2
mgqk
flfi,a Ydlfha jr¨Ok iajrEmh '''' ''''' 1
iajNdúlj yg .kakd fudfrhshka Ndú;h '''' ''''' 2
lvqm;a fudfrhshka '''' ''''' 3
lkHd fudfrhshka '''' ''''' 3
†hm;a fudfrhshka '''' ''''' 3
iajNdúlj weÿ jk wxl=r W;af;ackh uÛska me< ⁄moùu ''''' 4
^w& flfi,a w, len,s l%uhSplit corm technique '''' ''''' 4
^wd&' wxl=r len,s u.ska me, ksIamdokh(Split bud technique) '''' ''''' 6
me< isgqùu '''' ''''' 9
^we'& m∫re md,kfha° bj;ajk fudfrhshka Ndú;h (Rejected peeper technique) '''' ''''' 11
^wE& fudfrhshka len,s u.skame< ksIamdokh(Split peeper technique) '''' ''''' 11
^b&' mqIam wxl=rh ^uQ,dlD;sh& úkdY lsrSu u.skame< jr¨Okh W;af;ackh (Gouging technique) ''''' 13
^B& flfi,a .fia w.%ia: wxl=rh úkdY lsrSfuka me< ksmoùu ''''' 14
3
flfi,a Ydlfha jr®Ok iajrEmh
ñhqidfia l=,hg wh;a flfi,a .i
úYd, m∫re wdldrhla .kakd nyq jdr¨Isl
YdlhŸ' m;% jr¨Okh wdrïN jkafka mi
hg msysá i;H l| fyj;a fldaufhysh' fuh
idudkH jHjydrfha flfi,a w,h f,i
ye¢kafõ' i;H lf|ys uOHfhys w.%ia:
wxl=rh fyj;a m%Odk wxl=rh msysgd we;'
th jgd ir¨ms,dldrj m;% yg .kS' m%Odk
wxl=rhg wu;rj iEu m;% mdohlu wxl=rhla
olakg ,efnk w;r tajd mdr¨Yaúl wxl=r
fyj;a llaISh wxl=r f,i ye¢kafõ'
fldaufhka yg .kakd m;%j, msÿ
taldldrj ;†ka weys¯u uÛska jHdc l| iEfoa'
fmd≥ jHjydrfha flfi,a .fia l| f,i
y∫kajkafka fuu jHdc l|hs' flfi,a .ila
mS°u fyj;a lekla yg .ekSu wdrïN ùug
tu .fia ⁄YaÑ; m;% ixLHdjla ygf.k
ÿîh hq;=h' tu wjia:dfõ° fldaufha ueo
msysá m%Odk wxl=rh u,la ^uqyhla& njg
m;aù lefka jr¨Okh wdrïN fõ' flfi,a
lek jr¨Okhù wiajkq ,nd≥ka miqj tu
.i ñh hhs' tfy;a fldaufhys msysá wfkl=;a
wxl=r j,sska weÿjk fudfrhshka uÛska
mrïmrdj †.gu mj;ajdf.k hd yelsh'
flfi,a fldaufha iEu m;% fldmqjlu
mdoia:fha msysá ishΩu mdr¨Yaúl wxl=r j,ska
me< fyj;a fudfrhshka yg fkd.kS'
idudkHfhka m%Odk wxl=rfha n,mEu ⁄id
wfkl=;a wxl=rj, jr¨Okh m%udo fõ' th
w.%ia: m%uqL;djh f,i ye¢kafõ' w.%ia:
m%uqL;djh keÿjQ úg fydarfudak j, n,mEula
uÛska Bg jydu my<ska msysá wxl=r Ÿysmhla
f.j;= j.djla f,i;a" iqΩ m˙udK
fukau uyd m˙udK j.djla f,i;a Y%S
,xldfõ nyq,ju j.dfjk m<;=re fnda.h
flfi,a fõ' wdodhï Wmhk fnda.hla ùu;a"
jir mqrd meÿreKq wdodhula ,nd.; yeŸ
ùu;a je⁄ idOl fya;=fjka fndfyda fokd
;j ≥rg;a flfi,a j.djg fhduqfjñka isà'
flfi,a j.d ŸrSfï ° m%Odk .egΩjla
ù we;af;a wjYH mu◊ka" ⁄frda.s" jeä wiajkq
fok" isgqùu i|yd iq≥iq me< fidhd .ekSfï
wmyiq;djhhs' fï ⁄id f.dùyq †jhsfka úúO
m%foaYj,ska ;ukaf.a j.djka i|yd frdamK
øjH ,nd .ks;s' flfi,a j.djg yd⁄lr
frda. ish,a,lau mdfya rg mqrd we;s flfi,a
j.djkg meÿ¯fï m%Odk fya;=jla f,i fuh
ye¢kaúh yel' fuje⁄ .egΩ uÛyerùug
tlu ms<shu kï" j.dlrejka úiskau ;ukaf.a
wjYH;djhg i˙,k f,i frdamK øjH
⁄Iamdokh lr .ekSug lghq;= lsrSuhs'
lDIslu_ fomdr¨;fïka;=j úiska flfi,a
me< úYd, m%udKj,ska ⁄moùfï l%u Ÿysmhla
w;ayod n,d idr¨:l m%ÿM, ,ndf.k ÿfí'
fuu l%u Ndú;fha° me< wjYH;d l,a weÿj
ie,iqï lr ta wkqj me< ⁄Iamdokh lr
.ekSu wjYH fõ' ta wkqj jvd;a fhda.H
l%uh ;SrKh Ÿ¯u;a" tlS l%uh ⁄jer†j
wkq.ukh Ÿ¯u;a u.ska frdamk øjH ms<sn|
.egΩ myiqfjka uÛ yrjd .; yeŸh' ta
