BAMNAULI CCPP - RAPID EIA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR

THE PROPOSED 800 MW PRAGATI-II GAS BASED COMBINED CYCLE POWER PROJECT AT BAMNAULI

OF

PRAGATI POWER CORPORATION LIMITED

NEW DELHI

Consultant

NTPC LIMITED CONSULTANCY WING

(A Government of India Enterprise)

Prepared by

MANTEC CONSULTANTS PRIVATE LIMITED

805, Vishal Bhavan, 95, Nehru Place, New Delhi-110019

Doc. No: CW-EN-9545-C-379-E-R-001 April, 2009

Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of

PPCL

Doc. No. CW-EN-9545-C-379-E-R-001

Rev. No.: 1

Issue Date: 06-04-2009

Page No. i of xi

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No.

Section No.

Title Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 01-13

1.1 Background 01-13

1.2 Need For Study 02-13

1.3 Project Proposal 02-13

1.3.1 Proposed Facilities 02-13

1.3.2 Project at a Glance 03-13

1.4 Special Project Features 03-13

1.5 Environmental Policy and Administrative Framework 04-13

1.6 Location and approach 04-13

1.7 Justification For Combined Cycle 07-13

1.7.1 Justification of the site 07-13

1.8 Scope of the Study 08-13

1.9 EIA Methodology 09-13

1.9.1 Project Setting and Description 09-13

1.9.2 Baseline Data Collection/Reconnaissance Survey 09-13

1.9.3 Identification and Evaluation of impact 11-13

1.9.4 Occupational Health and Safety 11-13

1.9.5 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan 11-13

1.9.6 Environment Management Plan 11-13

1.10 Resources Required for Pragati II CCPP 12-13

1.10.1 Land 12-13

1.10.2 Fuel 12-13

1.10.3 Water 12-13

1.10.4 Transport 13-13

1.10.5 Manpower 13-13

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1-14

2.1 General 1-14

2.2 Layout Systems 2-14

2.2.1 Layout Plan 2-14

2.2.2 System Location 2-14

2.3 Power Generation System 4-14

2.3.1 Plant Configuration 4-14

2.3.2 Process in Brief 4-14

2.3.3 Main Plant 4-14

2.4 Plant Utility System 5-14

2.4.1 Fuel Requirement, Storage and Handling System 5-14

2.4.2 Water Availability and Requirement 5-14

2.4.3 Cooling Water System 6-14

2.4.4 DM Water 6-14

2.4.5 Potable Water System 7-14

2.4.6 Chlorination Plant 7-14

2.4.7 Fire Protection System 7-14

2.4.8 Effluent Treatment and Disposal 7-14

2.4.9 Other Facilities 12-14


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Chapter No.

Section No.

Title Page No.

2.5 Pollution Control/Environmental Components 12-14

2.6 Pollution Control Measures 12-14

3 BASELINE DATA 1-68

3.1 Description of site and surrounding 1-68

3.1.1 Land Environment 1-68

3.2 Geology 5-68

3.2.1 Physiography 5-68

3.2.2 Drainage 5-68

3.2.3 Geological Succession 5-68

3.2.4 Floods 6-68

3.2.5 Tectonic & Seismicity 7-68

3. 3 SOILS 8-68

3.3.1 Selection of sampling Locations 8-68

3.3.2 Methodology 10-68

3.3.3 Physical Characterization of Soil 10-68

3.4 Climate & Meteorology 11-68

3.4.1 Climate 11-68

3.4.2 Climatological Data 12-68

3.4.3 Meteorological Observation at Proposed Site 19-68

3.5 Air Environment 22-68

3.5.1 General Description 22-68

3.5.2 Monitoring stations 22-68

3.5.3 Sampling Period, Frequency and Parameter 24-68

3.5.4 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 24-68

3.5.5 Air Quality Standards 25-68

3.5.6 Observation 26-68

3.5.7 Conclusion 28-68

3.6 Heat Pollution 30-68

3.7 Hydrology 30-68

3.7.1 Introduction 30-68

3.7.2 Surface Water 30-68

3.7.3 Drainage Pattern 31-68

3.7.4 Ground water Hydrology 31-68

3.8 Water Quality 32-68

3.8.1 Selection of Sampling Locations 32-68

3.8.2 Methodology and Results 33-68

3.9 Ecology 46-68

3.9.1 Environmental Scenario of 10 km. Radius 46-68

3.9.2 Environmental conditions in the Core Study Area 46-68

3.9.3 Terrestrial Ecology 46-68

3.9.4 Objectives of Ecological Studies 46-68

3.9.5 Flora 47-68

3.9.6 Ecological Sampling: Methods adopted for the study 50-68

3.9.7 Site Selection Criteria 51-68

3.9.8 Wildlife Sanctuary / National Park 55-68

3.9.9 Endangered Species 55 -68

3.9.10 Aquatic Ecology 55-68


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Chapter No.

Section No.

Title Page No.

3.9.11 Rare and Endangered Species 57-68

3.9.12 Ecological Sensitive Areas 57-68

3.10 Noise 59-68

3.10.1 Effects of Noise 59-68

3.10.2 Ambient Noise Standards 60-68

3.10.3 Sampling Locations 60-68

3.10.4 Results and Discussion 61-68

3.11 Demography And socio-Economic 64-68

3.11.1 Demographic Profile of the Study Area Based on 2001 Census Data of Population

64-68

3.11.2 Socio-economic Profile of the Study Area Based on 2001Census Record

65-68

3.11.3 Availability of Infrastructure Facilities & Amenities 67-68

3.11.4 Conclusion 68-68

4 IMPACTS 1-15

4.1 Land Environment 1-15

4.1.1 Sources Of impact 1-15

4.1.2 Prediction of Impacts 2-15

4.2 Air Quality 2-15

4.2.1 Impacts During Construction Phase 2-15

4.2.2 Impacts During Operation Phase 2-15

4.2.3 Emission Standards 3-15

4.2.3 Meteorological Data 4-15

4.2.5 Application of ISCST3 Model 4-15

4.3 Water Environment 6-15

4.3.1 Impacts During Construction Phase 6-15

4.3.2 Impacts During Operational Phase 6-15

4.3.3 Prediction of impacts 9-15

4.4 Noise Environment 10-15

4.4.1 Impact During Construction Phase 10-15

4.4.2 Impacts During Operation Phase 10-15

4.5 Ecology 14-15


4.5.2 Aquatic Ecology 14-15

4.6 Socio-Economic Environment 14-15

4.6.1 Demography 14-15

4.6.2 Land Use pattern 15-15

4.6.3 Transport and Communication 15-15

4.6.4 Social Impacts 15-15

4.6.5 Other Socio-Economic Factors 15-15

5 RISK ASSESSMENT 1-15

5.1 Objective 1-15

5.1.1 Hazard Identification and Visualization of MCA Scenarios

1-15

5.1.2 Analysis of MCA Scenarios 1-15

5.1.3 Consequence Analysis 1-15

5.2 Hazard Identification 2-15


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Chapter No.

Section No.

Title Page No.


5.2.2 Hazard potential 2-15

5.2.3 Classification of major hazardous substances 3-15

5.2.4 Fire, explosion and toxicity index (FETI) approach 3-15

5.3 Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) Analysis 6-15


5.3.2 Factors Influencing the Use of Physical Effect Model 6-15

5.3.3 Visualization of MCA scenarios 7-15

5.3.4 Chemical Inventory Analysis 7-15

5.3.5 Identification of Chemical Release and Accident Scenarios

7-15

5.3.6 Past Accident Data Analysis 8-15

5.3.7 Short Listing of MCA Scenarios 8-15

5.3.8 Atmospheric Stability 8-15

5.3.9 Modes of failure 9-15

5.3.10 Failure frequency 10-15

5.4 Damage / Risk Criteria 11-15

5.4.1 General 11-15

5.4.2 Thermal radiation 11-15

5.4.3 Blast Overpressure 12-15

5.4.4 Toxic Exposure 12-15

5.5 Consequence Analysis 13-15

5.5.1 Selected failure cases 13-15

5.5.2 Blast Overpressure due to Formation Holes in NG Pipelines

13-15

5.5.3 Chlorine tonner nozzle failure 14-15

6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 1-15

6.1 Occupational Safety / Hazards 1-15

6.1.1 Objective 1-15

6.1.2 Identification of Potential Hazards 1-15

6.1.3 Quantifying Extent of Hazards 2-15

6.1.4 Hazard Control 3-15

6.1.5 On site Security & Safety Measures 6-15

6.1.6 House Keeping 6-15

6.1.7 Safety Awareness among Workers/Employees 7-15

6.1.8 Accident Reporting 10-15

6.1.9 Safety Review Check List 10-15

6.1.10 Medical Facilities 11-15

6.1.11 Fire Fighting Arrangement 11-15

6.1.12 Safety and Emergency Plan 14-15

7 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 1-10

7.1 General 1-10

7.2 Purpose and Scope of DMP 1-10

7.3 Causes of Disaster 2-10

7.4 Disaster Control Philosophy 2-10

7.5 Disaster Control Plan 2-10

7.5.1 Design Stage Considerations 2-10


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Chapter No.

Section No.

Title Page No.

7.5.2 Equipment Plan 4-10

7.5.3 Organizational Plan 6-10

7.5.4 Action / Response Plan 7-10

7.6 Disaster Management Plan 8-10

7.6.1 General 8-10

7.6.2 Resource Planning 8-10

7.6.3 Medical Services 8-10

7.6.4 Transport and Communication 9-10

7.6.5 Safety Appliances 9-10

7.6.6 Operational Functions 9-10

7.6.7 Off-site Emergency 10-10

8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 1-10

8.1 Water Environment 1-10

8.1.1 Water Conservation/Recycle 1-10

8.1.2 Control Measures 1-10

8.1.3 Mitigation Measures 2-10

8.2 Air Environment 2-10

8.2.1 Control Measures 2-10

8.2.2 Mitigation Measures 2-10

8.3 Solid Waste Management 3-10

8.3.1 Generation of Solid Waste 4-10

8.3.2 Disposal of Solid Wastes 4-10

8.4 Noise and Vibration 4-10

8.4.1 Sources of Noise 4-10

8.4.2 Existing Scenario 5-10

8.4.3 Control/Mitigation Measures 5-10

8.5 House Keeping 6-10

8.6 Transport Pipeline 6-10

8.7 Green Belt Development Plan 6-10

8.7.1 Purpose 7-10

8.7.2 Selection of Tree Species 7-10

8.7.3 Areas to be afforested 8-10

8.7.4 Financial Provisions 8-10

8.7.5 Manpower & Expertise 8-10

8.8 Environmental Monitoring Programme 8-10

8.9 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management 9-10

8.9.1 Institutional Setup at Pragati II CCPP Project 9-10

8.9.2 Environmental Laboratory 9-10

9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 1-4

9.1 Land availability and requirement 1-4

9.2 Fuel Requirement, Storage & Handling System 1-4

9.3 Water Availability and Requirement 1-4

9.4 Environment Impact Assessment Study 1-4

9.5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

1-4

9.5.1 Land Use 1-4


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Chapter No.

Section No.

Title Page No.

9.5.2 Water Use and Hydrology 2-4

9.5.3 Demography and Socio-economics 2-4

9.5.4 Air Quality 2-4

9.5.5 Soils 2-4

9.5.6 Water Quality 2-4

9.5.7 Noise 2-4


9.6 Disaster Management Plan 3-4

9.7 Project Benefits 3-4

9.8 Environment Management Plan 3-4

9.9 Conclusions 4-4


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LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

Contents Page No.

1.1 Details of Baseline Data Collection Schedule 10-13

1.2 Specification of Gas 12-13

3.1 Land use of the Study Area 2-68

3.2 Land use Pattern of the area based on Satellite Imagery 3-68

3.3 Past Data of floods in Delhi 6-68

3.4 Earth Quake Occurrence in Delhi and adjoining Areas 7-68

3.5 Soil Sampling Locations 8-68

3.6 Physical Characteristics of soil in the Study 10-68

3.7 Chemical Characteristics of soil in the study Area (Post Monsoon)

11-68

3.8 Climatologically Table as per Data of Safdarjang Observatory (1993-2002)

13-68

3.9 Meteorological Data from Safdarjang Observatory ( 2000-2005 )

15-68

3.10 Instruments, Parameters and Frequency of Meteorological Monitoring at site

19-68

3.11 Recorded Meteorological data at site 19-68

3.12 AAQ Monitoring Stations within the Study area 22-68

3.13 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 25-68

3.14 Ambient Air quality Status with respect to Repairable Particulate Matters

26-68

3.15 Ambient Air quality Status with respect to Suspended Particulate Matters

26-68

3.16 Ambient Air quality Status with respect to Sulphur di-oxide

27-68

3.17 Ambient Air quality Status with respect to Nitrogen Oxide 27-68

3.18 Quality of Surface Water 30-68

3.19 Ground water Quality Sampling Locations of the Study area

32-68

3.20 Surface water quality Sampling Locations of the study Area

32-68

3.21A Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground water 37-68

3.21B Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground water 39-68

3.22A Surface Water Quality 42-68

3.22B Surface Water Quality 44-68

3.23 Lists of tree species observed in the project area 49-68

3.24 Lists of Shrubs and grasses observed in the project area 50-68

3.25 Terrestrial Ecological Sampling Locations 51-68

3.26 Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of Different Species at Tajpur Khurd (TE1)

51-68

3.27 Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of 52-68


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Different Species at Chawla (TE2)

3.28 Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of Different Species at Bijwasan (TE3)

53-68

3.29 List of domestic fauna observed in the study area 54-68

3.30 List of Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians ad Rodents observed in the Study Area

54-68

3.31 Aquatic Ecological Sampling Locations 56-68

3.32 Phytoplankton Status of Aquatic Ecological Stations 56-68

3.33 Zooplankton Status of location Aquatic Ecological Stations

57-68

3.34 Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise 60-68

3.35 Noise Level Monitoring Stations in the Study Area 61-68

3.36 Hourly Leq Noise level in the Study Area (Post Monsoon) 61-68

4.1 Stack and Emission Characteristics for Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project

3-15

4.2 Mixing Depth Considered For Dispersion Modeling (Post Monsoon)

4-15

4.3 First 10 Maximum 24 Hourly Short Term Incremental Concentration (Post Monsoon)

5-15

4.4 Resultant Maximum Ground Level Concentration after Commissioning of the Project at 50 ppm concentration

6-15

4.5 Resultant Maximum Ground Level Concentration after Commissioning of the Project

6-15

4.6 Characteristics of Water and waste water streams 7-15

4.7 Final Discharge of Effluents 9-15

4.8 Likely Noise Levels in Pragati CCPP II 12-15

4.9 Predicted Noise Levels 12-15

4.10 Permissible Exposure Noise Limits 12-15

5.1 Ranking of Chemicals Hazards of NG as per NFPA classification

4-14

5.2 Properties of Materials Employed 5-14

5.3 Vulnerable Units of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II CCPP Project

6-14

5.4 Pasquill stability Classes 9-14

5.5 General Mechanism for loss of Containment 9-14

5.6 Some Typical Failure Frequency Data 11-14

5.7 Damage due to incident Thermal Radiation Intensity 11-14

5.8 Physiological Effects Of Threshold Thermal Doses 12-14

5.9 Damage Effects Due To Blast Overpressure 12-14

5.10 Physiological Response to Chlorine Concentration 1s-14

5.11 List of failure cases 13-14

5.12 Hazard distances to over pressure due to explosion 14-14

5.13 Hazard distances to chlorine due to chlorine cylinder outlet nozzle failure

14-14

6.1 Suggested List of Training Courses 7-15


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6.2 Institutions Offering Courses on Industrial Safety 8-15

6.3 List of Items for First Aid Centre 11-15

6.4 List of Safety Equipment 13-15

6.5 Fire Fighting Safety Equipment 14-15

7.1 List of Proposed Safety Equipment 5-10

8.1 Environmental Monitoring Programme 8-10


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

No.

Contents Page

No.

1.1 Vicinity Map for Pragati –II Combined Cycle Power Project 6-13

2.1 Layout plan 3-14

2.2 Water balance diagram 11-14

3.1 Land Use Classification based on Satellite Imagery(2008) 4-68

3.2 Location of Soil Sampling Stations

9-68

3.3 Wind Rose Diagrams at 08.30 Hrs. at Safdarjung, New Delhi 17-68

3.4 Wind Rose Diagrams at 17.30 Hrs. at Safdarjung, New Delhi 18-68

3.5 Windrose diagram for the post monsoon season 21-68

3.6 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations 23-68

3.7 Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to

Respirable Particulate Mattey

28-68

3.8 Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to

Suspended Particulate Matter

28-68

3.9 Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to SO2

29-68

3.10 Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to NOx 29-68

3.11 Ground Water Sampling Location 36-68

3.12 Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations Imagery 41-68

3.13 Ecological Monitoring Stations 58-68

3.14 Noise Level Monitoring Station 63-68

3.15 The Occupational Structure of the Study Area 66-68

Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW

Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL

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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND

Power Consumption is one of the main indicators of Development of state/ country. In other words power development is key element in the development of the economy. Delhi has been experiencing power shortages of varying magnitude throughout the year, particularly during peak summer and winter months. Pragati Power Corporation Ltd., a Government of Delhi undertaking, was established in 2001 for installation of new power plants in Delhi with the purpose to meet the ever-growing demand of electric power in the city of Delhi. PPCL presently operates a 330 MW Pragati Power Station which is a natural gas fired combined cycle plant. Pragati III 1500MW combined cycle Power plant at Bawana is presently under construction and the same will be progressively commissioned from March 2010 to November 2010. This project is being installed to initially meet the power demand in Delhi during common wealth games to be held in October 2010. After that, the power generated shall be utilized to meet the growing demand of Delhi & Northern Region.

The present proposal is for installation of 800 MW (maximum capacity) combined cycle project. Pragati Power Corporation Ltd. has been entrusted with the responsibility of installation of Pragati-II CCPP. The project will be operated on natural gas as the only fuel.

In order to identify the environmental impacts due to the construction and operation of power plant and associated facilities, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study has been undertaken, The aim of the study is to establish the existing environmental conditions, predict impacts of the power plant and associated facilities and formulate the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and develop a post study – monitoring program. The EIA report is required for seeking Environmental clearance (EC) from Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and Public consultation from Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC). For this PPCL has obtained approval of TOR vide letter CW-CM-9545-C-O-C-001 Dated 17.07.08 as enclosed in Annexure-I. Accordingly this EIA study has been carried out. The plant is located at Bamnauli village, southwest of Delhi. The site is approachable by Bijwasan-Najafgarh road, connected through NH-8.



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NTPC Limited, New Delhi, India has been engaged as consultant to prepare the feasibility report (FR) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report of the proposed project. Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi has been retained by NTPC as sub-consultant for carrying out site activities.

1.2 NEED FOR EIA STUDIES

Development activities are of prime importance for the economic growth and fulfillment of basic needs of the society. Availability of power is one of the major infrastructure requirements for industrial development. However, industrialization and associated human activities lead to waste generation, which results in an impact on the surrounding environmental components. Therefore while implementing the development projects, environmental aspects of projects must be taken into account and due attention must be paid to protect the environment. The basic steps in this direction are to determine the baseline status of the environment, to identify and quantify the elements of impact associated with the proposed project, and to evaluate the probable impacts of the proposed project on the surrounding environment, so that suitable measures to minimize negative impacts could be taken during early stages of the project.

1.3 PROJECT PROPOSAL 1.3.1 Proposed facilities

The following facilities are proposed to be established within the proposed power project: - Plant configuration a. Gas Turbine (Advanced class) : 2 Nos. b. HRSG Boiler : 2 Nos. c. Steam Turbine : 1 No. Off site facilities a. Raw Water : 2000 m3. b. Lime softening Plant : 800 m3/hr c. Cooling Tower capacity : 44000 m3/hr

- CW Blowdown : 800 m3/hr - Side stream filter capacity : 44 m3/hr

d. Storage - DM Water storage tanks : 25 m3/hr

e. Effluent Treatment Plant - CMB Discharge : 830 m3/hr - Tube Settler : 80 m3/hr

f. RO plant : 30 m3/hr g. Ultra filtration plant : 40 m3/hr h. Fire Protection System : Provided



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i. Emergency DG set : 2 Nos 1.3.2 Project at a Glance

a) Name of the Project : Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project

b) Name of the Promoter : Pragati Power Corporation Limited, (Govt. of Delhi)

c) Location : Bamnauli Village, Southwest of Delhi

d) End Product : Electricity

e) Capacity : 800 MW (Maximum capacity)

f) Man Power :

:

Peak labour force - 1300

Operation period - 480

g) Project Time Schedule : 28 months

h) Raw Materials and Utilities

- Natural Gas

:

3.0 MSCMD (Million standard Cubic Meter per day)

- Water (Treated Sewage) : 2000 m3/ hr

i) Mode of operation : Base load operation is envisaged

j) Project Cost :

Rs. 3025 Crores (Approximately) including land cost

1.4 SPECIAL PROJECT FEATURES Thermal Power Plant running on natural gas is considered as one of the

cleanest form of industries. The proposed power plant shall be operated only on natural gas as fuel. No liquid fuel shall be used for power generation, thereby reducing emission of particulate matters and sulphur dioxide.

Treated sewage from Dwarka Sewage Treatment Plant of Delhi Jal Board

(DJB) will be drawn for use in power plant. Make up water requirement for the plant shall be approximately 2000m3/hr. Dwarka STP is situated at a distance of about 8 Km from the project site.

All structures, buildings like chemical house, pump house. RO & D.M. plant

building etc shall be RCC framed structure with brick walls. All water- retaining



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structures like clarifiers, thickeners, basins, sumps, reservoir etc shall be of RCC construction.

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK

The principal Environmental Regulatory agency in India is the Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF), New Delhi. MoEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearance for the projects.

In views of legal policies and framework „Environmental Clearance‟ from Ministry of Environment & Forest is required for the proposed project as per the MoEF notification dated 14thSeptember, 2006. As it comes under category „A‟, the environmental impact assessment (EIA) report for the same has been prepared as per approved TOR on the basis of the study conducted in the project area (area falling within 10km radius has been considered as the study area) and the results of the report have been presented in this report. After the preparation of the EIA, the project shall undergo the process of public hearing to get environmental clearance. Delhi Pollution Control Board shall issue a notice for public hearing. SPCB shall decide a date, time, and place for the hearing. Suggestions, views, comments and objections of the public shall be invited within 30 days from the date of publication of notification. After incorporating public hearing minutes, the final report will be submitted for environment clearance.

1.6 LOCATION AND APPROACH

The proposed plant is located at Bamnauli village, southwest of Delhi. On the east of Bamnauli village is Bharthal village. Bijwasan is located on the south east of Bamnauli. Dwarka subcity is located on north of the village. Border Security Force (BSF) Head Quarter at Chhawla is situated on the northwest of Bamnauli. The site is approachable by Bijwasan-Najafgarh metal road, connected through NH-8. Location of the project site, nearest airport, railway station, highways etc. are given below: -

a) Project location : Bamnauli Village,

Southwest of Delhi

b) Latitude : 28 32‟48‟‟ N

c) Longitude : 77 2‟ E

d) Nearest railway station

: Bijwasan Railway Station



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e) Distance of project site from the railway station

: 4 km.

f) Nearest airport

: Indira Gandhi International Airport

g) Distance of airport from the project site : 8.0 kms

h) Nearest National highway : NH-8

i) Distance from nearest Highway point to the site

: 7.0 kms

The Vicinity Plan indicating the location of the plant is shown in figure 1.1.



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Najafgarh

ParkRaghubir

EnclaveGopalnagar

Chetan Vihar

Gopal Park PremnagarRoshan Vihar

Dindarpur

N A J A F G A R H

Betajsta

EnclaveDurga Vihar

Shyam Enclave

PaprawatKharkhari

Nahar

Premnagar

Pindwala

Kalan

Pindwala

Khurd

Kharkhari

Raund

Hasanpur

Daulatpur

Cremation

Ground

Asalatpur

Khadar

Gummanhera

Jainpur

Cremation

GroundShikarpur

Jhatikra

Drain

No.8 N

ajafg

arh D

rain

Cremation Ground

Cremation

Ground

Cremation

Ground

Cremation

GroundBabupur

Muhammadheri

Kherki Majra

DhankotTikampur

Daulatabad

Dhanwanpur Gurgaon

Masani

GURGAON

Madanpuri

Jyoti Park

Chandarnagar

Shivajinagar

Raghopur

Bajghera

Panwala

Khusropur

Badosra

Palam Vihar

Chaumuha

Alawardi Sarai

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

GURGAON R S

Bhumgarh

Basai

UDYOG VIHAR

Daulat

Nasirabad

Mulahera

Dundahera

MARUTI UDYOG

Sirhaul

GURGAON

Udyog Vihar

Overhead

Tank

Sikandarpur

GhosChakarpur

Overhead

Tank

Overhead

Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead

Tank

Kapashera

SamalkaBIJWASAN

Bharthal

NH 8

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

Nangal Dewat

Nangal Dairy

Rangpuri

Rajokri PF

Indira Gandhi

International

AirportMehramnagar

Maude Lines

Shekhawati

Lines

Shumbran LinesPalam R S

Rajnagar

Palam R S

Purannagar

Palam

SadhnagarManglapuri

Nasirpur

Bagrola

Dabri

SagarpurMahavir

Enclave

BindapurMadhu Vihar

Sahyog Vihar

Matyala

Gulabi Park

Dayalsar Colony Anupnagar

Niwada MajraJANAKPURI

Salatpur Khadar

Jhuggi Jhonpri

colonyMohan

GardenBhagwati

Garden

DWARKABharat Vihar

Kakraula

Sector 14

Sector 13

Shiv Enclave Block A

Nangli Sakrawar

Masudabad

Vijay Park

Mungashpur

Dairy ColonyGhasipura

Lakshmi Vihar

Goela Khurd

Shyam Vihar

Tajpur Khurd

Qutab Vihar

Reola

KhanpurChhawla

Kanganheri

Chhawla Camp

Bamnauli

Dhul Siras

PF

Isapur Khera

Pchanpur

Ganda Nala

Ambar Hai

Sector 17

Sector 18

D W A R K ASector 12

Sector 5

Sector 4

Sector 11

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 2

Sector 9Sector 8

Sector 7

Sector 20

Sector 21

Sector 22Sector 23

Jainpur

Dense Babul

10KM

N

28°27'30"76°55'29"

28°27'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"76°55'29"

National Highway

Road

Drain/distrubutary

District Boundary

LEGEND

Ganda Nala

Najafgarh Drain

Rajokri

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°32'30" 28°32'30"

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

Drain

Trailway

Kharkhari

Jatmal

Proposed Site

Figure1.1: Vicinity Map for Pragati –II Combined Cycle Power Project



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1.7. Justification for Combined Cycle from Environmental point of view

In the combined cycle operation, the heat content of the flue gas exhaust from the gas turbine is utilized to generate steam in heat recovery steam generator, which in turn is utilized to generate electric power in steam turbine. This results into a significantly higher overall efficiency as compared to open cycle operation. Recovery of heat from flue gases also reduces thermal pollution. Combined cycle power plant has the advantage of shorter project implementation period. The gas turbine uses cleaner fuel like natural gas, which is advantageous from environmental point of view. A natural gas based CCPP has the following additional advantages over the conventional coal based plants.

Particulate matter emission into the atmosphere from coal handling, ash handling and ash disposal is completely eliminated.

Due to use of natural gas as fuel, sulphur dioxide emission into the atmosphere is practically eliminated.

Water consumption and resulting waste water generation is significantly low.

Land requirement for the project is substantially less. 1.7.1 Justification of The Site

a) Availability of Adequate Land: The respective land required for the proposed project is presently in possession of the project proponent (PPCL). Approximately 20 ha. of land would be adequate for proposed project. Land has been transferred to PPCL vide letter No. F.1 (62)plg./Dwk./Pt.IV/398 dated 30.05.2007. The land is located in Bamnauli Village, 13.7 M wide Bijwasan – Najafgarh road on the South, Najafgarh drain on the west and existing 400 kV Grid Station on the Northern side. Two 400 KV transmission lines are passing through a part of the project site. So it is necessary to divert the transmission lines before starting the construction activity. The proposed area where the plant is to be located is shown on the General Layout plan, which is shown in figure 2.1 in chapter-2 of this report

b) Water Availability: Make-up water requirement of the project, estimated as 2000 m3/hr, will be met through treated sewage from sewage treatment plant at Dwarka which is located at 8 km from the site. DJB shall setup make-up raw water pump at the



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STP, Dwarka for the Project. These pumps shall deliver the water to the site raw water reservoir within the plant premises. c) Raw Materials:

Fuel requirement The basic fuel for this project has been considered as Natural Gas. Fuel Requirement is Approximately 3.0 MSCMD (Million Standard Cubic Metres per Day) having calorific value of 9500 kcal/SCM. Natural gas shall be transported at the site from the fuel supplier through Gail terminal. d) Power Evacuation System: The power from the project will be evacuated through the existing 400 kV/220kV Bamnauli Grid Stations of Delhi Tranco Limited at 400kV level. e) Road access The site is well approachable by Bijwasan-Najafgarh road, connected through NH-8.

f) Environmental Aspects: The proposed site, comprising of 20 hactares of land, is in possession of project proponent and is without any human settlement. It has been selected taking into consideration the guidelines of MoEF. There is no ecologically sensitive area such as biosphere reserve, national park and wildlife sanctuary within a radius of 10 km from the project site. Further, there is no archaeological/ cultural/ historically important monument or place within the 10 km radius. The project site does not involve forest or prime agricultural land. As natural gas is the fuel with incorporation of Dry Low NOx (DLN) burners, NOx emission from the stacks and resulting increments of ground level concentration of this pollutant will be less. There will be no emission of particulate matter from the stacks. There will be no emission of sulphur dioxide from the stacks. For the effluent streams, suitable treatment is provided in the project proposal for compliance with prescribed norms. The HRSG boilers shall effectively bring down the flue gas temperature, thereby reducing heat flux into the atmosphere.

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The area falling within 10 km distance from the proposed site has been considered as the study area for conducting detailed studies. The major scopes of the Environmental Impact Assessment study are listed as follows: -



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A brief description of the project. A detailed characterization of the existing environment within the area of

10 km radius from the project site for environmental components viz. air, noise, water, land, soil, biological and socio-economic aspects.

Prediction and evaluation of positive and negative impacts that may result from proposed power plant project.

Formulation of environmental management plan (EMP) to eliminate or minimize the adverse impacts of the project on the surrounding environment.

Preparing occupational health and safety as well as Disaster Management Plan (DMP) to minimize any accident or emergency situation.

To propose plans for post project monitoring. 1.9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

An effective environmental impact assessment calls for establishing background data on various environmental components through reconnaissance survey, sampling, available literature sources etc.; identifying project features which are likely to have impacts on the environment; predicting impacts; superimposing impacts on the existing baseline scenario and developing suitable Environmental Management Plan. The methodology adopted in preparing the EIA report is described below:

1.9.1 Project Setting and Description

The proposed project site, details including main process and off -site facilities have been defined. The description also gives details of pollution generating sources (gaseous/liquid/solid/noise/heat). The treatment process and control measures adopted for these pollutants are also covered.

1.9.2 Baseline Data Collection/Reconnaissance Survey

Once the affected environmental parameters are identified, a monitoring network is set up for related environmental parameters to establish its background quality. For the Rapid EIA report, a study period of 3 months starting from September 2008 to November 2008 had been undertaken. The monitoring has been carried out as per the schedule mentioned in Table 1.1.



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Table 1.1: Details of Baseline Data Collection Schedule

Field Parameters No. Of

Sampling Location

Frequency

Ambient Air Quality

SOX NOx SPM RPM

4 Twice a week

Meteorology Wind Speed Wind Direction Ambient Temperature at Two Heights 2m & 10m Solar radiation

1 Continuous Automatic 1 hourly Average

Max. & Min Temperature Daily at hourly basis

Humidity Daily at hourly basis

Atmospheric Pressure Daily at hourly basis

Rainfall Daily

Storm Daily

Water Quality (Surface & Ground Water Sample)

Physical Parameters pH, Temp., DO, Conductivity and TSS

9 Monthly

Chemical Parameters TDS, Alkalinity, Hardness, BOD, COD, NO3, PO4, Cl, SO4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Si, O&G and phenolic compounds

9 Monthly

Bacteriological MPN and Total Coliform

9 Monthly

Heavy Metals Pb, Cd, Cr+6, Total Cr, Cu, Zn, Se and Fe

9 Once in a Study Period

Noise Leq 10 Once in a Study Period

Soil pH, conductivity, CEC, N, P, K, etc.

