BaiGiangCongNgheSon-Vecni

5/27/2018 BaiGiangCongNgheSon-Vecni

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BI GING MN HC: CNG NGHSN - VECNI

Gio vin phtrch: D NG THHYKhoa Ha - HBK Nng

C LCChng I. M UChng II: DUNG MI MI -MI TRNG PHN TNChng III CHT LM KHChng IV. BT MUChng V CHT TO MNGChng VI : CNG NGHSN XUT SNChng VII : QU TRNH GIA CNG MNG SNChng VIII: MT SPHGIA DNG TRONG SN

TI LIU THAM KHO

Nguyn Vn Lc - Kthu t sn - Nh xut bn gio dc - 1999.Swaraj Paul - Surface Coatings - John Wiley & Sons - 1997.Zeno W. wicks, JR. Frank, N. Jones, S. Peter Pappas- Organic Coating- Wiley -Interscience 1999.Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitad - Paints, Coatings and Solvents - Wiley - VCH -1998Gunter Buxbaum -Industrial Inorganic Pigments - Wiley - VCH - 1998Henry Fleming Payne - Organic Coating Technology - John Wiley & Sons, INC -1960.

Chng I. M U

I/ Vi nt vl ch spht tri n:Vo thi k tr c cng nguyn, ng i Ai Cp bit trang tr t ng, hang hc

mnhv cc v t dng trn cs ch t kt dnh l lng trng trng, sp ong, nha cytrn vi bt mu thin nhin.

Vi ngn nm sau ngi Trung Hoa pht hin v dng m cy s n lm sn ph vkeo. Tr cy sn c sn xut t cc lo i du tho mc, nh d u lanh, du tru, du gai, du


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da, du h ng d ng, du ng, du cao su...Cc loi nha thin nhin nh cnh ki n, nhathng, bi tum thin nhin...Cc loi bt nhcao lanh, oxit s t.

n th k 20, cng v i s pht tri n chung ca ngnh cng nghip ho cht, cngnghip sn tng hp ra i v pht trin mnh, t bit lnh ng nc c cng nghip ho chtpht trin mnh. Ton th gi i nm 1965 sn xut khon 10 triu tn sn, nm 1975 tng ln 16triu tn.

Trong cng nghip sn ngy nay ng i ta s d ng khon 2700 loi nha lm cht tomng, 700 loi du, 2000 loi bt mu, 1000 loi dung mi v khon 600 cht ph gia.

Tr cy, sn du chimu th trong cng nghi p ch t o sn. Nhng trong vng 10nm trl iy sn tng hp tin ln chimu thhng u trong cc loi sn.

II/ Sn l g?Trcy mt s nh nghin c u a ra mt vi khi nim nh sau:- Sn l huyn ph ca bt mu, cht n trong dung dch cht to mng vi dung mi

t ngng (Lin X).- Sn l t h p lng cha bt mu, khi ph ln n n thnh lp mng s t o thnh mng

ph khng trong sut (M).

Hai nh ngha ny bao gm cc loi sn muc, men (Pigment Paint)D ng vt liu sn khng cha bt mu gi l vec ni - l dung dch to mng trong dungmi thch hp.

nh ngha tng qut: Sn l h phn tn g m nhiu thnh phn (cht to mng, chtmu... trong mi tr ng phn tn). Sau khi ph ln b m t vt lin nn n to thnh lp mng u n, bm chc, bo vv trang tr b m t vt liu cn sn. Nh v y: chc nng ca mng sn l trang tr v bo vv t liu nn.

III/ Phn loi sn:C rt nhiu cch phn loi :- Cn c vo b n cht ca cht to mng:

+ Sn du thun tu: Thnh phn cht to mng chc d u tho mcnn t dngdo khngbn.+ Sn du nha: thnh phn cht to mu gm du tho mc v nha ( thin nhin, nhn

to). Loi ny c dng phbi n trong i sng hng ngy nhng t dng trong cc nghnh kthut.

+ Sn tng hp: Cht to mng l nha tng hp (gi tn cn cvo tn c a loi nha:Sn epoxy, sn alkyd...)

