Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Tengahstaffnew.uny.ac.id/upload/131568310/penelitian/Proceeding... · Iqbal Nurul Azhar PETA SOSIODIALEKTOLOGIS MADURA 181-186 Kenfitria Diah Wijayanti

Balai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa TengahJalan Imam Bardjo, S.H. No.5 Semarang

Telp/Fax +62-24-8448717

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.mli.undip.ac.id/lamas

Proceedings

International Seminar

Language Maintenance and Shift IV

November 18, 2014

xviii+488 hlm. 21 x 29,7 cm

ISSN: 2088-6799

Editors:

Zane Goebel

J. Herudjati Purwoko

Suharno

M. Suryadi

Yusuf Al Arief

International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift” IV November 18, 2014

~ iii ~

EDITORS’ NOTE

This international seminar on Language Maintenance and Shift IV (LAMAS IV for short) is a continuation of the previous international seminar with the same theme conducted by the Master Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University on 18 November 2014. We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the seminar committee for putting together the seminar that gave rise to this collection of papers. Thanks also go to the Head and the Secretary of the Master Program in Linguistics Diponegoro University, without whom the seminar would not have been possible. The table of contents lists all the papers presented at the seminar: The first four papers are those presented by invited keynote speakers. They are Dr. Sugiyono (Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Jakarta, Indonesia), Dr. Zane Goebel (La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia), Prof. Yudha Thianto, Ph.D. (Trinity Christian College, Illinois, USA), Dr. Deli Nirmala, M.Hum (Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia). In terms of the topic areas, there are 21 papers in applied linguistics, 20 papers in sociolinguistics, 14 papers in theoretical linguistics, 18 papers in discourse/pragmatics, and 13 papers (miscellaneous).

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136-

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�


~ xi ~

TABLE OF CONTENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT IV

PRONOUNS IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MALAY: A HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL TEXTS PUBLISHED BY THE VOC FOR CHILDREN IN THE EAST INDIES Dr. Deli Nirmala, M.Hum. 1

REPRESENTATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE IN LOCAL NEWSPAPERS IN CENTRAL JAVA Prof. Yudha Thianto, Ph. D. 18

UNDERSTANDING SHIFTING LANGUAGES ON INDONESIAN TELEVISION: UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL VALUE IN LATE CAPITALISM Zane Goebel 29

TEACHERS’ COMPETENCES IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Hepy Sri Rahayu Pujiastuti & Nia Kurniawati 43

THE ACQUISITION OF UNIVERSAL QUANTIFIERS IN INDONESIAN (ISO 639-3: IND): A PRELIMINARY REPORT I Nyoman Aryawibawa 50

LEXICAL ERRORS IN THE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS WRITTEN BY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS OF AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY Jurianto 56

DEVELOPING AN ENGLISH INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL OF READING COMPREHENSION USING QTM FOR JHS Koeswandi 62

MULTICULTURAL FOLKTALES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING: PROMOTING COMMONALITY IN DIVERSITY Nyoman Karina Wedhanti 68

KARAKTERISTIK BAHASA ANAK-ANAK DOWN SYNDROME DI KAMPUNG DOWN SYNDROME KABUPATEN PONOROGO (SUATU TINJAUAN PSIKOLINGUISTIK) Sumarlam & Sri Pamungkas 72

KONSTRUKSI NAMA DIRI JAWA DAN JERMAN: KAJIAN CROSS CULTURE UNDERSTANDING Wening Sahayu 78

FOREIGNERS’PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS INDONESIAN CULTURE: A PIECE OF STUDY ON CCU Yenny Hartanto 83

ANALISIS METODE PENERJEMAHAN DALAM MENERJEMAHKAN NOVEL THE HUNGER GAMES Maulana Teguh Perdana 88


~ xii ~

FROM LITERACY TO IDEOLOGY: SEMANTIC SHIFT ON THE REPRESENTATION OF “TUHAN” MEANING Moh. Aniq Kh.B. 93

SHAPING COMPUTER MEDIATED COMMUNICATION (CMC) ON YOUTUBE VIDEO COMMENTS TOWARD JAVANESE BOSSANOVA AS THE MEDIA TO PRESERVE JAVANESE COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE Nafisa Ghanima Shanty 97

