin cho

giao din HMI gn vi thc t hn.

Microsoft Windows XP ngoi vic s dng phn cng ca Intel ra chng ta c

th s dng phn cng ca nhiu hng phn cng khc nhau.

3.5.2. Trin khai xy dng SCADA trm

H thng SCADA trm l mt h thng kh phc tp, bao gm nhiu tnh nng,

chc nng v nhim v khc nhau, c t chc di dng mt tp hp cc chng

trnh hot ng c lin quan mt thit vi nhau.

Qua vic tm hiu v h SCADA trm ti mt s ni lp t v qua cc ti liu

hng dn v lp t SCADA trm, vic xy dng SCADA cho trm in phi t

mt s tiu ch sau:

V h phn mm SCADA:

- H phn mm SCADA phi l mt h phn mm a nng, a nhim, c nhng

knh truyn thng tng thch vi cc giao thc truyn thng ph dng v phc v tt

cc dch v cn c ca trm nh: in bo co, v th, biu ph ti.

- H phn mm lp trnh SCADA phi d dng lp trnh, c tnh thuyt minh r

rng v d hc cng nh thun tin trong vic nng cp trm.


32

- H iu hnh dng trong cc my tnh ch phi l h iu hnh a nhim, a

nng, c kh nng giao tip thn thin vi ngi dng v c bit l phi h tr tt h

phn mm SCADA m ta ang dng xy dng SCADA cho trm.

V phn cng:

- Cc thit b phc v trong vic x l s liu cng nh thu thp d liu phi l

cc thit b ph thngc th d dng thay th khi hng hc cng nh khi c nhu cu

nng cp m rng quy m trm.

- My ch phi l my c kh nng chu c mi trng lm vic khc nghit

ca trm in nh: ting n, bi, nhiu tp m, nhiu in trng

V dch v ca SCADA cn phi lm:

- Thu thp v lu tr dng trong trng hp c s c, thi gian lu tr ti

thiu phi l mt nm.

- Cung cp giao tip thn thin v d dng cho ngi iu khin trm nh vic in

bo co vi cp trn, c bit l cc cnh bo, bo ng khi c s c

- Gip thao tc iu khin c d dng nh ng ct my ct, tng gim nc

phn p my bin p nhng vn m bo thao tc iu khin ng ct bng tay.

V chi ph: H gi thnh khi lp t h SCADA cho trm khng c qu t

gy tn km v c bit h phn mm SCADA phi l phn mm ph dng, sn c

trn th trng khng c l ca mt hng c quyn no. Hn na, trong tng lai

khi nng cp trm phi d dng trong vic tm kim thit b cng nh phn mm thay

th.

Nh cc phn trn, SCADA trm in c nhim v tng i n gin:

- Gim st - iu khin.

- Thu thp d liu v cc thng s ca trm nh: I, P, Q trn cc my ct, trng

thi ca my ct v in p trn cc thanh ci.

- Chuyn cc s liu ln cho SCADA iu cp trn khi c yu cu.

V vy ta nn thit k mt SCADA trm in vi kt cu nh sau:

V thit b phn cng:


33

- My ch l mt my tnh PC Pentum 4 tc khong 2.8 GHz, a cng khong

40Gb, mn hnh rng t nht l mn hnh 17inch, s dng h iu hnh Windows 2000

hay Win XP.

- Thit b phc v cho cng tc o lng v iu khin l cc PLC vi cc

module vo ra s DI/DO v cc module vo ra tng t AI/AO, cng vi b cc

transmitter s thng minh phc v cho vic ly cc thng s P, I, Q.

- Truyn tin cng nghip gia my tnh PC master vi cc PLC/transmitter slave

theo chun RS-485 tc 19.2kbps tr ln v c trang b cc protocol thng dng.

- Truyn tin gia my PC trm vi cp trn thng qua cng COM vi chun

truyn thng RS-232, tc phi t ti 9.6kbps.