- Cn cb n cht ca mi trng phn tn:+ Sn dumg mi mi trng phn tn l dung mi hu c+ Sn n c mi trng phn tn l nc.+ Sn bt khng c mi tr ng phn tn.

- Cn cvo ng dng:+ Sn g.+ Sn kim loi+ Men trng gm, s...+Sn chng h.+sn cchin+ Sn chu nhit+ Sn bn ho cht+ Sn bn kh quyn.


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- Cn cvo ph ng php sn:+ sn phun.+ Sn tnhin+ trng, mkim lo i.- Cc dng sn t bit khc:+ Sn dnin+ Sn cm quang+ Sn pht sng

IV/ Thnh phn ca sn:Bao g m cc thnh phn sau:- Thnh phn chnh:+ Cht to mng: l thnh phn ch y u quang trng nht quyt nh cc tnh cht ca

mng sn. Ch t to mng bao gm: du tho mc, nha thin nhin, nha tng hp.

i vi du tho mc th ch c lo i kh (CI >130) nh d u tru, du lanh mi c khnng to mng (do trong phn t c nhi u nii) cn loi bn kh (95 < CI


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- Da vo khn ng ho tan ngi ta chia dung mi lm ba loi:+ Dung mi tht (dung mi hotng)+ Dung min: bn thn n khng ha tan cht to mng nhng hn hp ca n vi dung

mi tht lm tng khn ng ha tan so vi ch dng dung mi th t.+ Cht pha long.Dung mi thti vi mt cht to mng l nhng cht lng ho tan tht s ch t to

mng. Cn cht pha long t mnh n khng th ho tan ch t to mng m chgp ph n lmgimnh t ca dung dch.

Tl ch t pha long vi dung mi thng c mt gii hn nht nh. Nu v t qu giihn slm keo k t cht to mng, lm dung dch b c. Tl s d ng thng b hn hs keo t K (hay ch s c m) sau:

L ng cht pha long K = L ng dung mi tht

Trong thc tK c th t n 0,5 0,8. Cht pha long c chn phi:

+ Dbay h i hn dung mi tht+Rti n nh gi kh n ng ha tan cht to mng ca dung mi ngi ta dng khi nim lc

dung mi:Lc dung mi: Lc dung mi ca mt dung mi i vi mt cht tan l khn ng phn tn chttan ca dung mi. Mt dung mi c lc dung mi cc i khi n c th phn tn m t cht tanhon ton trong mt khong thay i nngr ng.

Nhiu phng php c thdng nh gi lc dung mi ca cc dung mi nhph ngphpim Kauri - butanol,im aniline, ph ng php dimethyl sulfat i vi hydrocacbon,phng php tl pha long v h ng s nh ti vi dung mi lacquer. Mt d cc phngphp ny rt hu dng tuy nhin cn phi nhr ng cc ph ng php ny chcung c p cc tiu

chun ngu nhin (arbitrary criteria) (ngha ly khng phi l tiu chun thc nh gi).Chng khng cung cp c gi tr l c dung mi tuyt i ca mt dung mi no khi sdng ha tan h n hp cc nguyn liu sn m loi nguyn liu c ththay i theo tng loisn.

Chs dung mi l m t tiu chun tt nh gi lc dung mi, c thp d ng n ivi bt kdung mi ho c h s n no.

Chs dung mi b ng ts gi anh t ca sn trong dung mi tiu chun vnhtca sn trong dung mi.

Do nhng dung mi tt thng to ra dung dch c nh t thp nn nu dung mi tthn dung mi chun th chs dung mi l n hn 1, ngc li th nh h n 1. Phng php nycuim l c th o c lc dung mi ca mt dung mi no c thm (hoc thay th)

vo h s n. Ng i ta c th ti n hnho vi nhiu gi trn ng khc nhau c a cht ha tansau thit lp th .Gi trKauri - butanol (k hi u l KB) c xc nh bng cch chun20 gam dung

dch kauri - butanol 33% bng dung mi hydrocacbon cho n khi hn hp trnn c n nikhng th c c mt trang in khi nhn xuyn qua dung dch ny. Mt s gi tr KB cho bng 4, 5 trang 258.gi tr KB dng nh gi lc dung mi ca hydrocacbon rt tt. Tuynhin kh n ng ha tan ca dung dch nha kauri trong cc dung mi ny c thkhc v i khnng ha tan ca cc loi cht to mng khc trong cc dung mi hydrocacbon.