STRATEGI PENERJEMAHAN ISTILAH BUDAYA DALAM KOMIK ‘KISAH PETUALANGAN TINTIN: CERUTU SANG FARAOH’ Nurvita Anjarsari 103

UTILIZING EXPERIENTIAL MEANING FOR ANALYZING TEACHERS’ LESSON PLANS: A METAFUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR Resti Wahyuni & F.X. Paula Eralina Hadomi 109

WAYS TO TRANSLATE ADDRESS TERMS FROM INDONESIAN INTO ENGLISH: A CASE STUDY IN KETIKA CINTA BERTASBIH II MOVIE Retno Wulandari 114

INTEGRATING CULTURE, SONG LYRICS AND TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSLATION CLASS Rica S. Wuryaningrum 118

PENANAMAN NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER MELALUI MEDIA GAMBAR SEBAGAI UPAYA UNTUK MENUMBUHKAN MINAT MENULIS SISWA Rukni Setyawati 125

SOAL CERITA MATEMATIKA UNTUK SISWA KELAS RENDAH SEKOLAH DASAR DI KAWASAN PEDESAAN: ANALISIS STRUKTUR SEMANTIK Sumarwati 130

PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA BIDANG POLITIK DI MEDIA MASSA Sutarsih 136

RESEARCHING THE USE OF DICTIONARY BY STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT AT JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY Syaifur Rochman 140

COMMODITY FETISHISMS IN COSMETIC ADVERTISEMENTS IN INDONESIA Titin Lestari 145

KONSEP BERKEHIDUPAN DALAM PAPADAH BANJAR Ahmad Mubarok 150

THE LANGUAGE USED IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE FOUND IN THE WESTERN PART OF SURABAYA Erlita Rusnaningtias 156

MENGUNGKAP NILAI KEARIFAN LOKAL DAN EKSISTENSI NAMA-NAMA MAKANAN TRADISIONAL SUNDA BERBAHAN DASAR SINGKONG: KAJIAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK DI KOTA BANDUNG Febrina Nadelia 162


~ xiii ~

MAINTAINING BALINESE LANGUAGE THROUGH WRITING SHORT STORIES IN BALI ORTI I Nengah Sudipa 167

MAINTAINING BALINESE LANGUAGE THROUGH SCHOOL PROGRAMS IN BALI I Nyoman Muliana 170

PETA SOSIODIALEKTOLOGIS MADURA Iqbal Nurul Azhar 174

BENTUK DAN FUNGSI PISUHAN BAHASA JAWA: SUATU KAJIAN SOSIOPRAGMATIK Kenfitria Diah Wijayanti 180

BAHASA SIMBOL DALAM KOMUNIKASI BUDAYA (SUATU KAJIAN MAKNA BUDAYA DALAM PERKAWINAN ADAT BUGIS MAKASAR) Misnah Mannahali 184

MAINTAINING FIRST LANGUAGE: BILINGUALS’ VOICES Mukhlash Abrar 189

VARIASI BAHASA LAMPUNG BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN ETIMON DI PROVINSI LAMPUNG Wati Kurniawati 195

PENGARUH INTERFERENSI KOSA KATA ASING DALAM LIRIK LAGU INDONESIA Yetty Morelent & Syofiani 200

HUBUNGAN SIMBOL-SIMBOL “KESUCIAN” DALAM PENAMAAN TEMPAT DI KABUPATEN LUMAJANG: STUDI ETNOGRAFIS TERHADAP LEGENDA PENAMAAN WILAYAH KABUPATEN LUMAJANG Cicik Tri Jayanti 204

ALIH AKSARA ‘C’ DALAM NAMA INDONESIA KE BAHASA ARAB Erfan Gazali 210

CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN MULTILANGUAGE COMMUNITY CASE STUDY IN BALAI LPPU-UNDIP SEMARANG Erna Sunarti 214

TEGALNESE YOUTH ATTITUDE TOWARDS BAHASA JAWA NGOKO REFLECTED IN SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY AS AN EFFORT OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE Ihda Rosdiana & Ekfindar Diliana 220 KEKERABATAN BAHASA WAWONII, MORONENE, DAN KULISUSU (KAJIAN LINGUSTIK HISTORIS KOMPARATIF) La Ino 225