9 Once in a Study Period

Ecology Aquatic 3 Once in a Study Period

Terrestrial 3 Once in a Study Period



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1.9.3. Identification and Evaluation of Impact The impact identification of each of the environmental parameters is the first step of assessment. In order to identify the impact comprehensively, all the activities associated with the proposed project during the construction as well as operational phase are identified. In this part of the report the sources of emissions (gaseous, liquid, solid, noise, heat), emission load and characteristics are estimated. These emissions from the plant are used as a part of the input data for predictive mathematical modeling. Usage of this predictive software programme yields the quantitative prediction related to the affected parameters of a given environmental component. Parts of the predictions are qualitative in nature also, especially in cases where such prediction techniques are not available. These predictions are subsequently superimposed on the background quality of various environmental components to assess post project environmental quality.

1.9.4 Occupational Health & Safety

The health and safety aspects at work place during construction phase as well as operation & maintenance phase have been studied. The problems envisaged at construction phase are mainly due to likely accidents and noise and the same at operation and maintenance phase are mainly due to likely accidents such as, exposure to heat, welding arc, hazardous chemicals, fire, noise etc. Suitable personnel protective equipment will be provided to all employees working in the hazardous areas. Safety requirements are covered in the safety policy statement of the power plant. All the hazardous area is to be monitored regularly. Safety training programs are outlined.

1.9.5 Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan

Risk Assessment has been done for various probable hazard scenarios. Disaster Management Plan (DMP) has been prepared for “on-site” emergencies, incorporating measures for safety, prevention, mitigation and control of hazardous events, and the Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP) for “Off-site” emergencies for warnings, evacuation and co-ordination of off-site emergency situation.

1.9.6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

In order to mitigate the negative impacts of the proposed project, an effective EMP is delineated. Therefore, in the final part of the report, the planning and implementation of various pollution abatement strategies including the proposed monitoring/ surveillance network has been described.



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1.10 RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR PRAGATI-II CCPP 1.10.1 Land

A total area of around 20 hectares is required for the project. The Plant is proposed to be installed on South West side of existing 400kV station of DTL.

1.10.2 Fuel The basic fuel for this project has been considered as Natural Gas. Fuel Requirement is Approximately 3.0 MSCMD (Million Standard Cubic Metres per Day) having calorific value of 9500 kcal/SCM. Natural gas shall be transported at the site through the fuel supplier. Expected quality of NG as received from the fuel supplier is shown in table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Specifications of gas

Sl. No. Components Range mole%

1. Methane C1 84.5 98.77

2. Ethane C2 9 0.69

3. Propane C3 3 0.03

4. Butane C4 2 0

5. Pentane C5 0.25 0

6. Hexane C6 0

7. Heptane C7 0

8. Carbon dioxide CO2 1.25 0.51

Total 100

Oxygen not more than 0.5 Mole% Total non hydrocarbon- not more than 2.0 Mole % Total sulphur including H2 S- Not more than 10ppm by weight Expected H2S content not more than 4 ppm by volume.

1.10.3 Water

Raw water requirement for operating the proposed plant has been estimated as 2000 m3/hr. Major portion of required water is used as make up to the recirculating cooling water system for regenerative cooling in condenser. Make-up water requirement of the project, estimated as 2000 m3/hr, will be met through treated sewage from sewage treatment plant at Dwarka which is located at 8 km from the site. DJB shall setup make-up raw water pump at the STP, Dwarka for the Project. These pumps shall deliver the water to the site raw water reservoir within the plant premises. Potable water shall be sourced from Municipal authority. Water will be stored in a tank to be located in the plant area and pumped to the distribution network to various points throughout the plant. Plant potable water of 30 m3 /hr shall be drawn from Delhi Jal Board System.



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Further for turbine cycle make-up de-mineralized water requirement shall be 25 -30m3/hr.

1.10.4 Transport

All plant equipments will be transported to the site by road. The nearest highway is NH-8, Delhi which is 7.0 Km. away from the plant location.

1.10.5 Manpower

The manpower requirement for construction and operation of the facilities is estimated as follows:

S. No. Phase Employment

1 Peak labour force 1300

2 Operation period 480



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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 GENERAL 2.1.1 The proposed project of Pragati Power Corporation Limited (PPCL) is for

establishment of Gas Power Plant of 800 MW (Max) based on combined cycle technology. Natural gas shall be used as the fuel.

2.1.2 The project is proposed to be installed in about 20 hectares of land located in

Bamnauli village near 400kV grid station of Delhi Transco Limited. This land has been identified for locating the main plant facilities, water treatment plant, water reservoir, switchyard etc. It is non-forest land under possession of PPCL and there is no dwelling unit within the site. Thus, implementation of the project at the proposed site does not involve use of forestland for non-forest use or displacement through acquisition of private land.

2.1.3 The plant site is well approachable by Bijwasan – Najafgarh road via NH-8.

The site is bound by Bharthal village on eastern side, Bijwasan village on Southeast side, Chhawla village on the west and Dwarka subcity on the northern side.

2.1.4 The Important Power Plants situated in the Delhi are as follows:

IP Coal Station: it is a coal-based power plant of Indraprastha Power Generation Company Ltd. (IPGCL) of Delhi Govt. with total installed capacity is 247.5 MW.

Rajghat Power Station: it is a coal-based power plant of IPGCL. The Installed capacity of the plant is 135 MW.

IP Gas Station: The GT power station, based on natural gas from HBJ Pipeline, is owned and operated by IPGCL. Total installed capacity of the plant is 282 MW.

Pragati Power station (PPS):- The Pragati Power Station (PPCL-I) is Duel fuel fired power generation capacity of 330 MW based on combined cycle gas turbine. Natural gas is the basic fuel for the plant.

Project under construction:

Pragati III: Pragati III 1500MW combined cycle Power plant at Bawana is presently under construction by BHEL and the same will be progressively commissioned from March 2010 to November 2010. The plant comprises of 4 no.s advanced class Gas Turbines and 2 no.s Steam Turbines each of capacity 250 MW. This project is being installed to initially meet the power demand in Delhi during common wealth games to be held in



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October 2010. After that power generated shall be utilized to meet the growing demand of Delhi & Northern Region.

2.2 LAYOUT SYSTEMS 2.2.1 Layout plan The block layout development for the proposed 800MW (maximum capacity) is

shown in figure 2.1. 2.2.2 System location

Switchyard shall be located at northern side of the plot adjacent to existing 400 KV substation considering ease of evacuation of power. Cooling tower shall be located on the southern side of the plot taking wind direction into consideration. CW pump house has been placed between Cooling Tower and Steam Turbine Building. Raw Water Reservoir and Water Treatment Plant are placed on the northern side of the cooling tower. Chemical house and Effluent Treatment Plant are situated at the eastern side of WTP. Administration building and Fire Station Building are located at the western side of the site along with the main road. The eastern side of the area is earmarked for locating the NG/RLNG terminal. The Gas Turbines and Steam turbines shall be located indoor in enclosed buildings. The control block or central control room building is located towards the transformer yard in the steam turbine building. HRSG shall be located towards southeast side of the power block area. The side stream filtration plant shall be located in the vicinity of CW fore bay. Space for material storage/ construction office etc can be located along the eastern end of the plot. In addition to this adequate space for fabrication yard and labour colony has already been identified during construction phase in the vicinity of the project. A Raw Water Pump shall be installed in the vicinity of Dwarka Sewage Plant to transfer treated sewage water to reservoir located in the plant boundary. Green belt is envisaged on the southern side along the main road of the plant and along the eastern and western boundaries.



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Figure 2.1: Layout Plan



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2.3 POWER GENERATION SYSTEM 2.3.1 Plant Configuration

It is possible to have different arrangements of GTG, HRSG and STG. The proposed configurations consist of following: a. Gas Turbine (Advanced class) : 2 Nos. b. HRSG Boiler : 2 Nos. c. Steam Turbine : 1 No. The General Layout plan is shown in figure 2.1. Gas Turbine module with above configuration is proposed to be installed for 800 MW (maximum capacity). Natural gas has been considered as the basic fuel for the plant. Natural gas consumption for operation at capacity has been estimated to the order of 3.4 MSCMD.

2.3.2 Process in Brief

Air is compressed in a compressor and the air-fuel mixture is injected into the combustion chamber and fired. The hot product of combustion at 1000ºC to 1300ºC is expanded in the gas turbine, which drives the generator, where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. To reduce the generation of NOx during the combustion process in the GT, DLN burners would be incorporated, which would effectively reduce the NOx concentration in flue gas to below 35 ppm level. In the combined cycle operation, the heat content of the exhaust gas from the gas turbine is utilized to produce steam in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The exhaust gas from the gas turbines, at about 560oC, will enter the HRSG boilers, where the residual energy will be utilized for generating HP and LP steam. The steam, in turn, is utilized to generate electrical energy in the steam turbine. The spent steam from the ST is condensed, extracted, deaerated and recycled back to the HRSG as boiler feed water. The flue gas, at about 100oC, will be discharged into the atmosphere through stacks of 70 meter height.

2.3.3. Main plant

The combined cycle module shall consist of two Gas turbines-two HRSGs-one Steam turbine.

1. Gas Turbine

The gas turbines for this project would be designed to operate at 50Hz. The gas turbines would be heavy duty, industrial type and single shaft with in line compressor. The compressor shall be multistage axial flow type. The compressor



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shall be provided with the variable internal guide vane system to enable efficient operation of the gas turbine at part loads.

2. HRSG Features

The HRSG will be unfired heat recovery type designed to accept the maximum exhaust gas temperature and gas flow from the associated gas turbine. It shall be natural circulation, triple pressure unit. It will be designed for sliding pressure operation on the HP and LP side. HRSG transfer surfaces shall be of finned tube type. 3. Steam Turbine Feature

The steam turbine generating units shall be 3000 RPM condensing type. The turbine shall be tandem compound reheat type coupled directly to generator. The turbine would normally operate on sliding pressure mode following GT load. The condenser shall be of two passes, surface type operating on closed re-circulating system. The boiler feed pumps (HP, IP & LP) and CPHRC pump would be of 3 x 50 % capacity with each pump capable of meeting the water requirement of one HRSG. These pumps would be constant speed type.

It is envisaged to have 100% HP- IP-LP bypass system keeping in view the reliability and ease of operation. 4. Exhaust Gas System A GT exhaust duct system will connect the gas turbine to the HRSG. This system will comprise of GT exhaust duct, silencer, by pass stack, main stack and suitable located expansion joints etc.

2.4 PLANT UTILITY SYSTEM 2.4.1 Fuel Requirement, Storage & Handling System

The basic fuel for this project has been considered as Natural Gas. Fuel Requirement is Approximately 3.0 MSCMD (Million Standard Cubic Meters per Day) having calorific value of 9500 kcal/SCM. Natural gas shall be transported at the site through the fuel supplier.

2.4.2 Water Availability and Requirement

Make –up water is required mainly for the following purposes:

Cooling water make-up requirements,

Service water, and DM water

Fire water

HVAC make up



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Make-up water requirement of the project, estimated as 2000 m3/hr, will be met through treated sewage from sewage treatment plants located at Dwarka at a distance of 8 km from the site. DJB shall setup make-up raw water pump at the STP, Dwarka for the Project. These pumps shall deliver the water to the site raw water reservoir within the plant premises.

2.4.3 Cooling Water System

As per MoEF regulation all power station installed after 1/1/1998 should essentially have recirculating type C.W.system with cooling towers. Therefore, recirculating type CW system with cooling towers has been envisaged for the project. a. System Description

Water from cold -water channel would enter the CW pump house through bar screens/trash racks at low velocity to filter out debris. Gates would be provided after the screens to facilitate maintenance. Water required for the side steam filtration and CW blow down would be drawn from CW pump discharge. It is proposed to operate the CW system at about 3 cycles of concentration (COC).

b. Cooling Tower Cooling tower shall be Induced Draft type.

Details of operation of the cooling water system are as follows: Recirculation rate : 44000 m3/hr.

Cooling water pumps : 2 22500 m3/hr. CW Make-up water requirement : 1600 m3/hr Side stream filtration : 440 m3/hr Evaporation/windage losses : 800 m3/hr Cycle of concentration : 3 Nos. Cooling water blow down : 800 m3/hr Boiler blow down : 15 m3/hr

2.4.4 DM Water

The DM water is required for the initial filling of HRSG, DM cooling water circuit and power cycle make up during normal operation. Power cycle makeup requirement is around 25 m3 /hr. Make up water for the plant shall be drawn from Dwarka STP. Treated sewage from STP shall be of high TDS .For high TDS, conventional DM plant will not be an economical option. Hence a reverse osmosis (RO) plant has been envisaged. Permeate from RO shall be further polished in mixed bed exchanger to produce DM water with less chemical consumption.



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DM plant shall be sized to meet the make-up requirement of steam cycle. Dedicated pumps (2X100%) shall be installed in the DM plant building. The DM plant will be provided with RO booster pumps, DM feed pumps, catridge filters, chemical dosing systems, bulk acid/alkali storage and unloading facilities, neutralizing pit etc. The filtration plant shall consist of ultra-filtration units, ACF and micron filters. The filtration plant shall remove suspended particulate matters and other impurities.

2.4.5 Potable Water System

Potable water would be received from municipal sources, stored in a overhead tank / under ground reservoir within plant area and pumped to the distribution network.

2.4.6 Chlorination Plant

A Chlorination plant would be provided for chlorine dosing in the CW system to avoid the growth of algae and bacteria in the system. This system would consist of two chlorinator / evaporator sets of 2 nos.. An automatic chlorine leak absorption system shall also be provided to neutralize any chlorine leakage.

2.4.7 Fire Protection System

For protection of the facilities from fire, suitable fire protection system with adequate fire-fighting equipment is provided in the project proposal. Hydrant and spray system covering the entire power station including all-important auxiliaries and building in the plant area is envisaged. The system shall be complete with piping, valves, and instrumentation, hoses, nozzles, hose/stations etc. Other system such as sprinkler, spray, CO2, inergen shall also be provided. The system will operate on auto with fire detection and alarm processes.

2.4.8 Effluent Treatment and Disposal

Water balance diagram of water consumption and wastewater generation, treatment and disposal has been enclosed as figure 2.2. Effluents from lime softening unit, main plant drains, oily waste, etc. would be treated in the local treatment facilities provided within the respective plants and recycled wherever possible. All effluent from main plant drains; oily waste etc. will be treated in respective local treatment system and recycled wherever possible. Service water wastes and side stream filters and backwash waste shall be collected and treated



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through lamella clarifier to reduce the TSS, prior to sending to Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) before final disposal, C.W. blow down shall also be sent to CMB. Oily waste would be treated using oil separator /skimmer. Oil separator would be designed for treating the run off water in the oil facility area during rainstorm. Clear water would be led to CMB. System Description a) All liquid effluents emerging out of the power plant shall be collected and

treated. The treated effluents shall also meet quality requirements indicated in Gazette of Ministry of Environment and Forests Notifications and state pollution Control Board. However wherever effluent quality after treatment.

b) Main industrial effluents from the power plant are Sludge from PT Plant

Clarifiers, Ultra filtration Membrane and ACF backwash water, Oily waste water from various places in power plant, Service Water & wash water drains from various areas, back wash water from self cleaning strainers of ECW System, main plant floor drains, Waste effluent from Demineralization Plant, filter backwash water from CW Treatment System, CW system blow down, Power Cycle blow down, GTG & HRSH washing, sampling rack waste, Drains from the Chemical storage area of CW treatment system etc

c) The effluent treatment plant provides Collection, pumping & treatment for all

the liquid effluents from all the areas plant boundary under the treated effluent shall be terminated in a Central Monitoring Basin for further disposal.

d) PT Plant Clarifier Sludge Disposal System:

Sludge from all the clarifiers of the Pretreatment system which is of high suspended solids, consisting of flocculated & coagulated particles with exhausted coagulant shall be collected in a sump of twin sections. The sludge shall be pumped to clarifier sludge treatment system consisting of a set of thickeners and centrifuges. The clear water from sludge treatment facility shall be led to Plant service water tank for re-use and as well as to Central monitoring basin. The system shall be complete with intermediate sumps, pumps, blowers for agitation, dumper tuck for solid disposal etc.

e) Ultra-filtration membranes and ACF Back Wash Waste water re-circulation

System:

A Filter backwash waste collection pit shall be provided to collect the backwash water from all the gravity filters. This wastewater shall be pumped/ re-circulated back at the inlet clarifiers of PT System on continuous basis.

f) Oily wastewater treatment system. This shall consist of API oil separators, oil

skimmer/tiltable plate separator (TPS) along with associated pumps for



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separated oil and water for oily waste in open areas such as Lube Oil Storage & handling areas and any other areas such as transformer yard etc.

g) Waste Service Water Treatment

Service water effluents (after floor washing etc) having high-suspended solids and back wash water (if applicable) from self cleaning strainers of ECW System require treatment for removal of total suspended solids (TSS). It is proposed to reuse waste service water after treatment by means of Waste Service Water Treatment System. The system broadly consists of collection pit, Tube settlers/ Lamella clarifiers, pumps, piping, valves etc, Chemical storage, handling and dosing equipment shall also be part of the plant. For this purpose, Waste Service Water Collection pits/ sumps for collection of waste service water shall be constructed at various locations (such as HRSG area, near main plant etc as per plant layout) and as well as from the location from final plant (storm water) drainage network. In each of the sump, waste service water transfer pumps shall be installed and waste water shall be pumped to a common collection tank/pit/sump. Suitable oil skimmer shall be provided in the common sump so that oil impurities floating on the sump is skimmed and collected in a tank located over ground. From the common sump waste service water shall be pumped to a set of Tube settlers/Lamella clarifiers. In case these tube settlers are located near Water PT plant area, coagulant aid alum and lime storage / preparation tanks provided in Chemical House of PT plant may be used for this LET System. However Chemical dosing pumps (alum, lime and coagulant aid) shall be provided separately for these tube settlers/Lamella clarifiers in the chemical house of PT Plant. The clear treated water from Service water treatment system (Tube settlers/Lamella Clarifiers) shall be collected in treated water tank and the same shall be pumped to the Central monitoring basin for final collection & disposal and as well as to Plant Service water tank for re-use. Sludge from service wastewater treatment facility i.e. from Tube Settlers & Lamella clarifier shall be led to sludge treatment facility provided for clarifier sludge.

h) Dematerializing Plant wastewater:

Regeneration waste shall be neutralized. Final Neutralized effluent from the Neutralization pit shall be sent to Central Monitoring Basin.

i) Filter (Side stream filters of CW Treatment) Backwash wastewater:

Backwash wastewater CW system side stream filters shall be led to the Lamella Clarifiers / Tube Settlers provided for Waste Service water treatment for removal of suspended solids.

j) Other Liquid Effluents:



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1. Blow down from Circulating Water System shall be used as makeup to Plant

service water and as well as makeup supply to Fire water storage tanks. Excess CW blow down water shall be led to the Central monitoring basin. Provision shall be made for diverting complete CW system blow down water to the Central monitoring Basin.

2. Blow down drain from HRSG/Power Cycle, Sampling racks, and other

Condensate drains etc which are relatively of pure quality shall be collected in sumps / tanks and shall be pumped either to Circulating Water system, or to the Water Pre-treatment system for re-use on continuous basis.

3. Drains from the Chemical storage area of CW treatment shall be collected in

respective Neutralization pit which shall have provision to dose lime and dilution of drains with service water. The diluted & neutralized waste shall be pumped to Central monitoring basin.

k) Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) & Effluent Monitoring system:

A Central monitoring basin shall be provided at suitable location. This shall be located above ground so that, final effluents from the plant may be pumped/disposed off through a set of Horizontal centrifugal type pumps. The CMB shall receive treated service water, CW blow down, Neutralized regeneration waste water from Demineralization Plant, CW treatment area etc. All the treated wastewater as described above shall be collected and mixed/ re-circulated and be discharged from the plant to final disposal point. Before discharge of the final effluent, the quality & quantity shall be monitored



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Figure 2.2 Water balance diagram



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2.4.9 Other Facilities

The project would be provided with all the necessary facilities required for smooth operation of the plant. Important facilities are as follows:

Instrument Air system,

Air Conditioning System,

Gas handling system

Ventilation System, etc.

2.5 POLLUTION CONTROL/ ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS

General The various types of pollution from the power plant are categorized under the following types:

Air pollution;

Water pollution;

Solid waste generation; and

Noise pollution.

Heat pollution Waste gases of combustion are the major waste products generated from the

power plant. In addition, wastewater and solid waste will be generated. The gaseous, liquid and solid waste generated in the plant will be treated to conform to the statutory requirements.

The various proposed pollution control systems are described in the following

sections.

Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) using natural gas, at Pragati-II is much more environmentally compatible as compared to coal-based power plant of similar capacity. In the absence of coal handling, ash handling and ash disposal areas, fugitive dust emissions and release of effluents would be significantly lower. As NG is proposed to be used as the only fuel at this plant, particulate emissions will be eliminated. Appropriate stack height in line with the requirement of regulatory agencies for control of gaseous emissions would be provided. NOx emissions will be controlled as per the regulations of Ministry of Environment and Forest. In view of the above measures, impact on ambient air quality is expected to be marginal.

2.6 POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Water pollution

Liquid effluents generated from the CCPP would consist of water pre-treatment plant waste, routine floor washing waste, sanitary waste etc. The clarifier sludge would be separately taken to a sludge treatment plant for removal of solids.



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Clear water from the sludge treatment system would be recycled back to the clarifiers. Oil separators in oil streams at appropriate locations shall be provided. Plant will operate on a closed cycle cooling system with cooling towers thus eliminating thermal discharges into the water body. The sanitary wastes will be accorded suitable biological treatment before discharge. All the effluents would pass through a Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) to facilitate monitoring of important parameters. All the effluents emanating from plant will conform to the regulatory standards of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and Delhi Pollution Control Board (DPCB).

Air Pollution

Dry low NOx (DLN) burners shall be provided along with the gas turbines to control NOx emission at source within 35ppm against the statutory limit of 75ppm. As the combined cycle plant would be free from particulate emissions, no specific control measures are envisaged.

Noise Pollution In order to control the noise pollution from the project, reduction in noise levels

shall be achieved through built-in design requirements of equipment, proper lay out design of the buildings and plant area, adding the sound barriers, provision of green belt and afforestation, use of enclosure with suitable absorption material etc. will further help in reducing the noise levels. The major noise generating sources from the CCPP are the turbines, turbo-generators, compressors, pumps, DG sets etc. The equipment will be so designed that the noise levels are restricted to acceptable levels. Acoustic enclosure shall be provided for DG set.

Heat Pollution Main heat generation from implementation of this project shall take place due to

the boiler. The boiler is going to be completely insulated and the surface temperature would be maintained at 60ºC. The steam would be passed through the cooling system wherein the temperature would be reduced to 40ºC. By the time the water would reach the central monitoring basin, the temperature would reach to normal. All the effluents would pass through a Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) to facilitate monitoring of important parameters including the temperature. All the effluents emanating from plant will conform to the regulatory standards of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and Delhi Pollution Control Board (DPCB), therefore the aquatic balance of the site shall not be altered or affected in any way.

Afforestation

Afforestation within and around the plant shall be undertaken through plantation of appropriate species. Plantation apart from improving the aesthetics, would act as sink for gaseous pollutants and masking for noise generated at the project.



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Post-Operational Monitoring Program

Regular monitoring of pollutants in different environmental disciplines like air, water, noise etc. will be undertaken during the post-operational phase of the plant. The monitoring locations will be finalized in consultation with the State Pollution Control Board. Monitoring Station will be equipped with all necessary instrumentation / equipment and manpower required for ensuring effective monitoring.



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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 3.0 BASELINE

3.0 BASELINE DATA The baseline environmental status with respect to various environmental components like air, heat, noise, water, land, flora and fauna and socioeconomic, being integral part of an EIA forms the basis for predicting/assessing the environmental impacts of the proposed project. Field monitoring at site started on 1st September 2008 and the present report presents the data collected during 1st September 2008 to 30th November 2008. Various environmental components have been monitored and samples analyzed. Apart from this, additional data has also been collected from secondary sources like Government / Non-Governmental Agencies etc.

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF SITE AND SURROUNDING

The proposed site for the 800 MW combined cycle power plant is geographically situated at 28032’48’’ N Latitude and 7702’ E Longitude. It is located at Bamnauli Village southwest of Delhi. Bharthal Village is situated on the eastern side of the site. Bijwasan is located on the southwestern and Dwarka sub city is situated on the northern side of the proposed site. Bamnauli is surrounded by agricultural land.

3.1.1 Land Environment 3.1.1.1 Land Use

The land is in possession of DDA and shall be handed over to the project proponent. As land is the most vital resource for sustenance of life, its degradation, due to industrialization, urbanization and population growth is a matter of concern. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the existing land use pattern to optimize the land use as well as minimize degradation due to the developmental activities. This part of the report describes the existing land use pattern of the study area. The study of existing land use is done by field survey, toposheet and satellite imageries.

3.1.1.2 Objectives of the Study

The objective of the present study is to map the study area with respect to various land use/land cover categories

3.1.1.3 Methodology

The land use pattern has been established based on interpretation of Satellite Imageries of the year 2008 of the study area. This information has been used to identify the sensitive places within 10 km radius of the proposed plant. The




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land use map has been developed based on the satellite imageries. The general study covers mainly state of Delhi and Haryana. For land use study, the entire geographical areas of settlements are considered even though a couple of these, at the periphery of the study area, are covered partially. This has been done because analysis of land use for the partially covered settlement is not possible. The study area mostly covers land area, which is urban, semi urban and rural area. The land use has mainly been classified as forest, cultivated area, cultivable wasteland and area not available for cultivation. The land under agriculture is further divided into two types: viz.-agricultural land with crop and agricultural land without crop.

3.1.1.4 Land Use Classification Based on Satellite Data of the Year 2008

The land use/land cover map has been prepared based on Satellite Imagery for the year 2008.

Table 3.1: Land Use of the Study Area

S. No Principal Category Sub Category

1 Settlement Urban

Rural

Industrial / major built up areas/ not cultivated.

2 Agricultural Land Crop land with crop

Crop land without crop

3 Plantation Trees, shrubs etc

4 Forest Land Protected forests

5 Barren Land Waste Land

6 Water Bodies River, Canal, water logged areas.

Settlement Area: All the urban and rural residential settlement including industrial installations, Institute, Airport etc. covering about 12857.3782 ha (40.921% of total study area) area is included in this category. The Settlement land is scattered within the study area. The proposed project area comprises of about 20 ha. Agricultural Land: Agricultural land is one of the constituents of the study area 10004.128 (31.84%), which consists of Cropland With Crop and Cropland Without Crop. Plantation: Plantation is one of the major constituents of the study area. It comprises of 6698.4298 ha, i.e. 21.319 % of the study area. Forest Land: Plantation can be seen all over the study area. But forest area comprises of only 43.988 ha i.e. 0.14 % of the study area.




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Waste Lands: The wastelands comprises 581.27 ha, i.e. 1.85%, of the study area. Water Bodies: A portion (3.93%) of the study area is covered with water bodies. This comprises of the Najafgarh Drain, other drains, canal, etc. Total area of water bodies is 1234.806 ha.

Table 3.2: Land Use Pattern of the Study area based

on Satellite Imagery (Year2008)

Sl. No. Type of Land Area in Ha. Percentage of the Study Area

1. Agriculture A. Cropped Land (with Crop) B. Cropped Land (without Crop)

10004.128 7590.7578

2413.3702

31.84 24.159

7.681

2. Settlements 12857.3782 40.921

3. Waste Land 581.27 1.85

4 Forest Area(PF) 43.988 0.14

5 Plantation 6698.4298 21.319

6 Water Bodies(Canal/Drain)

1234.806 3.93

Total 31420 100

31.84%

40.92%1.85%

0.14%

21.32%3.93%

Agriculture

Settlements

Waste Land

Forest Area(PF)

Plantation

Water

Bodies(Canal/Drain)




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Indira Gandhi

International Airport

28°27'30"77°7'29"

28°27'30"76°55'29"

28°38'30"76°55'29"

28°38'30"

77°7'29"

N

Settled Area

Cropland (without crop)

Cropland (with crop) Waste Land

Plantation

Forest Land(PF)

LEGEND

Water Bodies ( (Drain/Tanks)

10Km

Figure 3.1: Land Use Classification based on Satellite Imagery (2008)




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3.1.1.5 Sensitive Area

There is no ecologically sensitive area such as biosphere reserve, national park and wildlife sanctuary within a radius of 10 km from the project site. Further, there is no archaeological/ cultural/ historically important monument or place within the 10 km radius. However there is a protected forest at a distance of 2 km towards northeastern side of the project site, Rajaukri forest at a distance of approximately 9.5 km towards northeast and Jainpur dense Babul at a distance of about 9 km towards west from the project site. There will be no impact on these due to the implementation of the proposed project.

3.2 GEOLOGY

The study area basically consists of older alluvium i.e. unconsolidated inter bedded, inter fingering deposits of sand, clay and kankar. It is moderately sorted with variable thickness

3.2.1 Physiography

The elevation of study area is 200 m to 215 m above the mean sea level. The study area is generally plain with slight undulation. Land will required to be dressed up. Earthwork in filling up to approx. 2 m and leveling work shall be carried out. The proposed project site is flat.

3.2.2 Drainage

The main drainage of the study area is the Najafgarh Drain considering the 12 km. long stretch and it large cross sectional area (top width 28 m, bottom width 23 m, height 3 m. and depth flow 1 m).

3.2.3 Geological Succession

The geological succession in and around the site area is as follows:

Quaternary - Alluvium Post Delhi Intrusive - Pegmatite and basic intrusive Delhi Group - Alwar quartzite The rock outcrops in the Delhi area form the northern most prolongation of the Alwar formation of the Delhi Super Group. The strike varies from N-S to NE-SW with dips towards East and Southeast in the North and West to Northwest in the south. The rocks are thickly bedded, dark colored quartzite with some inter banded schist and phyllites. The quartzite is of various types and usually coarsely crystalline in texture.




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Geologically, in the study area, clay and kanker formation exists on the top layer up to depth of 4 m below ground level. This layer of clay is followed by kanker and silt upto depth of 68 m below the ground level.

3.2.4 Floods

There is no flood reported in study area and proposed site the past data of flood in Delhi are presented in Table no. 3.3.

Table 3.3 Past Data of Floods in Delhi

Sr. No. Date Gauge (mm)

1 28.5.1963 205.4

2 28.9.1964 205.64

3 15.8.1966 205.85

4 19.7.1967 206.19

5 9.8.1967 205.27

6 16.8.1969 204.89

7 10.8.1971 206.28

8 18.7.1972 205.00

9 29.7.1973 205.50

10 7.8.1974 205.15

11 12.9.1975 206.00

12 12.8.1976 206.70

13 7.8.1977 205.85

14 6.9.1978 207.49

15 16.7.1980 205.55

16 5.8.1981 204.90

17 13.8.1983 205.80

18 12.10.1985 205.20

19 27.9.1988 206.92

20 20.8.1989 205.67

21 5.8.1990 205.02

22 19.8.1992 205.40

23 24.7.1993 205.06

24 26.8.1994 205.36

25 8.9.1995 206.93

Source: Irrigation and Floods control Department A close analysis of the flood-zoning pattern reveals that high-risk zones are the areas that have earlier been identified as unplanned areas having high population densities and sub standard housing structures. These include areas of north Delhi and trans Yamuna area. Therefore, the proposed project site is safe and not prone to floods.




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3.2.5 Tectonic & Seismicity

The Delhi region forms the northern most part of Aravalli ranges, which are composed of rocks belonging to the Aravalli and Delhi super group. A broad ridge type feature known as Delhi- Haridwar Ridge (DHR) is visualized between Delhi and Hardiwar. This seems to mark into a dividing line between Indus River system to the West and Ganga-Yamuna basin to the East.

The DHR is not the only transverse feature, which is present in northwest India. Other transverse features include the Moradabad Fault, Agra- Tihar fault and perhaps other features, which are hidden underneath the Gangatic alluvium. The evidence for these faults is mostly based on seismic refraction data obtained by the Oil & Natural Gas Commission. The area around Delhi has developed because of the movement along the northern extension of the peninsular shield. The tight wedging of the along dislocation, which includes Delhi, has created a zone of seismic activity and is responsible for the accumulation of the elastic strain in the region. Delhi fault zone seems to be the active belt of the region. The tremor originating in Delhi regions are along a zone oriented east-northeast to west-southwest close to Sonepat.