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Ph ng php th dimetylsunphat ch ra ph n trm ca hydrocacbon thm hochydrocacbon bo khng no trong dung mi hydrocacbon. Do hn hp hai cht ny c lcdung mi cao hn hydrocacbon bo no nn th nghim c thc hin nh gi khn ngny. Tuy nhin hin ti ph ng php ny khng dng nhiu do dimetylsunphat rt c.

T l pha long dng ch y u nh gi lc dung mi ca cc cht pha long loihydrocacbon c dng trong nitroxenlulo lacquer thinner (cc cht bay hi nhanh). Th nghimcng c thch ra l c dung mi t ngi ca cc dung mi tht. V d mt dung mi c thpha long nhiu hn bng toluen s l dung mi t t hn so vi dung mi cho php pha longbng toluen t hn. Nh bit lacquer l hn hp ca dung mi tht, cht pha long v dungmin. Cc hydrocacbon thm c thdng lm ch t pha long vi t l cao h n so vi cchydrocacbon bo. Tl pha long l t l gi a cht pha long v dung mi thtva to ras c trong dung dch nitroxenlulo c nngcui cng l 10% (tc l tiim to ra sc th nngca dung dch nitroxenlulo l 10%). Cc gi trtiu chu n ha lon ng ny cn thc tc th occ gi tr n ng khc. Nh v y s c nhi u gi trv t s phalong ph thu c vo nng dung d ch nitroxenlulo. T c th thi t lp th v c th ngoi suy t th v y l quan h ng thng. Trong mt s tr ng hp cn dung dchnitroxenlulo c nng 8%. T t nhin ph ng php xc nh ch v i nitroxenlulo l cht tan

duy nht. Thc t lacquer th ng mi c cha cht ha do v mt s loi nha khc m loi vl ng c ththay i. Do nhiu cht pha long c thl dung mi i vi cc cht ny nn tl pha long trong thc tc th khc so v i tiu chun. Tuy nhin kinh nghim cho thy rng cths d ng tl pha long thi t lpn sb cho cc lacquer.

Thng thngim dng ca php chunr t kh xc nh, n ph thu c vo s phttrin ca s c t s k t ta ban u ca cc cu t r n. V vy cn phi hiu rng t l phalong c xc nh t im cui ca php chunch khng ph i mu sau mt thi gianmic kt qu(v khi theo th i gian th sc m t s tr ng hp kt ta tan ra cn mt str ng hp th kt ta pht trin mnh hn).

Ph ng phpnh t khnginh gi hn hp dung mi tht v cht pha long thngqua thng s nh t ca dung dch nitrocellulose vi cc nng khc nhau. C th thi t lp

th quan h gi a nh t thay i theo nngc a nhiu cp dung mi - cht pha long, ty c thch nc gi thnh thp nht t o ra mt dung dch c mtnh t cho trc. Tuynhin cc dli u ny khng ph hp khi dng nh gi lc dung mi.

Trong tt ccc ph ng php dng o lc dung mi trn, cc k t qud a trn gi tr nh t hoc kt ta ca mt dung mi bit. Khi sn c ng dng s n th t l gi a cccu t thay i do tc bay h i ca cc dung mi khc nhau. Phng php nh t khng i c xc nh i vi cc hm l ng rn khc nhau gn viiu kin to mng, c bit l tigi trhm l ng rn cao. Tuy nhin thi gian cn thit lm th nghi m nh v y l rt ln nngi trt s pha long c dng rng ri hn.

