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f!..Mpn=~ ( r Eke/l eises;; i, 4- f §, 1:.. f ~ f 8, 1 I /0 I I L I JJ. / IS: ! ?ro6kltts ~ 2, 31::t, 8' 7 12
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20.
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21.
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23.
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1.12
{ • 2..
3, I R b = E>S lor 11- : h (!J~H ( I) = /3. t, eY, = (), s 4-1 e I; 4-I(~ eV (s)"l. 2EJ
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gf 2.~ 6r7 + 9ft:, ~2.~ 251- N
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12. \
X X
t
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7.
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E15. n = 5; l = 3; ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
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E16. S = Z - Z*. Li, S = 3 - 1.28 = 1.72; Be, S = 4 - 1.91 = 2.09; B, S = 5 - 2.42 = 2.58; C, S = 6 - 3.14 = 2.86; N, S = 7 - 3.83 = 3.17; O, S = 8 - 4.45 = 3.55; F, S = 9 - 5.10 = 3.90. The amount of shielding increases across the period as electrons are added to the outermost subshell. p electrons are more shielded than s electrons, as shown by the larger increment in S between Be and B.
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E19. The first ionization energy of Zn is much higher than that of Ca because Z* is much greater. In moving to the right across a period, Z increases by one whole unit for each succeeding element, but the shielding increases by only 0.35 units. Thus, there is a rapid increase in Z* in moving to the right.