i|yd Ndú;d l< yeŸ úúO l%u ms<sn|
uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd °u fuu w;a fmdf;ys
wruqKhs' me< ⁄Iamdokfha° flfi,a Ydlfha
jr¨Ok ú,dYh ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ÿîu
jeo.;a fõ'
4
muKla W;af;ackh fõ' fï wkaoug W;af;ackh
jQ wxl=r uÛska tajdg my<ska msysá wxl=r
u;=ùu m%udo flfr¨'
flfi,a me<hla isgqjd udi 04 la muK
.;jQ miqj fudfrhshka 1-2 l muK jr¨Okh
wdrïN fõ' fufia j˙ka jr fldaufha msysá
mdr¨Yaúl wxl=rj, jr¨Okh W;af;ackh ùu
ksid me< yg .kS' flfi,a .ila mSfok
úg fuu w.%ia: m%uqL;djh fndfyda≥rg bj;a
jk ⁄id tu ld,iSudfõ ° jeä me,
ixLHdjla jr¨Okh fõ' w.%ia: m%uqL;djh
bj;a lr fuu mdr¨Yaúl wxl=rj, jr¨Okh
W;af;ackh ŸrSu" flfi,a me< ⁄Iamdokfha°
Ndú;d lrk m%Odk;u uQ,Or¨uhhs'
flfi,a me< ⁄mojd .ekSfï l%u"m%Odk wdldr Ÿysmhlg fjka l< yeŸh'
iajNdúl l%uhg m∫rŸka .,jd
.kakd ,o me<
(Conventional method)
iajNdúlj weÿjk wxl=r
W;af;ackh ls˙u uÛska ⁄mojd
.kakd me<
(Modified conventional methods)
mgl frdamKfhka ,nd .kakd
me< (Tissue cultured planting
materials)
iajdNdúl l%uhg m∫rŸka ,nd .;
yeŸ me< m%udKh iSñ;h' mgl frdamKh
uÛska me< ksmojd .ekSu jvd;a idr¨:l
l%uhla kuq≥ fï i|yd jeh jk ⁄Iamdok
úhou wêl fõ' fufia fyhska" iajdNdúlj
weÿjk wxl=r$fudfrhshka W;af;ackh Ÿ¯fï
l%u uÛska me< ⁄mojd .ekSu j.dlrejka
yg jvd;a myiqh' tksid" ;uka yg wjYH
⁄frda.S me< ;ud úiskau ⁄mojd .ekSfï
yeŸhdj ,efnk w;r wu;rj ⁄Iamdokh
l< yeŸ me< wf,ú ls¯u o l< yeŸ fõ'
iajNdúlj yg .kakd fudfrhshka
Ndú;h
idudkHfhka flfi,a m∫rl ujq Ydlh
iuÛ me< 2-3 la muKla ;nd .ekSu ⁄r¨foaY
flfr¨' óg wu;rj frdamK øjH f,i Ndú;d
ls¯u i|yd m∫rl me< 2-3 la muK jr¨Okh
ùug ie,eiaúh yel' fuhg jvd jeä me<
m%udKhla isgqùug iq≥iq wjia:dj jkf;la
ujq m∫fr¨ ;nd .ekSfuka" ujq m∫fr¨ jr¨Okh
nd,fõ' fuhg fya;=j jkafka udi
3-3 1$2 la .; jk f;la flfi,a fudfrhshka
ujq m∫fr¨ wdydr j,ska fmdaIKh úuhs' fï
⁄id ujq .fiys lekaj, m%udKh l=vd fõ'
isgqùug iq≥iq hhs i,lkq ,nkafka
wvqu jYfhka fi'ó 70-80 ;rï jr¨Okh
jQ me<hŸ' fï i|yd udi 4-5 la muK
.;fõ' fï ⁄id fuu l%uh u.ska tla m∫rŸka
wjqreoaol° ,nd .;yeŸ jkafka wvq me<
ixLHdjls'
flfi,a m∫rl yg .kakd fudfrhshka
m%Odk jYfhka ;=ka j._hls'
5
lvqm;a fudfrhshka
fuu fudfrhshka f.a fldauh ^w,h&
fyd¢ka jr¨Okh ù weÿ w;r l| my, isg
by,g l%ufhka isyska fõ· tkï fla;= wdldr
yevhla .kS' fujeks me<j, wdrïNfha°
yg.kakd m;% isyska †.eá yevhla .kakd
neúka fuu me< lvqm;a fudfrhshka f,i
ye¢kafõ' fuje⁄ me< isgqùu i|yd fhdod
.; yeŸ kï jvd;a iq≥iqh' w,h m%udKfhka
úYd, ⁄id me,fha jr¨Ok fõ.h jeäh·
úYd, lekla yg .kS' flfi,a ujq .il
w,fha jvd .eUq˙ka msysgd weÿ wxl=rj,ska
fuu fudfrhshka yg .kS' flfia kuq;a
j.djl yg .kakd fuje⁄ me< m%udKh
iSñ; jk w;r" m%fNao wkqjo ,ndfok me<
ixLHdj fjkiafõ'
lkHd fudfrhshka
fuu fudfrhshkaf.a m;% m<,ah· lf|ys
yevh uo jYfhka fla;= wdldrh' flfi,a
w,h fldauh& uOHu m%udKfha úYd,;ajhla
iys;h' fuu me< j, jr¨Okh fõ.j;a w;r"
úYd, leka yg .kS' fï ⁄id fuje⁄ me<
o isgqùu i|yd iq¥iq fõ'
†hm;a fudfrhshka
iuyr m<,a m;% fudfrhshka flfi,a