2/im si(nhitsi):

- Nhitsi c a mt dung mi l nhit p sut hi bng p sut kh quyn. Midung mi c mtim si xc nh m t p sut xc nh. Tuy nhin i vi mt cht lnggm hn hp cc hp cht ho hc tng tnhau nh x ng hoc xilen th ng phm s si mt khong nhit .

- Nhit si khng ph i l tiu chun thc nh gi tc bay h i ca dung mi.Cc phn t c kch th c cng nh th bay h i cng nhanh.iu ny ch ngi vi cc chtlng khng phn cc nh cc hidrocacbon (cc phn t t n tic lp nhau). Cn cc cht lngphn cc th cc phn t k t hp cht chv i nhau do tn ti cc lc ho tr ph gi a chng. Skt hp ny lm tng nhiu kch th c ca chng. Do vy s bay hi sb c n tr. Mck t


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hp gia cc phn t s b gi m khi nhit t ng v im si s k t hp thc tb ng 0. Dovy 2 cht lng c thc im si nh nhau nh ng nu mt cht lng c slin k t mnh giacc phn tcn m t cht khng th tcbay h i ca chng nhi tth ng rt khc nhau.

V d: Cellosolve (tn th ng phm ca dung mi ete etandiol C2H5OCH2CH2OH) bayhi chm hn rt nhiu so vi Butylacetat (CH3COOC4H9) mc d khi l ng phn tc a nthp hn do cellosolve l mt cht lng phn cc v c s lin kt mnh gia cc phn t.

Tng t etyl alcol (C2H5OH) l ch t lng bay hi chm hn rt nhiu so vi etyl axetathoc benzen mt dim si ca n gn bng vi hai cht ny.

Ng c lii vi cht lng hu ckhng phn c c (benzen, tuloen...) th tun theo quylut thng th ng, ngha l nhitsi t ng th tc bay h inhi tth ng gim.3/ Tcbay hi .

Tcbay h i c trng cho khn ng ri khi b m t ca mt cht lng. Tc bay h ica dung mi nguyn cht v dung dch ca dung mi khc nhau do vi cng mt din tchb m t th nngcc phn t dung mi trn b m t dung mi ln hn dung dch. Ngoi ra chttan cn cn trs bay h i ca dung mi tuthu c vo i lc ca n vi cc phn tdung mi.

- Tcbay h i khng chb nh hng bi loi v nng cc phn t ch t rn m cnph thu c vo dy c a mng v stu n hon (lu thng) ca khng kh trn b mt mng.

- Tcbay h i l mt yu t r t quan trng i vi qu trnh to mng t s n dung mi.Nu dung mi bay hi qu nhanh th sc nh ng nh cim:+ Sn nhanh chng b c li do vy kh gia cng.+ Cc phn tkhng bay h i cha kp sp xp li nh ng v tr thu n li lm cho tnh

nng cl c a mng bgi m.+ Lp dung mi trn cng bay hi qu nhanh lm cho rn li sm trong khi cc phn t

dung micc l p bn d i cha kp thot ra ht gy nn hin t ng phng rp, nhn mng.V i nhng sn cha dung mi bay hi qu chm th mng s ch m kh, lm gim nng

sut.Do vy khi dng dung mi nn dng dung mi gm 3 loi: bay hi nhanh, va, chm. B

3 ny gip mng sn cch y tt nht, bm t sn u, bng v p.

Ngoi ra trong sn cn c mt mt mt trong nhng dung mi tht bay hi chm hnn c trnh cho m t sn b c m.4/ Khnngc hi vchy n.