V phn mm:

- Phn mm SCADA cng nghip phi c tnh a nhim, c nhiu tnh nng dch

v v c bit l phi d s dng, thn thin i vi ngi dng v tng thch vi cc

h iu hnh thng dng hin nay nh Windows, Linux...

- Cc dch v cung cp phi chc chn, thn thin v d hc cng nh d s dng

bao gm:

Thu thp, qun l, lu tr cc loi s liu lu v d khai thc cng nh d tra

cu khi cn.

Hin th s liu trn cc trang mn hnh, cc trang ca s, th, biu phc

v vic in bo co, pht cc bo ng.

Thao tc iu khin t xa d dng, an ton.

3.6. WinCC Chun mc xy dng HMI cho h thng SCADA

Ti sao phn mm cng nghip WinCC li c ng dng nhiu trong cc h

thng phc tp, nhiu chng loi thit b nh trong cc h thng SCADA?

Mt trong nhng c trng ni bt ca cc sn phm phn mm cng nghip ca

SIEMENS l c th kt ni n nh vi hu ht cc b iu khin, cc RTU v cc

thit b truyn thng khc. C s d liu m, d lp trnh v lun lun cp nht, iu

ni ln rng nh thit k, ngi dng s c lp hon ton vi thit b, thun li cho

vic nng cp v trin khai d n. Di y l cc thng tin c bn v phn mm cng

nghip ca SIEMENS.

3.6.1. Tng qut


34

Giao din ngi my ca WinCC c thit k di dng ko th rt d dng

m t cc biu tng v i tng iu khin cc qu trnh cng nghip. N cung

cp cho cc k s lp trnh mt mi trng khai trin d dng s dng v mt chc

nng bao qut c th to ra cc th nghim kim tra v trin khai mt cch nhanh

chng nhng ng dng t ng ho mnh m.

Phn mm WinCC l phn mm ng dng cho cc SCADA vi mt giao din

ngi my (HMI: Humman machine Interface) m v linh hot m bo tnh linh

ng trong thit k ng dng ca khch hng khi kt ni n ph chc nng rng nht

ca cc thit b t ng ho trong cng nghip.

3.6.2. Tnh mnh m v linh hot

Phn mm WinCC HMI to cho ngi s dng kh nng v tnh linh hot cao

m giao din ngi v cc trnh ng dng ngy nay cn n. Phn mm WinCC cung

cp cho ngi s dng mt mi trng pht trin linh hot v cu trc a nng cho

php to ra cc ng dng nhanh co bt k kch bn t ng ho no. Phn mm

WinCC trin khai thun li trn cc my tnh c nhn PC(Personal Computer) hay cc

my tnh c nhn cng nghip IPC(Industry Personal Computer) trn mt cu trc

Server/Client phn tn.

3.6.3. Tnh d s dng

WinCC cho php ngi dng s dng nhanh chng to ra v trin khai biu din

bng ho cc qu trnh cng nghip theo tnh thi gian thc.

Giao din ho

Ngi s dng c th pht trin cc ho trong mi trng Windows, rt nhiu

cng c bao gm: cc thnh phn th chun, cc biu tng, cc hnh nh dng

bitmap v ActiveX controls. Mt th vin ho cao cp c cha hng ngn cc hnh

nh cc thit b cng nghip c cu hnh trc, iu ny khin cho ngi s dng

rt n gin trong vic a cc hnh nh vao trong giao din ca mnh.

Trnh soan tho mnh

Ngi s dng c th nhanh chng trin khai cc trnh son tho nh lp trnh

bo co, thit k cc bo ng, cnh bo ngn nga cc li khi ang chy(Runtime

errors).

Kh nng kt ni cao

WinCC cho php ngi dng s dng lin kt thc vi bt k thit b iu khin,

t ng ho cng nghip no m thng qua cc I/O Server. Kh nng giao tip vi


35

hng sn phm th 3 l rt d dng chng hn nh cc iu khin thng dng ca cc

hng ln nh: Wonderware, Modicon, Alley-Bradley, Square D

3.6.4. Cu trc - pht trin h thng v bo dng d dng

Tnh c lp

Cc ng dng ca WinCC c th c ci t trong mt mi trng c lp_

mt may tnh PC. iu ny l rt hu ch i vi cc doanh nghip, n v sn xut

kinh doanh nh khng cn n nhiu trm iu hnh khc nhau xem xt v iu

khin cc qu trnh cng nghip m ch cn vi mt my PC l c th lm c iu

ny.