ujq .fiys w,fha by,skau ^mi uÜgug
wdikakfha& msysá wxl=rj,ska yg .kS' fuje⁄
fudfrhshkaf.aa l|" b;d ≥r¨j, jk w;ru
is,skavrdldr yevhla .kS' fldauh b;d l=vd
ksid tys ;ekam;aù we;af;a b;d iqΩ wdydr
m%udKhls' m;% mr¨j w;r ≥r b;d wvq w;r
fndfydaúg m;% tlu ia:dkhŸka yg .kakd
iajrEmhla fmkakqï lrhs' m<,a m;% my,g
t,a,d jefÜ' †hm;a fudfrhshka f,i y∫kajk
6
iajNdúlj weÿ jk wxl=r
W;af;ackh uÛska me< ⁄moùu
fï wkaoug me< ksmojd .ekSu i|yd
wkq.ukh l< yels úúO l%u u.ska m%Odk
jYfhka ,nd.; yelsjkafka m<,a m;% iys;'
fudfrhshkah' lvqm;a fudfrhshka we;sjkafka
fkdie,lsh hq;= ;rï iqΩ ixLHdjls'
m<,a m;% fudfrhshka w;=˙ka fldgila
fõ.j;a jr¨Okhla iys; lkHd fudfrhshka
fõ' tfiau ≥j_, jr¨Okhla iy l=vd m;%
yd w,hla iys; †hm;a fudfrhshka o fuu
l%u u.ska yg.kS' tksid isgqùu i|yd me<
f;dard .ekSfï° fï wdldrfha ≥j_, jr¨Okhla
we;s †hm;a fudfrhshka Ndú;d fkdl< hq;=h'
^w& flfi,a w, len,s l%uh
Split corm technique
wvq bv m%udKhlska flá ld,hl °"
úYd, me< ixLHdjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd fuu
l%uh Wmfhda.S lr .; yeŸh' fuys° me<
ksIamdokh ls¯u i|yd ;jdkla ilia lr
.ekSu wjYH fõ'
;jdk i|yd ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu
fyd¢ka ysre t<sh jefgk c, myiqlï
iys; ia:dkhla fï i|yd wjYHfõ' ldn⁄l
øjH iys; fyd¢ka c,h nei hk ieye,aÆ
mila ÿîu me< j, ⁄frda.S †˙u;a jr¨Okh
i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
lafIa;%h ieliSu
m<uqj fyd†ka ìu fmr,d lafIa;%h
iu;,d lr .kak' fi'ó' 30 muK m<,
yd fi'ó' 25-30 muK .eUqr ldkq ms<sfh<
fuje⁄ me, j, jr¨Ok fõ.h b;d ≥r¨j,
neúka tje⁄ me< isgqùu i|yd ⁄r¨foaY
fkdflfr¨'
mgl frdamKh u.ska ksIamdokh lrkq
,nk flfi,a me< isgqùug kqiq≥iq †h
fudfrhshka hhs jrojd jgyd .kakd wjia:d
ms<sn| jdr¨;d ù ;sfí' idudkHfhka mgl
frdamKh u.ska ksmojkq ,nk flfi,a me<"
m%udKfhka l=vdh' m<,a m;% iys;h' tu
me< j, b;d fyd¢ka jr¨Okh jQ uQ,
moaO;shla ;sfí' fujeks me< idudkHfhka
j.dlrejka yg ,nd fokafka n∫ka l< me<
jYfhks'
†h fudfrhshka fuka fkdj mgl
frdamKfhka ksmojd.kakd me, fCIa;%fha
isgqjd fyd¢ka kv;a;= l<úg fõ.fhka
jr¨Okh fõ' tfiau tjeks .ia j, úYd,
leka yg.kS'
tksid isgqùu i|yd flfi,a me, f;dard
.ekSfï° lvqm;a fudrhshka fukau lkHd
fudfrhshka iy mgl frdamKh u.ska ksmojd
we;s flfi,a me, o Ndú;d ls¯u iq≥iq nj
meye†,sj wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h' †h fudfrhshka
muKla isgqùu i|yd fhdod fkd.; hq;=h'
7
lr .kak' ldkq 2 la w;r mr;rh fi'ó'
60 muK ùu wjYH fõ' ldkqj, †. lafIa;%fha
msysàu wkqj ;SrKh lr.; hq;=fõ'
ilid.;a ldKq j, m;=,g m<uqfjka
fi'ó' 5 ^2§& muK ;Ügqjla f,i †rdm;a
jQ ms≥re" úh<s ;K fld<" mrK jQ fldyqn;a
fyda ,S l=vq jeks øjHhla oukak' bkamiq
u;=msg mia iy †rdm;a jq f.du fmdfydr
fhdod ldKqj mqrjkak'
w, len,s ,nd .ekSu
udi 6-7 la muK jQ ksfrda.S
.il fldauh .,jd .kak' flfia kuq;a
leka lmd .;a miq tje⁄ .ia j, fldauh
Ndú;d lr jqjo fuu wdldrhg ⁄frda.s
†˙u;a me< ,nd.; yeŸ nj;a" tu me,
j, jr¨Okh iy mS°ug wdikak .il
w,hŸka ,nd .kakd me, j, jr¨Okh w;r
fjkila fkdueÿ nj;a mr¨fhaIK uÛska
fmkakqï lr we;'
fldauhg w,h& by,ska" wÛ,a 2 muK