Table 3.4: Earth Quake Occurrences in Delhi and Adjoining Areas

(Source – Geological Survey of India)

Date Location Intensity

Longitude Latitude

27.04.1980 28037’ N 77038’E 4.7

11.05.1981 28018’ N 76030’E -

20.09.1988 28052’ N 76055’E -

07.02.1990 29012’ N 77006’E -

15.05.1990 29012’ N 76043’E 4.1

27.08.1990 28058’ N 76035’E 4.0

11.03.1990 29012’ N 76039’E -

27.04.1991 28012’ N 76006’E -

08.12.1991 29012’ N 76049’E -

03.12.1993 28054’ N 76043’E 3.9




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3. 3 SOILS The Study area mainly comprises of agricultural land .The soil texture is predominantly loamy sand.

3.3.1 Selection of sampling Locations

The soil sampling locations were identified to assess the fertility and agricultural characteristics of the soil. The sampling locations are given in Table-3.5 and presented in Figure 3.2.

Table 3.5: Soil sampling Location

Station

Code

Station Name

Location w.r.t.Site

Description

Distance

(k.m.) Direction

SQ1 Proposed Plant site. – Bamnauli Village

- - Open area

SQ2

Dulsirsa 1.0 N Agricultural Land

SQ3

Isapurkhera 1.0

S

Agricultural Land

SQ4

Bijwasan 2.5 SE Agricultural Land

SQ5

SQ6

Kanganhari 4.0

W

Agricultural Land

Pochanpuri 2.5 NW Open Area

SQ7

Raghupur 3.5

SW

Open area

SQ8 Khairia 7.5 NW Open area

SQ9 Dwarka Sec. 20 4.0 NNE Open area

SQ10

Mulahera. 5.0

NE

Open area




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Najafgarh

ParkRaghubir

EnclaveGopalnagar

Chetan Vihar

Gopal ParkKrishan Vihar

Premnagar

Roshan Vihar

Dindarpur

N A J A F G A R H

Betajsta EnclaveDurga Vihar

Shyam Enclave

Paprawat

Kharkhari

Nahar

Premnagar

Pindwala

Kalan

Pindwala

Khurd

Kharkhari

Raund

Hasanpur

Daulatpur

Cremation

Ground

Asalatpur

Khadar

Gummanhera

Jainpur

Cremation

GroundShikarpur

Jhatikra

Drain

No.8

Naja

fgar

h Dra

in

Cremation Ground

Cremation

Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Babupur

Muhammadheri

Kherki Majra

DhankotTikampur

Daulatabad

Dhanwanpur Gurgaon

Masani

GURGAON

Madanpuri

Jyoti Park

Chandarnagar

Shivajinagar

Raghopur

Bajghera

Panwala

Khusropur

Badosra

Palam Vihar

Chaumuha

Alawardi Sarai

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

GURGAON R S

Bhumgarh

Basai

UDYOG VIHAR

Daulat

Nasirabad

Mulahera

Dundahera

MARUTI UDYOG

Sirhaul

GURGAON

Udyog Vihar

Overhead

Tank

Sikandarpur

Ghos

Chakarpur

Overhead

Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead

Tank

Kapashera

SamalkaBIJWASAN

Bharthal

NH 8

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

Nangal Dewat

Nangal Dairy

Rangpuri

Rajokri PF

Indira Gandhi


Mehramnagar

Maude Lines

Shekhawati

Lines

Shumbran

Lines

Palam R S

Rajnagar

Palam R S

Purannagar

Palam

SadhnagarManglapuri

Nasirpur

Bagrola

Dabri

SagarpurMahavir

Enclave

BindapurMadhu Vihar

Sahyog Vihar

Matyala

Gulabi Park

Dayalsar Colony

Anupnagar

Niwada Majra

JANAKPURI

Salatpur

Khadar

Jhuggi Jhonpri

colony

Mohan

Garden

Bhagwati

Garden

DWARKA

Bharat Vihar

Kakraula

Sector 14

Sector 13

Shiv Enclave

Block ANangli Sakrawar

Masudabad

Vijay Park

Mungashpur


Lakshmi Vihar

Goela Khurd

Shyam Vihar

Tajpur Khurd

Qutab Vihar

Reola

Khanpur Chhawla

Kanganheri

Chhawla Camp

Bamnauli

Dhul Siras

PF

Isapur Khera

Pohanpuri

Ganda Nala

Ambar Hai

Sector 17

Sector 18


Sector 5

Sector 4

Sector 11

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 2

Sector 9Sector 8

Sector 7

Sector 20

Sector 21

Sector 22Sector 23

Jainpur

Dense Babul

10KM

N

28°27'30"76°55'29"

28°27'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"76°55'29"

National Highway

Road

Drain/distrubutary

District Boundary

LEGEND

Ganda Nala

Najafgarh Drain

Rajokri

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°32'30" 28°32'30"

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

Drain

Trailway

Soil Sampling Locations

Kharkhari

Jatmal

Proposed Site

S10

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8 Khairia

S9

Figure 3.2: Location of Soil Sampling Stations




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3.3.2 Methodology

The soil samples were taken for the months of September 2008 to November 2008 for post monsoon season. The samples collected from all locations are homogeneous representative of each location. At random 5 sub locations were identified at each location and soil was dug from 30 cm below the surface. It was uniformly mixed before homogenizing the soil samples. The samples were filled in polythene bags, labeled in the field with number and site name. The soil samples collected were transported to laboratory for further analysis.

3.3.3 Physico-chemical Characterization of Soil

Physical Properties Table-3.6 shows the analytical results of physical properties of soil for the post monsoon season. The colour of the soil is slightly brown. The bulk density of soil varies from 1.1 to 1.6. The soil texture is loamy sand.

Table 3.6: Physical Characteristics of Soil in the Study Area (i.e. From September 2008 to November 2008)

Location Name Texture Sand, % Silt, % Clay,

% Bulk

Density

Proposed Plant site. – Bamnauli Village

Loamy Sand 84 10 6 1.1

Dulsirsa Loamy Sand 80 16 4 1.2

Isapurkhera Loamy Sand 86 8 6 1.3

Bijwassan Loamy Sand 80 14 6 1.1

Kanganhari Sandy Loam 78 13 9 1.6

Pochanpuri Loamy Sand 84 10 6 1.4

Raghupur Sandy Loam 82 12 6 1.7

Khairia Sandy Loam 78 15 7 1.5

Dwarka Sec. 20 Sandy Loam 83 11 6 1.6

Mulahera. Loamy Sand 84 8 8 1.2




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Chemical Properties

The chemical analysis of soil in the study area, is shown in Table 3.7. The data shows that the pH varies from 7.5 to 8.6 indicating that the soil is mostly

neutral. The conductivity varies from 630 to 1440 mho/cm, respectively. The average concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium vary from 60 to 120 mg/100g, 18 to 40 mg/100g and 10 to 28 mg/100g, respectively. The Cation Exchange Capacity varies from 5 to 8.7 meq/100g.

Table 3.7: Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Study Area (post monsoon)

Location Name pH

Conductivity,

mho/cm

N mg/100

gm

P mg/100

gm

K mg/100

gm

CEC meq/100

gm

Proposed Plant site. – Bamnauli Village

8.2 670 96 18 16 7

Dulsirsa 7.7 980 75 21 11 5 Isapurkhera 8.1 670 85 32 19 6.4 Bijwassan 7.5 1320 86 30 14 6.4 Kanganhari 7.8 700 120 40 28 8.7 Pochanpuri 8.1 780 95 40 20 6.8 Raghupur 7.9 850 60 28 16 6.2 Khairia 7.8 1116 95 22 10 7.3

Dwarka Sec. 20 8.6 1440 100 30 18 7.5 Mulahera. 8.0 630 80 36 19 7.2

3.4 CLIMATE & METEOROLOGY 3.4.1 Climate

The climate of the project is studied for the post monsoon season i.e. September 2008 to November 2008:

A fully instrumented continuous recording meteorological on-site observatory was established and operated at the project site for a period of three Months, i.e., from September 2008 to November 2008. The following parameters were recorded and measured: temperature at 2 m and 10 m level, barometric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall. However, the past decade meteorological data from the Safdarjang Observatory, the nearest India Meteorological Department (IMD) observatory, which is about 20 km from the project area, has been collected for




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background purposes. The comparison between IMD meteorological data and on-site meteorological data of the study area has been made.

3.4.2 Climatological Data

The latest meteorological data from the nearest IMD station at New Delhi (Safdarganj) is processed and in this report the meteorological data for the period 1993 – 2002 has been discussed, which may be representative of the climatic conditions for the project site in general. The observatory records of the meteorological parameters have been recorded twice in a day at 08:30 and 17:30 hrs IST (Indian Standard Time). This data is used for comparison with observed data at the project site. The monthly mean values of the various meteorological parameters for the period of 1993-2002 are presented in Table 3.8. A brief description of the data related to the temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, barometric pressure, wind pattern, cloud cover and occurrence of inversions and other weather phenomena are described in the following paragraphs. Table 3.9 represents meteorological parameters for the year 2000 to 2005 of Safdarjang Observatory.

3.4.2.1 Rainfall

Normal rainfall is received during monsoon month i.e. June to September. The average rainfall, annual rainfall is 788.7 mm on the basis of Table no. 3.8. The rainiest month is August and the driest month is November.

3.4.2.2 Temperature

The monthly mean values of temperature for past decade (1993-2002) are presented in Table3.8. The extreme lowest temperature recorded was as 2.1°C on January 1998 and the highest was 46.5°C on May 1998. The annual mean of maximum and minimum temperature was 41.4°C and 5.3 °C, respectively.

3.4.2.3 Wind Speed

Analysis of wind records during 1993 – 2002 shows that the winds are generally light to moderate in this area. It can be seen that the annual mean wind speed varies from 3.9 to 9.4 Km/h. The strongest winds are observed during the months of May – June i.e. Summer Season and the weakest during October – November.




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Table-3.8: Climatologically Table as per Data of Safdarjang Observatory (1993-2002)

Month

AIR TEMPERATURE R A I N F A L L

Mean Wind Speed

Mean Extreme

Monthly total

No. of Rainy Days

Heaviest Rain Fall in 24 Hrs.

Date & Year Highest in the

Month Lowest in the Month

Highest Date and Year

Lowest Date and

Year

°C °C °C °C mm mm Kmph

JAN I 21.6 5.3 28.3 28.01.94 2.1 20.01.98 26.0 1.8 61.4 9.01.95 6.7

II

FEB I 26.0 9.1 33.9 17.02.93 2.3 04.02.99 19.1 1.5 33.7 11.02.00 7.2

II

MAR I 31.3 13.7 38.2 31.03.99 9.4 04.03.95 12.3 1.3 18.7 30.03.95 8.02

II

APR I 39.0 19.3 43.0 30.04.93 12.5 02.04.96 10.9 0.8 37.7 03.04.97 7.9

II

MAY I 41.1 23.5 46.5 29.05.98 19.4 08.05.96 40.8 2.7 60.0 02.05.02 9.4

II

JUN I 41.4 26.2 46.2 09.06.94 20.0 19.06.98 109.8 5.5 97.8 25.06.96 8.9

II

JUL I 39.4 26.3 41.3 08.07.95 23.6 16.07.96 148.3 7.8 125.7 08.07.93 7.6

II

AUG I 36.0 25.9 38.7 21.08,02 22.4 24.08.96 230.9 9.4 159.9 14.08.01 8.0

II

SEP I 36.3 23.7 38.3 20.09.01 19.8 30.09.94 131.5 4.9 126.8 13.09.02 6.6




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Month

AIR TEMPERATURE R A I N F A L L

Mean Wind Speed

Mean Extreme

Monthly total

No. of Rainy Days

Heaviest Rain

Fall in 24 Hrs.

Date & Year Highest in

the Month Lowest in the

Month Highest

Date and Year

Lowest Date and Year

°C

°C °C °C mm mm Kmph

II

OCT I

34.7 17.8 38.0 06.10.02 12.3

31.10.94

16.9 1.1 27.0 18.10.98 3.9

II

NOV I

29.5 11.2 36.1 03.11.01 5.7

30.11.96

3.0 0.2 14.4 08.11.98 4.2

II

DEC I

24.4 5.9 29.0 09.12.00 2.3

11.12.96

9.0 0.6 25.6 10.12.97 5.19

II




Rev. No.: 1

Issue Date: 06/04/2009

Page No. 15 of 68

Table 3.9 :- Meteorological Data from Safdarjang Observatory ( 2000-2005 )

Mean of Daily Maximum Temperature (Deg. C.)

Year Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

2000 20.0 21.8 29.3 38.0 40.1 36.9 33.8 34.3 34.4 34.7 29.1 24.4

2001 19.7 25.3 30.4 35.9 38.8 35.7 34.7 35.2 36.3 34.2 29.4 23.6

2002 20.7 23.9 30.7 38.3 40.9 39.2 39.4 34.6 32.5 33.3 28.2 24.1

2003 17.6 23.0 29.4 37.6 39.7 40.1 34.2 33.7 32.7 32.9 28.3 20.9

2004 18.6 25.3 33.4 38.1 39.0 37.7 38.0 33.7 35.3 31.3 28.6 23.2

2005 20.1 23.2 30.4 36.3 39.5 40.3 34.2 35.7 33.9 33.2 29.0 22.7

Mean of Daily Minimum Temperature (Deg. C.)


2000 8.0 9.1 14.5 22.3 28.1 27.3 26.5 26.8 25.2 20.2 13.7 7.1

2001 6.7 9.8 15.0 21.1 26.0 26.5 27.8 26.9 24.8 19.9 12.7 8.9

2002 7.3 9.9 15.9 22.4 26.7 28.5 30.5 27.2 23.7 19.8 13.1 8.6

2003 6.5 11.0 15.5 22.0 25.3 28.8 26.2 26.8 25.2 18.2 11.7 9.8

2004 8.3 10.4 17.2 23.0 26.0 26.7 28.4 26.2 25.1 19.0 12.8 9.4

2005 7.7 10.8 17.1 20.4 24.8 28.1 27.1 27.3 25.1 18.8 12.2 6.0

Monthly Mean Relative Humidity at 0830 Hrs. IST (%)


2000 87.0 82.0 67.0 47.0 52.0 69.0 84.0 79.0 71.0 70.0 77.0 79.0

2001 88.0 80.0 65.0 61.0 61.0 77.0 81.0 76.0 65.0 76.0 71.0 86.0

2002 88.0 81.0 63.0 43.0 47.0 61.0 54.0 82.0 85.0 77.0 77.0 84.0

2003 93.0 86.0 65.0 45.0 38.0 57.0 85.0 85.0 84.0 73.0 75.0 88.0

2004 92.0 84.0 63.0 48.0 53.0 66.0 65.0 84.0 68.0 81.0 77.0 84.0

2005 87.0 81.0 76.0 39.0 39.0 50.0 82.0 69.0 81.0 70.0 71.0 79.0

Monthly Mean Relative Humidity at 1730 Hrs. IST (%)


2000 63.0 47.0 34.0 24.0 33.0 60.0 71.0 70.0 56.0 46.0 52.0 55.0

2001 61.0 39.0 36.0 37.0 37.0 63.0 69.0 62.0 47.0 48.0 53.0 67.0

2002 55.0 45.0 34.0 22.0 29.0 41.0 41.0 70.0 68.0 53.0 55.0 65.0

2003 68.0 50.0 35.0 21.0 22.0 42.0 70.0 74.0 68.0 44.0 46.0 70.0

2004 71.0 40.0 26.0 29.0 31.0 45.0 50.0 72.0 47.0 53.0 50.0 58.0

2005 55.0 48.0 39.0 17.0 21.0 37.0 70.0 55.0 65.0 43.0 42.0 48.0




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Monthly Total of Rainfall (mm)


2000 32.8 60.3 21.6 1.0 15.6 129.4 295.8 151.4 27.2 Nil 1.4 Nil

2001 14.6 14.7 5.2 36.3 77.9 128.3 129.7 233.1 47.4 6.6 Trace Nil

2002 20.7 16.8 2.6 0.6 129.3 48.4 7.2 115.2 202.6 1.0 Trace 16.8

2003 38.5 27.9 5.0 0.9 6.0 164.2 632.2 156.2 100.2 Nil Trace 30.2

2004 16.1 Nil Nil 67.5 37.7 72.5 13.8 274.7 3.0 89.0 Nil Nil

2005 3.4 47.6 34.6 4.5 4.2 69.2 193.9 132.0 231.6 Nil 0.5 Nil

Monthly Mean Wind Speed (KMPH)


2000 7.2 6.7 6.3 7.9 12.3 8.0 7.1 8.0 7.4 3.4 4.3 5.2

2001 7.6 7.7 7.5 8.0 9.5 7.0 8.0 9.8 5.0 0.8 1.9 3.6

2002 3.4 7.0 7.2 7.3 8.5 8.0 14.2 6.8 5.8 3.9 4.3 4.3

2003 5.7 7.3 7.9 8.4 8.5 8.6 6.2 6.2 5.1 4.1 5.4 5.7

2004 6.6 8.9 9.6 8.3 11.8 8.3 10.0 7.1 7.2 3.2 3.6 6.0

2005 6.9 8.0 6.7 8.7 7.2 9.1 7.1 10.8 5.3 4.1 5.6 5.3

Monthly Mean Atmospheric Pressure at 0830 Hrs. IST (hPA)


2000 991.1 989.3 986.2 980.7 978.3 975.6 974.8 977.3 981.6 985.5 990.1 991.9

2001 990.9 988.6 987.1 983.9 978.2 975.2 975.4 978.1 982.2 986.3 991.1 994.0

2002 992.1 992.8 987.2 982.4 977.3 976.1 975.1 977.5 982.8 987.3 990.9 991.8

2003 994.2 990.5 987.8 983.3 979.4 974.1 976.3 977.7 981.3 987.9 991.3 993.3

2004 991.9 990.2 986.1 981.7 978.4 976.6 975.5 976.8 982.8 989.2 991.6 992.2

2005 991.8 990.5 987.5 985.1 980.1 974.7 975.3 976.5 981.2 987.8 990.7 992.1

Monthly Mean Atmoshperic Pressure at 1730 Hrs. IST (hPA)


2000 988.8 987.2 983.3 976.9 973.7 972.2 972.0 974.6 978.4 982.4 987.1 989.4

2001 988.8 986.4 984.2 980.4 974.0 971.9 972.7 974.9 978.8 982.9 988.2 991.6

2002 990.1 990.1 984.4 978.7 973.3 972.3 971.6 974.5 980.1 984.3 987.8 989.4

2003 992.1 988.3 984.9 980.1 975.8 970.2 973.3 974.9 978.4 984.7 988.4 991.0

2004 989.7 987.9 983.1 979.9 974.9 973.1 972.2 974.1 979.6 986.3 988.8 989.9

2005 989.8 988.5 984.8 981.7 976.6 971.3 972.6 973.9 978.1 984.8 987.9 989.7




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Fig : 3.3 Wind Rose Diagrams for 08.30 Hrs. at Safdarjung, New Delhi




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Fig: 3.4 Wind Rose Diagrams for 17.30 Hrs. at Safdarjung, New Delhi




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3.4.3 Meteorological Observation at Proposed Site

A fully instrumented continuous recording meteorological observatory was established and operated within the project site, from September 2008 – November 2008. The following parameters are being measured: -

Temperature at 2 m and 10 m level,

Relative humidity,

Wind speed and direction

Rainfall. The brief details of instruments, parameter and frequency are presented in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10: Instruments, Parameters and Frequency of

Meteorological Monitoring at Site

S.N. Parameters Instruments Frequency

1 Wind Speed

Automatic Weather station (Envirotech WM 251)

Continuous Automatic 1 hourly Average

2 Wind Direction

3 Ambient Temperature at Two Heights 2m & 10m

4 Solar Radiation

5 Max. & Min Temperature

Wet & Dry Bulb Thermometer Daily at 08:30 & 17:30 IST

6 Humidity Hygrometer Daily at 08:30 & 17:30 IST

7 Atmospheric Pressure Aneroid Barometer Daily at 08:30 & 17:30 IST

8 Rainfall Rain Gauge Daily

9 Storm Visual observation Daily

The meteorological data recorded at site is given in Table3.11.

Table 3.11: Recorded Meteorological Data at Site (September 2008 to November 2008)

Month

Temperature, °C Relative Humidity,

% Rainfall

Monthly Mean Atm Pressure,

hPA

Wind Speed, Km/Hr

Min Max

Month

ly

avera

ge

Min Max

Mean

Rain

y D

ays

Tota

l

Rain

fall,

mm

At 0

8:3

0

At 1

7:3

0

Min

Max

Avera

ge

Sep. 20.6 36.5 28.3 45.5 99.9 70.6 4 213 981.2 978.1 2.1 13.5 6.9

Oct. 13.2 35.1 25.6 22.0 94.0 61.1 0 0.0 987.8 984.8 0.0 10.5 5.4

Nov. 10.3 32.2 19.4 30.0 98.0 63.1 0 0.0 988.1 982.1 0.0 8.5 4.3

The analysis of the field observation is given below:




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3.4.3.1 Ambient Temperature

The minimum, maximum and average temperature recorded at the site is 10.30C, 36.50C and 270C respectively.

3.4.3.2 Relative Humidity

The minimum, maximum and average relative humidity is 22.0 %, 99.9 % and 64.9 %respectively.

3.4.3.3 Barometric Pressure

The maximum atm pressure is 988.1 and 984.8 hPA at 08:30hrs and 17.30hrs respectively.

3.4.3.4 Rainfall

The total rainfall for the study period has been recorded as 213.0 mm. Maximum numbers of Rainy days occur in September.

3.4.3.5 Wind Speed

Analysis of hourly wind speed shows that the winds are generally light to moderate in this area. The monthly average wind speed varies from 4.3 to 6.9 Km/hr respectively.

3.4.3.6 Wind Pattern

The windrose diagram for a season has been drawn on the basis of hourly wind speed and direction data. The dominant direction is west. The seasonal windrose diagram is presented in Fig 3.5.




Rev. No.: 1


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Figure 3.5: Windrose diagram for the post monsoon season




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3.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT 3.5.1 General Description

The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at four locations within the 10 km radius around the proposed site of the power project. The purpose of the estimation of background pollutant concentration is to assess the impact of the proposed power project on the ambient air quality within the region based on the activities of the proposed power plant. The parameters chosen for assessment of air quality are Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The Main objective of AAQ monitoring is to observe the existing AAQ condition.

3.5.2 Monitoring stations

The monitoring stations were identified on the basis of the followings:

a. Prevailing Meteorology in the upwind and downwind direction as well

as to represent the cross sectional scenario. b. Results of Mathematical air dispersion screening model, to determine

the likely direction and distance of maximum impact due to the proposed power project.

c. Factors like approach road, security and availability of electricity etc.

The four sampling stations for monitoring ambient air quality have been selected on the basis of the aforesaid points .The details of these locations are given in Table 3.11 and shown in Figure 3.6.

Table 3.12: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations within the Study

Area Station Code

Location Location w.r. to site Description

Distance

(K.M)

Direction

AQ1 Chawala 2.0 NW Residential Area

AQ2 Tajpur Khurd 3.5 N Residential Rural Area

AQ3 Palam Vihar. 4.0 S Residential Area

AQ4 Bijwasan 2.5 SE Industrial Area




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Najafgarh Park

Raghubir Enclave

Gopalnagar

Chetan Vihar


Premnagar

Roshan Vihar

Dindarpur

N A J A F G A R H


Shyam Enclave

Paprawat

Kharkhari

Nahar

Premnagar

Pindwala

Kalan

Pindwala

Khurd

Kharkhari

Raund

Hasanpur

Daulatpur

Cremation

Ground

Asalatpur

Khadar

Gummanhera

Jainpur

Cremation

GroundShikarpur

Jhatikra

Drain

No.8

Naja

fgar

h Dra

in

Cremation Ground

Cremation

Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Babupur

Muhammadheri

Kherki Majra Dhankot Tikampur

Daulatabad

Dhanwanpur Gurgaon

Masani

GURGAON

Madanpuri

Jyoti Park

Chandarnagar

Shivajinagar

Raghopur

Bajghera

Panwala

Khusropur

Badosra

Palam Vihar

Chaumuha

Alawardi Sarai

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

GURGAON R S

Bhumgarh

Basai

UDYOG VIHAR

Daulat

Nasirabad

Mulahera

Dundahera

MARUTI UDYOG

Sirhaul

GURGAON

Udyog Vihar

Overhead

Tank

Sikandarpur

Ghos

Chakarpur

Overhead

Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead

Tank

Kapashera

SamalkaBIJWASAN

Bharthal

NH 8

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

Nangal Dewat

Nangal Dairy

Rangpuri

Rajokri PF

Indira Gandhi


Mehramnagar

Maude Lines

Shekhawati

Lines

Shumbran

Lines

Palam R S

Rajnagar

Palam R S

Purannagar

Palam

SadhnagarManglapuri

Nasirpur

Bagrola

Dabri

SagarpurMahavir Enclave

BindapurMadhu Vihar

Sahyog Vihar

Matyala

Gulabi Park

Dayalsar Colony

Anupnagar

Niwada Majra

JANAKPURI

Salatpur

Khadar

Jhuggi Jhonpri

colonyMohan

Garden

Bhagwati

Garden

DWARKA

Bharat Vihar

Kakraula

Sector 14

Sector 13

Shiv Enclave

Block A

Nangli Sakrawar

Masudabad

Vijay Park

Mungashpur


Lakshmi Vihar

Goela Khurd

Shyam Vihar

Tajpur Khurd

Qutab Vihar

Reola

Khanpur Chhawla

Kanganheri

Chhawla

Camp

Bamnauli

Dhul Siras

PF

Isapur Khera

Pchanpur

Ganda Nala

Ambar Hai

Sector 17

Sector 18


Sector 5

Sector 4

Sector 11

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 2

Sector 9Sector 8

Sector 7

Sector 20

Sector 21

Sector 22Sector 23

Jainpur

Dense Babul

10KM

N

28°27'30"76°55'29"

28°27'30"

77°7'29"

28°38'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"76°55'29"

National Highway

Road

Drain/distrubutary

District Boundary

LEGEND

Ganda Nala

Najafgarh Drain

Rajokri

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°32'30" 28°32'30"

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30''

Drain

AQ2

AQ4

AQ1

AQ3

Trailway

Air Monitoring Locations

Kharkhari

Jatmal

Proposed Site

77°5'

Figure 3.6: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations




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3.5.3 Sampling Period, Frequency and Parameter

Calibrated Respirable Dust Samplers were used for the sampling of SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx. Ambient air sampling for RPM, SPM, SO2 and NOx was performed continuously for 24 hours to determine 24-hour average concentrations. The sampling frequency was twice in a week. The sampling was performed at a height of 3.5 m (approximately) from the ground level. Standard methods specified under "National Ambient Air Quality Standards" notification G.S.R. 176(E) were adopted for sampling and analysis.

3.5.4 Sampling and Analytical Procedure

Respirable Particulate Matter and Suspended Particulate Matter

Calibrated 'Respirable Dust Samplers' with Whatman GF/A microfibre filter paper (size: 8” X 10”) was used for the collection of RPM. A known volume of ambient air is passed through the cyclone to the initially preprocessed filter paper. The centrifugal force in cyclone acts on particulate matter to separate them into two parts and collected as followings: -

a. Particles <10 μ size (Respirable): GF/A Filter Paper b. Particles >10 μ size (Non Respirable): Cyclone Cup The differences in final and initial weight of filter paper and cyclone cup are used in estimation of particulate matter. The mass of particulates collected on the GF filter, divided by the volume of sampled air, gives the concentration of RPM. The total mass of dust, i.e., the sum of masses of particulates collected on the filter and in the cyclone cup, divided by the volume of sampled air gives the concentration of SPM. The results are expressed in μg/m3.

Sulphur Dioxide

Sampling and analysis of ambient SO2 was performed by adopting the 'Improved West and Gaeke Method'. The ambient air, drawn through the draft created by the RDS, is passed through an impinger, containing a known volume of absorbing solution of sodium tetrachloromercurate, at a pre determined and measured flow rate of 1 liter/minute (lpm). SO2 in ambient air reacts with the tetrachloromercurate to form a stable complex, dichloro-sulphito mercurate. On reacting with formaldehyde and p-rosaniline hydrochloride, the sulphite ion forms an intensely coloured compound, p-rosaniline methyle sulphonic acid. The intensity of the colour developed is estimated by spectrophotometer at 560 nm wave length. The measured OD is used to determine the concentration of SO2 from the calibration curve already prepared against known concentrations of sulphite ion. The mass of SO2 in the absorbing reagent, divided by the volume of sampled air provides the concentration of SO2, which is expressed as μg/m3.




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Nitrogen Oxides

Sampling and analysis of ambient NOx was performed by adopting the 'Jacob Hochheister Modified (Na arsenite)' method. Ambient air is drawn through an impinger at a pre determined flow rate of 1 ppm. The impinger contains known volume of absorbing solution of sodium arsenite and sodium hydroxide. Oxides of nitrogen react with the absorbing reagent to form a stable solution of sodium nitrite. The nitrate ion produced during the sampling is estimated colorimetrically, after reacting with phosphoric acid, sulphanilamide and naphthyl ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA), using spectrophotometer at 540 nm wavelength. The measured OD is used to determine the concentration of NOx from the calibration curve already prepared against known concentrations of nitrite ion. The mass of NOx in the absorbing reagent, divided by the volume of sampled air provides the concentration of NOx, which is expressed as μg/m3.

3.5.5 Air Quality Standards

Table 3.13: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutants Time-weighted average

Concentration in ambient air Method of measurement

Industrial Areas

Residential, Rural &

other Areas

Sensitive Areas

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 60 µg/m

3 15 µg/m

3 - Improved West and Geake Method - Ultraviolet Fluorescence

24 hours**

120 µg/m3 80 µg/m

3 30 µg/m

3

Oxides of Nitrogen as (N O2)

Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 60 µg/m

3 15 µg/m

3 - Jacob & Hochheiser Modified (Na-Arsenite) Method

24 hours**

120 µg/m3 80 µg/m

3 30 µg/m

3 - Gas Phase Chemiluminescence

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

Annual Average*

360 µg/m3 140 µg/m

3 70 µg/m

3 - High Volume Sampling, (Average flow rate not less than 1.1 m3/minute).

24 hours**

500 µg/m3 200 µg/m

3 100

µg/m3

Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) (size less than 10 microns)

Annual Average*

120 µg/m3 60 µg/m

3 50 µg/m

3 - Respirable particulate matter sampler

24 hours**

150 µg/m3 100 µg/m

3 75 µg/m

3




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3.5.6 Observation

Respirable Particulate Matter The summary of observations made during the three months at the four locations is presented in Table 3.14.The minimum, maximum and average RPM concentrations during the study period in the four locations are 67 µg/m3, 162 µg/m3 and 126.2 µg/m3 respectively.

Table 3.14: Ambient Air Quality Status with respect to Respirable Particulate Matters

Location Name

Code Concentration, µg/m3

Min Max Avg 98 percentile

Chawala AQ1 130 141 135 141

Tajpur Khurd AQ2 120 132 126 131

Palam Vihar. AQ3 67 151 98 150

Bijvasan AQ4 132 162 147 160

The concentration of RPM at all stations was found to be higher than the

National Ambient Quality Standards (100 g/m3) for residential except Palam Vihar. Suspended Particulate Matter

The summary of observations made during the three months at the four locations is presented in Table 3.15. The minimum, maximum and average SPM concentrations during the study period in the four locations have been recorded as 230 µg/m3, 329 µg/m3 and 291.47 µg/m3, respectively.

Table 3.15: Ambient Air Quality Status with respects

to Suspended Particulate Matter

Location Name Code Concentration, g/m3


Chawala AQ1 274 290 296 317

Tajpur Khurd AQ2 280 329 304 328

Palam Vihar. AQ3 230 326 256 305

Bijvasan AQ4 297 321 309 321

The concentration of SPM at all stations was found to be significantly higher

than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (200 g/m3) for residential.

Sulphur Dioxide

The summary of observations made during the 3 months at the four locations is presented in Table 3.16. The minimum, maximum and average SPM




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 27 of 68

concentrations during the study period in the four locations are 7 µg/m3, 15 µg/m3 and 9.1 µg/m3 respectively.

Table 3.16: Ambient Air Quality Status with respect

to Sulphur Dioxide



Chawala AQ1 7 12 9.0 9

Tajpur Khurd AQ2 8 12 9.0 12

Palam Vihar. AQ3 7 10 8 15

Bijvasan AQ4 7 15 11 14

The concentration of SO2 at all locations is found to be well below the National

Ambient Air Quality Standards (80 g/m3) for residential. Nitrogen Oxides

The summary of observations made during the 3 months at the four locations is presented in Table 3.17. The minimum, maximum and average SPM concentrations during the study period in the four locations are 22 µg/m3, 39 µg/m3 and 29 µg/m3 respectively.