Do cim ca dung mi l dbay h i nn khi sn xut v gia cng dung mi svo c th con ng i qua:

+ H hp.+ Ming.+ Da (hp th qua da)

Hu ht dung mi u c hi: Mt s dung mi gy vim da, chy da, gy m ho c trngthi khng nhn thc c, mt s nh h ng mnh n ni tng nh mu, th n. Cc nh h ngny tuthu c vo loi da v bn thn mi ng i. Do vy trong nhng nh my, x nghip cn

thng gi tt ng n nga sthm nh p ca dung mi vo cth. Nn trnh tip xc trc tipvi dung mi, nht l ra tay, chn.- Vi nhng dung mi c hm lng cho php tia < 100 ppm rtc hi, 100200

ppm c hi bnh thng.V d 1: benzen, CS2, cyclohecxan, dioxan...(r tc)V d 2: metyl acol, metyl clorua... ( c bnh th ng)Ngoi ra dung mi cn c cim dchy, h n hp dung mi v khng kh trong gii

hn no c th gy n . Do vy khi s d ng dung mi cn phi lu (Bng 6/260)


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Dung mi Nhitchpchy(oF)

Nhittchy(oF)

Gii hn n(% thtchtrong khngkh)

Thtch hi(Ft3/gallon)

Ttrnghi(khngkh = 1)

Khilnglng(poundgallon)60oF

Di Trn 80

o

F 212

o

FGasoline 0 495 1,3 6 ... ... 3-4 6,15Benzol 13 1070 1,4 8 38 47 2,77 7,36Methyl alchol 52 1065 6 36,5 83 107 1,11 6,63Ethyl alchol (99%) 57 1034 4 14 58 72 1,59 6,61Isopropyl alchol (99%) 59 1148 ... ... 44 55 2,07 6,57Ethyl acetate 26 1130 ... ... 34 43 3,04 7,4Sec-buthyl acetate 60 ... ... ... 25 31 4 7,22Aceton 6 1340 2,15 13 27 35 2 6,64Methyl ethyl keton 24 ... ... ... 37 47 2,41 6,75Hexane 0 450 1.2 6,9 27 34 2,97 5,77

Heptane 22 450 1 6 24 30 3,51 6,07Octane 45 450 0,9 6 23 28 3,65 6,05Process naphtha 21 450 1 6 24 30 3,51 6,1VM& P naphtha 55 450 1,2 6 21 26 4,04 6,11Varsol # 1 105 450 1,1 6 19 24 4,76 6,53Varsol # 2 110 450 1,1 6 20 24 4,73 6,67Varsol B 105 450 1,1 6 18 23 4,9 6,55Varsol C 105 450 1,1 6 18 23 4,9 6,7Varsol high-flash 112 450 1,1 6 17 22 5,1 6,46H.S.D. naphtha 122 500 1,1 6 17 21 5,41 6,55Solvesso toluol 45 1026 1,3 6,7 31 39 3,17 7,23

Solvesso xylol 81 900 1 5,3 27 34 3,65 7,25Solvesso 100 110 900 1 6 23 29 4,24 7,25Solvesso 150 149 900 1 6 21 27 4,8 7,42High aromatic naphtha 140 ... ... ... 20 25 5,14 7,53

5/ nnh ho hoc:- Khi dng dung mi phi lu xem dung mi c cha nhng nhm hotng c kh

nng phn ng ho hc vi cc phn t khc hay khng, n u c s nh h ng rt ln n tnhnng ca mng sn.

- Dung mi c dng khng nn cha nhng hp cht sunfua v khng c c tnhaxit v n s n mn kim loi hoc phn ng vi mt s b t mu hoc nha trong sn.

+ Tnh axit c xc nh bng vic chunb ng dung dch KOH, cht chth phenol Phtalein.

+Sunfua c xc nh bng cch nhng mingng sch vo dung mi, nu mingngchuyn sang mu ti c mt sunfua.6/ Mi vmu:

- Mi mnh hoc kh chu trong dung mi c nh hng sinh l trm trng n cng nhnv ngi sd ng sn. Mii lc do l ng nh t p cht khng th tch ra c khiung migy nn hoc do bn cht ca dung mi.


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Mi ng i c phn ng khc nhau vi mi. V d butyl alcol khng h g v i mt sngi nhng i vi mt s ng i khc th n li gy nn ma => Tt nht nn chn dung mikhng mi.

- Mu cng nh h ng khng tt n cc loi sn trng v mu sng nn cng phi lu .7/ Ttrng; Gi thnh.