jHdc l| bÿ˙ jkfia ujq Ydlh lmd bj;a
lrkak' ,nd .;a w, j," uq,a yd flfi,a
w, .=,a,df.a yd⁄ iys; fldgia ÿfí kï
lmd bj;a lr ms˙is≥ lr .kak'
iEu lene,a,lu ls%hdld¯ tla wxl=rhla
ne.ska isák fia w,h len,s lr .kak'
w,fha úIalïNh yd úYd,;ajh wkqj lemsh
yels len,s .Kk ;SrKh fõ' flfia jqjo
tla w, lene,a,l nr" wvqu jYfhka .%Eï
750 - ls'.%E' 1 la muK ùu iq≥iqh' w,
lene,af,a m%udKh wvqjk úg ,efnk me<
j, Yla;su;a Ndjh o wvq fõ'
isgqùug fmr m%;sldr
wuq f.du Wl= †hrhla f,i idod thg
wÆ iaj,amhla o ñY% lrkak' tu ødjkfha
,S' 4'5 .eÆulg& muK m%udKhlg" lemagdka
jeks †,Sr kdYlhlska .%Eï 10la yd
ldfnd*shqrdka .%Eï 10 la muK
m%udKhla ñY% lrkak'
lmd .;a w, len,s úkdä 10 la
muK ld,hla tu ñY%Kfha .s,ajd ;nkak'
25-30
60 fi'ó'
30 fi'ó'
8
bka miq †k 5-7 muK mjfka úh<Sug ;nd
;jdka lrkak'
ilid .;a ldkqj," fi'ñ' 45 mr;rhlg
wxl=rh by<g isák fia" w, len,s ;sria
w;g isgqjkak'
f;;ukh wdrCIdùu i|yd ms≥re fyda
úh<s ;Kfld< j,ska fyda jiqkla
fhdokak' w, len,s me,ùu i|yd mfia
f;;ukh mej;Su w;HdjYH neúka wjYH
m˙† c, iïmdokh lrk ak '
i;s 4-5 la .;jk úg wxl=r jeãug mgka
.kS'
udi 1 1$2 - 2 ° m<,a m;% jr¨Okh
wdrïN jk w;r me, j, m;% 2-3 la yg
.;a miq hQ˙hd .%Eï 20 la c,h ,Sgr¨ 1
l †h lr ^2]& †hr fmdfydrla f,i m;%
j,g biSu u.ska me< j, jr¨Okh fõ.j;a
fõ' flfi,a m;%j, báuh iajNdjh ksid
fuu hQ˙hd †hrhg iSks iaj,amhla fyda
ir¨melagkaÜ jeks øjHhla tlalr biSu
wjYH fõ'
fuf,i" i;s 2 jrla ne.ska ;=ka
j;djla muK hQ˙hd ñY% †hrh me, j,g
fhdokak' fuh l< hq;af; me, j, jO_kh
≥r¨j, hhs fmkS hk úg°h'
udi 3 1$2 - 4 lska muK fCIa;%fha
isgqùu i|yd iq≥iq me, ,nd .; yels fõ'
udi 2 1$2 ° muK ;jdfka we;s ≥r¨j,
me, bj;a ls˙u u.ska wfkl=;a me,j,
jr¨Okh fõ.j;a l< yelsh'
fuu l%ufha ° lvqm;a fudfrhshka yg
fkd.kakd w;r" jeämqr lkHd fudfrhshka
yd †h fudfrhshka yg .kS' jeäu ≥r¨j,
†h fudfrhshka isgqùu i|yd fhdod fkd.;
hq;=h'
^wd&' wxl=r len,s u.ska me, ksIamdokh
(Split bud technique)
udi 7-8 la jeks ld,hla ;=< ° tla
w,hlska me, 80-140 muK ,nd .;
yelsùu;a" fCIa;%fha isgqjk wjia:dj jk úg
fyd¢ka jevqKq uQ, moaO;shla iys; me,
ksmojd .; yelsùu;a fuu l%ufha úfYaIs;
,CIK f,i ye¢kaúh yel' fï ksid tla
ksfrda.S w,hlska me< úYd, ixLHdjla
ksmojd .ekSfï yelshdj ,efí'
fï i|yd ksfrda.S m∫rlska udi8-9 la jhie;s ^mS°ug fmr&.il w,h ^fldauh& .,jd .kak'
bka miq fldauh jHdc lf|kafjka lr" ;shqKq msyshla Ndú;dlr uq,a yd ydks jQ fldgialmd w,h ms˙is≥ lr .kak'
9
fuys° fldaufhys msg;ska msysáfïrE wxl=r j,g ydks fkdjkm˙† fuu ldr¨hh l< hq;=h'
iEu w,hlau .%Eï 750 - ls'.%Eï1 la muK n/;s len,s j,gfjka lr .kak' fuu iEu w,lene,a,lau wxl=rhla iys;ùuw;HdjYH fõ'
isgqùug fmr m%;sldr
wuq f.du Wl= †hrhla f,i idod thg
wΩ iaj,amhla o tla lr tu ñY%Kfhka
,Sgr¨ 4'5 g" ^.eÆulg& ldfnd*shqrdka
.%Eï 10 la iy lemagdka .%Eï 10 la
muK tla lr lmd .;a w, len,s t u
†hrfha úkdä 10 la muK .s,ajd ;nkak'
;jdka lsrSu
fï i|yd md;a;s ms<sfh, lr .; hq;=h'
m<, fi'ó' 90 la yd wjYH muK †.la
iys; jk fia md;a;s ilid .kak' ;jdka
udOHh f,i ,S l=vq" .xÛd je,s iy fldïfmdaaiaÜ