Table 3.17: Ambient Air Quality Status with respect to Nitrogen Oxides



Chawala AQ1 24 39 32.0 38

Tajpur Khurd AQ2 23 30 27.0 30

Palam Vihar. AQ3 22 33 28.0 32

Bijvasan AQ4 27 30 29.0 29

The concentration of NOx at all locations is found to be well below the limit of

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (80 g/m3) for residential. 3.5.7 Conclusion

The concentrations of RPM, SPM, in the area are significantly higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for commercial and residential area.

The concentrations of SO2 and NOx are within the limit of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for commercial and residential areas.

Detail of Air quality status of the study area is given below: -




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Variation of RPM with respect to different locations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

Location

con

ce

ntr

ati

on

in

ug

/m3

Min

Max

Avg

Figure 3.7: Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to

Respirable Particulate Matter

Variation of SPM with respect to different locations

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

Location

co

nc

en

tra

tio

n i

n u

g/m

3

Min

Max

Avg

Figure 3.8: Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to

Suspended Particulate Matter




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Variation of Sulphur Dioxide with respect to different

locations

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

Location

Co

ncen

trati

on

in

, u

g/m

3

Min

Max

Avg

Figure 3.9: Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to SO2

Variation of Nitrogen Dioxide with respect to different

locations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4

Location

Co

ncen

tra

tio

n i

n u

g/m

3

Min

Max

Avg

Figure 3.10: Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to NOx




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3.6 HEAT POLLUTION

Main heat generation from implementation of this project shall take place due to the boiler. The boiler is going to be completely insulated and the temperature would be maintained at 60ºC. the steam would be passed through the cooling system wherein the temperature would be reduced to 40ºC. By the time the water would reach the central monitoring basin, the temperature would reach to normal. All the effluents would pass through a Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) to facilitate monitoring of flow and important parameters including the temperature. All the effluents emanating from plant will conform to the regulatory standards of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), therefore the aquatic balance of the site shall not be altered or affected in any way.

3.7. HYDROLOGY 3.7.1 Introduction

Proposed site is located in the southwestern part of Delhi, on old alluvial plains. Hydrology is characterized by the proximity of the Najafgarh Drain, and constitutes an important source of ground water recharge. In the study area clay and kankar formation exists in the top layer to the depth of 4 m below the ground level. This layer of clay followed by kankar and silt to the depth of 68 m below ground level. The thickness of the alluvium is about 300 m in the area and potential aquifers can be found at depths of 240 m below ground level. There is natural surface storm water drain close to the proposed site. This carries the discharge to the Najafgarh Drain .The Waste Water is normally carried away by the sewer lines, which exist near the project site.

3.7.2 Surface Water Surface Water contributes to over 86 % of study area’s drinking water.

Yamuna provides the major share of this water. Other sources of the drinking water supply to Delhi include the Himalayan rivers though different interstate arrangements and sub-surface sources like Ranny wells and tube wells.

Table 3.18 Quantity of Surface Water

Source Total Quantity(MGD)

Yamuna 210

Bharka Storage 200

Ganga 100

Surface Water Sub Total 510

Ranny Wells/Tube Wells 81

Total Raw water 591

Source: Delhi Urban Environment & Infrastructure Improvement Project




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Page No. 31 of 68

3.7.3 Drainage Pattern The study area consists of Najafgarh Drain, which is the largest of all drains in the National Capital Territory and carries a total flow of over 2000 MLD. The drainage pattern of the study area is linear and radial. Najafgarh Drain enters Delhi from the South Western side. Two main drains open in Najafgarh Drain i.e. Palam Drain and Mung Ashpur in study area. Najafgarh Drain covers a length of 40 km. before joining Yamuna River.

3.7.4 Ground Water Hydrology

Levels of Ground Water in pre monsoon varies from 10 to 20 m below ground level and in, post monsoon <5m below ground level. (Source: CGWB)

3.7.4.1 Hydrological setting in the Study Area

The existence of tappable aquifers is the combined effect of the topography, litho logy and soil types. The study area is under lined by older alluvium comprising of clay; silt, varying thickness of sand and associated kankar. Aquifers in the study area are generally of two types: shallow aquifers and deep aquifers.

3.7.4.2 Shallow Aquifers

As study area comprises of the Najafgarh drain, shallow aquifers are continuously recharged by it and lie between the depths of 5-25 m. These shallow aquifers are unconfined or semi-confined. Shallow aquifers are contaminated by the seepage of polluted water of drains and are generally not fit for drinking purposes. During pre-monsoon season, in some part of study area, shallow aquifers become dry due to lack of recharge.

3.7.4.3 Deep Aquifers

Deep aquifers lie between the depths of 100 to 150 m below ground level in the study area under confined conditions and are tapped by deep bore wells for domestic and industrial purposes. Water tables are sub-parallel to land surface and more or less follow the topographic slopes.

3.7.5.4 Recharging Of Ground Water Aquifers

The main source of recharge of ground water aquifers is rainfall infiltration, the other source being seepage from the drains.




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 32 of 68

3.8 WATER QUALITY 3.8.1 Selection of Sampling Locations

The assessment of present status of water quality within the study area was conducted by collecting water from surface water and ground water sources during September 2008 to November 2008. The sampling locations have been identified on the basis of their importance. Three surface water and six ground water locations were selected from which samples were collected every month. The locations of sampling stations of ground water, surface water, and wastewater are shown in Figure-3.11 and 3.12. Details of sampling locations, their distance and direction from the proposed plant site are presented in Table-3.19 and Table 3.20.

Table 3.19: Ground Water Quality Sampling Location of the Study Area

Station Code

Station Name

Location w.r.t.Site Description

Distance (k.m.)

Direction

GWQ1 Chawala Village 2.0 N-W Ground water

GWQ2 Qutub Vihar

3.5 N Ground water

GWQ3 Palam Vihar 4.0 S Ground water

GWQ4 Samalka

5.5 E Ground water

GWQ5 Pochanpuri 2.5 N-E Ground water

GWQ6 Dundanheri 5.5 S-E Ground water

Table 3.20: Surface Water Quality Sampling Location of the Study Area

Station Code

Station Name

Location w. r. t. Site

Description

Distance (k.m.)

Direction

SWQ1

Upstream of Najafgarh Drain

3.0

NW

Wastewater

SWQ2 Down Stream of Najafgarh drain

4.5 SW Wastewater

SWQ3 Treated Sewage Effluent Dwarka

8.0 N Wastewater




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 33 of 68

3.8.2 Methodology And Results The samples were analyzed for selected physicochemical parameters to establish the existing water quality of the study area. Samples were collected, preserved and analyzed as per methods given in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, AWWA and WPCF 2000). The samples were analyzed for pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, sulphate, nitrates, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, silica, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD and Phenolic Compounds.

The samples for bacteriological quality of water analysis was collected in the sterilized bottles and samples were analyzed for bacteriological quality of water for total coliforms on a monthly basis.

The samples were analyzed for As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr+6, Total Chromium, Cu, Zn, Se and Fe by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

3.8.2.1 Ground Water Quality The physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples is given in Table-3.21 A and 3.21B for 3 consecutive months from September 2008 to November 2008 for six locations. Few parameters in some locations have been found to be more than the limits prescribed by CPCB. As the current status of water quality is already beyond the limits set by CPCB therefore appropriate control measures shall be taken so that the water quality does not worsen due to the implementation of this project. The locations where the parameters are exceeding limits are given in the table below:-




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 34 of 68

Sl. No.

Parameter Prescribed Limit

Protocol GWQ1 Chawala Village

September October November

1. Zn, mg/l 5 APHA 15 14 12

Sl. No.


Protocol GWQ2 : Qutub Vihar


1. TDS, mg/l 500 IS: 10500 830 800 820

2. Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 200 IS: 10500 350 320 300

Sl. No.


Protocol GWQ3 : Palam Vihar


1. TDS, mg/l 500 IS: 10500 800 810 820

2.

Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 200 IS: 10500 312 324 300

SL No.


Protocol GWQ4 : Samalaka


1. TDS, mg/l 500 IS: 10500 770 775 778


SL No.


Protocol GWQ5 : Pochanpuri


1. TDS, mg/l 500 IS: 10500 600 626 610


SL No.


Protocol GWQ6 : Dundanheri


1. TDS, mg/l 500 IS: 10500 770 750 765


Sl. No.

Parameter Prescribed Limits

Protocol

SWQ1: Up Stream of Najafgarh Drain


1. TDS, mg/l 500 IS:3025 935 1004 996

2. Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 200 IS:3025 310 320 340

3. Cl, mg/l 250 IS:3025 269 255 248

Sl. No.


Protocol

SWQ2 – Down Stream of Najafgarh Drain


1. TDS, mg/l 500 IS:3025 1140 1004 1010


3. Cl, mg/l 250 IS:3025 228 255 260

Sl. No.


Protocol

SWQ3 Treated Sewage Effluent Dwarka


1. TDS, mg/l 500 IS:3025 1435 1430 1468


3. Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 300 IS:3025 476 470 476

4. Cl, mg/l 250 IS:3025 421 430 420

5. Ca, as CaCO3 mg/l 75 APHA 300 305 310

6. Mg, as CaCO3 mg/l 30 APHA 165 160 162




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 35 of 68

The following mitigation measures shall be practiced:

All the trade effluents will be either recycled or transferred to the Central Monitoring Basin through pipelines.

Tanks for effluents will be provided with impermeable lining.

In cooling water system, a minimum of three cycle of concentration will be practiced.

Wastage and spillage of water shall be avoided.

From the Central Monitoring Basin, pipelines will be provided for irrigation of afforested areas. Use of raw/process waste for irrigation shall be strictly prohibited.

Sewage from toilets and washrooms will be pumped to the sewage treatment plant for further process.

After the implementation of these measures he impact on the water quality shall be insignificant.




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Page No. 36 of 68

Najafgarh Park

Raghubir Enclave

Gopalnagar

Chetan Vihar

Gopal Park

Krishan Vihar

Roshan Vihar

Dindarpur

N A J A F G A R H

Betajsta EnclaveDurga Vihar Shyam

Enclave

PaprawatKharkhari

Nahar

Premnagar

Pindwala

Kalan

Pindwala

Khurd

Kharkhari

Raund

Hasanpur

Daulatpur

Cremation Ground

Asalatpur

Khadar

Gummanhera

Jainpur

Cremation Ground

Shikarpur

Jhatikra

Drain

No.8

Naja

fgar

h Dra

in

Cremation Ground

Cremation

Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Babupur

Muhammadheri

Kherki Majra

DhankotTikampur

Daulatabad

Dhanwanpur Gurgaon

Masani

GURGAON

Madanpuri

Jyoti Park

Chandarnagar

Shivajinagar

Raghopur

Bajghera

Panwala Khusropur

Badosra

Palam Vihar

Chaumuha

Alawardi Sarai

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

GURGAON

R S

Bhumgarh

Basai

UDYOG VIHAR

Daulat

Nasirabad

Mulahera

Dundahera

MARUTI

UDYOG

Sirhaul

GURGAON

Udyog Vihar

Overhead Tank

Sikandarpur

GhosChakarpur

Overhead Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead

Tank

Kapashera

SamalkaBIJWASAN

Bharthal

NH 8

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

Nangal Dewat

Nangal Dairy

Rangpuri

Rajokri PF

Indira Gandhi

International

AirportMehramnagar

Maude Lines

Shekhawati

Lines

Shumbran

LinesPalam R S

Rajnagar

Palam R S

Purannagar

Palam

SadhnagarManglapuri

Nasirpur

Bagrola

Dabri

SagarpurMahavir Enclave

Bindapur

Madhu Vihar

Sahyog Vihar

Matyala

Gulabi Park

Dayalsar Colony

Anupnagar

Niwada Majra

JANAKPURI

Salatpur

Khadar

Jhuggi Jhonpri

colonyMohan Garden

Bhagwati

Garden

DWARKA

Bharat ViharKakraula

Sector 14

Sector 13

Shiv Enclave

Block ANangli Sakrawar

Masudabad

Vijay Park

Mungashpur


Lakshmi

Vihar

Goela Khurd

Shyam Vihar

Tajpur Khurd

Qutab Vihar

Reola

KhanpurChhawla

Kanganheri

Chhawla Camp

Bamnauli

Dhul SirasPF

Isapur Khera

Pchanpur

Ganda Nala

Ambar Hai

Sector 17

Sector 18


Sector 5

Sector 4

Sector 11

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 2

Sector 9Sector 8

Sector 7

Sector 20

Sector 21

Sector 22Sector 23

Jainpur

Dense Babul

10KM

N

28°27'30"76°55'29"

28°27'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"76°55'29"

National Highway

Road

Drain/distrubutary

District Boundary

LEGEND

Ganda Nala

Najafgarh Drain

Rajokri

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°32'30" 28°32'30"

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30''

Drain

Trailway

Ground Water Sampling Locations

Kharkhari

Jatmal

Proposed Site

GW1GW2

GW3

GW4

GW6

GW5

77°5'

Figure-3.11: Ground Water Sampling Location




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 37 of 68

Table 3.21A: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water

Sl.

No.


Protocol GWQ1 Chawala Village GWQ2: Qutub Vihar GWQ3: Palam Vihar

September October November September October November September October November

1 pH 6.5-8.5 IS: 10500 8 .2 8.0 7.8 8.4 8.0 8.2 7.4 7.8 7.1

2 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l - IS: 10500 4.8 5.1 5.5 5.8 7.5 7.4 5.0 5.3 6.0

3 Temperature (0C) - IS: 10500 21 23 24 22 22 21 21 20 21

4 Conductivity, umho/cm - IS: 10500 600 610 605 1260 1050 1120 1280 1150 1190

5 TSS, mg/l - IS: 10500 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4

6 TDS, mg/l 500 IS: 10500 376 392 380 830 800 820 800 810 820

7 Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l

200 IS: 10500 150 145 140 350 320 300 312 324 300

8 Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l

300 IS: 10500 92 80 85 280 221 235 270 280 260

9 BOD, mg/l - IS: 10500 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2

10 COD, mg/l - IS: 10500 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4

11 NO3, mg/l 45 IS: 10500 0.80 0.7 0.9 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9

12 PO4, mg/l - IS: 10500 0.6 0.5 0.30 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5

13 Cl, mg/l 250 IS: 10500 100 110 100 95 100 110 95 100 110

14 SO4, mg/l 200 IS: 10500 10 9 9 110 95 90 110 95 90

15 Na, mg/l - APHA 85 84 83 130 120 110 130 120 110

16 K, mg/l - APHA 16 15 10 20 19 20 20 19 20

17 Ca as CaCO3, mg/l 75 IS: 10500 50 45 45 150 111 115 146 145 140

18 Mg as CaCO3, mg/l 30 IS: 10500 42 35 40 130 110 120 124 125 120




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 38 of 68

Sl.

No.


Protocol GWQ1 Chawala Village GWQ2: Qutub Vihar GWQ3: Palam Vihar


19 Silica, mg/l - IS: 10500 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

20 O & G, mg/l - IS: 10500 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

21 Phenolic Compound, mg/l

0.001 IS: 10500 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

22 As, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

23 Hg, mg/l <0.001 APHA <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

24 Pb, mg/l <0.01 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

25 Cd, mg/l <0.01 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

26 Cr+6

, mg/l <0.05 APHA <0.01 BDL BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

27 Cu, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

28 Zn, mg/l 5 APHA 15 14 12 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

29 Se, mg/l 0.01 APHA <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

30 Fe, mg/l 0.3 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

31 MPN/100ml - - ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT

32 Total Coliform/100 ml - - ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 39 of 68

Table3.21B: Physico- Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water

Sl.

No.


Protocol GWQ4: Samalaka GWQ5 : Pochanpuri GWQ6 : Dundanheri


1 pH 6.5-8.5 IS: 10500 8.0 7.5 7.1 8.4 8.0 8.2 7.8 8.0 8.1

2 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l - IS: 10500 6.9 7.5 7.4 5.9 7.5 7.4 5.7 5.8 6.0

3 Temperature(0C) - IS: 10500 21 22 22 21 21 20 21 24 22

4 Conductivity, mhos/cm - IS: 10500 1100 1050 1210 1020 962 938 1180 1160 1168

5 TSS, mg/l - IS: 10500 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4

6 TDS, mg/l 500 IS: 10500 770 775 778 600 626 610 770 758 765


200 IS: 10500 350 320 300 350 320 300 290 298 295

8 Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l

300 IS: 10500 270 251 255 238 238 227 221 210 216

9 BOD, mg/l - IS: 10500 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2

10 COD, mg/l - IS: 10500 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4

11 NO3, mg/l 45 IS: 10500 2.6 2.2 2.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.01

12 PO4, mg/l - IS: 10500 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.52 0.45 0.51

13 Cl, mg/l 250 IS: 10500 95 100 110 40 35 37 88 85 86

14 SO4, mg/l 200 IS: 10500 80 83 85 70 73 75 140 135 139

15 Na, mg/l - APHA 130 120 110 90 85 87 140 130 125

16 K, mg/l - APHA 20 19 20 20 19 20 16 18 20

17 Ca as CaCO3, mg/l 75 IS: 10500 140 141 135 128 124 121 152 140 145

18 Mg as CaCO3, mg/l 30 IS: 10500 130 110 120 110 108 106 69 70 71




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 40 of 68

Sl.

No.


Protocol GWQ4: Samalaka GWQ5 : Pochanpuri GWQ6 : Dundanheri


19 Silica, mg/l - IS: 10500 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

20 O & G, mg/l - IS: 10500 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL


0.001 IS: 10500 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

22 As, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

23 Hg, mg/l <0.001 APHA <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

24 Pb, mg/l <0.01 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

25 Cd, mg/l <0.01 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

26 Cr+6

, mg/l <0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

27 Cu, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

28 Zn, mg/l 5 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

29 Se, mg/l 0.01 APHA <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

30 Fe, mg/l 0.3 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

31 MPN/100ml - - ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT

32 Total Coliform/100 ml - - ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 41 of 68

3.8.2.2 Surface Water Quality Physico – chemical characteristics of surface water samples, that were collected from four sources in every month, have been presented in Table 3.22A and 3.22 B.

Najafgarh Park

Raghubir Enclave

Gopalnagar

Chetan Vihar


Roshan Vihar

Dindarpur

N A J A F G A R H


Shyam Enclave Paprawat

Kharkhari Nahar

Premnagar

Pindwala

Kalan

Pindwala

Khurd

Kharkhari

Raund

Hasanpur

Daulatpur

Cremation

Ground

Asalatpur

Khadar

Gummanhera

Jainpur

Cremation

GroundShikarpur

Jhatikra

Drain

No.8

Naja

fgar

h Dra

in

Cremation Ground

Cremation

Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Babupur

Muhammadheri

Kherki Majra

Dhankot Tikampur

Daulatabad

Dhanwanpur Gurgaon

Masani

GURGAON

Madanpuri

Jyoti Park

Chandarnagar

Shivajinagar

Raghopur

Bajghera

Panwala

Khusropur

Badosra

Palam Vihar

Chaumuha

Alawardi Sarai

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

GURGAON R S

Bhumgarh

Basai

UDYOG VIHAR

Daulat

Nasirabad

Mulahera

Dundahera

MARUTI UDYOG

Sirhaul

GURGAON

Udyog Vihar

Overhead

Tank

Sikandarpur

Ghos

Chakarpur

Overhead

TankOverhead Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead

Tank

Kapashera

SamalkaBIJWASAN

Bharthal

NH 8

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay Nangal

Dewat

Nangal Dairy

Rangpuri

Rajokri PF

Indira

Gandhi

International

Airport

Mehramnagar

Maude

Lines

Shekhawati

Lines

Shumbran

Lines

Palam R S

RajnagarPalam R S

Purannagar

Palam

SadhnagarManglapuri

Nasirpur

Bagrola

Dabri

SagarpurMahavir

Enclave

BindapurMadhu Vihar

Sahyog Vihar

Matyala

Gulabi Park

Dayalsar Colony

Anupnagar

Niwada Majra

JANAKPURI

Salatpur

Khadar

Jhuggi Jhonpri

colonyMohan

Garden

Bhagwati

Garden

DWARKA

Bharat Vihar

Kakraula

Sector 14

Sector 13

Shiv Enclave

Block A

Nangli Sakrawar

Masudabad

Vijay Park

Mungashpur


Lakshmi Vihar

Goela Khurd

Shyam Vihar

Tajpur Khurd

Qutab

Vihar

Reola

Khanpur Chhawla

Kanganheri

Chhawla Camp

Bamnauli

Dhul Siras

PF

Isapur Khera

Pchanpur

Ganda Nala

Ambar Hai

Sector 17

Sector 18


Sector 5

Sector 4

Sector 11

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 2

Sector 9Sector 8

Sector 7

Sector 20

Sector 21Sector 22

Sector 23

Jainpur

Dense Babul

10KM

N

28°27'30"76°55'29"

28°27'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"76°55'29"

National Highway

Road

Drain/distrubutary

District Boundary

LEGEND

Ganda Nala

Najafgarh Drain

Rajokri

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°32'30" 28°32'30"

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30''77°5'

Drain

Trailway

Surface Water Sampling

Locations

Kharkhari Jatmal

Proposed Site

SW3

SW1

SW2

Figure 3.12: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations




Rev. No.: 1


Page No. 42 of 68

Table 3.22A: Surface Water Quality

Sl.

No.


Protocol SWQ1 - Up Stream of Najafgarh Drain


September October November September

October

November

1. pH 6.5-8.5 IS:3025 8.2 8.4 7.9 7.4 7.8 7.8

2. Temperature(0C) - IS:3025 19 21 24 20 21 23

3. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l - IS:3025 Nil Nil 0.2 1 1.2 1.1

4. Conductivity, mhos/cm - IS:3025 1448 1530 1520 1750 1540 1590

5. TSS, mg/l - IS:3025 14 18 20 16 18 28

6. TDS, mg/l 500 IS:3025 935 1004 996 1140 1004 1010

7. Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 200 IS:3025 310 320 340 365 320 316

8. Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 300 IS:3025 210 210 200 310 210 214

9. BOD, mg/l - IS:3025 31 31 36 26 31 32

10. COD, mg/l - IS:3025 62 62 60 60 62 62

11. NO3, mg/l 45 IS:3025 0.88 1.0 1.2 0.23 1.0 1.5

12. PO4, mg/l - IS:3025 12 14 15 14 14 10

13. Cl, mg/l 250 IS:3025 269 255 248 228 255 260

14. SO4, mg/l 200 IS:3025 79 70 60 70 70 68

15. Na, mg/l - APHA 220 210 200 235 210 212

16. K, mg/l - APHA 30 30 30 26 30 30

17. Ca as CaCO3, mg/l 75 APHA 157 170 185 212 170 170




Rev. No.: 1


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Sl.

No.


Protocol SWQ1 - Up Stream of Najafgarh Drain


September October November September

October

November

18. Mg as CaCO3, mg/l 30 APHA 53 40 35 98 40 44

19. Silica, mg/l - IS:3025 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 ND ND

20. O & G, mg/l - IS:3025 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

21. Phenolic Compound, mg/l 0.001 IS:3025 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

22. As, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

23. Hg, mg/l 0.001 APHA <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

24. Pb, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

25. Cd, mg/l 0.01 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

26. Cr+6

, mg/l <0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

27. Total Chromium, mg/l - APHA ND ND ND ND ND ND

28. Cu, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

29. Zn, mg/l 5 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

30. Se, mg/l 0.01 APHA <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

31. Fe, mg/l 0.3 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

32. Total Coliform (MPN/100ml.) 0.01 APHA 47200 48000 48600 50000 49000 49500




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Table 3.22B: Surface Water Quality

Sl.

No.


Protocol SWQ3 Treated Sewage Effluent Dwarka

September October

November

1. pH 6.5-8.5 IS:3025 7.7 7.6 7.6

2. Temperature(0C) - IS:3025 21 22 24

3. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l - IS:3025 0.6 0.5 0.6

4. Conductivity, mhos/cm - IS:3025 2207 2207 2195

5. TSS, mg/l - IS:3025 44 40 46

6. TDS, mg/l 500 IS:3025 1435 1430 1468


8. Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 300 IS:3025 476 470 476

9. BOD, mg/l - IS:3025 99 92 108

10. COD, mg/l - IS:3025 177 160 162

11. NO3, mg/l 45 IS:3025 0.55 0.8 1.0

12. PO4, mg/l - IS:3025 18 20 18

13. Cl, mg/l 250 IS:3025 421 430 420

14. Ammonical Nitrogen - IS:3025 1.6 1.4 1.1

15. SO4, mg/l 200 IS:3025 4 5 8

16. Na , mg/l - APHA 290 270 250

17. K , mg/l - APHA 28 30 28




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Sl.

No.


Protocol SWQ3 Treated Sewage Effluent Dwarka

September October

November

18. Ca as CaCO3, mg/l 75 APHA 312 300 290

19. Mg as CaCO3, mg/l 30 APHA 164 170 186

20. Silica, mg/l - IS:3025 0.05 0.05 0.05

21. O & G, mg/l - IS:3025 2 3 2

22. Phenolic Compound, mg/l 0.001 IS:3025 <4 <4 <4

23. As, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

24. Hg, mg/l 0.001 APHA <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

25. Pb, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

26. Cd, mg/l 0.01 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

27. Cr+6

, mg/l <0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

28. Total Chromium, mg/l - APHA ND ND ND

29. Cu, mg/l 0.05 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

30. Zn, mg/l 5 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

31. Se, mg/l 0.01 APHA <0.005 <0.005 <0.005

32. Fe, mg/l 0.3 APHA <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

33. Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) 0.01 APHA 37160 62000 48000




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3.9 ECOLOGY

3.9.1 Environmental Scenario of 10 km radius The general study area of proposed power plant comprises mostly

southwestern part of Delhi, and Gurgaon of Haryana. The study area is dominated by rural, urban and commercial activities. It includes some agricultural areas, where chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used.

3.9.2 Environmental conditions in the Core Study Area

Physiography: Study area consists of agricultural land, settlement area, forest area and wasteland. Proposed plant is situated near the Najafgarh drain. The study area lies in a subtropical deciduous type of vegetation.

Climatology: The study area enjoys sub-tropical climatic conditions with four seasons, pre-monsoon (March to May), monsoon (June to August), post monsoon season (September to November) and winter season (December to February).

Soil: The soils of the study area are mostly loamy sand with subordinate amount of medium texture soils.

3.9.3 Terrestrial Ecology The contents of this subsection are based primarily on reconnaissance survey carried out.

3.9.4 Objectives of Ecological Studies The study was undertaken with a view to understand the status of ecosystem along the following line: To assess nature and distribution of the vegetation in the area.

To assess the frequency, frequency class, relative frequency, abundance, density, diversity index.

To evaluate the dominant species of plant and animal.

To list the endangered species (both flora and fauna).

To mark the wetlands and other ecologically sensitive areas such as national parks/ sanctuaries

To asses the effect of construction and operation of the project on existing ecology

To recognize the diversity indices of the terrestrial and aquatic communities.




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To Asses the spawning and feeling habits of aquatic species with respect to time and location.

3.9.5 Flora

Delhi has 111 sq. km of forest cover and 40 sq. km. of tree cover against the geographical area of 1483 sq. km, representing only 10.2% of total land area of the city. The green cover is not uniformly distributed in Delhi as some parts have considerable greenery than the others. The New Delhi and South Districts are much greener compared to other Districts. The forest area in South West Delhi is 30.09 sq. km against the geographical area of 420.54 sq. km, representing 7.16% of forest cover. There are 3city forests being developed and managed in South West Delhi by Forest Department. These are - Nasirpur City Forest, Mitraon City Forest, and Ghumenhera City Forests. There are MP green areas also in the project area which represents as protected forest under DDA and L&DO. The flora of Delhi comprises nearly 1,000 species of flowering plants belonging to some 120 families. Sixty per cent of the species are either indigenous or naturalized and the remaining introduced. More than 50 percent of the indigenous flora represents the tropical species. Nearly eight percent is from tropical Africa less than 50 percent from the New World, and two per cent from the temperate region. As a consequence of urbanization, much of the naturally existing vegetation has been cleared over the years. The city level forests, the Ridge, the protected and reserved forests have surviving pockets of natural vegetation in Delhi. The other open spaces are an admixture of indigenous and exotic species project. The field investigation of the post monsoon season shows the dominance of members of Dalbergia sisso, Mangnifera indica, Butea monosperma, Ficus racemosa, Cynadon ductylon, Acacia catechu and Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica are commonly observed. Grasses like Adhatoda, Bougainvillea spp. within the study area. Agricultural area near the proposed plant has nursery where large variety of plants sapling like Bougainvillea, Moneyplant, Jasmine and varieties of flowers are noticed. The lists of tree species observed in the project area are given in Table 3.23 and Table 3.24. Among the city’s residential area, the ones in the area are amply dotted with trees and shrubs. The area is covered by roadside plantations, private and public gardens as well as plantations done by the institutions and housing colonies. Mainly Three Types of Ecosystem Exist in study area.




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Agro Ecosystem: The main crops were rice, wheat, millet, maize and sugarcane. Vegetables are grown in small patches. The major agricultural crops are Mustard (Brassica juncea), wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), and millets (Sorghum vulgare). A number of leguminous crops were grown for crop rotation purpose such as moong (Phaseolus mungo), masoor (Lens culnaris), Arhar (Cajanus cajan), Gram (Cicer arietinum), and pea (Pisum sativum). Grassland Ecosystem: Mostly covered by congress grass and doob. List of shrubs/grass specie are given in Table 3.24. Groves The presence of groves in the study area has been noticed. These groves are mainly of Psidium guava, Citrus auvaulium, Mangnifera indica. The trees grown under social forestry mainly consists of Mangifera indica, Terminilia catapa, Citrus auvaulium, Pisidium guava and other local species of economic importance Manmade Plantation Ecosystem: This has been developed by the State Forest Department and industries. Babul, Neem, Shisham, Jamun, were the main species, planted under afforestation programmes.




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Table 3.23: Lists of tree species observed in the project area

S. No. Tree specie

Scientific Name Common Name

1 Acacia nilotica Babool

2 Acacia catechu Khair

3 Azadirachta indica Neem

4 Cassia Fistula Amaltas

5 Eugenia jambolana Jamun

6 Ficus religiosa Peepal

7 Ficus racemosa Fig tree

8 Kigelia pinnata Sausage tree

9 Bauhinia purpurea

kachnar

10 Erythrina indica

Indian coral tree

11 Albizzia lebbeck

Siris

12 Morus Alba Shatoot

13 Jacaranda imosfolia

Jacaranda

14 Salmalia malabarica Silk cotton

15 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus

16 Dalbergia sissoo

Shisham (Indian Rosewood)

17 Mimusops elengi Maulsiri

18 Bombax ceiba Semal (Tree cotton)

19 Ficus benghalensis Banyan tree (Bargad)

20 Zizyphus jujube Ber

21 Aegle Marmalos Bel

22 Butea monosperma Dhak

23 Mangnifera indica Mango

24 Cordia mixa Bahalphal

25 Madhuca letifolia Mahua

26 Phoenix sylvestri Phoenix ( Khajoor)

27 Acer saccharinum Silver oak




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Table 3.24: Lists of Shrubs and grasses observed in the project area

3.9.6 Ecological Sampling : Methods adopted for the study

The vegetation sampling was carried out by using least count quadrate method and transacts cutting across different habitats. The general Ecological survey was conducted within 10 km radius around the proposed plant. The transact data was useful to describe general vegetation pattern over large area and quadrants are useful for quantification, density and abundance of the vegetation in the study area. The survey was carried out having these points in view:

Reconnaissance survey Generation of primary data to understand baseline ecological status of

floral and faunal elements, sensitive habitats and rare species Identification of plants and animals. Identify the dominants species.

S. No. Shrubs/Grasses

Scientific Name Common Name

1. Abutilon indicum Pathaka

2. Achryranthes aspera Puthkanda

3. Adhatoda vasica Bansa,Basuti

4. Antherum muricatum Gandhara

5. Boughainvillaea spp. Bougainvillea

6. Cassia tora Panwar

7. Chenopodium albus Bathu

8. Imperata cylindrica Siru

9. Nerium odorum Kaner

10. Opuntia dillenii Nagphani

11. Saccharum spontaneum Kans

12. Zizyphus nummularia Malha

13. Calotropis procera Kapok tree

14. Capparis sepiaria

15. C.deciduas

16. Croton sparaiflorus

17. Cenchrus ciliaris

18. Eragrostis poaeioides

19. Cyandon dactylon




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3.9.7 Site Selection Criteria

Six ecological stations were selected (three terrestrial and three aquatic)

Considering the following points: - 1. Location of different industries, with respect to prominent wind direction. 2. Natural vegetation in the study area. 3. Parks, sanctuaries in the study area. 4. Lakes and water bodies, canal, river, ponds etc. Keeping in view the above parameters three terrestrial ecological sampling stations were selected which is given in Table- 3.25.