KEHEBATAN DAN KEUNIKAN BASA SEMARANGAN M. Suryadi 231


~ xiv ~

ALIH DAN CAMPUR KODE MAHASISWA PEMBELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS DI MEDIA SOSIAL FACEBOOK: TREN ATAU KEBUTUHAN? (STUDI KASUS KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK PADA GROUP MAHASISWA SASTRA INGGRIS UNIVERSITAS KOMPUTER INDONESIA (UNIKOM) BANDUNG DI FACEBOOK) Muhammad Rayhan Bustam 237

CHOICE OF LANGUAGE IN JOB TITLES AT VACANCY ADVERTISEMENTS Saidatun Nafisah 243

GROUNDING IN FACE-TO-FACE CONVERSATION: AN ETHNOGRAPHY STUDY Udin Kamiluddin 247

REEXAMINING LEXICAL VARIATION IN DATAR VILLAGE: THE CASE OF VERB Ageng Sutrisno & Cindy Intan Audya Putri 253

LEKSIKON PERTANIAN DALAM BAHASA JAWA DI KABUPATEN KUDUS: KAJIAN ETNOLINGUISTIK Ahdi Riyono 258

THE KNOWLEDGE OF PROSODY IN HELPING STUDENTS RESPONSE UTTERANCES APPROPRIATELY Emilia Ninik Aydawati 263

VISUALISATION OF DIACHRONIC CONSTRUCTIONAL CHANGE USING MOTION CHART Gede Primahadi-Wijaya-R. 267

INCHOATIVE VERBS IN INDONESIAN I Nyoman Udayana 271

LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION ON JAVANESE: A SHIFT TOWARDS RECOGNIZING AND CELEBRATING COLLOQUIAL VARIETIES Tom Conners & Jozina Vander Klok 276

NETRALISASI VOKAL PADA REDUPLIKASI BAHASA MELAYU LANGKAT Wisman Hadi 282

MBOK: ITS DISTRIBUTION, MEANING, AND FUNCTION Ajar Pradika Ananta Tur 287

LEKSIKON BUSANA MUSLIMAH INDONESIA (KAJAN LINGUISTIK ANTROPOLOGIS) Asri Wijayanti 293

PENYUSUNAN KAMUS HOMONIM UNTUK PELAJAR Ida Bagus Putrayasa 299 KALIMAT BAHASA SAMAWA-MATEMEGA: CATATAN PENELITIAN DAERAH TERPENCIL SEBAGAI UPAYA PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU Lalu Erwan Husnan & Damhujin 303

GOROAWASE DALAM BAHASA JEPANG Ningrum Tresnasari 308


~ xv ~

KORESPONDENSI PERUBAHAN LINGKUNGAN DAN CAREGIVER TERHADAP KOMPETENSI LINGUISTIK DAN KOMUNIKASI ANAK (STUDI KASUS PADA AP) Prihantoro 314

SUBSTANTIVWÖRTER IN GERMAN Sulis Triyono 319

WACANA DEMOKRASI DALAM PERSFEKTIF TABLOID MEDIA UMAT Agus Suryana 324

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH ADVERTISEMENTS CREATED BY STUDENTS OF BUSINESS ENGLISH CLASS AT PGRI UNIVERSITY SEMARANG. LEMBAGA PENELITIAN DAN PENGABDIAN PADA MASYARAKAT, UNIVERSITAS PGRI SEMARANG Akmal & Maria Yosephin WL & Sri Wahyuni 329

DICTION IN A DRAMA ENTITLED ‘ROMEO AND JULIET’ BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Ch. Evy Tri Widyahening 334

METROLOGI DALAM PERIBAHASA SUKU KAUM SEMAI: SATU KAJIAN SEMANTIK Mohd. Rasdi Saamah & Abu Hassan Abdul 338

METAFORA ‘KEPALA’ DALAM PEMIKIRAN MELAYU: ANALISIS TEORI BLENDING Nor Asiah Ismail & Norliza Jamaluddin & Anida Sarudin 343

PEMAHAMAN DAN PENGGUNAAN CANGKRIMAN OLEH MASYARAKAT JAWA SEKARANG P. Ari Subagyo 349

"CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON IDEOLOGY OF NEGARA ISLAM INDONESIA (NII) GROUP, INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT, AND THE JAKARTA POST REPRESENTED THROUGH EDITORIALS AND HEADLINES OF THE JAKARTA POST" Sugeng Irianto 355