3(1(1 1$2 jk f,i fyda je,s "u;=msg mia"
fldïfmdaiaÜ 2(1(1 ñY%Kh fyda Ndú;d
lrkak' ;jdfka tlsfklg wdikakj fuu
w, len,s isgqjkak'
wxl=r jrOkh wdrïNùug mgka .kakd
wjia:dfõ° (Bud breaking stage) tkï †k
14- 21 ° muK" w, len,s .,jd .kak'
tla lene,a,l" wxl=rh y˙ ue†ka fnfok
fia tla lene,a,la len,s 4 lg fjka lr
.kak'
tla lene,a,la .%Eï 75-100 la
muK ùu wjYH fõ' w,fha m%udKh l=vd
jk úg ,efnk me< m%udKh o wvq fõ'
bkamiqj" m<uq ;jdka ñY%Khu Ndú;d
lr" fma,s 2 la w;r mr;rh fió' 20-25
la yd w, len,s 2 la w;r fió' 15la
mr;rhla isák fia by; i|yka wkaoug
lmd.;a w, len,s ;jdka lrkak'
i;s 2-3 la .; jk úg wxl=r u;=
ùu is≥jk w;r" tla wxl=r lene,a,la
u.ska me< 1-7 olajd ixLHdjla ,nd
.; yels fõ' tla tla wjia:dfõ jr¨Okh
jQ me< we;s neúka me, j, m%udKh úúO
fõ'
10
fi'ó' 15-20 muK Wia jQ" tkï udi
1 - 1 1$2 jhie;s me< f;dard" fmd,s;Ska
n∫ka j, isgqjkak' tu me,j, fldauh b;d
l=vd neúka yd uq,a iaj,amhla we;s neúka
tljru fCI;%fha isgqùu wmyiqh'
n∫ka lsrSu i|yd fió' 25 m<,"
fi'ó'35 la Wie;s f.a– 300 úksúo fmfkk
fmd,s;Ska n∫ka ilid .kak' n∫ka ñY%Kh
i|yd ;jdkg Ndú;d l< ñY%Khu fyda
u;=msg mia" fldïfmdaiaÜ" je,s 1(1(1 ñY%Kh
Ndú;d lrkak'
n∫ka l< me< i;s 2-3 la fijfka
;nd bka miqj oe,a .Dy ;=<g udre lrkak'
fmd,s;Ska n∫ka j, isgjQ me<hla oe,a
.Dy ;=< wv fijk ;;ajhgf;a ;eîfuka
fi'ñ'30 l jg m%udKhla iys; fCI;%fha
isgqùug iq≥iq me<hla udi 4-5 l° ,nd
.; yels fõ'
fmd,s;ska n∫fka ;sfnk fmdaIl m%udKj;a
fkdjk neúka uilg jrla flfi,a fmdfydr
ñY%Kfhka .%Eï 5-10 la n∫klg fhdokak'
11
tu wjia:dj jk úg me,hla wä
3 1$2-4 muK Wi fõ' bka miq fCIa;% ;;aj
j,g yqre lsrSu i|yd l%ufhka me, ysret<shg
ksrdjrKh lrkak' fuf,i udihla muK
;eîfuka miqj isgqùu i|yd fhdod.;
yelsh'
fi'ó'75
fi'ó'45
fi'ó'45
me< isgqùu
fujeks me<j, l=vd w,hla yd uQ,
uKav,hla we;s neúka" isgqjk j,la
†.‹m<,‹.eUqr fi'ó' 60‹60‹75 jk fia
ilid .kak' u;=msg mia yd fldïfmdaiaÜ
ñY%Kfhka jf,ys .eUq˙ka fi'ó' 45 la muK
uÜgula olajd mqrjkak' thg flfi,a
fmdfydr ñY%Kfhka .%Eï 250 la tla lr
fyd¢ka ñY% lrkak' isgqjk wjia:dfõ° fuu
me< j, uQ, uKav,hla mj;sk ksid fï
wkaoug ridhksl fmdfydr fh°u fhda.H
fõ' fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg fi'ó' 30 la muK
.eUq˙ka w,h fldgi hg jkfia me<h
isgqjkak'
me<h" jr¨Okh jk úg" l%ufhka w,h
jefikfia mia mqrjkak' fuf,i isgqùu u.ska
me<h by<g ;,aÆùu je<fla' me< isgqjd
udi 2 lska flfi,a fmdfydr ñY%Kfhka
.%Eï 250 la kej; me<hlg fhdokak' bka
miq fmdfydr fh°u idudkH flfi,a j.djla
i|yd fuka fõ' me< isgqjk ld,iSudfõ°
mfia f;;ukh uekúka mej;Su" me, j,
jO_kh idr¨:lj is≥ùu i|yd jeo.;a
wjYH;djhls' by; i|yka wdldrhg isgjQ
me< miqj idukH fudfrdhshka fukau
fyd¢ka jr¨Okh jk w;r udi 9-10 l
° mSfoa' me< j, jO_kfha fjkila olakg
fkd,efnk w;r leka taldldrS fõ'
12
fylaghdr¨ 0'4 ^wlalr 1 la& me< ksIamdokh i|yd wdodhïúhoï weia;fïka;=j
w, len,s l%uh wxl=r len,s
1' j.dj i|yd fhdod .;yels ìï m%udKh j'ó' 3800 3800^5] la mdrj,a$ldkqwd†hg bj;a fõ&
2' tla me<hla i|yd j'ó' 0'27 ^j'wä 3& jó'0'18 ^j'wä 2&fCIa;% wjYH;djh
3' wla'1 i|yd wjYHlen,s ixLHdj 14000 21"000