Table 3.25: Terrestrial Ecological Sampling Locations

Station code

Location Direction w.r.t. Plant

site

Distance w.r.t. Plant

site

Description of sampling location

TE-1 Tajpur Khurd N 3.5 Agriculture Land

TE-2 Chawala NW 2.0 Agriculture Land

TE-3 Bijwassan SE 2.5 Agriculture Land

At each station, the studies were carried out by selecting 10 quadrants. A summary of observations made at the three ecological stations is as follows The data of field sampling at three locations is presented in Tables .

Ecological Sampling at TE1 (Tajpur khurd):

Butea monosperma and dalbergia sissoo was found to be the most dominant species, followed by Cynadon ductylon, Albezzia lebbeck, Magnifera indica, Adhatoda Vasica, and Boughain villaea was found very common in the study area. Density and diversity index of different species observed during the studies are given in Table 3.26. The overall species diversity index was computed as 1.303.

Table 3.26: Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of Different Species at Tajpur Khurd(TE1)

S. No. Name of Species Total No. of Species (n)

Density Abundance

1 Butea monosperma 65 6.5 0.65

2 Magnifera indica 40 4 0.57

3 Bombax ceiba 35 3.5 0.50

4 Zizyphus jujube 45 4.5 0.56

5 Aegle marmalos 18 1.8 0.30

6 Cynadon ductylon 49 4.9 0.54

7 Ficus religiosa 24 2.4 0.30

8 Albezzia lebbeck 45 4.5 0.56

9 Eugenia jumbolana 38 3.8 0.54




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10 Adhatoda Vasica 76 7.6 0.76

11 Acacia catechu 21 2.1 0.53

12 Azadirachta indica 42 4.2 0.53

13 Casssia Fistola 20 2 0.50

14 Erythrine Indica 47 4.7 0.59

15 Salmali malabarika 41 4.1 0.41

16 Bauhinia purpurea 20 2 0.22

17 Dalbergia sisso 59 5.9 0.74

18 Madhuca Letifolia 21 2.1 0.23

19 Antharum muricatum 19 1.9 0.21

20 Cenchrus ciliaris 13 1.3 0.22

21 Boughain villaea 81 8.1 0.90

22 capparis sepiaria 20 2 0.25

23 Acacia catechu 10 1 0.14

Total No. of Species 849

Species Diversity Index 1.303

Ecological Sampling at TE2 (Chawla): Acacia nilotica was found to be the most dominant species, followed by Azadirachta Indica, Boughainvillaea and Jacaranda Imosfolia, was found very common in the study area. Density and diversity index of different species observed during the studies are given in Table 3.27. The overall species diversity index was computed as 1.251.

Table 3.27: Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of Different

Species at Chawla (TE2)

S. No. Name of Species Total No.of Species (n)

Density Abundance

1 Acacia nilotica 57 5.7 0.71

2 Ficus racemosa 43 4.3 0.48

3 kigela pinnata 38 3.8 0.48

4 Azadirachta Indica 57 5.7 0.71

5 Morus alba 39 3.9 0.56

6 Jacaranda Imosfolia 44 4.4 0.88

7 Acacia katechu 40 4 0.57

8 Butea monosperma 43 4.3 0.48

9 Mimusops elengi 43 4.3 0.72

10 Magnifera Indica 32 3.2 0.53

11 Bombax ceiba 11 1.1 0.18

12 Eucalyptus 25 2.5 0.36

13 Phoenix sylvestri 11 1.1 0.28

14 Opuntii dillenii 21 2.1 0.42

15 C. Deciduous 22 2.2 0.55

16 Croton sparciflorus 8 0.8 0.27

17 Eragrotis poaeioides 6 0.6 0.12

18 Boughainvillaea 75 7.5 0.75

19 Cassia tora 40 4 0.57




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20 Abutilon Indicum 19 1.9 0.32

21 Acer sacharinum 10 1 0.17



Ecological Sampling at TE3 (Bijwasan): Ficus Racemosa was found to be the most dominant species, followed by Ficus Benghalensis and Cordia mixa was found very common in the study area. Density and diversity index of different species observed during the studies are given in Table 3.28. The overall species diversity index was computed as 1.21

Table 3.28: Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index ofDifferent

Species at Bijwasan(TE3)

S. No. Name of Species Total No. of Species (n)

Density Abundance

1 Azadirachta Indica 31 3.1 0.39

2 Ficus Racemosa 47 4.7 0.78

3 Bombax Ceiba 26 2.6 0.43

4 Bauhinia purpura 19 1.9 0.24

5 Ficus Benghalensis 41 4.1 0.51

6 Madhuca Letifolia 22 2.2 0.31

7 Cordia mixa 37 3.7 0.46

8 Sacchaum spontanium 24 2.4 0.30

9 Achryranthes aspera 27 2.7 0.39

10 Adhatoda vasica 22 2.2 0.28

11 Chenopodium albus 21 2.1 0.42

12 Imperata Cylindrica 16 1.6 0.23

13 Nerium odorum 28 2.8 0.40

14 Cacotropis procera 24 2.4 0.34

15 Zizyphus nummalaria 29 2.9 0.41

16 Acacia catechu 21 2.1 0.42

17 Antherum muricatum 15 1.5 0.38



Fauna : There is no unique faunal community within the core and buffer zone of the project area, except most common ones like toad, frog, crow, sparrow and myna etc. Fauna Domestic The domestic animals are mainly mammals. The domestic animals present in study area are listed in Table 3.29




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Table 3.29: List of Domestic Fauna Observed in the Study Area

S. No.

Zoological Name Common Name Schedule

1. Bos indicus Cow

2. Bubalus indicus Buffalo

3. Cains familieris Dog

4. Capra hircus Goat

5. Equus cabilus Horse

6. Equus hermionus Ass

7. Felis domesticus Cat

8. Sus cristatus Pig

9. Presdystis entellus Monkey

Wild Animal

Since the natural forest is minimal, the wild life does not offer a wide spectrum of species. Wild animals are not seen due to absence of natural dense forest. Some reptiles and amphibians can also be seen with a number of bird species. A list of birds, reptiles, amphibians and rodents based on information gathered from the study is presented in Table-3.30

Table-3.30: List of Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians ad Rodents observed

in the Study Area

Sl. No

Scientific Name Common Name Schedule

Birds

1. Cucculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo IV

2. Columba livia Rock Pigeon IV

3. Corvus splendens House Crow V

4. Eudynomys scolopacea Asian Koel

5. Pycnonotus barbatus

Bulbul IV

6. Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver

7. Pavo cristatus Peafowl I

8. Polyplectron bicalearaturn Peacock pheasants I

9. Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove IV

10. Passer domesticus Sparrow

11. Psittacula krameri Parrot

12. Acridotheres tristis Myna

13. Ocyceros birostis Indian Grey Hornbill

14. Prinia hodgosonii Grey-breasted Prinia

15. Adrea purpurea Purpla Heron

16. Pavo Cristatus Indian Pea Fowl

17. Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher

Reptiles

1. Calotes versicolor Garden lizard

2. Hemidactylus sp. House lizards




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3. Chamaeleon zeylanicus chameleon

Amphibian

1 Bufo malanostidus Toad

2 Rana tigrina Frog

3 Rhacophorus bimaculatus Tree Frog

Rodent

1 Mus muscatus Mouse

2 Rattus rattus House rat V

3 Bandicota indica Bandicoot rat

4 Fumambulus pennanti

Indian palm Squirrel

Wildlife Sanctuary/National Park

No wildlife sanctuary or national park exists within a radius of 15 kms of the site of the Project. Endangered Species

With reference to the list of endangered species prepared by Botanical Survey of India (BSI) and Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, none of the species present in the study area belonged to the 'endangered' category. Aquatic Ecology Baseline studies of ecology of different water bodies are stressed towards the evaluation of water quality. Any changes in the natural water quality of water in streams, rivers, and ponds are best reflected in changes in the natural flora and fauna. The biological species (Fishes, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton etc.) specific for a particular environmental condition are the best indicators of environmental quality. Information on the impact of environmental stress on the community structure serves as inexpensive and efficient early warning and control system to check the effectiveness of the measures to prevent damage to a particular ecosystem. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton are indicators of environmental stress. The quality and quantity of such biological species in a particular environment largely depends on various physio-chemical characteristics of water such a pH, conductivity, nutrients, BOD, alkalinity etc. Diversity is an index to measure the level of pollution. With increasing levels of pollution, diversity of plankton decreases. The higher the value of diversity, the higher is the stability to resist the adverse environmental factors.




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3.9.10.1 Aquatic Ecology Findings The water samples from Najafgarh Drain Upstream, Najafgarh Drain down stream and Treated Sewage Effluent at Dwarka STP were collected to examine the aquatic ecosystem of study area. The Table 3.31 shows station with distance of direction.

Table 3.31: Aquatic Ecological Sampling Locations

Station Code Name of Station Distance and Direction Km

AQ E1 Najafgarh Drain, up stream 3.0 N

AQ E2 Najafgarh Drain Downstream 4.5 SW

AQ E3 Treated Sewage Effluent at Dwarka STP 8.0 N

3.9.10.2 Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis

The qualitative analysis of water samples from Najafgarh Drain shows different aquatic communities of phytoplankton & zooplankton. The name of observed genera of phytoplankton are given in Table 3.32. The quantitative examination of water samples shows that Vassilinaria sp. are the most populated phytoplankton species at location AQ E-1& AQ E-2 and zooplankton is Brachionus bipentata. The name of observed genera of Zooplankton are given in Table 3.33.

Table 3.32: Phytoplankton Status of Aquatic Ecological Stations

S.No. Najafgarh

Drain,Upstream Najafgarh

Drain,Downstrem Treated Sewage

Effluent

1. Vallisnneria spiralis Vallisnneria spiralis Vallisnneria spiralis

2. Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla verticillata

3.

Potamogeton scripus Potamogeton scripus Potamogeton scripus

4. Potamogeton pectinatus Potamogeton pectinatus

Potamogeton pectinatus

5. Zanichelia palustris Zanichelia palustris Zanichelia palustris

6 Anabena mucicola Anabena mucicola Anabena mucicola

7 Phacus caudatum Phacus caudatum Phacus caudatum




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Table 3.33: Zooplankton Status of location Aquatic Ecological Stations

S.No. Najafgarh

Drain,Upstream Najafgarh

Drain,Downstrem Treated Sewage

Effluent

1 Brachionus bipentata Brachionus bipentata Brachionus bipentata

2 Daphnia simili Daphnia simili Daphnia simili

3 Alona Alona Alona

4 Bosmina Bosmina Bosmina

3.9.11 Rare and Endangered Species

During the study area no any endangered species of flora and fauna were found with respect to Red Book of Botanical Survey of India and Wild life (Protection) Act 1972.

3.9.12 Ecological Sensitive Areas

There are no major ecologically sensitive areas within the study area of 10 km from the plant site. There are no migratory routes for birds and animals.




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Najafgarh

ParkGopalnagar

Chetan Vihar


Premnagar

Roshan Vihar

Dindarpur

N A J A F G A R H

Betajsta Enclave

Durga ViharShyam Enclave

Paprawat

Kharkhari

Nahar

Premnagar

Pindwala Kalan

Pindwala

Khurd

Kharkhari

Raund

Hasanpur

Daulatpur

Cremation

Ground

Asalatpur

Khadar

Gummanhera

Jainpur

Cremation

GroundShikarpur

Jhatikra

Drain

No.8 N

ajafg

arh D

rain

Cremation Ground

Cremation

Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation

GroundBabupur

Muhammadheri

Kherki Majra Dhankot Tikampur

Daulatabad

Dhanwanpur Gurgaon

Masani

GURGAON

Madanpuri

Jyoti Park

Chandarnagar

Shivajinagar

Raghopur

Bajghera

Panwala

Khusropur

Badosra

Palam Vihar

Chaumuha

Alawardi

Sarai

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

GURGAON R S

Bhumgarh

Basai

UDYOG VIHAR

Daulat

Nasirabad

Mulahera

Dundahera

MARUTI UDYOG

Sirhaul

GURGAON

Udyog Vihar

Overhead

Tank

Sikandarpur

GhosChakarpur

Overhead

TankOverhead

Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead

Tank

Kapashera

Samalka

BIJWASAN

Bharthal

NH 8

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay Nangal Dewat

Nangal Dairy

Rangpuri

Rajokri PF

Indira Gandhi

International

Airport

Mehramnagar

Maude Lines

Shekhawati

Lines

Shumbran

Lines

Palam R S

Rajnagar

Palam R S

Purannagar

Palam Sadhnagar

Manglapuri

Nasirpur

Bagrola

Dabri

SagarpurMahavir

Enclave

BindapurMadhu Vihar

Sahyog Vihar

Matyala

Gulabi Park

Dayalsar Colony

Anupnagar

Niwada Majra

JANAKPURI

Salatpur

Khadar

Jhuggi Jhonpri colony

Mohan Garden

Bhagwati Garden

DWARKA

Bharat ViharKakraula

Sector 14Sector 13

Shiv Enclave

Block ANangli

Sakrawar

Vijay Park

Mungashpur


Lakshmi

Vihar

Goela Khurd

Shyam Vihar

Tajpur Khurd

Qutab Vihar

Reola

Khanpur Chhawla

Kanganheri

Chhawla Camp

Bamnauli

Dhul Siras

PF

Isapur Khera

Pchanpur

Ganda Nala

Ambar Hai

Sector 17

Sector 18


Sector 5Sector 4

Sector 11

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 2

Sector 9Sector 8

Sector 7

Sector 20

Sector 21

Sector 22

Sector 23

Jainpur

Dense Babul

10KM

N

28°27'30"76°55'29"

28°27'30"

77°7'29"

28°38'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"76°55'29"

National Highway

Road

Drain/distrubutary

District Boundary

LEGEND

Ganda Nala

Najafgarh Drain

Rajokri

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°32'30" 28°32'30"

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30''

Drain

TE2

TE1

TE3

Trailway

Kharkhari

Jatmal

Proposed Site

77°5'

Terrestrial Ecological LocationsAquatic Ecological

Locations

AE3

AE1

AE2

Figure 3.13: Ecological Monitoring Stations




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3.10 NOISE

Noise is one of the most undesirable and unwanted sounds. It is, therefore, necessary to measure both the quality as well as the quantity of environment noise in and around the power plant.

3.10.1 Effects of Noise

Noise has an adverse effect on human beings and their environment, including land, structures, and domestic animals. Noise can also disturb natural wildlife and ecological systems.

Almost all noise problems involve three basic elements, viz, the noise source, the transmission path and the receptor. In environmental noise, one is usually concerned with sound propagation through air. Sound as a disturbance propagating through air, is a wave-propagating phenomenon. Sound propagation from a source to a receptor depends upon the properties of the atmosphere and the presence of any object in the transmission path. Sound undergoes absorption, reflection etc. during assessment of noise impact is the effect of wave divergence.

Environmental noise can have several effects varying from hearing loss to annoyance. Sufficiently loud noise may

Cause hearing loss or health damage;

Interfere with work tasks, specially those involving concentration of mind;

Interfere with speech communication;

Affect inter-room privacy;

Interfere with sleep; and

Cause annoyance.

The damage risk criteria for hearing, enforced by the U.S Occupational Safety and Health Administration and established to reduce hearing loss, are as follows:-

Sl No. Maximum allowable duration / hours Noise level , dBA ( Slow Response )

1 8 90

2 6 92

3 4 95

4 3 97

5 2 100

6 1.5 102

7 1 105

8 0.5 110

9 0.25 115




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Any community noise exposure comparable to those shown above is clearly unacceptable and constitutes a community health hazard. In community noise exposure, annoyance and physiological damage can occur at much lower noise levels.

3.10.2 Ambient Noise Standards

Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) has notified the noise standards vide gazette notification dated February 14, 2000 for different zones under the Environment Protection Act (1986). These standards are given in Table 3.34.

Table 3.34: Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise

Area Code Category of Area Noise dB(A) Leq

Daytime* Nighttime*

A Industrial Area 75 70

B Commercial Area 65 55

C Residential Area 55 45

D Silence Zone 50 40

Note: 1. Daytime is from 6.00am to 10.00pm and Nighttime is from 10.00pm to

6.00a m. 2. Silence zone is defined as area up to 100 meters around premises of

hospitals, educational institutions and courts. Use of vehicle horns, loud speakers and bursting of crackers are banned in these zones

3.10.3 Sampling Locations

A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. The noise survey was conducted during the month of September 2008 to November 2008 to assess the background noise levels in different zones. viz. industrial, commercial, residential and silence zones as per the Gazzette Notification (S.O. 123(E)) of MoEF dated February 14, 2000 on ambient air quality standards in respect of noise. Sampling locations for noise are confined to the residential area. 10 sampling locations were selected for the sampling of noise. The sampling locations are shown in Figure 3.14 and also given in Table 3.35.




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Table 3.35 Noise Level Monitoring Stations in the Study Area

Station Code

Station Name

Location w.r.t.Site

Description Distance

(k.m.) Direction

N1 Dwarka Sec.-18 4.5 N Commercial Area (near market)

N2 Palam Vihar 4.0 S Residential Area

N3 Bijwassan 2.5 E Industrial Area

N4 Kanganhari 4.0 W Residential Area

N5 Pochanpuri 2.5 NE Residential Area

N6 Dundanhera 5.5 SE Residential Area

N7 Raghupur 3.5 SW Sensitive Area (near school)

N8 Khiria 7.5 NW Residential Area

N9 Shabad Muhamidpur 4.5 NE Residential Area

N10 Goela Khurd

7.5

NW

Residential Area

3.10.4 Results and Discussion

The noise data compiled on noise levels is given in Table 3.36 and 3.37 for post monsoon season. It can be seen that the hourly noise levels range between 43.2 and 67.9 dB (A) during daytime and 33.9 to 50.6 dB (A) during nighttime.

Table 3.36: Hourly Leq Noise Level in the Study Area (Post Monsoon) during Daytime

Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10

06 -07 62 55.3 67.9 53.4 53.4 57.8 52.4 54.2 54.5 54.2

07 -08 58.4 54.8 67.8 51.6 52.6 56.3 51.1 53.8 54.1 53.8

08 -09 57.2 52.7 67.6 51.4 51.6 56.1 50.8 53.2 53.5 53.2

09-10 56.9 52.6 66.4 51.2 51.2 55.4 50.1 52.4 52.7 52.2

10 -11 56.7 52.6 65.5 50.7 50.2 55.2 49.6 52.1 52.4 52.1

11-12 56 50.8 65.2 50.6 50.1 55.1 48.6 51.4 52.4 52.1

12-01 55.9 50.4 64.7 50.2 49.7 54.2 48.4 50.8 51.8 51.5

01-02 55.6 50.3 64.7 49.6 49.5 54.1 47.9 50.6 51.7 51.3

02-03 54.9 50.3 64.5 49.6 49.3 53.4 47.8 50.4 51.3 51.1

03-04 54.7 50.1 62.8 49.5 49.1 52.8 47.3 49.8 51.2 50.8

04-05 53.1 49.6 61.9 47.8 48.7 52.3 46.8 49.6 50.8 50.3

05-06 50.8 49.4 60.5 47.6 48.6 51.2 46.8 48.7 49.9 49.6

06-07 48.7 48.2 60.2 46.7 48.6 49.8 46.5 48.7 49.3 48.9

07-08 46.7 47.6 58.4 46.7 45.7 49.6 46.2 48.6 49.1 48.7

08-09 45.7 46.8 57.9 46.2 44.5 48.2 46 45.4 48.9 48.6

09-10 44.8 45.6 56.5 46.1 43.8 47.8 45.7 43.2 47.5 47.1




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Table 3.37: Hourly Leq Noise Level in the Study Area (Post Monsoon) during Nightime

Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10

10-11 43.1 45.2 50.6 44.9 41.2 46.9 44.2 43.2 46.8 46.3

11-12 42.3 44.7 50.4 44.2 40.6 46.8 44.2 42.3 45.8 45.2

12-01 42.3 44.6 49.9 43.6 40.3 45.2 43.7 42.1 45.2 44.8

01-02 40.8 42.5 48.2 42.5 39.4 44.6 42.8 40.1 44.6 44.3

02-03 40.5 41.2 47.5 41.8 39.4 43.6 42.3 40.1 44.2 43.8

03-04 40.1 40.8 47.2 39.7 39.4 41.2 41.8 39.4 43.7 43.2

04-05 38.6 40.3 42.8 39.1 38.7 41.2 41.3 38.7 43.2 42.9

05-06 33.9 40.3 41.9 38.4 38.4 40.6 38.9 38.4 42.5 42.1

Average 49.15 47.78 57.96 46.80 46.00 49.98 46.30 46.97 49.05 48.67

Max 62 55.3 67.9 53.4 53.4 57.8 52.4 54.2 54.5 54.2

Min 33.9 40.3 41.9 38.4 38.4 40.6 38.9 38.4 42.5 42.1

Leq 56.4 52.7 67.6 50.0 51.5 55.0 48.2 52.2 51.7 51.5




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Najafgarh Park

Raghubir Enclave

Gopalnagar

Chetan Vihar


Roshan ViharDindarpur

N A J A F G A R H


Shyam

Enclave

Paprawat

Kharkhari

Nahar

Premnagar

Pindwala

Kalan

Pindwala

Khurd

Kharkhari

Raund

Hasanpur

Daulatpur

Cremation

Ground

Asalatpur

Khadar

Gummanhera

Jainpur

Cremation

GroundShikarpur

Jhatikra

Drain

No.8

Naja

fgar

h Dra

in

Cremation Ground

Cremation

Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation Ground

Cremation

Ground

Babupur

Muhammadheri

Kherki Majra

DhankotTikampur

Daulatabad

Dhanwanpur Gurgaon

Masani

GURGAON

Madanpuri

Jyoti Park

Chandarnagar

Shivajinagar

Raghopur

Bajghera

Panwala

Khusropur

Badosra

Palam Vihar

Chaumuha

Alawardi

Sarai

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

GURGAON R S

Bhumgarh

Basai

UDYOG VIHAR

Daulat

Nasirabad

Mulahera

Dundahera

MARUTI UDYOG

Sirhaul

GURGAON

Udyog Vihar

Overhead

Tank

Sikandarpur

Ghos

Chakarpur

Overhead

Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead Tank

Overhead

Tank

Kapashera

SamalkaBIJWASAN

Bharthal

NH 8

Nor

ther

n R

ailw

ay

Nangal Dewat

Nangal Dairy

Rangpuri

Rajokri PF

Indira Gandhi


Mehramnagar

Maude Lines

Shekhawati

Lines

Shumbran

Lines

Palam R S

Rajnagar

Palam R S

Purannagar

Palam

SadhnagarManglapuri

Nasirpur

Bagrola

Dabri

SagarpurMahavir

Enclave

BindapurMadhu Vihar

Sahyog Vihar

Matyala

Gulabi Park

Dayalsar Colony

Anupnagar

Niwada Majra

JANAKPURI

Salatpur

Khadar

Jhuggi Jhonpri

colonyMohan

Garden

Bhagwati

Garden

DWARKA

Bharat Vihar

Kakraula

Sector 14

Sector 13

Shiv Enclave Block A

Nangli Sakrawar

Masudabad

Vijay Park

Mungashpur


Lakshmi

Vihar

Goela Khurd

Shyam Vihar

Tajpur Khurd

Qutab Vihar

Reola

Khanpur

Chhawla

Kanganheri

Chhawla Camp

Bamnauli

Dhul Siras

PF

Isapur Khera

Pohanpuri

Ganda Nala

Ambar Hai

Sector 17

Sector 18


Sector 5

Sector 4

Sector 11

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 2

Sector 9Sector 8

Sector 7

Sector 20

Sector 21

Sector 22Sector 23

Jainpur

Dense Babul

10KM

N

28°27'30"76°55'29"

28°27'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"77°7'29"

28°38'30"76°55'29"

National Highway

Road

Drain/distrubutary

District Boundary

LEGEND

Ganda Nala

Najafgarh Drain

Rajokri

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30'' 77°5'

28°37'30"

28°35'

28°32'30" 28°32'30"

28°30'

76°57'30" 77°0' 77°2'30''77°5'

Drain

Trailway

Noise Monitoiring

Locations

Kharkhari

Jatmal

Proposed Site

N3

N4

N5

N7

N8

Khairia

N9

N1

N2

N6

N10

Shahabad

Muhamidpur

Figure 3.14: Noise Level Monitoring station




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3.11 DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC

Information about demographic and socio-economic profile was collected from the District Census data, Town Directory and Census Report 2001 (Delhi and Gurgoan). The census data available for different blocks, talukas and towns have been analyzed with respect to demographic profile, community structure, educational facilities, occupational structure and infrastructure facilities. Towns and villages with their major portions falling within the study area have been considered fully in the study, whereas those with their minor portions within the study area have not been considered from the study.

3.11.1 Demographic Profile of the Study Area Based on 2001 Census Data of Population

Socio-economic profile of the project has been compiled from latest census data (Primary Census Abstract, 2001). Only Southwest district of Delhi and Gurgoan district of Haryana have taken into account in this chapter for detailed socio-economic analysis where Tehsil has been taken as the minimum administrative unit.

Administrative Set-up The administrative set-up of the project will cover three Tehsil of South-West district of Delhi and one Tehsil of Gurgoan district of Haryana . Details of project affected area is given below

Sl.No. District Tehsil

1 Delhi Najafgarh

Delhi Cantonment.

Vasant Vihar

2 Gurgoan Gurgoan

Population

There are 68 villages and some urban areas falling under the study area, i.e., within the radius of 10 km from the project site. Out of these, 19 villages are in Gurgoan tehsil of Gurgoan district and 49 in Najafgarh tehsil of South-West district. As per census 2001, the total population of the study area was 2167442. The population of 19 villages falling under Gurgoan tehsil was 83120, and that of 49 villages under Najafgarh tehsil was 30447. out of2167442 persons 113567 is rural population and 2053875 is urban population. The total population of Gurgoan district is 1660289 and total population Southwest district of Delhi is 1755041, indicating thereby that 24% of Gurgoan population and all the population of Southwest district of Delhi fall within the study area.




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The no. of households in the study area is 430873. The average family size in the study area is approximately 5 persons per house.

Social structure In 2001, schedule caste and schedule tribe population within the study area was 13.52% and 0.00%, respectively, of the total population.

SL NO.

Particulars Total Numbers Percentage

1 Population 2167442

2 Male Population 1182777 54

3 Female Population 984665 46

4 Schedule Caste 289015 13.52

5 Schedule Tribe 0 0

Source- Census-2001

Literacy The literacy rate in the study area is better in comparison to national average. In 2001, the number of literate persons is 1383014 and the overall literacy rate in the study area was 63.80% in which 64.80%(896089) male are literate and 35.20%(486925) female are literate.

3.11.2 Socio-economic Profile of the Study Area Based on 2001Census Record

A. Occupational structure The occupational structure of the population in the study area has been studied with reference to main workers, marginal workers and non-workers.

B. Marginal Workers The marginal workers are those workers who are engaged in some work for a period less than six months during the reference year prior to the census survey. C. Non-Workers The non-workers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependants, beggars etc. Occupational structure of the Study Area based on 2001 census data is given below.




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Sl No. Particulars Total Numbers Percentage (Population)

1 Main Worker

Cultivators

Agricultural labours

Household industries

Other workers

673203 12546 2445

13987

644225

30 1.86 0.36

2.03 95.69

2 Marginal Worker 39559 1.72

3 Non Worker 1364743 68

Census Report-2001 The occupational structure of the study area is presented in Figure- 3.15.

Occupational Structure

30

1.7268

Main Worker

Marginal Worker

Non Worker

. Figure 3.15: The Occupational Structure of the Study Area




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3.11.3 Availability of Infrastructure Facilities & Amenities

A review of infrastructure facilities available in the study area has been done on the basis of the information given in Village directory and Town Directory 2001, Delhi and Gurgoan. The study area has a good level of infrastructure facilities and amenities like education, health, drinking water, electrification, and transport and communication network.

Educational Facilities The study area has one University. Some villages have schools at primary, middle, and matriculation levels. But there are some villages, which have no such of facilities. All towns of the affected area have school at primary, middle and matriculation level (Census and town directory-2001)

Medical Facilities The medical facilities within the study area are given below. Two medical college situated within 20 Km of study area and 5790 hospital beds are available within the study area (Town Directory Delhi and Gurgoan-2001) Besides that the following hospitals attached with medical colleges run by government are located within NCT of Delhi: ( Census and Town Directory-2001)

All India Institute of Medical Sciences,

Lok Nayak Jaiprakash Hospital.

Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital

Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital

Shrimati Sucheta Kripalani Hospital

Shrimati Kalawati Hospital.

Other hospitals of national importance located within Delhi are as follows:

Safdar Jung Hospital

Rammanohar Lohia Hospital

Deen Dayal Hospital

Ganga Ram Hospital

Moolchand Hospital

Batra Hospital

Indraprastha Apollo Hospital




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There are many other hospitals specializing in different branches of Medical Science. There are numerous smaller hospitals and clinics maintained and operated under government and private sectors. Power Supply All the villages and towns both in Delhi and Gurgoan district within study area having available electricity facilities ( Town Directory-2001)

Post and Telegraph Telephonic facilities are available in all villages and town of the study area . All the towns and some villages in the study area are having post office. (Village directory-2001) Transport and Communication

Communication and transportation facilities are good within study area.Bijwasan Railway station is situated 4 km south of the project site. Project site is well connected with Bijwasan-Najafgarh road. Indira Gandhi International Airport is situated within 8 Km of project site

3.11.4 Conclusion

The urban area falling under the radius of study area has all the necessary civic and other amenities, however the villages have inadequate civic and other amenities.



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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 4.0 IMPACTS

4.0 IMPACTS

Prediction of impacts is the most important step of environmental impact assessment. Predictions are superimposed over baseline environmental status to derive ultimate environmental scenario. The impact of the proposed gas based power plant under construction and operation have been considered and discussed in this chapter. Both beneficial (positive) and adverse (negative) impacts on various components of environment due to proposed power plant are identified, based on the nature of the various activities associated with construction and operation of the gas-based power plants.

4.1 LAND ENVIRONMENT 4.1.1 Sources of Impact

In general, one or more of the following activities impart adverse impact on land environment.

Handling of solid raw materials, where from fugitive solid may deteriorate the soil characteristics

Handling and disposal of solid wastes, which may deteriorate soil characteristics and change the physical features and drainage, etc.

Disposal of liquid wastes on land thereby deteriorating soil quality

Disposal of miscellaneous used/ damaged materials and garbage may have negative impact on aesthetic value.

Extraction of land fills material, thereby changing the drainage pattern.

An analysis of the project proposal for the above-mentioned causes of impact is as follows:

Natural gas will be used as fuel for operating the proposed power project. Use of solid raw material is limited to water treatment chemicals.

Generation of solid waste is limited to sludge collected in the centrifuges associated with the clarifier in the water pretreatment and the effluent treatment plants. The sludge will be taken to the solid disposal area, where it will be mixed with compost and shall be used as fertilizer for further use.

Liquid waste will be collected in sumps, pumped to the ETP and treated effluent will be discharged through nearby nallah into downstream of Najafgarh drain.

The process does not involve handling of materials resulting into generation of garbage.



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4.1.2 Prediction of Impacts

The impacts of the proposed facilities during construction and operation phase are as follows: -

The landfill and excavation activities during construction phase will be limited within 20 Hectares of land possessed by PPCL. Thus, there is no impact on topography.

During construction phase some construction waste material will be generated. However, it will be used for landfill and will have no impact on the land environment.

As natural gas shall be used as main fuel, which will be handled through pipelines, no impact on land environment is envisaged during raw material handling.

No hazardous or toxic solid waste will be generated. Sludge from water pretreatment and clarifier contains normal constituents of water mixed with calcium hydroxide sludge. The disposal of sludge through dumper trucks at a specified location has been envisaged

As the plant will be located within boundary walls, no impact due to change in land use is envisaged.

4.2 AIR QUALITY 4.2.1 Impacts During Construction Phase

The particulate matter will be the main pollutant due to the excavations, handling and transport of earth and construction material etc. at site. The other pollutants will be NOx due to the construction activities like operation of construction equipment and traffic movement. Since the construction activities is a temporary activity and hence the increase in particulate matter and NOx will be for short duration and its impact will be felt close to the construction site only. Outside the boundary of project activities, the Impacts would be marginal or insignificant.