- Trn thtr ng, c ni dung mi c bn theo khi l ng c ni dung mic bntheo thtch v gi c s khc nhau. Nn ti n vic sd ng v theo di gi c th nn ch n ttr ng ca dung mi. Mt khc dung mi th ngc mua theo khi l ng v n philiu trong sn xut cng tnh theo khi lng, nhng khi bn sn phm sn th th ng bn theo n v th tch. Cho nn t tr ng cng l cs th nh lp n v tnh gi thnh sn phm.

- Dung mi c dng phi m bo gi cph i chng, d ki m.- Vic s d ng cht pha long lm gimng k gi thnh s n phm.Ngoi ra dung mi phi khng cha n c (ht m) v tp cht c h c, tp cht mu,

mi...nhtrn. N u dung mi cha nc slm mng s n c m, km bm dnh.II/ Mt sdung mi:1/ Dung mi terpen:c ly tcy thng.

L dung mi c dng sm nht trong cng nghip sn.

- Tr cy ng i ta tch nha thng v du thng t cy thng nh ng sau do nhnthy hiu qukinh t khng nn ng i ta chchi c t g c cy thng cn thn thng vo vickhc.- - Mt s terpen v cc d n xut ca n:

Terpen v cc dn xut ca n l cc hidro mch vng, khng no.2/ Dung mi hidr o cacbon:

- Thng- Thm- Naphtenic: l cc hp cht mch vng, no hoc khng no, c hoc khng c mch

nhnh alkyl.V d:

CH CHC

3

3 3__

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

C

3

3

3

CH

CH

CH

C

2

3

3

CH

CH

CHH C3

3

3__

C

CH

CH CH= 3

3

2_

_ Pinen_Pinen Di penten

( Ter Pinolen )( P_ xynen )

CH

CH

CCH

OH

3

3

3__

_ Ter pineol


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- Dung mi hp hp cht mnh thng:n- hexan ; 2,2 -dimetyl butan ; 2-metyl pentan.- Dung mi hp cht thm:C 6H6 ; 0- xylen ; p-xylen ; m- xylen ; toluen- Dung mi naphtenic:Xiclopentan ; xiclohexan ; etyl xiclohexan.

3/Dung mi c cha oxi .Thng l nhng dung mi phn cc, gi thnh cao nn trong sn ng i ta thng dng

kt hp vi cc dung mi khc thay i tnh nng ca mng v gim gi thnh.- Cc loi sn cha oxi:Alcol:

CH3OH c nn t dng ; C3H7OH C2H5OH ph bi n ; C4H9OH

Este: etyl axetat ; butyl axetatCeton : axeton ; MEK (metyl, etyl xeton)Ete:

Ete ca etylen glicol:

CH 3OCH2CH2OH metylcellosolveC 2H5OCH2CH2OH cellosolve4/ Dung mi cha clo:

C khn ng chng chy, gi thnh cao, thng lc nn hn chs d ng.Mt s dung mi ch a clo thng dng: Cloroform ; Tricloetylen ; CCl 4

5/ Dung mi Ni tro Parafi n:Nitrometal ; Ntroetal ; 1- Nitro Propal ; 2- Nitropropal (4 loi thng dng nht)N dng tt cho cc sn c cht to mng l polyvinyl, xenlulo v cc dn xut ca

xenlulo, t bit l axetat xenlulo.Cc loi dung mi ny th ng khngc, khng c khn ng gy chy n tr nitro metal

6/ Dung mi furan vcc dn xut:

O

CH2OH

Tetra Hidro Fufuryl Alcol

O

Furan

OCHO

Fufuryl Alcol

OCH OH2

Fufuran

O

Tetra hidro furan


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Chng III CHT LM KH.

t ng nhanh qu trnhng rn mng sn ngi taa vo sn mt cht gi l chtlm kh hoc chtng rn.

Cht lm kh gi vai tr lm t ng nhanh tc kh c ng mng sn gc du, du nha,sn gc tng hp bin tnh du (sn alkyd, epoxi ...)