4' lkHd fudfrhshka yd c,fudfrhshka 40] ,efí hehs 8400 -Wml,amkh l< úg ,nd.; yels me< ixLHdjthska 10] bj;a lsrSug is≥jqjfyd;a ^jr¨Okh ≥r¨j,ùu& 7500 -
5' wlalr 1 g ,nd.; yelsme< ixLHdj - 23000^me<ùu 90]&
6' wjYH lrk w, ixLHdj 2800 210^w,hlska len,s 5 la& ^tla me<hlska me< 100&
7' ksIamdok úhou(i. w, len,s i|yd 2800‹12$- re 33600'00 210‹12$- re' 2520'00ii. lDñkdYl 10 ls'.%E'‹100$- re 1000'00 5‹100$- re '500'00iii. †,Sr kdYl 10 ls'.%E'‹100$- re 1000'00 5‹100$- re' 500'00iv. fldyq n;a lshqí 2‹1000$- re 2000'00v. fldïfmdaiaÜ - lshqí 2‹800$- re' 1600'00
vii. ms≥re lshqí 3‹500$- re' 150'00viii. je,s - lshqí4‹1200$- re' 4800'00ix. u;=msg mia - lshqí 4‹400$- re' 800'00x. w, len,s m%jdykh re' 2000'00 re' 1000'00
xiv. c, iïmdokh ^bkaOk& re' 2000'00 re' 2000'00xv. fmd,s;Ska - re'22420'00xvi. fmdfydr ^hQ˙hd& ls'.%E'30‹11$- re' 330'00xvii. Y%u wjYH;d ñksia †k 105‹150$- ñksia †k 507‹150$-
^ìï ieliSfï isg re' 15750'00 re'76050'00me< .e,ùu olajd&
uqÆ úhou re' 58850'00 re 112404'00uqÆ wdodhu re' 120000'00 re' 248280'00Y=oaO ,dNh re' 61150'00 re' 135876'00
^udi 4-4 1$2 l°& ^udi 7-7 1$2 l°&
me<hlg ksIamdok úhou re' 7'80 re' 4'80
me<hlska ,efnk Y=oaO ,dNh re' 4'20 re' 6'75
13
^we'& m∫re md,kfha° bj;ajk fudfrhshka
Ndú;h (Rejected peeper technique)
m∫re md,kfha ° bj;a lrk me< j,skam%fhdackhla ,nd .ekSug;a thska wu;r me<ixLHdjla ksIamdokhg;a fuu l%uh Wmfhda.Slr .; yels fõ'
fi'ó' 30la wähla& muK Wi ksfrda.S
fudfrhshka" w,ho iuÛ ujq Ydlfhka fjka
lr .kak' fi'ó' 30 la muK Wia jk úg
yd me<fha lvq m;% jr¨Okh wdrïNjk
wjia:dfõ we;s me< Ndú;d lsrSfuka jvd
idr¨:l m%;sM, ,nd .; yels fõ' fuu
wjia:dj jk úg fldaufha wdydr ixÑ;hla
we;s neúka ujq Ydlfhka fjka l,o me<
j,g ;ksjjr¨Okh ùfï yelshdj ;sfí'
fujeks me<" fCIa;%fha ilid .;a
;jdkl ;jdka lrkak' fi'ó'15-20 ^wÛ,a
6-8 & la Wig ilia l< je,s ;jdkl
fyda je,s" fldïfmdaiaÜ yd u;=msg mia 2(1(1
wkqmd;hg ieliQ ;jdka udOHfha" fma,s 2
la w;r mr;rh fi'ó' 60 la yd me< 2
la w;r mr;rh fi'ó' 45 la jk fia me<
isgqjkak'
;jdka md;a;s fjkqjg by; ñY%Khu
Ndú;d lr ilid .;a n∫ka j,o fuu
me< isgqúh yelsh' fï i|yd f.a– 300
úksúo fmfkk fmd,s;Ska j,ska fi'ó' 25
^wÛ,a 10& m<," fi'ó' 35 ^wÛ,a 14 la&
Wi n∫ka ilid .kak'
me<j, jr¨Okh fõ.j;a lsrSu i|yd
2] hQ˙hd ødjkhla i;s 2 g jrla m;%
j,g biskak' miq ld,fha ° me< j, lf|ys
Yla;su;a Ndjh jeä ls¯u i|yd ñhq˙fhaÜ
T*a fmdgEIa iaj,amhla o ^.%Eï 5 la muK&
tla lrkak'
udi 3 1$2-4 °" isgqùug iq≥iq me<
,nd.; yels fõ'
fudfrhshka ,nd .ekSfï ° ujq Ydlhg
wys;lr n,mEula we;s fkdjk m˙†" tla
jru ishΩu me< fkd.,jd" ld, mr;rhla
iys;j me< .,jd .kak'
^wE& fudfrhshka len,s u.ska
me< ksIamdokh
(Split peeper technique)
fuys ° o by; l%ufha° fuka m∫re
md,kfha ° bj;a lrk fudfrhshka Ndú;d
l< yelsh' fuys° tla fudfrhsfhl= f.ka
jeä me< ixLHdjla ^me< 12-15 la‡ ,nd
.; yels ùu;a" fi'ó' 30 g jvd l=vd
fudfrhshka jqjo Ndú;d lsrSug yelsùu;a
úfYaI jdishls' fuys° udi 7-7 1$2 la jeks
ld,hla" me, ksIamdokh i|yd .; fõ'
fï i|yd ksfrda.S fudfrhshka w,h