BAHASA, WACANA, DAN KEKUASAAN DALAM KONSTRUKSI G30S Yoseph Yapi Taum 360

FUNGSI TINDAK TUTUR WACANA RUBRIK KONSULTASI SEKS PADA MEDIA ONLINE KOMPAS.COM Achmad Dicky Romadhan 364

BRIDGING SEBAGAI ALAT PAGAR KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DALAM MEDIA SMS Asih Prihandini dan Juanda 368 ANALYSIS OF THE SCHEMATIC STRUCTURES OF THE STUDENTS’ WRITTEN REPORT TEXTS Farikah 373

FENOMENA SENYAPAN: STUDI KONTRASTIF TERHADAP TUTURAN TERENCANA DAN TUTURAN SPONTAN Fida Pangesti 377


~ xvi ~

THE EXISTENCE OF CINEMA TERMS IN TARAKAN TEENAGERS’ DAILY COMMUNICATION Lisdiana Anita 383

METAFORA DALAM KOMUNIKASI BUDAYA MASYARAKAT DAYAK KAYAN GA’AI Martvernad & Adha Ritnasih Griyani 388

A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE POEMS OF WIJI THUKUL Nugraheni Eko Wardani 394

ANALISIS WACANA PELANGGARAN PRINSIP KERJA SAMA DALAM ACARA DISKUSI INDONESIA LAWAK KLUB (ILK) EPISODE 4 JUNI 2014 DI STASIUN TELEVISI TRANS7 Nuken Tadzkiroh Lekso 400

NEGATIVE POLITENESS EMPLOYED BY NAJWA SHIHAB IN MATA NAJWA ‘HABIBIE HARI INI’ Sabila Rosdiana 406

PENERAPAN PRINSIP KERJASAMA DAN PEMENUHAN PRINSIP KESANTUNAN DALAM TINDAK TUTUR GURU-GURU TAMAN KANAK-KANAK Surono 412

THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF LANGUAGE Ivan Chabibilah 419

USING VARIOUS WRITING RESOURCES TO PROMOTE COLLABORATIVE ATMOSPHERE IN LEARNING WRITING SKILLS Jurianto & Salimah 422

KOMPARASI PENAFSIRAN KEPRIBADIAN BUDAYA JAWA BERDASARKAN KELOMPOK USIA DALAM TUTURAN PENGHUNI LAPAS II B LAMONGAN KAJIAN ETNOGRAFI KOMUNIKASI Mahabbatul Camalia 428

PENGARUH BUDAYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA (ASING) Dyah Tjaturrini 434

REGISTERS AND ACRONYMS IN BOARDING SCHOOL Laksananing Mukti 438

PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA ‘DIALEK MANDARIN’ PADA MASYARAKAT TIONG HUA DI PURWOKERTO Nunung Supriadi 442 TEACHER’S ROLE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AMONG INDERGARTEN STUDENTS IN RA AL-MUNA SEMARANG Sartika Hijriati & Anisa Arifiyani 446

METAFORA SIMBOLIS DAN VERBAL TUTURAN PRANATA CARA DALAM UPACARA PANGGIH PENGANTIN CARA JAWA-SURABAYA Wuri Sayekti 450


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RETRIEVING THE SOCIO-POLITICAL HISTORY OF INDONESIAN Herudjati Purwoko 456

CONTESTING REGIONAL, NATIONAL, AND GLOBAL IDENTITIES THROUGH THE ATTITUDE OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE STUDENTS Nurhayati 461

IMPROVING THE LANGUAGE ACCURACY IN WRITING SKILL THROUGH GROUP DISCUSSION AND ERROR ANALYSIS Suharno 466

DETERMINER PHRASES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MALAY Agus Subiyanto 471

COMPLIMENT-RESPONDING IN JAVANESE LANGUAGE Oktiva Herry Chandra 476


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SUBSTANTIVWÖRTER IN GERMAN

Sulis Triyono Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta

[email protected]