4.2.2 Impacts During Operation Phase

Since the proposed power plant is gas based and natural gas will be used as fuel for proposed activity, the generation of gaseous pollutants will be less. The suspended particulate matter and sulphur di-oxide will not be emitted from CCPP. The main undesirable product of combustion from gas-based power plants is NOx, which is of primary concern as the other pollutants will be traces. Hence only the impact of NOx is assessed for the proposed plant, Air Dispersion Mathematical Model was run for the pollutant, oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).



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The air dispersion model used is Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3), Version 02035 developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), released on 02/04/2002 and recommended by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF). For the modeling purpose NOx is considered for the POINT source emission. The details of stack and emissions for the proposed thermal power project are presented in Table4.1.

Table 4.1: Stack and Emission Characteristics for Pragati-II Combined Cycle Power Project

(Considered maximum capacity of 800 MW)

Parameter Unit

Stack Height Meter 70

No. of Stack No. 2

Stack Diameter Meter 6.5

Flue Gas Exit Velocity m/sec 20

Flue Gas Exit Temperature °K 373

Mass flow rate for each stack Kg/ Sec 648

Emission rate NOx at 50ppm. g/sec 32.4

4.2.3 Emission Standards Oxides of Nitrogen NOx emission limits for naphtha or gas based GT power plants for new units

are as follows :

Total Generation Capacity of GT

Fuel Emission Limit, ppm ( v/v)

400 MW or more Natural Gas Naptha

50 100

100 MW and more but less than 400 MW

Natural Gas Naptha

75 100

Less than 100 MW Natural Gas Naphtha

100 100

All plants burning gas in conventional boilers

Gas 100



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4.2.4 Meteorological Data

The hourly micro-meteorological data were recorded near the site for 13 Weeks (September, 2008 to November, 2008) using a microprocessor based automatic weather monitoring system (WM251). These site-specific hourly meteorological data like wind direction, wind speed, ambient temperatures have been used for dispersion modeling.

4.2.5 Application of ISCT3 Model

The impact of stack emission on the ground level concentration (GLC) of NOx in the ambient air has been predicted through Industrial Source Complex – Short Term Model (Version 02035).

Mixing Depth

The site-specific mixing depth data are not available. Therefore, in the present study the hourly daytime mixing depth has been derived on the basis of the data presented in a CPCB publication “Spatial Distribution of Hourly Mixing Depth over Indian Region”. The post-monsoon season data has been used. The hourly mixing depth considered for the dispersion modeling is presented in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Mixing Depth Considered for Dispersion Modeling

(Post-Monsoon)

Time Period, Hr. Mixing Depth (m)

20:00 - 06:00 0

07:00 50

08:00 100

09:00 200

10:00 300

11:00 800

12:00 1000

13:00 1500

14:00 1500

15:00 1500

16:00 1500

17:00 1200

18:00 600

19:00 600

4.2.5.1 Presentation of Results

For the short-term stimulations, the concentrations were estimated around 324 receptors to obtain an optimum description of variations in concentrations over the site in 625 sq. km. covering 16 directions for the monitoring period. For each time scale, i.e. for 24 hours (short term) the model computes the 50 highest concentrations observed during the period over all measurement



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points. The first 10 maximum 24 hourly concentrations predicted for NOx for post monsoon season are presented in Table-4.3

The 24 hours, maximum predicted ground level concentrations (GLCs) for

NOx is 46.19 g/m3 respectively and these were observed in the SWS direction at distance of 1 km.

Table 4.3: First 10 Maximum 24 Hourly Short Term Incremental

Concentration (post monsoon)

Rank Concentration

( g/m3 )

Distance (Km) Direction

NOx

1. 7.19 1 SWS

2. 6.84 1 SWS

3. 6.78 1 S

4. 6.25 1 WNW

5. 6.16 1 W

6. 5.24 1 SW

7. 5.21 1 SSW

8. 4.47 1 SSW

9. 4.44 2 SWW

10. 4.28 2 SSW

4.2.5.2 Resultant Concentrations after Commissioning of the Project

The resultant concentration after super imposing the predicted values on the maximum baseline concentrations predicts the commissioning of the proposed power plant on the GLC of NOx recorded during the study period irrespective to the direction and distance of the monitoring location. The cumulative ground level concentrations (baseline + increment) after commissioning of the proposed project are presented in Table - 4.4. The ground level concentration predicted at the current ambient air quality monitoring stations, is presented in Table –4.5 The estimated cumulative GLCs for NOx after commissioning of the thermal power project are found to be within the ambient air quality standards prescribed by DPCB for industrial areas.



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Table 4.4: Resultant Maximum Ground Level Concentration after Commissioning of the Project at 50ppm concentration

Pollutant Maximum AAQ

Concentration recorded during study

period ( g/m3)

Maximum Incremental Concentration due to the Proposed Power Project

( g/m3)

Resultant Concentration

( g/m3)

NOx 39 7.19 46.19

Table 4.5: Resultant Maximum Ground Level Concentration after

Commissioning of the Project at the Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Station

Maximum AAQ Concentration

recorded during study period

( g/m3)

Maximum Incremental Concentration due to the Proposed Power

Project ( g/m3)

Resultant Concentration

( g/m3)

NOX NOX NOX

Bijwasan 30 3.76 33.76

Chawla 39 1.95 40.95

Tajpur khurd 30 4.15 34.15

Palam vihar 33 4.34 37.34

Judging by the results, it can be concluded that the NOx generated shall be within the limits prescribed by DPCB. As natural gas shall be used as fuel, the flue gases shall contain minimal amount of particulate matter, therefore the impact due to emission of these particles will be insignificant. The flue gases shall also be free from SO2. For effective dispersion of the NOx as well as other pollutants, two stacks of 70 meters height are proposed.

4.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT 4.3.1 Impacts During Construction Phase

The requirement of water for Construction purpose will be met through borewells/ treated sewage from Dwarka Sewage Treatment Plant.

4.3.2 Impacts During Operation Phase

The requirement of water for Operation purpose will be met through Dwarka STP after appropriate treatment and water for potable purpose from Delhi Jal Board. The quantity of makeup water required for the plant is around 2000 m3/hr. Thus there is no negative impact on water resources in the study area. The principle sources of wastewater from proposed power plant combined cycle processes are:



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Boiler blow down Floor washing Sanitary wastewater from toilet and canteen waste water etc. Cooling tower blow down Wastewater generated from above mentioned units would be treated in the respective local treatment system and recycled. Wastewater from boiler blow down will be collected and sent to Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) for monitoring. Closed cycle cooling system will be adopted for cooling tower. Oily waste will be treated using oil separators and then led to CMB. Sanitary waste will be treated in proposed sewage treatment plant. The effluent generated in the plant will be collected in lined RCC tanks and pumped to the effluent treatment plant through pipes. Thus, no impact on ground water system due to seepage of contaminated effluents into the aquifer is envisaged. During dry months, part of the treated effluent will be utilized for irrigation of green belt and afforested area within the premises. Waste water generation in m3/hr from the proposed facilities is given below:-

Process Qty of Waste Water (m3/hr.)

Cooling tower blow down Power cycle Blow down DM plant wastewater RO wastewater

Final effluent stream discharge from CMB

800 15 5 10 830

Solid waste from ETP would be disposed off using dumper trucks. Plant effluents shall be disposed from Central Monitoring Basin to the final disposal point through MS pipe. The characteristics of various water and wastewater streams, computed from the process parameters, are presented in table 4.6.

Table 4.6: Characteristics of Water & Waste Water Streams

(All values, except flow and pH, are expressed as mg/l)

Sl. No. Parameters

Characteristics of Stream No.

Source water Characteristi

cs

Process water after

Lime softening

Cooling Tower Blow Down

Boiler Blow down

Final Effluent stream

Discharge from CMB

1 Flow rate m3/hr 2000 1745 800 15 830

2 pH 7.3 7.8 7.6 9.3 7.7



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3 Conductivity, umhos /cm

2205.7 1900 3892 52 3860

4 Temperature 22 36 40 60 23

5 DO 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.8

6 TSS, mg/l 41 18 128 45 62.1

7 TDS, mg/l 1425 1132 2169 39 2260


477 265 542 BDL 481

9 BOD, mg/l 39 12 12 BDL 12.0

10 COD, mg/l 113.7 86 186 BDL 182

11 NO3, mg/l 0.87 0.87 8 BDL 8

12 PO4, mg/l 14.34 14.30 8 9 52

13 Cl, mg/l 27 27 468 BDL 8

14 SO4, mg/l 6.7 6.8 18 BDL 18

15 Na, mg/l 268 286 492 13 492

16 K, mg/l 29 29 76 1 72

17 Ca, as Ca mg/l 305 162 310 BDL 284

18 Mg,as Mg mg/l 162 12 27 BDL 2

19 Silica, mg/l 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.05

20 O & G, mg/l 2.3 1 2 BDL 2


BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

22 As, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

23 Hg, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

24 Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

25 Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

26 Cr+6

, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

27 Total Chromium, mg/l

BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

28 Cu, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

29 Zn, mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.1 BDL 0.1

30 Se, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

31 Fe, mg/l 0.40 0.40 0.5 BDL 0.5



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4.3.3 Prediction of Impacts

4.3.3.1 Compliance with standards Wastewater generated would be treated in the respective local treatment system and recycled. Wastewater from boiler blow down will be collected and sent to Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) for monitoring. Closed cycle cooling system will be adopted for cooling tower. Oily waste will be treated using oil separators and then led to CMB.

The effluent generated in the plant will be collected in lined RCC tanks and pumped to the effluent treatment plant through pipes. Thus, no impact on ground water system due to seepage of contaminated effluents into the aquifer is envisaged. During dry months, part of the treated effluent will be utilized for irrigation of green belt and afforested area within the premises. The concentration of toxic substances in the treated wastewater will be well within the limits specified standards for Discharge of Effluents by the CPCB. Cyanides, arsenic, chromium, total chromium or other heavy metals will be below detection limit. Total suspended solid, pH will be maintained at levels well within the specified range. Concentration of oil and grease, Oil & grease, Copper (total), Iron (total) Zinc, Chromium (total), Phosphate will also within the specified limit.

4.3.3.2 Impacts due to water withdrawal

Raw water requirements of the plants will be met through treated sewage. As fresh water sources will not be tapped, therefore, there will be no impact on ground water and fresh water system.

Table 4.7: Final discharge of effluents

SL No.

Parameters Liquid Waste Discharge Limit

Concentration, mg/l

Proposed

1. PH 6.5-8.5 7.7

2. Suspended solids 100 62.1

3. Oil & Grease 20.0 2

4. Zinc 1.0 0.1

5. Iron ( Total) 1.0 0.5

Characteristics of Effluents will be within the prescribed limits of MoEF, DPCC.



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4.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 4.4.1 Impact during Construction Phase

The major noise generating sources during the construction phase are construction equipment like, dozer, trucks, scrappers, concrete mixers, cranes, generators, pumps, compressors, rock drills, pneumatic tools, vibrators etc. The operation of these equipment will generate noise ranging between 75 – 90 dB (A). The predicted noise level due to operation of such equipment at a distance of 0.5km from the source is 40.2 dB(A). The hourly Leq level recorded during field studied at a distance of 0.5 km ranges between 38.4 and 67.9 dB (A) during daytime and 38.4 to 49.9 dB (A) during nighttime., due to masking effect, no increase in the ambient noise levels during construction phase is envisaged.

4.4.2 Impact during Operational Phase 4.4.2.1 Noise Sources

The main noise generating sources in power plant are Gas Turbine, steam turbine, Boiler feed pumps, Air compressors, Cooling towers, CW pumps. Intermittent noise is generated due to operation of diesel generator

4.4.2.2 Impact on Noise Level

Any industrial complex in general consists of several sources of noise in clusters or single. This clusters/single source may be housed in buildings of different dimensions made of different materials or installed in open or under sheds. The material of construction implies different attenuation co-efficient. In order to predict ambient noise levels due to the proposed power plant the noise modeling has been done. For computing the noise levels at various distances with respect to the plant site, noise levels are predicted by a user-friendly model the details of which are elaborated below.

4.4.2.3 Model for Sound Wave Propagation During Operation

For an approximate estimation of dispersion of noise in the ambient air from the point source, a standard mathematical model for sound wave propagation is used. The noise generated by equipment decrease with increase distance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure level with distance from the source is expected due to atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path. For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogenous loss free medium, one can estimate noise levels at various locations, due to different sources using model based on first principles, as per the following equation:



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Lp2=Lp1- 20Log(r2 / r1) – AE – AM (1)

Where,

Sound Lp2 and L p1 are the Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) at points located at a distances of r2 and r1 from the source. AE & AM are attenuations due to Environmental conditions (E) and Machine correction (M). The combined effect of all the sources can be determined at various locations by the following equation.

Lp(total)= 10Log (10 (Lpa)/10 + 10(Lpa)/10 + 10 (Lpa)/10 +. . ……….) (2)

Where Lpa, Lpb, Lpc are noise pressure levels at a point due to different sources.

4.4.2.3 Machine Correction (AM)

The background noise level, when the machine is not in operation should be determined at one or more locations while conducting the test. The readings at each location, with the machine in operation should exceed the background levels by at least 10 dB in each pressure level of interest. If the difference is less than 10 dB, correction should be applied. If the difference between the measured sound and the background sound in any sound pressure level is less than 3 dB a valid measurement of the machine cannot be made. In order to reduce background noise to acceptable levels, it may be necessary to acoustically treat the equipment.

4.4.2.4 Environmental Correction (AE)

The equivalent sound pressure level can be calculated from the measured sound pressure level (Leq measured) averaged over the measurement surface area „S‟ and from corrections K1 and K2 and is given by ;

(Leq measured) = (Leq measured) - K1 - K2 (3)

Where,

K1 = Factor for the background noise correction. The correction was not applied in this modeling exercise, as it was not possible to measure the background noise levels by putting off machines. Hence it was considered as zero.

K2 = Environmental correction



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4.4.2.5 Model Details

Based on the above equation user-friendly model has been developed. The details of the model are as follows:

1. Maximum number of sources is limited to 200;

2. Predicted Noise levels at any distance specified from the source;

3. Model is designed to take topography or flat terrain;

4. Co-ordinates of the sources in meters;

5. Maximum and Minimum levels are calculated by the model;

6. Output of the model in the form of isopleths; and

7. Environmental attenuation factors and machine corrections have not been incorporated in the model but corrections are made for the measured Leq levels.

4.4.2.6 Input for the model

The noise level for various equipments are given in Table 4.8 the values mentioned are at 1 m distance from the source.

Table 4.8: Likely Noise Levels In Pragati CCPP II

Sr. No. Source Name Noise Level

(dBA)

1 Diesel generator* 75

2 Cooling Water Pump 90

3 Boiler feed Pump 90

4 Cooling Tower 85

Note: *After acoustic enclosure

4.4.2.7 Presentation of Results

Ambient Noise Levels

The ambient noise levels have been predicted with design value for Pragati II CCPP. The predicted noise levels at the boundary of the plant in different directions are given in Table 4.9. There will not be any significant impact on the adjacent area due to masking effect.



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Table 4.9: Predicted Noise Levels

Sr. No. Distance (m) Noise level dB (A)

1 100 60.2

2 200 52.4

3 300 48.3

4 400 45.1

5 500 40.2

6 750 35.6

7 1000 30.8

8 1500 23.9

9 2000 20.0

Industrial Noise Standards The OSHA has recommended permissible noise exposure limit for Industrial worker which is based on 90 dB (A) for 8 hours exposure a day with 5 dB (A) trading rates. The limits are given in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10: Permissible Exposure Noise Limits

Total time of exposure per day in hours Noise level in dB(A)

8 90

6 92

4 95

3 97

2 100

1 105

½ 110

1/4 115

Work Zone Noise Levels The protective measures need to be provided to the operators and workers working near the high noise generating machinery. As per Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards, the maximum allowable noise level for the workers is 90 dB (A) for 8 hours exposure a day. Therefore, adequate protective measures in the form of ear muffs/ear plugs to the workers working in high noise areas need to be provided. In addition reduction in noise levels in the high noise machinery areas could be achieved by adoption of suitable preventive measures such as use of enclosures with suitable absorption material, etc. Further, in addition to the plant noise control measures, adequate green belt will be provided to diffuse the noise.



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4.5 ECOLOGY

4.5.1 Terrestrial Ecology

The impact of proposed plants on vegetation in the study area may occur through following ways:

4.5.1.1 Impact during Construction Phase As the study area is devoid of natural forests, the overall impacts on terrestrial ecosystem (e.g. loss of flora and fauna) will be negligible. The site and area around the site will experience some increase in pollution of SPM. Deposition of fugitive dust on pubescent leaves of nearby vegetation may lead to temporary reduction of photosynthesis. Such impacts would, however, be confined mostly to the construction phase and would also be regulated and minimized through adoption of control measures such as paving and surface treatment, water sprinkling.

4.5.1.2 Impact during Operation Phase There is only one major gaseous pollutant NOx. As DLN burners shall be incorporated to reduce the formation of NOx, long-term incremental ground level concentration of NOx in the study area due to plant operation will be very low. Thus, impact of the emissions on terrestrial ecosystems is likely to be insignificant. Thus, no significant changes from present circumstances are envisaged.

4.5.2 Aquatic Ecology

4.5.2.1 Impact during Construction Phase The runoff from construction area will be discharged through a catchments pit, settling pond, thereby reducing suspended solids in stream water runoff and reduction in possibilities of sedimentation at river/water bed.

4.5.2.2 Impacts during Operation Phase

Pragati II CCPP will draw any water from Dwarka STP, so there is no impact on natural water body. Further, as the project will have a close cycle cooling system with cooling towers and clarified water as make up to the cooling system, there will be no thermal impact on aquatic ecosystem due to operation of the project. Secondly all the effluent will be treated before discharge into the drain joining Yamuna River.

4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

4.6.1 Demography

The non-workers in the study area constitute about 68 % of the total population, which indicates the availability of sizeable manpower required for the construction activity. Manpower requirement for operating the facilities has been estimated as 480 persons. During the construction phase, the peak labour force requirement is estimated as approximate 1300 persons, who will



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be available from local labour force. Thus, any impact on demographic profile of the area through influx of job seekers is insignificant. Commissioning of power plant will result in considerable growth of service sector and will also generate new industrial and business opportunities in the area. As the power plant and its ancillary facilities would act as an active nucleus for new industries and business activities is likely to increase. As the land has been earmarked for locating the utility as per MOM issued by DDA vide letter No F.1 (62)plg./Dwk./Pt.IV/398, no impact on land use pattern is envisaged. No impact on people from surrounding area through loss of land or shifting of dwelling units is involved. Operation of the proposed power plant will ensure assured supply of power to the tune of 800 MW and will reduce the demand supply gap. Thus, the proposed project will have significant positive impact on the social environment.

4.6.2 Land Use Pattern

The proposed facilities will be located within the land, which is under PPCL possession. As the land has been earmarked for locating the facilities, no impact on land use pattern is envisaged. Further, no impact on people from surrounding area through loss of land or shifting of dwelling units is involved.

4.6.3 Transport & Communication

Raw water will be drawn through pipeline. Natural gas, the same will be made available through pipeline from fuel supplier. Manpower requirement for operating the facilities is low. Thus, there will not be any impact on transport and communication system. Telephonic communication system is available around the project area.

4.6.4 Social Impacts

At present Delhi is facing severe power crisis due to demand and supply gap. This demand and supply gap is expected to increase further. Operation of the proposed power plant will ensure assured supply of power to the tune of 800 MW and will reduce the demand supply gap. This will also reduce the frequency of power cuts. Thus, the proposed project will have significant positive impact on the social environment.

4.6.5 Other Socio-Economic Factors

Due to its low employment potential the proposed project will have no impact on other socio economic factors like prices of essential commodity, occupational pattern, health & educational facilities, transport and communication net work etc.



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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 5.0 RISK ASSESSMENT

5.0 RISK ASSESSMENT 5.1 OBJECTIVE

The objective of carrying out Risk Assessment Study for proposed Pragati-II power project is to study the risks involving hazardous materials and their consequences. In this endeavour, the study objectives are outlined here under.

RA will include a number of steps:

Hazard Identification

Release Assessment

Exposure Assessment

Consequence Assessment

Risk Estimation

5.1.1 Hazard Identification and Visualization of MCA Scenarios

a) To identify major hazards relating to fire, explosion and toxic release due to failure of pipeline/ containment.

b) To visualize the Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) scenarios.

c) To assess the consequences of these accidents.

d) To study past accident information in order to visualize worst accident situations.

5.1.2 Analysis of MCA Scenarios

To analyse and quantify primary and secondary effects and damage potential of identified MCA scenarios with recourse to mathematical and analytical models.

5.1.3 Consequence Analysis

To study the nature of exposures and consequences of MCA scenarios and characterization of risk levels on-site and off-site population and environment. The scope of work for the study includes the following aspects: a) Detailed study of engineering information, diagrams, and lay out plans for

the plants as well as chlorine storage facility.

b) Identification of chemical and process hazards.



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c) Preliminary identification of hazardous section of the plant and storages with resources to Fire-Explosion and Toxicity Index (FETI).

d) Past accident data analysis to identify possible worst accident scenarios.

e) Visualization of Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) scenarios.

f) Analysis of identified MCA scenarios and quantification of primary and secondary effects with recourse to mathematical models pertaining to cases of:

i. Toxic Dispersions

ii. Heat Radiations

iii. Vapour Cloud Explosion

g) Determination of damage criteria for heat radiation, pressure wave and toxic concentration levels with respect to health criteria, dose-response relations and vulnerability models.

h) Study of on-site and off-site population characteristics.

i) Characterization of risk analysis through study of nature of exposures, pathways and consequences of MCA scenarios and presentation of results in terms of damage distances.

5.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 5.2.1 Introduction

A classical definition of hazard states that hazard is in fact the characteristic of plant that presents potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned event/sequence of events, which can be termed as an accident. Hazard identification involves knowing how a chemical is likely to behave in process, storage and transport. Identification of hazards in industries is of primary significance in the analysis, quantification and cost effective control of accidents involving chemicals. The type, quantity, location and conditions of release of a toxic or flammable substance have to be identified in order to estimate its damaging effects, the area involved, and the possible precautionary measures required to be taken. In the proposed project, hazard identification during storage and transport are relevant.

5.2.2 Hazard potential

The criteria, which could be employed for preliminary evaluation for hazard potential, are: -

Potential for uncontrolled exothermic reactions.

Potential for loss from containment.

Potential for possible ignition sources.



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Apart from the chemical and process characteristics of the material, the size and layout of the plant and equipment need specific consideration in order to assess the hazard potential. Similarly, natural calamities such as floods, earthquakes etc. cannot be ignored, in the same way as domino or secondary effects of accidents occurring in the surroundings cannot be totally disregarded. The following two tools have been employed for hazard identification in the study:

The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989, as amended to date.

Relative ranking technique, viz. Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index (FETI). 5.2.3 Classification of major hazardous substances

Hazardous substances may be classified into three main classes: Flammable substances, unstable substances and Toxic substances. Flammable substances require identification with air for their hazard to be realized. Under certain circumstances the vapours arising from flammable substances when mixed with air may be explosive, especially in confined spaces. However, if present in sufficient quantity such clouds may explode in open air also. Unstable substances are liquids or solids, which may decompose with such violence so as to give rise to blast waves. Finally toxic substances are dangerous and cause substantial damage to life when released into the atmosphere. The rating for a large number of chemicals based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given in NFPA codes 49 and 325 M. Protocols for identification of chemical hazards based on various hazardous properties of chemicals that are employed together with their hazardous characteristics are also listed.

5.2.4 Fire, explosion and toxicity index (FETI) approach

Amongst the various hazard indices, the Dow chemical Company’s Fire and Explosion Index is the most widely used hazard index. This hazard index is commonly known as the Dow’s Index or F & EI. It is a number, which indicates damage potential due to the fire, and explosion of a particular unit and comparison is based on numerical value that represents the relative level of significance of each hazard. FETI is primarily designed for operation involving storage, handling and processing of flammable, combustible and reactive materials, and involves objective evaluation of the realistic fire, explosion, toxicity and reactivity potential of process and/or storage units. It can also be used for analysing pipeline networks, boiler installations and certain elements of power plants. The quantitative methodology relies on the analysis based on historic loss



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data, the energy potential of the chemical under study and the extent to which loss prevention measures are already applied.

The various factors involved in the calculation of this index are: -

Material factor

General Process Hazard

Special Process Hazard

The Material Factor (MF) is a measure of the energy potential of the most hazardous material or mixture of materials present in the unit in sufficient quality to actually present a hazard. The MF is a number in the range from 1 to 40 and is determined using flammability and reactivity properties. The solid cargo proposed to be handled at the terminal has not been classified under hazardous material category. As per the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) the flammable, toxicity and reactivity ratings for NG are given in Table-5.1.

Table 5.1: Ranking of Chemical Hazards of NG as per NFPA Classification

Flammability Hazard (Nf)-4 Are those materials which rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature, or which are readily dispersed in air and which will burn readily

Reactivity Hazard (Nr)-0 Are those materials which in themselves are normally stable even under fire exposure conditions, and which are not reactive with water

Health Hazard (Nh)-1 Materials, which on exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury, even if no treatment is given

5.2.4.1 Fire & Explosion Index (FEI):

The FEI value for each chemical is calculated from material factor, general process hazard and special process hazard values. The degree of hazard potential is identified based on the numerical value of FEI as per the criteria given below:

FEI Range Degree of Hazard 0 – 65 Light 65 – 95 Moderate 95 & Above Severe

5.2.4.2 Toxicity Index (TI):

The toxicity index is primarily based on the index figures for health hazards established by the NFPA in codes NFPA 704, NFPA 49 and NFPA 325m. The



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NFPA figures are translated into a toxicity factor, in accordance to the following criteria:-

NFPA Index Figure Toxicity 0 0 1 50 2 125 3 250 4 325 In addition, the toxicity factor has to be corrected for the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) value of the toxic substance by adding a penalty, which is assigned according to the following criteria:

MAC, ppm Penalty <5 125 5 – 50 75 > 50 50

5.2.4.3 Classification of Hazard Categories:

By comparing the indices FEI and TI, the unit in question is classified into one of the following three categories established for the purpose.

Category FEI TI Light < 65 <6 Moderate 65-95 6-10 Severe >95 >10

Certain basic minimum preventive and protective measures are recommended for the three hazard categories.

5.2.4.4 Results of FETI:

The various materials handled in the plant and their properties are listed in Table 5.2. The vulnerable storage and process facilities identified within the complex are NG and Chlorine as given at Table-5.2 based on GOI rules, 1989. The vulnerability of various units is listed in Table 5.3.

Table 5.2: Properties of Materials Employed

Name of

Chemicals Toxicity

(TLV) Flammability Reactivity

Natural Gas 375 mg/m3 Flammable NG does not explode or burn.

Chlorine 1 ppm

(3 mg/m3)

Non-flammable

Reactive to combustible substances (hydrocarbons, alcohol, turpentine, hydrogen, ammonia and finely divided metals)



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Sulphuric Acid 1 mg/m3 Non-flammable

Incompatible to organic chlorates, carbides, metals etc.

Hydrated Lime 5 mg/m3 (dust)

Non-combustible

Reacts violently with phosphorous, maleic anhydride, nitro-alkanes.

Table 5.3: Vulnerable Units of proposed 800 MW Pragati-II CCPP Project

Sl. No.

Storage & Process Units

Severe or Moderate Hazard Category Based on

FEI TI

1. NG Pipeline Yes No

2. Chlorine Tonners

No Yes

5.3 MAXIMUM CREDIBLE ACCIDENT (MCA) ANALYSIS 5.3.1 Introduction

Hazardous substances may be released as a result of failures or catastrophe, causing possible damage to the surrounding area. This chapter deals with the question of how the consequences of the released of such substances and the damage to the surrounding area can be determined by means of models. It is intended to give an insight into how the physical effects resulting from the release of hazardous substances can be calculated by means of models and how vulnerability models can be used to translate the physical effects in terms of injuries and damage to exposed population and environment.

5.3.2 Factors Influencing the Use of Physical Effect Model

In order to calculate the physical effects of the incidental release of hazardous substances the following steps must be carried out in succession:

Determine the form in which the hazardous substance occurs- gas condensed to liquid or as a liquid at equilibrium with vapour.

Determine the way in which the release takes place.

Determine the outflow volume (as a function of time) of the gas, vapour/liquid – in the event of liquid outflow determine the evaporation from the pool of liquid formed.

Dispersion of the released gas or the vapour, which has formed into the atmosphere.



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In the case of flammable substances, the heat radiation is calculated for the poor fire and in the event of an explosive gas cloud; the peak over pressure resulting from the explosion is calculated.

Visualization of MCA scenarios

A Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) can be characterized as an accident with a maximum damage potential, which is believed to be probable. MCA analysis does not include quantification of the probability of occurrence of an accident. Moreover, since it is not possible to indicate exactly a level of probability that is still believed to be credible, the selection of MCA is somewhat arbitrary. In practice, the selection of accident scenarios representative for a MCA-Analysis is done on the basis of engineering judgment and expertise in the field of risk analysis studies, especially accident analysis. As an initial step in this study, a selection has been made for the storage units and activities, which are believed to represent the highest level of risk for the surroundings in terms of damage distances. For this selection the following factors have been taken into account.

Type of compound viz. flammable or toxic.

Quantity of material present in a unit.

Storage conditions such as temperature, pressure, etc.

Following steps are employed for visualization of MCA scenarios:

Chemical inventory analysis

Analysis of past accidents of similar nature to establish credibility to identified scenarios.

Short-listing of MCA scenarios.

5.3.4 Chemical Inventory Analysis Storage of identified hazardous substances relevant to MCA is limited to chlorine, which will be stored in toners. The minimum quantities of chlorine storage have been screened based on GOI rules, 1989. The chemical inventory has been short listed and prioritised on the basis of hazard potential assessed by FETI.

5.3.5 Identification of Chemical Release and Accident Scenarios: The effects of the accidental release of a chlorine or natural gas depend upon a large number of factors viz. type and quantity of released material, meteorological conditions, location and presence or otherwise of an ignition



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source. The accident scenarios can be divided into the following categories according to the mode of release, physical effects and the resulting damages:

a. Flammable gas release b. Toxic gas release

5.3.6 Past Accident Data Analysis Analysis of past accidents provides a wealth of information and valuable clues in support of possible modes of occurrence of hazards and their effects and consequences. Extensive coverage of past accident information could be obtained from established computerized data banks and literature databases. A close scrutiny of past accident information reveals the mode of accidents are from storage, transportation and process operations.

5.3.7 Short Listing of MCA Scenarios

Based on the hazard identification and comparing the nature and occurrence of hazards with that from the past accident information analysis, a final short list of plant storage units have been made. The credible accident scenarios short-listed for all these storage units are:

Toxic gas release (chlorine gas)

Vapour cloud explosion (NG release due to pipeline failure)

5.3.8 Atmospheric Stability

One of the most important characteristics of atmosphere is its stability, which directly influences the ability of atmosphere to disperse pollutants. In most dispersion problems, the relevant atmosphere layer is that nearest to the ground, varying in thickness from several hundred feet to a few thousand meters. Variations in both thermal and mechanical turbulence and in wind velocity are greatest in the layer in contact with the surface. Turbulence induced by buoyant forces in the atmosphere is closely related to the vertical temperature structure.

Pasquill has defined six stability classes ranging from ‘A’ (Extremely unstable) to ‘F’ (Moderately stable). Surface wind intensity of solar radiation (day time insulation) and nighttime sky cover has been identified as prime factors defining these stability categories. Table-5.4 indicates the various Pasquill stability categories.



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Table 5.4: Pasquill stability Classes

Surface wind speed (m/s)

Day Time Insulation Night-time Insulations

Strong Moderate Slight Thin overcast or

> 4/8 low clouds

<3/8 cloud

< 2 A A-B B E F

2 – 3 A-B C C E F

3 – 5 B C C D E

5 – 6 C D D D D

>6 C D C D D

A – Extremely unstable D – Neutral B – Moderately unstable E – Slightly stable C – Slightly unstable F – Moderately stable

When the atmosphere is unstable and wind speeds are moderate or high/gusty, rapid dispersion of pollutants will occur. Under these conditions, air concentrations will be moderate or low and the material will be disposed rapidly. When the atmosphere is stable and wind speed is low dispersion of material will be limited or low.

5.3.9 Modes of failure The different modes of failures leading to release of toxic or flammable gases, considered for identifying the MCA scenarios and for analysing their consequences, have been described in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5: General mechanism for loss of containment

Sl. No.