o iuÛ .,jd .kak'
14
fuu fudfrhshkaf.a w,h fldgi wuq
f.du" †,Sr yd lDñ kdYl ñY%Kfha úkdä
10 la muK .s,ajd mjfka ;nkak'
fuu ñY%Kh idod .kakd wkaou
flfi,a w, len,s l%uh hgf;a úia;r lr
we;'
w,hg by,ska wÛ,a 4 la muK b;s˙
jk fia l| lmd bj;a lrkak'
w,fha ue†ka we;s m%Odk wxl=rh ue†
jkfia m<uqj w,h folg lmkak' w,h
;rula úYd, kï lmd.;a len,s kej;
uOH wxl=rh yryd fldgia 2 g fjka
lr .kak' fï u.ska tla fudfrhsfhl=f.ka
len,s 4 la ,nd .; yels fõ'
fuf,i ,nd .;a w, len,s fijk
iy s; i a:dkhl ieli Q ;jdkl
^2-wd hgf;a úia;r lr we;& ;jdka lrkak'
15
len,s w;r mr;rh fi'ó' 15 la muK
yd fma,s w;r fi'ó' 23 la muK jk fia
w, len,s isgqúh hq;=fõ'
fï wkaoug tla lene,a,lska me<
2-3 la ,nd .; yels h'
me<hla fi'ñ' 15 la muK jk úg
;jdfkk a .,jk ak ' bk ami q m e<
tlsfkl m%fõYfuka fjk a lrf.k
fmd,s;Ska n∫kaj, isgqjkak'
wfkl=;a kv;a;= ls%hd wxl=r len,s
l%uh hgf;a i|yka lr we;s m˙† bgq lrkak'
^b&' mqIam wxl=rh ^uQ,dlD;sh& úkdY
lsrSu u.ska me< jr®Okh W;af;ackh
(Gouging technique)
fuu l%ufhka fCIa;%fha mj;sk j.dfõ
me<hlska me< 16-18 la muK ,nd .;
yelsh' fuys° tlajr ishΩu me< ,nd .;
fkdyels w;r wxl=r jr¨Okh wkqj úúO
wjia:dj, ° l%u l%ufhka me< ,nd .ekSfï
yelshdj ,efí'
fuys° ujq Ydlfha w.%ia: m%uqL;djh
bj;a lsrSu" tkï mqIam wxl=r wdrïNl
wjêfha°u úkdY lsrSu u.ska mdr¨Yaúl wxl=r
j, jr¨Okh fõ.j;a lsrSu is≥ lrkq ,efí'
fï i|yd ksfrda.S udi 7-9 la jhie;s
flfi,a Ydlhla f;dardf.k tys mqIam wxl=rh
úkdY lrkak' j.djla fyd¢ka kv;a;= lrk
úg tu Ydlfha mqIam wxl=r jr¨Okh ùu
udi 7-9 la ;=< ° is≥ fõ' idudkHfhka
weUq,a m%fNaofha 28 jk m;%h msg;g újD;
jk úg mqIam wxl=rfha jr¨Okh wdrïN fõ'
fï ksid me< jr¨Okfha wdrïNfha isg jefvk
m;% .Kka lsrSu u.ska o fuu wjia:dj
ksr¨kh lr .; yelsfõ' m;% .Kka lsrSu
wdrïN l< hq;af;a Ydlfha m<,a m;% yg
.kakd wjia:dfõ isgh'
mqIam wxl=rh (Floral bud) yg.kafka
fldauh yd flfi,a jHdc l| ^m;% fldmq&
iïnkaO jk ia:dkfha jHdc lf|ys ueoh'
rEmfha oelafjk WmlrKh wdOdrfhka
l| is≥re lr" ir¨ms,h lrleúu u.ska mqIam
uQ,dlD;sh úkdY lr oukak' fuu wjia:dj
jk úg Ydlfha jr¨Okh jQ m;% ixLHdjla
we;s w;r thg wu;rj jHdc l| ;=< jr¨Okh
ù újD; ùug kshñ; m;% 10-12 la mj;S'
fï ksid m%Ndixiaf,aIK yd wdydr ksmoùfï
ls%hdj,sh wvd, fkdjk neúka ils%h jk
fudfrhshkaf.a jr¨Okh fõ.j;a fõ' isgqùug
iq≥iq wjia:djg m;ajk me< bj;a lsrSu u.ska
wfkl=;a me<j, jr¨Okh o blauka lr .;
yel'
16
fujeks me< ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha°
ujq Ydl idudkH j.djl° fuka fkdj"
wvq mr;rhlska tkï ógr¨ 2‹2 ^wä 6‹6&
mr;rhg fCIa;%fha isgqjkak' udi 7-8 l°
mqIam wxl=rh úkdY lr mdr¨Yaúl me< ,nd
.kakd w;r ujq Ydlfha jr¨Okh ≥r¨j, jk
úg tla me<hla kj ujq Ydlh f,i jr¨Okh
ùug i,iajkq ,efí'
tho mqIam uQ,dlD;s wjêhg m;a jQ
miq kej; by; l%uhu wkq.ukh lrkak'
fuf,i wjq 2-3 la fuh mj;ajd f.k hd
yel' fmdfydr yd c, iïmdokh l%udkql+,j
,ndfoa kï me< jr¨Okh iS.%fhka is≥ fõ'
^B& flfi,a .fia w.%ia: wxl=rh úkdY
lsrSfuka me< ksmoùu
jvd myiqfjka" jeä me< .Kkla" flá
ld,hlska ,nd .; yels l%uhla f,i fuh
ye¢kaúh yel' fuu.ska udi 2-2 1$2 l°