Abstract

This paper aims to describe Substantivwörter ’noun’ in German. Substantivwörter can be: (1) Artikelwort ’article’, (2) Adjetiv vor sich ’adjective modifying a noun’, (3) ein weiteres Substantiv (als Attribut im Genetiv oder Präpositionalkasus) ’nominal functioning as an attribute in a genetive’, and (4) substantivische Pronomina ’substantive pronoun’. There are six types of Substantivische Pronomina, i.e.: Personalpronomen ’personal pronoun’ such as Ich, du, er; Interrogativpronomen ’interrogative pronoun’ such as wer, was, and welche; Demonstrativpronomen ’demonstrative pronoun’ (dieser, jener, and ein solcher); Indefinitpronomen ’indefinite pronoun’ (einige, mache, and allen); Possesivpronomen ’possessive pronoun’ (wessen and wem); and Relativpronomen ’relative pronoun’ (ein Bild replaced by es or das). Substantivwörter function to express (1) Gattungsnamen and (2) Eigenamen. Gattungsnamen or Appelativa are used to name fruits and jobs. Gattungsnamen function to name concrete objects such as Gold ’gold, Schnee ’snow’ and to describe one’s characters or personality such as Härte ’hard’ and Klugheit ’smart’. Besides, Gattungsnamen are used to express kinship relationships such as Onkel ’uncle’ and Grossvater ’grandfather’; and (2) Eigenamen ’proper nouns’ function to express Personennamen or to express one’s name comprising Vorname ’first name’ and Familienname ’family name’ such as Helmut Kohl. Eigenamen are used to name a place such as Gothes Haus, a mountain such as der Alpen, and a country such as Deutschland. Eigenamen are also used for Produktnamen to name a building such as Humboldt Universität, a book such as Gothes Faust, a painting such as Monalisa, a ship such as Titanic, and a song title such as Mother John Lennon. Keywords: Substantivwörter

A. Introduction Substantivwörter in German refers to Nomen or ‘noun’. The term noun is universal because it can be found in almost all languages, while the term Substantivwörter is found only in German. The use of the term Substantivwörter in relation to the terminology is to mention Substantivische pronomina ‘pronouns’. The use of nouns is associated with the mention of terms like Nomina actionis ‘actionis nouns’, Nomina acti ‘acti nouns’, Nomina agentis ‘agentis nouns’, Nomina patientis ‘patientis nouns’, Nomina instrumenti ‘instrumenti nouns’, and Nomina qualitatis ‘qualitatis nouns’. However, the use of nouns is not associated with the mention of the term used for the *Substantivwörter actionis, acti, agentis, and *Substantivwörter patientis. The form of Substantivwörter and Nomina ‘nouns’ is written with a capital letter and accompanied by an article to mark the noun gender types. In German, there are three types of gender, namely: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Besides, there is a form of zero (Ø) article nouns, as in the words Bier ‘beer’, zement ‘cement’, and sand ‘sand’ which do not have any article. In certain cases, the form of zero (Ø) article nouns can be possible to have an article as in the sentence below.

(1) Trinkst du Bier? ’(Do) you drink beer?’ Bier in this sentence does not have an article due to zero (Ø) article form. However, the word Bier is able to have an article and is not considered a zero (Ø) article as in the sentence:

(2) Wie trinkt man das Bier? Kalt oder warm? ‘How do people drink beer? cold or warm?’ It is because the syntactic construction that requires an article to a noun. The reason is the

emergence of the question word Wie ‘how’ paired with a verb trinkt followed by the object Akkusativ

mailto:[email protected]


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and accompanied by alternative answers kalt oder warm. Thus, the sentence Wie trinkt man das Bier? demands the appearance of the article das on Bier.

In addition, there are suffixed nouns like {-zeug} and {-werk} which are considered zero (Ø) articles like words Spielzeug ‘children’s toy’ and Handwerk ‘handwork’. However, it is easy for German learners to study it and to recognize the type of gender on the nouns. It is because the gender marker which is located on the lingual ie in the form of articles and suffixes. Gender markers in the form of suffixes {-ant} and {-aner} are to mark masculine gender, suffixes {-heit}and {-keit} are to mark feminine gender, and suffixes {-zeug} and {-werk } are to mark neutral gender (neutre). Based on the semantic features, it can be observed that in sentence (1) Trinkst du Bier? the word Bier in the sentence is a zero (Ø) article. In contrast to sentence (2) Wie trinkt man das Bier? the word Bier in the sentence is not a zero (Ø) article because it is paired with the article das. It is in accordance with Helbig / Buscha (2005: 205) who say that Substantivwörter is Artikelwort 'articles' such as the article der for masculine marker, die for feminine markers and das for neuter marker. Besides, they state that there are adjectives which are paired with nouns to form a noun phrase as in schönes Haus (a beautiful house). There is also a noun serving as attributes in genetive such as der neue Mantel des Vaters which means a new coat belongs to the father. Based on the variety of nouns in German, it can be said that Substantivwörter assessment needs to be done.