Server/Client

Cc ng dng ca WinCC c th c ci t vo mt mi trng ch khch.

Phng php ny tit kim c thi gian v tin bc cho doanh nghip trong vic bo

dng v qun l phn mm.

3.6.5. Cc c im v li ch

c thit k cho Windows 2000 v Win XP

Tnh bo mt cao: N cho php ngi qun l h thng c th ch cho cc User

ch c th truy cp v tham gia vo cc module c th nht nh ca h thng. Chnh

vic nay s han ch cc User trong phm vi trch nhim v thm quyn ca mnh.

Cc tu chn quan st bo ng, cc c im ph v cc li ch: Hiu bit v

cc bo ng ca h thng v kh nng nhn bit chng mt cch kp thi c th

tit kim thi ngng sn xut, vn hnh qu gi ca doanh nghip. Ngi vn hnh

cn phi xem xt cc bo ng v theo di nhng g xut hin trong thi gian ton b

qu trnh vn hnh gim thiu v gii thch cc tn tht. Hn th na, ta khng

nhng ch bit c cc bo ng, cnh bo hin thi m cn th truy lc vo thng

tin v lch s cc bo ng na.iu ny gip ch rt nhiu trong vic khc phc cc

s c.

Cc ci thin ca bo ng:

Tha nhn cc bo ng: Chng ta c th thit k h thng bo ng theo dng

c iu kin hay bo ng c nh hng trc.

Tnh linh hot ca bo ng: Cc bo ng c th c php hay b cm trc tip

hoc gin tip bng cch s dng cc tag cm bo ng di s iu khin ton b ca

cc chng trnh ng dng. Cm bo ng c th c p dng vi cc loi bo ng


36

n, cc tags hoc cc nhm cm hin th thng tin bo ng trn mt nt quan st

c th. S cm ton b h thng c th ngn chn cc hot ng bo ng ti ngun.

Thi gian pht bo ng: T khi s c tht xy ra cho n khi pht bo ng thi

gian ch tnh bng miligiy.

C s d liu ca bo ng: Dng h qun l c s d liu ca Microsoft SQL

lu tr cc thng tin v h thng nh thao tc vn hnh trong h, bo co. s c

3.6.6. Nhng yu cu i vi h thng khi s dng phn mm WinCC 6.0

Cu hnh ti thiu:

My tnh Pen III 733 Mhz

128 Mb of RAM

2 Gb free hard disk space

Tuy nhin tt nht nn s dng my tnh vi cu hnh sau:

My tnh Pen IV 1.8Ghz tr ln.

256 Mb of RAM tr ln.

H iu hnh ca Microsoft Windows 2000 professional hoc Microsoft

Windows XP SP1 hay SP2.

H qun l c s d liu SQL 2000.


37

KT LUN

SCADA l h thng qun l v iu ht sc hiu qu trong h thng in

Vit Nam ni ring v th gii ni chung. V xu hng nc ta ang m rng ng

dng SCADA trong h thng qun l h thng in Vit Nam. Qua vic tm hiu v

SCADA, ta c th c ci nhn tng qut v vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong

ngnh in.Vi nhng ng dng ngy cng tin tin ny th chng ta c th sm tm ra

c gii php hu hiu tit kim ngun in cho li in quc gia v mang li li

ch kinh t cao nht cho t nc.


38

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Phan Thanh Tng, SCADA trong h thng in v gii php SCADA cho cng ty

li in cao th min Nam trong tng lai, i hc S phm K thut TP. H Ch

Minh, 2011

[2] Nguyn Vn Cng, Tm hiu v SCADA trong h thng in, i hc Cn Th

Bao Cao Thong Tin Dien Luc

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