muK me, ,nd .; yels fõ' taldldrS
jr¨Okhla iys; me< ,nd .; yels fuu
l%ufha idr¨:lNdjh 100] la fõ' jdksc
j.djl fldgila †.ska †.gu fï wdldrhg
me< ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .; yelsh'
fï i|yd jhi udi 7-8 la jk" fyd¢ka
m;% úys≥kq ksfrda.S flfi,a .ila f;dard
.kak' fuu .i ;ks .ila jYfhka fyda
mer◊ m∫rlg iïnkaO ù we;s fudfrhshl=
jYfhka fyda ;sfnkjd úh yel' fuu .fiys
l| fmd<j uÜgug fi'ó 5 ^2§& la muK
by,ska lmd fjka lrkak'
fl<jr W,a jQ ,S bkaklska fyda W,
iys; msyshlska fyda lf|ys ueo f.dnh ;,d
tys jr¨Okh kj;d oukak
17
'bkamiqj" tu l| fldgi iïmQr¨Kfhka
jefik fia jfÜg mia tl;= lr jid oukak'
úh<s ld<.=◊l ;;ajhla hgf;a° kï mia
f.dv lsrSfuka miqj ldkqjg c,h imhkak'
jeis iys; ld,.=◊l ;;ajhla hgf;a ° c,
iïmdokhla wjYH ke;'
fuu lemq l| jgd mia f.dv lsrSu
ksid we;sjk ldkqjg flfi,a j.dj i|yd
ksr¨foaYs; my; i|yka fmdfydr ñY%Khla
fhdokak'
úh<s yd w;r ueo l,dm i|yd ^tlame<hlg&
hq˙hd .%Eï 120iqmr¨ fmdiafmaÜ .%Eï 80
ñhq˙fhaÜ T*a fmdgEIa .%Eï 250
f;;a l,dmh i|yd ^tla me<hlg&
hq˙hd .%Eï 110
iqmr¨ fmdiafmaÜ .%Eï 150
ñhq˙fhaÜ T*a fmdgEIa .%Eï 190
úh<s ;;ajhla hgf;a° †k 05 lg
jrla muK c,h imhkak' fuys° jfÜg
we;s ldkqjg c,h iemhSu jeo.;a fõ' mia
f.dv u;=msgg j;=r j;a lsrSula fkdl<
hq;=h'
fuu l%ufha ° i;s 2 - 3 jk úg
fmd<j uÜgug my<ska msysá flfi,a me<fha
w,h fldgiska fudrhshka u;=ùug mgka .kS'
i;s 06 muK jk úg fudfrhshka jeäu
ixLHdjla oelsh yelsh'
18
fuu me<j, jhi udi 2 1$2-3 jk
úg .,jd isgqùug fhdod .; yel' †.ska
†.gu me< ksIamdokh lsrSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
fõ kï tla me<hla tu ia:dkfhau b;s˙lr
wfkla me< .,jd bj;a lr .kak' tu me<ho
ksis jr¨Ok wjia:djg meñ◊ úg l,ska
wdldrhgu kej;;a tyso l| lmd me<
ksIamdokh lr.; yelsh'
fï wkaoug wvqu jYfhka me< 07 muK
o Wm˙u jYfhka me< 15 muK o ,nd
.; yelsh' m%fNao wkqj fuh wvq jeä fõ'
flfi,a j.dj jd◊c uÜgñka wdrïN
lrk wfhl= ;u j.dfjys fl<jrl ksfrda.S
me< fma<s lsysmhla leka ,nd .ekSu i|yd
fkdj me< ksmoùu i|ydu ksr;=reju fjka
lsrSu jeo.;a fõ' jeä bv m%udKhla ysñ
mqoa.,fhl= kï ta i|yd flfi,a j.dfjka
fjkaj msysá N+ñhla f;dard .ekSu jvd;a
iq≥iq fõ' fuu fldgfiys by; i|yka l=uk
fyda l%uhla u.ska me< ksmoùu l< yelsh'
oekg j.djkays frda.S ;;ajhla ≥gq jydu"
tu me, bj;a lr tu ia:dkfhysu ksfrda.S
me<hla isgqùu fï ksid l< yels jk w;r"
†.ska †.gu ksfrda.S me< wf,ú lsrSu u.ska
o wdodhula Wmhd .; yelsh'
wÆ flfi,a" iSks flfi,a j,ska
fujeks me< jeä .Kkla o weUq,a
flfi,a j,ska wvq me< .Kkla o"
,nd .; yelsh' hï l%uhlska fuu
me< udi 03 lg jvd ;nd .kafka
kï me< w;r ;r.h jeä jk ksid"
kej; jrla by; m%udK j,skau
fmdfydr oeóu l< hq;=h'
kSfrda.S flfi,a me< ⁄Iamdokh
rpkh
chka;d b,xfl`ka
úIh lñgqj
tï' vhsksIshia
wdpdr¨h iqcd;d ùrisxy
chka;d b,xfl`ka
ví'tï'fla'tï' úfca;=x.
m˙.Kl msgq ieliqu
ta' ksu,a Ydka;
ud,d fmfr¨rd
uqøKhlDIslu_ fomdr¨;fïka;=fõ uqøKd,h.kafkdrej" fmardfo◊h'
m%ldYlwOHCI ^jHdma;s yd mqyqKq&lDIslu_ fomdr¨;fïka;=j"fmardfo◊h'≥rl:k 08-388388" 388098" 388124
lDIslu_ fomdr¨;fïka;=j - fmardfo◊hlDIslu_ yd bvï wud;HdxYh