Based on the foregoing, this article will reveal the forms and the functions of Substantivwörter in German sentences. The problem can be formulated as follows. 1. How is Substantivwörter formations in German? 2. What is its function in German sentences?

Broadly speaking, this paper aims to describe the forms and functions of Substantivwörter in German sentences. B. Literature Review The study of Substantivwörter has been carried out by linguists such as Ulrich Engel, Peter Eisenberg, Gerhard Helbig & Joachim Buscha, Günther Drosdowski, and Paul Grebe. In general, they have the same view in assessing German Substantivwörter. Therefore, this paper will present parts of the linguits’ opinions such as Engel, Eisenberg, and Helbig-Buscha.

Engel (1991: 500) states that in German there are two terms for Substantivwörter ie Nomina ‘nouns’ and Substantive ‘substantive’. Both have the same meaning. However, some terminologies often use the term Nomina atau Nomen ‘noun’ because it is international and used in multiple languages. Furthermore, Engel (1991: 504) states that Substantivwörter essentially has two forms, namely Eigennamen ‘proper name’ and Gattungsnamen ‘object name’. Mostly German language uses Gattungsnamen or Appelativa. Eigennamen is used in a limited scope like Bern referring to the city of Bern, Russland referring to the Russian state, and die Schweizer to call Switzerland people. Gattungsnamen or Appelativa are used to refer to all nouns such Nomina actionis, Nomina acti, Nomina agentis, and Nomina patientis.

Eisenberg (1994: 151) states that in relation to Substantivparadigma, its lingual construction is relatively similar to Verbparadigma. Substantivparadigma changes its form according to the case. Verbparadigma determines the changing of the case. Substantivparadigma consists of eight forms: four on singular cases and four on plural ones. The category for Nominativ, Genetiv, Dativ, and Akkusativ cases is an entity of Substantiv, as does Numeruskategorien ‘numerous category’ on singular and plural forms. Another expert states that Substantive is also called Nomen. This kind of noun can be used to name something related to die Dinge ‘goods or things’, Gegenstände ‘objects’, Personen ‘human beingman’, Tiere ‘animal’, Begriffe ‘definition or concept’, and Sachverhalte ‘facts’ (Anonymous, 2014: 1 ).

Helbig / Buscha (2005: 206) states that nouns in the semantic meaning can be distinguished into two: Gattungsnamen and Eigennamen. According to them, Substantivwörter can be in the form of: (1) Artikelwort ‘article’; (2) Adjetiv vor sich ‘adjective modifying nouns’; (3) ein weiteres Substantiv (als Attribut im Genetiv oder Präpositionalkasus) ‘nominal functioning as a attribute in a genetive’; and (4) substantivische Pronouns ‘substantive pronoun’. There are six types of Substantivische Pronouns i.e.: Personalpronomen ‘personal pronouns’ such as Ich, du, er, sie es, wir, ihr, Sie, and sie; Interrogativpronomen ‘interrogative pronoun’ such as wer, was, and welche; Demonstrativpronomen ‘demonstrative pronoun’ such as dieser, jener, dan ein solcher; Indefinitpronomen ‘indefinite


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pronoun’ such as einige, mache, and allen; Possesivpronomen ‘possessive pronoun’ such as wessen and wem; and Relativpronomen ‘relative pronoun’ such as ein Bild replaced by es or das).

Based on the theories above, this paper uses the opinions of Helbig/Buscha as the theoretical basis. C. Discussion Substantivwörter in German has different forms and functions. According to Helbig/Buscha (2005: 206), the forms Substantivwörter can be described as follows: 1. The form of Substantivwörter

a. Artikelwort meaning 'article', acts as a marker of gender and is attached to nouns. Article der as in der Student 'students' marks the masculine gender. Articles die on the die Studentin which means 'female student' marks the feminine gender, and the article das on the noun das Kind meaning 'child' mark neutral gender. Articles in German nouns are absolute; except for certain nouns that are zero (Ø) the article are no longer absolute, as in the word Unruhe 'rowdy, crowded, noisy'. However, there are a definite article such as die Unruhe and an indefinite article such as eine Unruhe. Thus, Unruhe nouns have three forms of articles, namely definite, indefinite, and zero articles. This Unruhe noun is feminine. Article die on the noun does not always act as a marker of the feminine gender, only if the article die acts as a plural marker. The plural form of der Student 'students' are die Studenten 'students' as a plural marker. Thus, the article die as a plural marker is not feminine, but has the same gender as its singular form.