Loss of Containment

Probable Cause Remarks

1. Flange/Gasket Leaks

Incorrect gasket

Incorrect installation

2. Weld failure Incorrect use of design code

Incorrect use of design material

Incorrect weld procedure

3. Pipe overstress causing fracture

Error in stress analysis

Improper pipe material

Inappropriate design code

Extremes temp differentials

Pipe stress would most likely cause a flange leak unless there exists a combination of cause



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Sl. No.

Loss of Containment

Probable Cause Remarks

Incorrect supports

Lack of inspection during erection etc.

4. Over pressure in the pipe causing fracture

Incorrect setting of RV of BD pressures.

Incorrect RV size

Relief valve simmering and hydrating/icing etc.

Careful attention needed for Hydrocarbons and free water

5. Failure of pipe due to corrosion or erosion

CO2/H2O corrosion.

6. Leaking valve to atmosphere

Gland failure

Packing failure

Sprinkle/plug cork blow out

Operator’s failure etc.

7. Valve body failure

Catastrophic valve body / bonnet failure etc.

8. Instrument/ connection

Bourdon tube failure

Level glass failure

Blow-out of plugged connection

Failure of instrument connection

9. Over pressure Inadequate relief

Fire impingement

5.3.10 Failure frequency

The prediction of failure frequencies is a difficult task. There are theoretical methods like fault tree or event tree, which can be applied to work out a specific failure scenario. A set of typical failure frequency data is presented in Table 5.6.



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Table 5.6: Some Typical Failure Frequency Data

Item Failure frequency (Per million per

year)

Process pressure vessel failure 3

Pressurized storage vessel failure 1

Full bore vessel connection failure (dia in mm)

<= 25 mm 30

40 mm 10

50 mm 7.5

80 mm 5

100 mm 4

>= 150 mm 3

Full bore process pipeline failure

Dia < 50 mm 0.3*

50 mm >= Dia <= 150 mm 0.09*

Dia >= 150 mm 0.03*

Failure frequency expressed in ‘per million meter per years’

5.4 DAMAGE / RISK CRITERIA 5.4.1 General

Natural gas is highly inflammable and explosive and its release can cause jet fire as well as explosion. Similarly, chlorine gas is highly toxic to exposure, and the scenario may develop due to leakage valve bodies, corroded pipe line, snapping of pipe line etc. In case of partial failure of pressurized pipelines, natural gas will be released in the form of jet and will lead to jet fire when in contact with naked flame or hot material. Explosion may also occur due to release of natural gas through leakage. This will cause damage mainly to property.

5.4.2 Thermal radiation

Thermal radiation due to jet flame may cause various degrees of burn on human bodies. Also its effect on inanimate objects like equipment, piping, building and other objects need to be evaluated. The damage effects due to thermal radiation intensity are elaborated in Table-5.7 and Table-5.8.

Table 5.7: Damage Due To Incident Thermal Radiation Intensity

Incident Thermal Radiation Intensity, KW/M2

Type of Damage

37.5 Can cause heavy damage to process equipment, piping, building etc.

32.0 Maximum flux level for thermally protected tanks.



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12.5 Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood.

8.0 Maximum heat flux for uninsulated tanks.

4.5 Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach cover within 20 sec. (First Degree Burn).

1.6 Will cause no discomfort to long exposure.

0.7 Equivalent to solar radiation.

Table 5.8: Physiological Effects Of Threshold Thermal Doses

Dose Threshold, KJ/M2 Effect

375 3rd Degree Burn

250 2nd Degree Burn

125 1st Degree Burn

65 Threshold of pain, no reddening/blistering of skin.

1st Degree Burn: Involve only epidermis, blister may occur; example - sunburn.

2nd Degree Burn: Involve whole of epidermis over the area of burn plus some portion of dermis.

3rd Degree Burn: Involve whole of epidermis and dermis; subcutaneous tissues may also be damaged.

5.4.3 Blast overpressure

As mentioned earlier, release of natural gas through leakage may also cause explosion leading to blast over-pressure. Damage effects of explosion overpressure are given in Table – 5.9.

Table 5.9: Damage Effects Due To Blast Overpressure

Overpressure (Bar)(g) Damage Type

0.3 Major damage to structure

0.17 Eardrum rupture

0.10 Repairable damage

0.03 Glass breakage

0.01 Cracking of windows

5.4.4 Toxic exposure

Also another damaging effect may occur due to exposure to toxic gas chlorine. The physiological response of human bodies due to exposure to chlorine is started in Table-5.10.



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Table 5.10: Physiological Response to Chlorine Concentration

Physiological Response

Concentration equal to

or greater than

ppm mg/m3

Slight symptom after several hours. 1.0 3.0

Odour detectable 3.0 – 3.5 9.0 – 10.0

Maximum allowable for exposure of 0.5 to 1 hr. 4 12

Least amount causing immediate irritation to throat. 10 – 15 30 – 45

Cause coughing 30 87

Dangerous in about 30 minutes 40 – 60 116 – 174

Lethal concentration for 50% of population after 30 minutes exposure

500 1450

Fatal in 30 min or less 1000 2900

Fatal in 10 minutes 1800 5200

5.5 CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS

5.5.1 Selected failure cases

The mode adopted for consequence analysis is first to select the probable failure scenarios. The selected failure scenarios are indicated in Table-5.11.

Table 5.11: List of failure cases

S.N. Failure Scenarios Likely Consequences

1. 50 and 100 mm holes in natural gas pipelines

Thermal radiation and blast overpressure

2. Chlorine tonner nozzle failure Toxic Effect

Consequence analysis of selected failure cases have been done to evaluate and identify possible consequences as well as to incorporate suitable measures in the design, construction and operational phases to prevent and mitigate such failure events.

5.5.2 Blast Overpressure due to Formation Holes in NG Pipelines

Natural gas shall be supplied to the project through an underground 300 NB pipeline from Fuel supplier. Possibility of failure of such large diameter pipeline is very low. Formation of 50 mm and 100 mm dia holes in the pipeline has been assumed for computation of risk. Due to formation of hole, natural gas shall come out and disperse in downwind direction. In such case, jet fire,



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flash fire/explosion may occur. Explosion may occur if the gas comes in contact with ignition sources within the LFL limit. The over pressure distances for discharges through 50 mm and 100 mm holes at different wind velocities and atmospheric stability classes are given in Table 5.12.

Table 5.12: Hazard distances to over pressure due to explosion

Wind velocity, m/s Stability Class

Hazard distance, m for overpressure of

0.1 bar 0.03 bar 0.01 bar

Case – I : Hole Dia 50 mm

1. F 36 121 362

3. D 11 35 105

5. D 6 21 64

Case – II : Hole Dia 100 mm

1. F 78 259 778

3. D 29 98 294

5. D 22 74 224

It is evident that even for a 100 mm dia hole in natural gas line the repairable damage shall occur upto a distance of 78 metres and glass breakage shall be limited to 259 metres.

5.5.3 Chlorine tonner nozzle failure

Chlorine cylinders shall be stored in a room provided with chlorine leak detector, alarm and an exhaust fan along with scrubber system to absorb chlorine in case of any leakage. Hence, the system is full proof. However, dispersion modelling has been done assuming leakage of chlorine from outlet nozzle after the isolation valves and an out door release. Following parameters are chosen:

Nozzle size 6 mm

Chlorine Cylinder contents 900 Kg.

Averaging period 3 minutes

Rate of release (calculated) 0.042 Kg/sec. Down wind distance for ground level concentration of chlorine of different hazard concentrations due to dispersion at various wind velocities and atmospheric stability conditions are given in Table-5.13.

Table 5.13: Hazard distances to chlorine due to chlorine cylinder outlet nozzle failure

Wind Velocity m/s

Stability Class

Hazard distances (m) to GLC of chlorine at concentration of

500 ppm 50 ppm 30 ppm 10 ppm

1 F 26 126 204 499

2 F 23 120 182 409



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3 D 17 45 56 98

4 D 10 29 36 61

From the table, it may be concluded that lethal concentration of chlorine of 500 ppm for the worst scenario of wind speed 2 m/sec. and atmospheric stability class of F may extend upto a distance of 23 metres and remain confined near the source only. Vulnerable concentration of 50 ppm can reach upto a distance of 120 metres which may extend battery limit of the plant. However, throat irritation may be perceived at a distance of 409 metres from source.



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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 6.0 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

6.0 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 6.1 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY / HAZARDS 6.1.1 Objective

Large industries in general and power plants in particular where multifarious activities are involved during operation and maintenance, the men, materials and machines are the basic inputs. Along with the boons, the industrialization has brought several problems like occupational health and safety. The industrial planner, therefore, has to properly plan and take the steps to minimize the impacts of industrialization to ensure appropriate occupational health and safety, including fire. All these activities again may be classified under construction, erection, operation and maintenance. During construction as well as operation phase, workers are subjected to various types of occupational hazards. In most of the cases, injuries are results to unsafe working practices, reluctance to use proper protective clothing and personal protective clothing and personal protective appliances, improper house keeping, improper guarding of machinery, improper working environment, e.g. poor ventilation and lighting, noise etc, and above all lack of awareness of the employees and workers. Occupational health needs attention during construction, erection, operation and maintenance phases. However, the problems likely to be encountered during different phases vary in magnitude and variety. Management of occupational safety / hazards involves three stages:

Identification of potential hazards.

Quantifying extents of hazards.

Controlling the hazards.

6.1.2 Identification of Potential Hazards

People at work during construction/operation phase can encounter four basic classes of environmental stresses: i] Chemical : Exposure to fumes, dusts, vapours, liquid etc.

ii] Physical : Noise, vibration, heat, light, ionising radiations etc.

iii] Biological : Insects, mites, yeasts, hormones, bacteria, viruses etc.

iv] Ergonomic : Man-machine interaction e.g. body position in relation to

task on machine.

Out of the above four, biological stress is less common in power industry.




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6.1.3 Quantifying Extent of Hazards

Measurement of physical and chemical factors and their duration is related to acceptability and likelihood of injury or disease, if hazard is allowed to continue. Considering exposure of workers to chemicals, two broad options may be presented.

Zero exposure – an ideal approach.

Permit certain level of exposure. To achieve zero exposure to all chemicals in work place is not a practical proposition. OSHA has prescribed safe permissible limits of exposure to gases and fumes for various chemicals as TLV, STEL etc. In the proposed plant, workers may be exposed to fumes of acid or contact of the acid and sodium hydroxide solution, which are used in water treatment. They may also get into contact with exposure to chlorine (used in Water Pre-treatment Plant and Cooling Tower as Biocide) during accidental leakage only. The ergonomic factor i.e. man machine interrelation is, by far, the most common factor for minor to major injury/accident. Such accidents occur due to:

a) Unsafe mechanical or physical condition of the machine or unsafe handling of the machine e.g.

Improperly/inadequately guarded machineries particularly moving machineries.

Defective machinery (rough, slippery, sharp, inferior).

Unsafe dress or apparel (lack of or defective gloves, aprons, shoes, respirators, loose clothing etc.).

Improper illumination, improper ventilation, noise etc.

Bad housekeeping.

b) Unsafe Act

Unsafe act is violation of commonly accepted safe procedure, which causes the selected accident. Examples of unsafe acts are

Operating without authority, failure to secure or warn.

Working at unsafe speeds (too slow, too fast, throwing materials etc.)

Making safety devices inoperative (removing, misadjusting, disconnecting).

Using unsafe equipment or using equipment unsafely, using hands instead of equipment.




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Taking unsafe position or posture (standing or working under suspended loads, lift with back bent).

Working on moving equipment e.g. cleaning, adjusting, oiling etc.

Failure to use proper personal protective equipment etc.

c) Unsafe Person Factors

The “unsafe person factor” is the mental or bodily characteristic, which permits or occasions the selected unsafe acts. Following are the examples of unsafe personal factors –

Improper attitude (disregard of instructions, failure to understand instructions, nervousness, excitement, etc.).

Lack of knowledge or skill (unaware of safe practice, unskilled etc.).

Physical or mental defects (defective eye sight or hearing, epilepsy, fatigue, intoxication, weak heart etc.)

All the above factors cause various types of injuries, disablement or even death. Common accidents during construction phase are – i] Fall from height. ii] Struck by falling, moving, sliding objects. iii] Caught in machine. iv] Fall on same level/slip. v] Contact with electric current, electrocution. vi] Cuts. vii] Crushed feet or toes. viii] Finger crushed by hammer or machine. ix] Loss of eyesight due to contact with weld spark or other foreign

material. x] Damage due to radiation etc. Accidents due to ergonomic cause during operational phase are same as those described for construction phase. However, nature of equipment /machine employed during construction/erection and operation are different.

6.1.4 Hazard Control

After assessment of nature and quantum of occupational hazards arising from physical, environmental and ergonomic causes, the next step shall be to control such hazards. a) Occupational hazards in operational stage can be controlled by:

Taking due care in design, layout, procurement of machines, equipment, spare parts.

Adopting safe working procedure for operation and maintenance, and use of proper tools.




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Maintaining safe and comfortable working environment and good housekeeping.

Ensuring safety awareness among employees by imparting regular training and other safety incentive programmes.

Avoidance of human errors by proper supervision.

Personal protection. b) Occupational hazards during construction phase can also be

controlled in the same manner e.g.

Adopting safe working practices for excavation, construction of buildings, foundation of equipment etc.

Erection of machinery using cranes forklifts of proper capacity using experienced crane operators under supervision of qualified and experienced supervisors. PPCL want to get this job done by experienced consultants and contractors of proven capability.

Maintaining safe working environment and proper housekeeping.

Ensuring safety awareness amongst workmen.

Proper supervision of jobs by experienced engineers and supervisors for avoidance of human errors.

Use of proper personal protective equipment for different jobs e.g. Hand shields and eye goggles for welding. Safety belts for jobs at height. Use of helmets, safety shoes, etc.

Adherence to statutory rules and regulations regarding workers’ safety, electricity connections, etc.

Adoption of safety work permit and authorisation for various types of work e.g. hot work, cold work, excavation, use of electricity, radiography permit etc. to avoid any unsafe act.

c) Personal Protection

This is one of the most important aspects of safety in plants both during construction and operation phases. Personal protective equipment includes protective clothing, shields and respiratory devices. They create a barrier against work place hazards. These protective equipment enable employees to handle hazardous materials and also work in hazardous environment safety for a short duration, if need arises. NIOSH and OSHA have published a list of approved protective equipment and clothing, a few of which are

Helmets,

Gum boots and safety shoes,

Rubber/Plastic gloves,

Aprons,

Dangry,

Eye goggles,

Face shields,




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Ear plugs,

High Temp./ Fire Suits,

Safety Belt,

Respiratory equipment like gas masks (chlorine), breathing apparatus, etc.

The above types of personal protective equipment will be kept in sufficient numbers at suitable places. Construction workers shall use suitable personal protective equipment for conducting all work safely.

d) Safety Organisation Management’s policy towards maintaining safety is materialised through a well-organised Safety Organisation. The safety department shall be headed by a well trained safety officer who will be assisted by 2-3 safety supervisors. The safety officer and safety supervisors shall ensure safety inside the premises. The jobs of safety department are:–

To promote safety awareness among officers and employees by – Imparting regular training. Installing/displaying safety caution boards and safety posters

mentioning Do’s & Don’ts at different vulnerable locations. Arranging safety & housekeeping competition etc.

To procure and maintain personal protective equipment in good working condition.

Help in issuing safety permits for different jobs. The proposed project will have a safety officer who will carry out the above jobs. Training shall be imparted for –

Safe working and maintenance practices.

Use of proper tools and tackles.

Use of personal protective equipment.

Handling emergency situation. During construction period the principal contractors shall have a safety officer who will ensure safety of construction workers. He will ensure –

Use of proper tools & tackles by workers.

Use of safe and proper working procedure and practices.

Use of personal protective equipment.

Proper housekeeping.

Observance of statutory rules and regulations.

Proper supervision to avoid human errors. Safety Officer shall have close liaison with safety officers of principal contractors for maintenance of safety during construction stage.




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Finally, it may be said that all efforts shall be made to avoid accidents during construction as well as operation stage as the management is committed to safety & health of workmen and employees, which is a key word for productivity.

6.1.5 On site Security & Safety Measures

The site will have necessary security arrangements to prevent entry of unauthorized personnel and for proper control of hazardous materials on site. To ensure that the local inhabitants are not exposed to these hazards, the site will be secured by boundary wall and manned at entry points. There will be a special emphasis on safe handling of material, and safety in welding and fabrication activities. All the employees as well as contracted labour will be trained in safety aspects related to their job. All the personnel will be provided with safety appliance such as face shields, helmets safety goggles, safety shoes, hand gloves etc. as per the job requirement.

6.1.6 House Keeping

Better house keeping can improve the working conditions. The following measures shall be practiced at the proposed power plant.

Regular cleaning of shop floors with service water.

Keeping all de-dusting systems in perfect working conditions to avoid dust accumulation inside and outside the plant.

Avoid dumping of wastes, damaged equipment and items anywhere inside the plant affecting aesthetics and increasing risk of fire and other hazards.

Keeping ventilation systems of premises in perfect working condition to avoid ingress of dust inside the pressurized room.

Keeping air conditioning plants in perfect running conditions for control/ instrumentation rooms.

Regular moistening of roads by spraying water during construction as well as operation and maintenance to avoid dust generation from vehicle movement.

Maintaining hygienic conditions in areas like canteens, near drinking water sources and toilets.

Maintaining green belt along the plant boundaries to suppress noise, fugitive dust and to improve the aesthetics.




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Developing a positive outlook in the employees for improving the working place, both in plant and office or laboratory clean and well maintained.

6.1.7 Safety Awareness among Workers/Employees

All workers/employees will be trained and retrained. The training of personnel of safety and fire departments will be comprehensive and exhaustive and safety-training programme for workers shall be conducted periodically a) Safety Training Programme for Employees

Training programmes in safety and accident prevention will be organized at all levels of employees with a view to familiarize them with the general safety rules, safety procedures in various operational activities and to update their knowledge in safety and accident prevention, industrial hygiene and emergency equipment. These training programmes will be conducted periodically in a planned manner to refresh their knowledge. A suggested list of training courses is given in Table-6.1 and the names of some of the institutions offering courses on Industrial Safety are furnished in Table-6.2.

Table 6.1: Suggested List of Training Courses

1. Fire Fighting - General

- Extinguishing fire with water using fire hydrant support

- Fire extinguishers, their usage and maintenance

- Use of fire protective equipment

- Fire drill

- Do’s and Don’ts on fire prevention and control

2. Industrial Safety - Modern concept of industrial safety

- Human side of industrial safety

- Hazard detection and analysis

- Control of hazard

- Use and maintenance of personnel protective clothing/ equipment

3. Health & Hygiene - Industrial hygiene

- Training on first aid

- Casualty evacuation

- Health hazards from heat, noise and suspended particulate matter




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Table 6.2: Institutions Offering Courses on Industrial Safety

Asian Workers Development Institute

Sector-6, Rourekela-769 002, Orissa

Diploma in Industrial Safety

Regional Labour Institute

Sarvodaya Nagar

Kanpur-208 005


Atul Products Limited

Atul-396 020


Courses in Environmental Science & Engineering

Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Tech.

Powai, Mumbai-400 076

Tel. 5141421 (Extn. 3251)

Central Labour Institute

Sion, Mumbai-400 022


Garware Institute of Career Education and Development

University of Bombay

Vidyanagari, Kalina,

Santacruz (East)

Mumbai-110 098

Gandhi Labour Institute

Ahmedabad-380 052


National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

Nehru Marg

Nagpur-440 020

Gujarat Safety Council

Institute of Engineers

(India) Building

Race Course Circle

Vadodara-390 007


Industrial Safety and Health Association

C/o Dy. Chief Inspector of Factories

3694, Shankar Bhavan

Adarsh Nagar, Pune-411 037


Indian Institute of Social

Welfare & Business Management

Koltaka-700 073


Institution of Industrial Safety Professional of India

¼, Bharatiya Bhavan, 17th Road, Khar,

Mumbai-400 052



TTTI Post, Tharamani

Madras-600 113



Lake Town, Pattipukur

Kolkata-700 089





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b) Training Methodology

Training in industrial safety shall be imparted to all employees. The training shall include the following: i. Preventive measures ii. Protective measures iii. Corrective measures in case of malfunctions

Training programme will be conducted using audio-visual aids, practical demonstration, etc. to make it more effective and interesting. These programmes will be supplemented with case studies, group discussions, etc. The course material will be selected as per the requirements and need of each level of employees.

c) Mode of Training

ii) Lectures iii) Seminar and workshops iv) Mock drills v) Distribution and practice of safety instructions vi) Safety quiz contests/competitions for individuals as also for groups. vii) Display of the safety posters and safety slogans at convenient and

conspicuous places. viii) Explanation of instructions (in Hindi and English) about the possible

hazards involved in handling of chemicals and methods to deal with such hazards failing which, possible emergency situations are likely to arise.

ix) Developing safety instructions/booklets or manuals for every job and ensuring practice of these instructions by the workers.

x) Making the workers know about the:

Physical and health hazards arising from the exposure of handling of substances.

Measures taken to ensure safety and control of physical and health hazards.

Measures taken by workers to ensure safe handling, loading, unloading, storage and transportation of hazardous substances,

Use of personal protective equipments

Signs and symptoms likely to be manifested on exposure of the hazardous substances and to whom to report

Measures to be taken in case of any spillage or leakage

d) First Aid Training

First aid training programmes will be conducted for all employees with the help of qualified medical and para-medical staff. This programme may be conducted in batches. The programme will include basic first-




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aid techniques for burn treatment and procedure for artificial respiration. This programme will be repeated periodically to refresh knowledge.

e) Public Awareness Programmes

Public awareness programmes are necessary for taking timely actions by the neighbouring population/inhabitants in the event of major emergencies, which may affect them. The awareness programmes will be conducted in close coordination with civil authorities and local area

f) Safety Circle

Safety circles will be constituted in each area of work in order to fully develop the capabilities of the employees in identification of hazards and to improve awareness on occupational health and safety. The circle will normally meet every week for about an hour.

To create safety awareness, safety films would be shown to workers and leaflets etc. would be distributed. Some precautionary and remedial measures recommended to prevent fire are:

Compartmentalization of cable galleries, use of proper sealing techniques of cable passages and crevices in all directions would help in localizing and identifying the area of occurrence of fire as well as ensure effective automatic and manual fire fighting operations.

Safety arrangements for handling the use of hydrogen are to be made.

Providing fire stops for cable shafts could check spread of fire in horizontal direction.

Reliable and dependable type of fire detection system with proper zoning and interlocks for alarms are effective protection methods.

Housekeeping of high standard helps in eliminating the causes of fire.

6.1.8 Accident Reporting

Whenever accidents or dangerous events occur, such incidents will be reported as notified in the sections 88 and 88A of Factories Act 1948, amended from time to time and also as per the schedule 6 of the MSIHC Rules, 1989.

6.1.9 Safety Review Check List

Checklist is one of the most useful tools for hazard identification. Checklists will be prepared and used to ensure that nothing has been neglected. For checklists to be effective, it must be used and kept up to date.




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6.1.10 Medical Facilities

First few hours after an accident are very important for the injured persons to avoid fatalities. A well-equipped medical centre takes care of all the eventualities during these hours. Well-equipped medical centre can handle emergency resuscitation and treatment to stabilize the patient before transferring to a referral hospital identified for the purpose.

a) First Aid Centre

A list of items to be kept at first aid centre is given in Table-6.3. Medical Officer will review and add/delete the medicines/equipment required specific to the industry based on experience.

Table 6.3: List of Items for First Aid Centre

1. Sufficient dressing material 2. Medicines special to the industry as recommended by the doctor. 3. First aid box 4. Emergency kit box

a. Medical grade oxygen cylinders b. Burn sheets c. Rescue blankets d. Oxygen breathing kit e. Instant glucose f. Paramedic scissors g. Bandage scissors h. Forceps i. Suction unit j. Ring cutter k. Cervical collar (3 sizes) l. Eye pads m. Intravenous fluid n. Flexible bandages o. Pocket masks/eye-wash bottles p. Orthopaedic stretcher q. Artificial resuscitators r. Trauma medicines s. Portable respirators t. Ophthalmic solution u. Blood pressure equipment v. Gloves w. Portable lamps/torches

6.1.11 FIRE FIGHTING ARRANGEMENT

Protective systems form an integral part of a disaster management planning. Protective system is an important device, which prevents destruction due to failure. Power plant should have various protective systems to meet all the




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requirements of safety. These are briefly described in subsequent paragraphs.

i. Fire Protection System

A comprehensive fire detection and protection system is envisaged for the complete power station. This system shall generally conform to the recommendation of TAC (India)/ IS: 3034 & NFPA – 850.

Automatic high velocity water spray system for all transformers located in transformer yard and those of rating 10 MVA and above located within the boundary limits of plant, main and unit turbine oil tanks and purifier, lube oil piping (zoned) in turbine area etc. This system shall consist of purifier, lube oil piping (zoned) in turbine area etc. This system shall consist of detectors, deluge valves projector, valves, piping and instrumentation.

Automatic medium velocity spray for cable vaults and cable galleries of main plant shall be consisting of smoke detectors, linear sensing cable detectors, deluge valves, isolation valves, piping instrumentation, etc.

For protection of control room, equipment room, computer room and other electrical and electronic equipment rooms, suitable “Halon substitutes” such as INERGEN or ARGONITE” system would be opted.

Fire Hydrant system, covering the entire power station including all important auxiliaries and building in the plant area, is also envisaged. The system shall be complete with piping, valves, and instrumentation, hoses, nozzles, hose/stations etc.

ii. Fire Detection and Alarm System

A computerized analogue, addressable type early warning system shall be provided to cover the complete power plant. Following types of fire detection shall be employed. a. Ionization type smoke detection system b. Photo Electric type smoke detection system c. Combination of both ionisation and photoelectric smoke

detection system. d. Linear heat sensing cable detector e. quartzoid bulb heat detection system Portable and mobile extinguishers, such as pressurized water type, carbon-oxide type, foam type, dry chemical powder type, will be located at strategic locations throughout the plant.

Firewater pumps shall be installed in the pump house for hydrant and spray system and the same shall be driven by electric motor and diesel engines as per the regulations of approving (TAC) authority. The




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firewater storage tank would normally be filled using CW blow down. However, a back up supply to fill this tank from raw water system will be provided. For the above firewater pumping station, automatic pressurization system consisting of jockey pumps and air compressors shall be provided. Complete Instrumentation and control system for the entire fire detection and protection system shall be provided for safe operation of complete system.

iii. Fire Station

A fire station with fire water tender shall be provided.

iv. Protective equipment

List and quantity of the safety equipment proposed is given in Table-6.4.

Table 6.4: List of Safety Equipment

S.No. Appliance

1. Gas Mask 2. Canister for gas mask 3. Compressed air breathing apparatus 4. PVC yellow hand gloves 5. PVC white hand gloves 6. PVC white gum boots 7. Electrical hand gloves 8. Asbestos hand gloves 9. Asbestos blanket 10. PVC apron 11. PVC suit with hood (Acid and Alkali proof) 12. Aluminated asbestos suit 13. Dust respirator 14. Face shield of different colour 15. Goggles of different types 16. Safety belt 17. Safety helmet 18. Leather hand gloves 19. Chargeable hand set 20. Ear muffs and ear plugs 21. Smoke exhauster cum blower 22. Asbestos suit




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List of fire fighting equipment proposed for the power plant is given in the Table-6.5. These will be periodically inspected for their serviceability and adequacy.

Table 6.5: Fire Fighting Safety Equipment

S.No. Safety Equipment

1. Gum boots 2. Red colour jackets 3. Hand gloves 4. Blankets 5. Respiratory equipment/breathing apparatus 6. Helmets

6.1.12 SAFETY & EMERGENCY PLAN

Safety of both men and material during construction and operation stages is of concern to industries. The preparedness of an industry for the occurrence of possible disasters is known as emergency plan. The disaster in power plant may occur due to leakage of hazardous chemicals like chlorine, collapse of structures and fire/explosion etc. Keeping in view the safety requirements during construction, operation and maintenance phases, and the gas based power plant would formulate safety policy with respect to the following requirements:

To allocate sufficient resources to maintain safe and healthy conditions at work.

To take steps to ensure that all known safety factors are taken into account in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of plants, machinery and equipment.

To ensure that adequate safety instructions are given to all employees.

To provide wherever necessary protective equipment, safety appliances and clothing, and to ensure their proper use.

To inform employees about materials, equipment or processes used in their work, which are known to be potentially hazardous to health or safety.

To keep all operations and methods of work under regular review for making necessary changes from the point of view of safety in the light of experience and up to date knowledge.

To provide appropriate instruction, training, retraining and supervision in health and safety, first aid and to ensure that adequate awareness is given to these matters.

To ensure proper implementation of fire prevention and an appropriate fire fighting service together with training facilities for personnel involved in this service.




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To ensure that professional advice is made available wherever potentially hazardous situations exist or might arise.

To organize collection, analysis and presentation of data on accident, sickness and incident involving personal injury or cause of sickness with a view to taking corrective, remedial and preventive action.

To promote through the established machinery, joint consultation in health and safety matters to ensue effective participation by all employees.

To publish/notify regulations, instructions and notices in the common language of employees.

To prepare separate safety rules for each type of occupation/process involved in a power station.

To ensure regular safety inspection by a competent person at suitable intervals of all buildings, equipment, work places and operations.




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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 7.0 DMP

7.0 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 GENERAL

Disaster is an undesirable happening of such magnitude and nature, which can adversely affect man, material and environment. Risk assessment forms an integral part of “Disaster Management”. Any major or a number of minor failures could lead to an accident taking a heavy toll of human life and affecting the production target considerably. Disaster management has assumed significant role due to modern complex nature of chemical & petrochemical operations. Disasters are major accidents, which cause wide spread disruption of human and commercial activities. Disaster can be defined as a sudden occurrence of such magnitude as to affect normal pattern of life in the plant and/or vicinity, causing extensive damage to life and property. Normally, the community absorbs common accidents, but disasters are major accidents and community cannot absorb within its own resources. Most of the disasters, natural or technological (man made) have sudden onset and give very short notice or no time to prevent the occurrence. Disaster is major emergency in works, which has the potential to cause serious injury or loss of life, both inside and outside the works. It would normally require the assistance of outside emergency services to handle it effectively. Although the emergency may be caused by a number of different factors, e.g. plant failure, human error, earthquake, vehicle crash or sabotage, it will normally manifest itself in three basic forms: fire, explosion or toxic release. It is therefore, necessary to ensure safety and reliability of any new plant, through a systematic study of industrial installations based on mathematical modelling to identify possible failures and prevent their occurrence before the disasters.

7.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF DMP

In carrying out the preliminary Risk Analysis, the stress is given to Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) analysis and the resulting DMP include the following: - Recommended elements of emergency planning like organization,

communication, coordination, procedure, etc. - On-Site Emergency Plan - Off-site Emergency Plan - Safety Review Check Plan - Accident Reporting




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7.3 CAUSES OF DISASTER

Disastrous incident could be a local one causing damage to plant, equipment and material only or additionally affecting the persons working in the plant/industry or if more serious, affecting the neighbouring environment including human population. The first two categories can be termed as “On-site Emergency” and the last one as an “Off-site Emergency”. There are number of factors that can be considered as causes for disastrous situation or emergencies. The three main causes are given in subsequent paragraphs. A good process technology has to be engineered equally well following accepted standards in design, if the hazards are to be minimized. Improper sizing of plant and equipment, inadequate schemes, faulty choice of material of construction may lead to unsafe conditions. There are national standards available for such designs, but many a times, looking to the increased capital costs of the plants, designers in consultation with the owners cut the corners and the results are evident. Risk evaluation, Hazard analysis (HAZAN) and Hazard & operability (HAZOP) studies are modern tools, which should be emphasized and if necessary were made mandatory while engineering a project. The facilities in respect of the above requirements in developing countries are far from adequate. Even the quality of engineering needs improvement.

7.4 DISASTER CONTROL PHILOSOPHY

The principal strategy of Disaster Management Plan of proposed project is prevention of the identified major hazards. And since these hazards can occur only in the event of loss of containment, one of the key objectives of technology selection, project engineering, construction, commissioning and operation is Total and Consistent Quality assurance. It is committed to this philosophy right from the conceptual stage of proposed project. The second control strategy adopted for potential emergencies is minimization of operation inventories of hazardous substances both in process plants as well as in storage limits of viability of continuous operation. And another control measure that will be adopted is early detection of any accidental leak and activation of as well structured, resourced and rehearsed Off -Site Emergency Plan to intercept the incident with speed and ensure safety to employees, operating plants, public and environment as a matter of priority.