b. Adjektiv vor sich is 'an adjective which pairs with nouns', as in schönes Mädchen 'pretty girl' and gute Idee 'great idea'. The determinant of the gender lies in the noun. In noun phrase schönes Mädchen, Mädchen 'girl' is the noun head, while the adjectives schön 'beautiful, pretty, nice' is the attribute. Since the adjective schön follows the noun Mädchen, then the change of its conjugation form always follows the gender type of the noun. The noun Mädchen is neutral in gender with an article das; then it becomes das Mädchen 'girl'. The adjective indefinite article schön will turn into schönes, since it pairs with the neutral form of the noun Mädchen and then turn into schönes Mädchen. Yet, when the definite article das on Mädchen is still used, it will be das schöne Mädchen 'beautiful girl'.

c. ein weiteres Substantiv (Attribute im Genetiv oder als Präpositionalkasus) is 'a noun that functions as an attribute in the genitive', such as die neue Brille der Mutter 'mother's new glasses'. Noun die neue Brille 'new glasses' is the form of the definite article of the noun Brille 'glasses'. Genitive form of der Mutter serves as their owners. Thus, the noun die neue Brille der Mutter 'mother's new glasses' is an attributive noun in the genitive case.

d. substantivische Pronomina 'substantive pronoun'. There are six types of pronouns in substantivische Pronomina which include:

Personalpronomen which means 'personal pronouns' such as Ich, du, er, sie, es, wir, ihr, Sie, and sie. Personalpronomen serves as a subject in a sentence like Ich liebe dich 'I love you'. Personal pronoun Ich 'I, me' serves as the subject, while dich serves as the accusative object. When the construction of the sentence is reversed into Dich liebe ich, the meaning of the sentence remains unchanged. Unlike the sentence Du liebst mich? or Liebst du mich?, both sentences mean do you love me?

Interrogativpronomen is 'a pronoun question' such as wer, was, wie, wann, and welche in sentences like Wer ist das? 'Who's that?' Das ist Peter 'That’s Peter'; Likewise in Was ist das? 'What's that?' Das ist Kügelschreiber. 'It was a ballpoint'; Heißen Wie Sie? 'What's your name?' Ich Heiße Svenja 'My name is Svenja'; and in Welches Zimmer hast du? 'What number is your room?'. In principle, Interrogativ pronomen is used to ask the question using pronouns wer, was, and wie. The construction of the sentence puts Interrogativ pronomen at the initial position of the sentence, which is followed by the verb, and the subject on the third position.

Demonstrativpronomen is ' a demonstrative pronoun' such as dieser, jener, and ein solcher. The example of Demonstrativpronomen in the sentence is like gehört mir dieser Brief. 'This letter is mine'. The word dieser serves as an attribute, and its form follows the noun to which it is attached. The noun dieser Brief ‘this letter' and diese Kreide 'this chalk' both serve as a pointer “this”. However, the forms of diese and dieser are grammatically


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different. Demonstrativ pronomen dieser is masculine in gender, but diese is feminine. It relies on the noun to which it is attached. The noun Brief 'letter' is masculine in gender, therefore it turns into dieser Brief. Whereas Kreide is feminine in gender, hence it turns to be diese Kreide.

Indefinitpronomen is 'an indefinite pronoun' such as Einige, mache, and alle. This Indefinitpronomen is the same as the indefinite article like ein and eine. The indefinite pronouns are in front of the nouns as in Einige Leute 'some people', mache Kinder 'most children', and alle Blumen 'all the flowers'. The position is like in the article der, die, and das, which precedes the nouns, and serves as a marker of gender.

Possesivpronomen is 'a possessive pronoun' such as wessen and Wem. The examples of possessive pronouns are in sentences (Helbig / Buscha, 2005: 235) such as

Er braucht kein Feuerzeug. Er nimmt seines. 'He does not need a fire extinguisher. He takes his own. '

Wessen Wagen ist das? -Das Ist mein Wagen. Das ist meiner. 'Whose car is that? - It's my car. It’s mine.'

Wem Gehört das? -Das Gehört mir. 'Whose is this? - It's mine '

All sentences indicate possession which is shown in the word seines which mean his/hers, mein Wagen 'my car’ and meiner 'mine'.