7.5 DISASTER CONTROL PLAN

7.5.1 Design stage considerations

From the analysis of the vulnerable zones the following actions are recommended for consideration during design stage:




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a) Natural Gas

All structures near the corridor of Natural Gas pipeline should be protected against the heat radiation damages.

Weeds, long grass, deciduous shrubs and trees and any combustible material should be removed from these areas.

Electrical equipments should only be installed in a safe area away from the gas station and pipe corridor.

Lighting should be provided.

Adequate fire fighting arrangements should be provided.

Human movement near the gas station should be minimal & controlled.

B) Chlorine Storage

1. Chlorine installations should be sited at a sufficient distance (25 m minimum) from public roads or main railway lines to reduce the risk of damage to the chlorine installation in the event of an accident. Protective barriers should be installed wherever necessary.

2. The chlorine unloading area should be on reasonably level ground with adequate surrounding space providing good access from different directions.

3. Adequate lighting covering all escape routes should be provided and the provision of emergency lighting is advisable.

4. Automatic gas leak detectors must also be provided.

5. The chlorine pipeline in the area should be properly routed so as to minimize the risk of damage from collision by the tanker, other vehicle or mobile equipment.

6. All chlorine storages should be installed in a bund, which is impervious to liquid chlorine. The bund should be capable of taking the contents of the largest single storage with adequate free board and a sump. Sump should not be connected to a drain. It may be connected to an alkali scrubber to provided neutralization in an event of emergency. Provision should be included for removal of rain water over bund wall, not via drain or through valves in the bund.

7. As the leaks of liquid chlorine are potentially more dangerous than leaks of gaseous chlorine, the system needs to be so designed that sources of leakage of liquid are reduced to a minimum. A major contribution to this will be the avoidance of joints, which are continuously exposed to liquid chlorine. If it is unavoidable then in case of failure of liquid outlet from the tonner, it should be rotated by 180 deg. so that any leakage will only be gas.




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8. In an event of toxic release from the tonner all the people within 550 m of the prevailing wind direction should be advised to run perpendicular to the wind direction.

9. Adequate means must be provided for evacuation of the critical segment of the population to a safer place.

10. Maintenance personnel should equip with protective equipments to minimize the risk of exposure in case of an accident.

7.5.2 Equipment Plan Availability and easy access to the required equipment and facilities are of paramount importance during an emergency situation. Equipment plan needs arrangement of sufficient and proper appliances needed to combat any disaster after careful study of requirements including alarm and communication system as well as provision of vehicles for communication and relief measures. Efficient and adequate measures shall be provided within the premises to combat any emergency. Efficient fixed fire fighting arrangement as well as portable fire fighting and safety appliances shall be made available to take care of emergency condition. Fire Hydrant and Monitors, Sprinkler System All fire prone and hazardous areas shall be provided with fire hydrants and monitors as per rules & guidelines. Automatic sprinkler system shall be provided for transformer bays and cable galleries connected with quartzoid bulbs and deluge valves. Water scrubbing arrangement shall also be provided for areas where chlorine will be handled e.g. chlorine tonner storage area etc. Hose boxes shall be provided at different places as per rules. CO2/ Inert Gas Extinguishing System A fixed CO2 /Inert Gas Extinguishing System with automatic and manual release will be provided for battery/UPS room, gas turbine enclosures, control room etc. The CO2/inert gas shall be supplied from cylinder batteries located adjacent to the area likely to be affected. Portable Fire Fighting Apparatus Fire Extinguishers of suitable type e.g. CO2 and DCP extinguishers shall be provided in the plants and shall be distributed in vulnerable areas. The extinguishers shall be checked/inspected at regular intervals for replenishment. Fire Services Personnel Fire service shall be manned by CISF Fire Personnel. Fire services department shall have adequate number of safety equipment for use during emergency. The list of safety appliances is as follows:




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Gas Mask

Canisters

Alkali Suit

Asbestos Suit

Fire Proximity Suit

BA Set

Electric Gloves (for 15000 volts)

Hydraulic Tool

Telephone

Emergency Ladder, etc. Safety and Personal Protective Appliances Safety and personal protective appliances shall be provided in adequate numbers and shall be distributed in different sections according to requirement. A list of such appliances available in the plant is given in the Table 7.1.

Table 7.1: List of Proposed Safety Equipment

Sl.No. Equipment Nos.

GAS MASK

01. Carbon Monoxide Adequate Nos.

02. Chlorine - do -

BREATHING APPARATUS

01. Compressed Air - do -

02. Air line respirator - do -

OTHERS

01. Pneupac Resuscitator - do -

02. Combustible gas indicator/explosimeter - do -

03. Gas Detector (Dragger Pump) - do -

04. Safety Belts - do -

05. Alkali/Acid Suit - do -

06. Asbestos Suit - do -

07. Hand Gloves etc. - do -

08. Gum Boots - do -

09. Safety Shoes - do -

10. Eye Goggles - do -

Emergency Control Centre An emergency control centre shall be provided at a safe place from where Chief Emergency Co-ordinator shall function for ON-SITE emergency. The Emergency Control Centre (ECC) shall be provided with adequate personal protective equipment, alarm and communication network (Siren, local as well as P&T Telephone, Public Address system etc.), route map, fire hydrant and monitor layout, windrose chart, copy of detailed Disaster Management Plan (where names, telephone numbers of the response team members and their responsibilities are clearly written as well as names and telephone numbers of key personnel from outside agencies in Mutual Aid Scheme and district authorities, Fire Station, State Hospitals and doctors are provided), first aid kit,




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material safety data sheets of chemicals etc. The Disaster Management Manual shall also contain map of the factory & surrounding areas, evacuation routes, fire hydrant network and other important information. Assembly Point Assembly points shall be set up near to the likely hazardous event sites where pre-designated persons from the disaster response team should assemble and meet the Site Incident controller. This may be regarded as Site Incident Control Room where Incident Controller will receive instruction and furnish information to the Chief Emergency Co-ordinator. The site incident control room shall be provided with efficient communication system, adequate personal protective equipment, copy of Disaster Management Manual etc.

Emergency Shelter Emergency shelter places shall be chosen sufficiently away from likely affected site. Employees who are not in the emergency management team shall be asked to take shelter. The place is chosen such that the employees taking shelter are not affected by fire, explosion and release of toxic gases. More than one emergency shelter shall be designated so that proper shelter point can be chosen depending on wind direction and other factors. Wind Socks Windsocks shall be provided on the top of tall buildings to indicate the wind direction.

7.5.3 Organisational Plan The Organization Plan is a systematic list of persons in the emergency management team and their functions before, during and after emergency. The disaster management organisation shall be capable of quick response at any time of the day or night to meet the emergency condition, both for ON-SITE as well as OFF-SITE. The plan given a detailed chain of command, area of responsibility of each personnel involved in the plan, the information flow pattern to be followed and co-ordination activities required to tackle the emergency.

The Disaster Management Organisation and functions proposed for an emergency situation is as follows:




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During emergency personnel and facilities from existing IPGCL/PPCL Plants shall be also be summoned for combating disaster. It can be seen from Disaster Management Organization that Chief Emergency Coordinator shall take charge of the whole situation and shall guide the various coordinators to contain and control the incident. Various activities are to be carried out by pre-designated key personnel (Coordinators) and their team in quickest possible time. The names, residential addresses and telephone numbers of key personnel shall be clearly written in Disaster Management Manual as well as widely circulated in ECC, different control rooms. It is to be noted that first few minutes after start of the incident is most vital in prevention of its escalation.

7.5.4 Action / Response Plan The action plans for tackling emergency include the following:

Actions to be taken in pre-emergency period.

Action during emergency/disaster.

Actions to be taken in post disaster period. Pre-emergency Actions The proposed preventive and pre-emptive measures are as follows:-

Ensure implementation of Disaster Planning.

Ensure that all drafted for emergency undergo regular training and are prepared for tackling emergency/disaster.

Chief Executive of the

Plant (Chief Emergency

Controller)

Plant Manager

(Site Incident

Controller)

Maintenance

Officer

(Coordinator -

Maintenance &

Materials)

Safety & Fire

Officer

(Coordinator - Fire

& Safety)

Admin. Officer

(Coordinator –

Security, Traffic, Law

& Order, Medical Aid,

Welfare)




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Ensure that Mock Drills are performed under simulated emergency condition at regular intervals to assess the strength and weaknesses of the response team/plan.

Ensure awareness among employees through regular training.

Ensure good liaison with all agencies and industries in the neighbourhood for getting help if situation arises.

Ensure adequate stock of safety, personal protective appliances in good working condition.

Ensure awareness amongst public in the neighbouring areas. 7.6 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.6.1 General

It will be seen from Risk Analysis of the proposed project that major emergency situation can arise mainly from release of chlorine and fire. The situation can be grave or minor depending on the scenario occurring causing the release of chlorine. Care should be taken for other release incidents of flammable/explosive material, which may pose threat to life of employees, and property of the organisation. A list of emergency response functions that are identified for large-scale release of chlorine is given as follows:

Alarm, warning and signalling

Communication

Operations

Fire and Safety

Toxic Gas Spreading Protection

Emergency Shelter

Medical Services

Transport services for handling injured persons and evacuation

Welfare activities 7.6.2 Resource Planning

Resource Planning needs to be done so that the functions mentioned above can be operated smoothly. Regular Mock drill and training are essential for proper and timely response. Since the large-scale release scenario can affect seriously the employees within the complex as well as the public, creation of awareness is must. The public should also be taught the actions to be taken to save themselves.

7.6.3 Medical Services The doctors in the nearby hospitals should be trained for treatment of personnel affected by chlorine gas leakage. Necessary apparatus and drugs should also be available in first aid post and in State Hospitals and also other




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Nursing Homes nearby. Manager (HR-Welfare) should have good liaison with authorities of nearby hospitals and Nursing Homes as well as doctors outside so that help may be available when required.

7.6.4 Transport and Communication

Ambulance Van shall be available under the command of Chief Engineer inside the factory as well as in the Hospitals. However, in case of disaster all the vehicles in transport department will also be used. In case of necessity vehicles from outside shall be requisitioned.

7.6.5 Safety Appliances

As already mentioned Gas Masks, BA Set and Respirators, Fire Suits etc. are available in the plants. However, they will be checked at regular intervals and kept in good working order.

7.6.6 Operational Functions

Detection of leakage and isolation from the source to prevent the leakage is the most important activity in the beginning. It may also be necessary to isolate the line or equipment by closing the isolation valves. The functional requirement may be one or more operators to close the valve manually in an area with high toxic concentration and possibility of expose to thermal radiation on the body. The personnel should wear gas masks, breathing apparatus, fire suits etc. The operating personnel should be fully drilled in proper and safe use of the safety appliances.

Plant or section of the plant shall be shut down.

Operator/Shift-in-charge should inform immediately to Fire & Safety Dept. as well as Plant Manager and General Manager who in turn will assess the situation.

Emergency is to be declared and other actions are to be taken by them.

Since chlorine is readily soluble in water, water scrubber should be immediately started on hearing chlorine leak detector alarm. If the leakage is inside chlorine tonner storage room closing of isolation valve shall be tried. For out door release or if the scrubber fails to work closing of isolation valve shall be tried at first with all precautionary measures. A water curtain may be prepared at downwind direction by the fire services to decrease the concentration of in air and its dispersion.

Rescue of the personnel affected and evacuation of other employees to emergency shelter room may be needed. Emergency shelter shall be located at a safe place at up wind direction.

Medical help may be necessary to the affected personnel. Coordinator (medical aid) and Transport Coordinator shall take proper care under guidance of Site Incident Controller.




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7.6.7 Off-site Emergency It has been mentioned that OFF-SITE Emergency can only happen in case of leakage of chlorine only when people present in Bamnauli village and passing on the roads may feel throat irritation. The preparatory actions are as follows: a) Preparation of Disaster Management Organisation by District

Administrations, after assessment of disaster potential in consultation with PPCL.

b) Preparation of Disaster Management Manual which would include

Potential hazards & likely effects

Actions to be taken by different key personnel in the team.

Names and telephone number of key personnel e.g. police station/officer, designated hospitals, fire brigade, etc. shall be written.

First aid procedure etc.

c) Meeting of the key personnel at regular intervals.

d) Mock Drill.

e) Creation of awareness.




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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 8.0 EMP

8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 WATER ENVIRONMENT 8.1.1 Water Conservation/Recycle

Raw water requirement for operation of the proposed facilities will be quantitatively met through treated sewage from Sewage Treatment Plant at Dwarka.

Part of the re-circulating cooling water in the cooling water circuit will be passed through side stream filters to separate precipitated solids and recycled back. This will help in maintaining higher cycle of concentrations, resulting in saving of raw water.

Service water requirements of the facilities are estimated as 35 m3/hr. Service water, after use, shall be treated in tube settler and recycled back into the system.

Sludge from lime softener and effluent from tube settler shall be further treated in thickener & centrifuge for separation of solids.

Ground and surface water will not be used for any plant process. Portable water requirements will be met through Municipal water supply, and a separate tank shall be provided for this purpose.

8.1.2 Control Measures

Wastewater generated from operation of the proposed facilities will not contain toxic chemicals. Main effluent streams emanating from the facilities are as follows:

Cooling tower blow down, containing precipitated solids in suspended state and TDS

Backwash from side stream filters, containing suspended solids.

Backwash from gravity filters, containing suspended solids

Plant washings containing suspended solids/TDS

Effluent from centrifuge of lime softening unit, containing calcium salts in suspended state and TDS

Boilers blow down from the power cycle, containing suspended solids and TDS.

The control measures proposed for different effluent streams are as follows:

Sludge from the lime softener will be taken to thickener and centrifuge for separation of solids.




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Service water, after use will be passed through tube settler and treated in thickener & centrifuge for solid separation.

Sludge from the thickener will be taken to the centrifuge for separating solids in the form of sludge cake.

Wastewater from boiler blow down and cooling tower blow down will directly enter the Central Monitoring Basin.

Power cycle boiler blow down will be entered to the Central Monitoring Basin and mixed with cooling water blow down before disposal.

8.1.3 Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures shall be practiced:

All the trade effluents will be either recycled or transferred to the Central Monitoring Basin through pipelines. The liquid effluent from the project shall be utilized for the green belt development and afforestation purposes and only effluents confirming to the regulatory standards shall be discharged out of the plant premises into Najafgarh drain downstream.

Tanks for effluents will be provided with impermeable lining.

In cooling water system, a minimum of three cycle of concentration will be practiced.

Wastage and spillage of water shall be avoided.

From the Central Monitoring Basin, pipelines will be provided for irrigation of afforested areas. Use of raw/process waste for irrigation shall be strictly prohibited.

Sewage from toilets and washrooms will be pumped to the sewage treatment plant for further process.

8.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT 8.2.1 Control Measures

The only source of air pollution from the proposed operations is the discharge of gases from combustion of natural gas in the Gas Turbines. For control of NOx during combustion, Dry Low NOx (DLN) burners have been provided. The DLN burners shall effectively bring down NOx concentration in the flue gases to below 35 ppm level, which under uncontrolled conditions would be much higher. As natural gas shall be used as fuel, the flue gases shall be free from particulate matter. The flue gases shall also be almost free from SO2. For effective dispersion of the NOx as well as other pollutants, two stacks of 70 meters height are proposed.




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8.2.2 Mitigation Measures

A summary of the proposed mitigation measures to be followed during construction and operation of the proposed facilities is as follows:

Generation of atmospheric dust during construction phase due to movement of vehicles and earthmovers as well as due to filling and leveling shall be controlled through spray of water.

The afforestation plan shall be aimed to cover all the vacant areas near the boundary walls.

NOx concentration in the flue gas shall be monitored regularly.

8.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 8.3.1 Generation of Solid Waste

Solid wastes likely to be generated from the proposed project are as follows:

Sludge from Lime Softening and Gravity Filters (Water Treatment)

Solid waste from centrifuge of ETP.

Debris from civil construction

Defective materials, scraps and packing materials.

Sludge from Lime Softening and Gravity Filters: Solid waste from these sources shall be due to :

Turbidity in the raw water (treated sewage) and

Precipitation of calcium as CaCO3,

Wastewater from lime softening (clarifier) and gravity filter (filter backwash) shall be taken to the centrifuge, where the solid waste shall be removed. Total quantity of solid waste shall be removed as cake. The solid waste shall comprise mainly of calcium carbonate, with silica, organic matter, fine grits and dust, etc. which shall be separated during lime softening and filtration. Sludge from Effluent Treatment Solid waste generated in the clarifier shall be due to turbidity present in wastewater (about 20 ppm) and also due to insoluble matter present in alum. The solid waste shall be generated in the form of cake from the centrifuge, containing 40% solids and 60% water. Here also, the solid waste shall comprise mainly of calcium salts and atmospheric dust. Civil debris, defective materials, scraps etc. Solid wastes in the form of construction debris, defective materials, scraps and packing materials are not generated on continuous basis, and their quantity is uncertain.




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8.3.2 Disposal of Solid Wastes

Sludge form water and wastewater treatment The maximum quantity of sludge likely to be generated from the water and wastewater treatment in the form of cake contains 40% solid. The sludge shall comprise mainly of calcium salts, with smaller quantities of silica, organic matter and dust/dirt. The sludge is to be taken to the compost fertilizer plant of MCD for disposal or any other location approved by MCD/ Delhi Govt. Here, it shall be mixed with compost fertilizer and dispatched to users for use as fertilizer. Organic matter present in the solid waste shall function as manure whereas calcium carbonate shall control acidity of the soil normally associated with use of chemical fertilizers. Defective Materials, Scrap and Packing Materials Defective materials, scrap and used packing materials shall be disposed through sale to contractors authorized by DPCC/MOEF. Civil Debris Civil debris, if generated during construction phase, shall be disposed within premises in low-lying areas as landfill material.

8.4 NOISE AND VIBRATION 8.4.1 Sources of Noise

The main sources of noise generation in the proposed Pragati II CCPP are as follows:- Air Inlet System, Gas Turbine Units, Steam Turbine Unit, Generators and Instrument Air Compressor / Service Compressor

The expected noise levels, at distance of 1 meter from these sources, are presented below:-

Sl. No.

Source Noise Level (dBA)

Nature

1. Air Inlet System 85-90 Continuous

2. Gas Turbines 85-90 Continuous




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3. Steam Turbine 87-90 Continuous

4. Generator 80-50 Continuous

5. Air compressor 90 Continuous

6 D.G. Set 85-90 Intermittent

Vendors of individual item shall ensure that the noise level at a horizontal distance of 1 meter and at a height of 1.5 meters from the equipment do not exceed the indicated levels 90 dB(A). Further, these equipments will be provided within acoustic walls/ enclosures. For the purpose of impact prediction, it is assumed that the minimum distance of noise sources within these walls will be 20 meters and that the noise level due to these equipment outside the walls will be below 70 dB(A).

8.4.2 Existing Scenario

The main existing sources of noise in the area are vehicular traffic and other urban and commercial activities. Contribution of industrial activities towards existing noise level is negligible

8.4.3 Control/Mitigation Measures

Adequate measures have been incorporated in the proposed plant for control of noise and vibration from the different equipment. This control of noise within the plants is through the provision of silencers, hoods, and acoustic walls to the noise generating equipment. Suppliers of GT Sets, Steam Turbines, Generator and Compressors shall ensure that the noise levels from these equipment do not exceed desirable noise level of 90 dB(A). For mitigation of noise, a proper green belt development program has been formulated, which would further attenuate noise to bring its level down within acceptable levels.

The control rooms shall be provided with acoustic glass walls to protect the workers from higher noise level. As the operational staff shall remain within the control rooms for most of the time, they will be exposed to the higher noise levels for very short duration. During the visits to the areas of higher noise levels, the operational and maintenance personnel will use earplugs as a safety measure.

Control of vibration shall be achieved by providing proper foundation and alignment to the vibration generating heavy equipment. Moving parts of equipment and earthmovers shall be properly maintained and lubricated to minimize the generation of noise.

8.5 HOUSE KEEPING

Good housekeeping is also an important tool for preventing environmental deterioration and for operating the plants and pollution control system with optimum efficiency. Proper operation and maintenance of plants and pollution




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control systems, lubrication of moving parts of the equipment, cleanliness of the plants, etc. shall be observed to the extent possible.

8.6 TRANSPORT SYSTEM

The main raw material, natural gas, will be received through pipeline. The fuel received from fuel supplier.

8.7 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 8.7.1 Purpose

Trees and plants are an essential component of healthy environment. In addition to maintaining the oxygen-carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, trees and plants control air and noise pollution control ,soil erosion, provide food and shelter to domestic and wild animals includes birds and insects, and improve the aesthetic values of the environment. In view of these, a green belt development and afforestation program is included in the project proposal. Under this a green belt will be provided around the proposed facilities to cover all the vacant areas. Vacant areas within the facilities will be covered with lawns and gardens. Although availability of land within the premises is limited, extreme care shall be taken to utilize all the available areas for afforestation. The utility of the green belt predominantly lies in its capacity to attenuate the effect of gases due to fugitive emissions and spillage. The main objectives of the proposed green belt development program are as follows: 1. To control air pollution due to fugitive emissions and spillage. 2. To attenuate noise generated by various machines. 3. To attenuate the effect of accidental release of toxic gases 4. To reduce the effect of fire and explosion 5. To improve the general appearance and aesthetics of the area 6. To provide food and habitat for wildlife 7. To control soil erosion 8. To obscure the proposed facilities from general view.




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8.7.2 Selection of Tree Species

Plants possess a large surface area and their leaves exhibit an efficient pollutant trapping mechanism. The effectiveness of plants to control pollution depends upon the physiological, morphological traits such as leaf epidermis, size, leaf orientation, internal enzyme system, etc. Systematic screening of plants for their ability to tolerate pollutant need be undertaken. For pollution abatement purposes tree species would be fast growing, wind firm, unpalatable to animals, hardy and pollutants tolerant/resistant. The general approach for selection of species for green belt development is as follows:

1. Potential for attenuation of fugitive emissions from leakage and spillage

2. Potential for attenuation of noise 3. Diversity of vegetation 4. Introduction of local trees 5. Introduction of trees attracting birds and animals so as to create a

natural habitat

The following tree species are identified to be planted in the area: -

Plant Species Vernacular Name

Frequency Ethanobotanical Values

Azardirachta indica Neem Very Frequent Medicinal, Timber, Fuel

Polyalthia longifolia Ashok Frequent Aesthetic/Recreational

Dalbergia sissoo Shisham Very frequent Timber,Fuel

Delonix regia Gulmohar Frequent Aesthetic,Recreational

Eucalyptus hybrid Safeda Very frequent Timber,Fuel

Accasia nilotica Kikar Very frequent Medicinal, Timber, Fuel

Accacia leucophloea Babul Frequent Timber,Fuel

Albizia lebbeck Siras Frequent Timber,Fuel

Prosopis juliflora Kabuli kikar Frequent Timber,Fuel

Pongamia glabra Karanj Frequent Medicinal, Timber,Food

Ficus religiosa Pipal Frequent Mythological,Timber

Ficus bengalensis Bargad Frequent Timber,Fuel

Morus alba Shahatoot Very frequent Food,Timber

Mangifera indica Aam Frequent Mythological,Timber,Fuel

Syzygium cumini Jamun Occasional Food,Timber

Terminalia belerica Bahera Occasional Medicinal,Timber




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For development of green belt in the area outside the premises, the important considerations to be taken in account are as follows- 1. For future development, mono- culturing should be avoided and

diversity in vegetation should be introduced 2. Whenever areas under monoculture become available due to death

and exploitation of trees, these should be utilized for diversified plantation.

3. All employees shall be made aware of the significance and importance of green belt and afforestation

8.7.3 Areas to be afforested

20m to 40m of land around the site has been allotted for green belt development. Sufficient amount of land has been assigned inside the premises for plantation as well. The schematic layout of the greenbelt development can be seen in the layout plan presented in figure 2.1 in chapter 2 of this report.

8.7.5 Manpower & Expertise

For planning and undertaking the green belt and afforestation program, the services of an external expert agency/consultant / contractor shall be utilized. The expert shall survey the area extensively, prepare a detailed map existing flora and identify the species and the spots for plantation of different species.

8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Regular monitoring of important and crucial environmental parameters is of paramount importance to assess the status of environment during plant operation. With the knowledge of existing baseline conditions, the monitoring programme can serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the plant and suitable and adequate mitigatory steps could be taken in time to safeguard the environment. The post operational environmental monitoring programme recommended to be implemented at Pragati II CCPP is presented in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1: Environmental Monitoring Programme

S. No.

Area of Monitoring

Number of Sampling Stations.

Frequency of Sampling

Parameters to be Analysed

1. Ambient Air Quality

4 Stations

Twice a week; 24 hourly

SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx.

2. Noise 5 (two within plant premises and at plant boundary )

Once in a year for 24 hours

Ambient Equivalent continuous Sound Pressure Levels (Leq) at day and Night time.




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3 Stack Emission All the Stacks Fortnightly SPM, SO2 and NOx

4. Liquid Effluents Main Plant Effluents Continuous

pH, Temp,

Monthly Cond., TSS, TDS, BOD, O&G, Phenolics

Quarterly Heavy Metals

Sanitary Effluents Monthly pH, TSS, BOD

8.9 INSTITUTIONAL SETUP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8.9.1 Institutional Setup at Pragati II CCPP Project

An Environmental Management Group (EMG) shall be formed at site under Technical services. The group shall be headed by a Senior Executive and supported by executives/staffs and other infrastructural facilities. The responsibility of environmental; management of Pragati II CCPP shall lie with Environmental Management Groups at the project, which shall act as coordinator for environmental matters. This group shall also act as a nodal agency for various groups at project, regional headquarters and corporate level as well as outside agencies like Delhi Pollution Control Committee. The main functions of Env. Management Group at Project could be summarized as:

Obtaining Consent order from DPCC

Environmental Monitoring

Analysis of environment data, reports, preparations and transmission of report of statutory authorities, etc.

Compliance with guidelines and statutory requirements

Coordination with statutory bodies, functional groups of the station.

Interaction for evolving and implementation of modification programmes to improve the availability / efficiency of pollution control devices / systems

Environmental Appraisal (Internal) and Environmental Audit.

To strengthen the public images of the company in respect of social aspects and maintain good relationship with the community in the vicinity.




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8.9.2 Environmental Laboratory The project would have an analytical laboratory for regular monitoring of various environmental parameters. It is recommended that the laboratory would be equipped with the following equipment. Ambient Air Quality Quantity

Respirable Dust Sampler 5

Stack monitoring Kit with Assessors 4

Continuous NOx Analyzer for stack -

Meteorological Instruments Automatic Weather Station

1

Noise Monitoring Sound level Meter Water Monitoring pH meter Conductivity meter Ion Analyzer for fluoride, cyanides DO Analyzer BOD Incubator COD distillation Unit Flame photometer Single pan balance Water distillation unit Electric oven Flow meter Microscope

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1

However, the project authorities may also undertake the monitoring through approved laboratories/ consultants.




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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 9.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

9.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The proposed plant is located at Bamnauli village, southwest of Delhi. The site is approachable by Bijwasan-Najafgarh road, connected through NH-8.

9.1 Land Availability and Requirement The project is proposed to be located in about 20 hectares of land located near the Delhi Transco Limited in Bamnauli Village. On the east of Bamnauli village is Bharthal village. Bijwasan is located on the south east of Bamnauli. Dwarka subcity is located on north of the village. Border Security Force (BSF) Head Quarter at Chhawla is situated on the northwest of Bamnauli.

9.2 Fuel Requirement, Storage & Handling System

Natural Gas has been considered as the basic fuel for this project. Its requirement shall be approximately 3.0 MSCMD, which shall be met by the fuel supplier.

9.3 Water Availability and Requirement Water requirements of the project will be met through treated sewage from Dwarka Sewage Treatment Plant of Delhi Jal Board (DJB). Treated sewage from the STP will be pumped to the proposed Raw Water Reservoir within the plant area.

9.4 Environment Impact Assessment Study In order to identify the impacts due to construction and operation of PPCL II, and draw an Environmental Management Plan, a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study has been undertaken through M/S Mantec Consultants Pvt. Limited, New Delhi. The environmental disciplines studied include land-use, demography and socio-economics, geology and soils, hydrology and water use, water quality, meteorology, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology and noise. The study started in September 2008 and continued for 3 Months.

9.5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 9.5.1 Land Use:

The proposed site, comprising of 20 hactares of land, is in possession of project proponent and is without any human settlement. The proposed area where the plant is to be located has been presented in the vicinity map in figure 1.1 in chapter 1 of this report. .




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9.5.2 Water Use and Hydrology: As PPCL -II will draw its entire water requirement from Dwarka STP concluding that there would be no adverse impact on water use and hydrology of the study area.

9.5.3 Demography and Socio-economics: There will be no displacements and no problems related to Rehabilitation and Resettlement.

9.5.4 Air Quality: The maximum predicted incremental ground level concentrations (GLCs) for NOx due to operation of PPCL-II of the project is 44.87µg/m3 and these are predicted to occur in the West direction at distance of about 2 km. The maximum GLCs for SO2 and NOx after implementation of PPCL-II are estimated to be within the ambient air quality standards for rural and residential areas.

9.5.5 Soils:

The impact of PPCL-II on the soil is envisaged to be negligible.

9.5.6 Water Quality: While developing the water system for the project, utmost care has been taken to maximize the recycle/ reuse of effluents and minimize effluent quantity. PPCL-II would have a recirculatory cooling system with cooling towers so there is no much effluent generated. Therefore, no thermal impact on the receiving water body is anticipated. The effluents from main plant (Boiler Blowdown and DM Plant Regeneration Waste) shall be fully treated and routed through a Central Monitoring Basin. Sanitary effluents from main plant and township will be treated in a sewage treatment plant.

9.5.7 Noise: The major noise generating sources during the construction phase are vehicular traffic, construction equipment like, dozer, scrapers, concrete mixers, cranes, generators, pumps, compressors, rock drills, pneumatic tools, vibrators etc. The operation of these equipments will generate noise ranging between 75 – 90 dB (A). The ambient noise level recorded during field study in the near by area located at a distance of 500 m from the main plant ranges between 38.7-67.9(A). The predicted noise level due to operation of such equipments at a distance of 0.5 km from the source is 40.2dB(A). However, workers within the construction area and plant area may be affected due to high noise levels. Adequate protective measures in the form of ear-muffs / ear plugs/ masks shall be provided to such persons, which will minimise / eliminate such adverse impacts. In addition, reduction in noise levels shall also be achieved through built-in design requirements to produce




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minimum noise, proper lay out design, adding the sound barriers, use of enclosures with suitable absorption material etc. Provision of green belt and afforestation will further help in reducing the noise levels.

9.5.8 Terrestrial Ecology:

As no additional land is proposed to be acquired for PPCL-II, there will be no direct impacts on terrestrial ecology due to the project. The maximum ground level concentration of NO2 is found to be 44.87 µg/m3. This is well within the Indian Standards for Ambient Air Quality.

9.6 Disaster Management Plan The EIA Report includes a Disaster Management Plan covering elements of emergency planning like organization, communication, coordination, procedure, accident reporting, safety review checklist, on-site emergency plan and off-site emergency plan. A Disaster Management Plan (DMP) for PPCL-I has already been prepared and implemented at PPCL for the existing units, specifying responsibilities at various levels to be discharged in case of an emergency. The DMP at site shall be strengthened suitably to include PPCL-II units, based on recommendation of DMP included in EIA Report. Further, a separate study on Risk study is being taken up for PPCL-II.

9.7 Project Benefits The present proposed project would partially meet the power shortage of NCT, which is vital for economic growth as well as improving the quality of life. The improved power supply will reduce the dependence of general public and commercial establishments on DG Sets thereby reducing the noise pollution as well as air pollution at local levels In addition, construction and operation of the project would benefit local people with respect to the following:-

Increase in employment opportunity in skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled categories.

Increase in employment/ self employment avenues in service sector.

Utilization of wastewater for power generation, will reduce the pollution load on Dwarka STP.

9.8 Environment Management Plan

An Environment Management Plan for Construction and operation phases of the project has been prepared. An Environment Management Group (EMG) already exists at PPCL, which will be strengthened for implementation of proposed mitigation measures for PPCL-II.




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9.9 Conclusions: Based on the above, it is concluded that the adverse environmental impacts due to construction and operation of PPCL, PPCL-II can be mitigated to an acceptable level by implementation of various mitigatory measures envisaged. The benefits of the project are much more significant than its environmental impacts.

BAMNAULI CCPP - RAPID EIA

Documents

water environment

combined cycle power

water quality

potable water system

cooling water system

land environment

prediction of impacts

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