Relativ pronomen is 'a relative pronoun' such as ein Bild replaced by words like es or das. Relativ pronomen has some forms which rely on the pronouns with which they replace. There are three forms of Relativ pronomen: nominative, accusative, dative.

2. The functions of Substantivwörter Substantivwörter serves to express (1) Gattungsnamen and (2) Eigenamen. Gattungsnamen or Appelativa is used to mention names of goods, both concrete and abstract. They are names of concrete items such as Gold 'gold', Schnee 'snow' as well as names of the food such as spaghetti, hamburgers, and Brötchen. It is also used to mention the names of drinks such as Bier, Limonade, Mineralwasser, the names for groups such as Bevölkerung 'residents', Familie 'family' and Völker 'people', and the names of fruits like Strawbarry, Orange, and Wein. In addition, Gattungsnamen is also used to describe abstract nouns such as a person's character that are hard or Härte and Klugheit 'intelligent' as well as to mention kinship such as Onkel 'uncle', Bruder 'brother', and Grossvater 'grandfather'.

Eigenamen 'proper name' serves to express Personennamen. It is used to name a person that includes Vorname 'first name' and Familienname 'surname' as in the name of Helmut Kohl and Engelina Merkel. Eigenamen is used to mention the names of places like Gothes Haus 'house of Goethe', Bahnhoff 'train station', and Flughafen 'airport'. It is also used to name mountains as der Alpen and Etna as well as the name of the country as Deutschland 'Germany' and Frankreich 'French'. In addition, Eigenamen is used to describe the geography such as the Zugspitze and Donau. Eigenamen is also used for Produktnamen; it is used to mention the names of the building such as the Humboldt Universität and the Kölner Dom 'Dom in Köln', the names of books like Gothes Faust and Phillips Träumen Wohnen Überall, the names of famous paintings such as the Monalisa, the name of a spectacular ship that sank like Titanic whose story was made into a movie, and the titles of songs popular in the 70s like Mother by John Lennon.

D. Conclusion Based on the discussion above, it can be concluded that Substantivwörter has 4 (four) forms, namely: (1) Artikelwort - article, (2) Adjektiv vor sich - adjective pairs with nouns, (3) ein weiteres Substantiv (Attribute als im Genetiv oder Präpositionalkasus) - functions as a noun in the genitive attribute, and (4) substantivische Pronomina- substantive pronoun. In Substantivische Pronomina, there are six types of pronouns includes: Personal pronomen - pronouns, Interrogativ pronomen - pronouns question, Demonstrativ pronomen - demonstrative pronoun, Indefinit pronomen - indefinite pronouns, Possesiv pronomen - possessive pronouns, and Relativ pronomen - word changing the relative.

Substantivwörter serves to reveal (1) Gattungsnamen and (2) Eigenamen. Gattungsnamen or Appelativa has a functon to mention the name of the goods that are concrete and abstract. Eigenamen or proper name has a function to reveal Personennamen which serves to reveal that to the name of a


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person, to mention the name of a place like Gothes Haus, mountain name like der Alpen, name of the country as Deutschland, and geographic names such as the Zugspitze. In addition, it is used to Produktnamen - names result of the products which is to mention the name of the building, the name of the book, the name of the painting, ship name, and the name of the song. Bibliography Anonim. 2014. Grammatik und Übungen für Englisch, Spanisch, und Deutsch. http://www.cafe-

lingua.de/deutsche-grammatik/substantive-nomen.php. Duden. 1984. Die Grammatik der deutschen Gegenwartsprache. 4. Auflage. Mannheim:

Bibliografische Institut Drosdowski, Günther. 2009. Duden Grammatik. Mannheim: Dudenverlag. Eisenberg, Peter. 2001. Grundriβ der deutschen Grammatik. Dritte Auglage. Stuttgart: Verlag J.B.

Metzler. ISBN: 3-476-01232-8. Engel, Ulrich. 1991. Deutsche Grammatik. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag, D-6900 Heidelberg 1. Grebe, Paul. 1983. Die Grammatik. Unentberlich für richtiges Deutsch. Band 04. Mannheim:

Bibliographisches Institut AG - Dudenverlag. ISBN: 3-411-00914-4. Helbig, Gerhard & Buscha, Joachim. 2005. Deutsche Grammatik. Ein Handbuch für den

Ausländerunterricht. Langenschiedt KG. ISBN: 3-468-49493-9.

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