I/ Thnh phn cht lm kh:Tr cy cht lm kh ch y u lm bng x phng ch, cobalt, mangan ca axit bo du

lanh hoc axit nha nh: cht lm kh linoleat, cht lm kh resinat.Hin nay cn c x phng ca mt s axit h u c c dng lm cht lm kh.( cht lmlm kh l x phng kim loi nng ca cc axit hu c)

Bng sauy l cim ca mt s ch t lm kh th ng mi:Loi % rn % kim loi Ttr ng ring Pounds/gallon nh tLinoleatesPbPbCoCoMn

Zn

100100100100100

100

1326,54,268,54,35

8,2

1,051,250,971,030,98

1,03

8,7510,458,058,588,15

8,58

Heavy liquidSolidHeavy liquidSolidHeavy liquid

SolidResinates (acidPbPbCoMnZn

100100100100100

162433,51

1,271,41,111,131,08

10,6311,79,239,49,02

SolidSolidSolidSolidSolid

NaphthenatesPbPbPb

CoCoMnMnZnCaCaFe

4262100

561006210060625872

162434

6106108546

11,151,44

0,961,150,971,150,980,950,931,01

8.339,612

89,68,19.68,27,97,768,4

0,50,5Paste

0,5Paste0,5Paste0,50,50,51,4

Octoates ( CH3(CH2)3CHCOOH


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PbCoMnZnCa

5440454143

246684

1,120,90,90,90,9

9,337,57,57,57,5

0,50,50,51,60,65

Tallates (acid bo v acid nha thng)PbPbCoCoMnMn

57,671,345,474,648,272,4

16244646

1.041,160,90,980,90,97

8,79,77,58,157,58,1

0,51,250,53,70,52,5

Cht lm kh c bn trn th tr ng d ng dug dch trong xng pha sn (mineralspirite ) hm l ng kim loi c th v d ng khng c dung mi dng trong mc in v snkhng dung mi.

-b ng l cim ca mt vi cht lm kh th ng phm tuy nhin chng c ththay

i tuthu c vo mi nh sn xut khc nhau.- Trn th tr ng cht lm kh linoleat v resinat c bn vi tn ca n nhng nhngloi khc c bn vi tn th ng mi

tn th ng mi ca mt sch t lm kh:Loi cht lm kh

Hng sn xut Naphthenate Octoate TallateAdvance Solvent and Chem.Corp.Ferro Chemical Corp.Fred. A. Stresen - Reuter, Inc.Nuodex Products Corp.Harsaw Chemical Corp

SoligenNaphthenateNaphthenateNuodexUversol

HexogenCataloxOctoateOctoateOctosol

AdvasolTallate...........NuolatesLinoresinate

Yu cu rt quan trng i vi cht lm kh l phi duy trho tan t t vn nh trongdung dch, kt hp tt vi cht to mng.

- Cht lm kh linoleat, resinat v tallat ciu cht cc axit c kh n ng boxi honn c khuynh h ng thay i theo thi gian.

- Nhng cht lm kh naphtenat v octoat ciu cht axit h u cno do khng boxi ho nnn nh hn

+ Cht lm kh linoleat ciu ch t axit h n hp ca du lanh.+ Cht lm kh resinat ciu cht axit nh a thin nhin.+ Cht lm kh naphtenat ciu ch t nh ng axit naphtenic l sn phm ca qu

trnh tinh luyn u m v i cng thc tng qut CnH2n-2O2, CnH2n-4O2,CnH2n-6O2 v ch a chai n xut cyclopentan v xiclohexan.

R: hidro hoc gc alkyl

COOH

R

RR

R

R

22

2 2

COOH

R

R

R

R

R

R

22

22

2


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Naphtenic l axit no khng nhy vi soxi ho nn to cc x phngnnh hn.Tuy nhin chng cha mt l ng nh t p cht mang mu v phn no c mi kh chu. Loicht lm kh octoat khc phc c nhcim ny. N ciu cht axit octoit. 2-etyl hexoic axit.

Axit ny khng boxi ho nn dng lm ch t lm kh nhng t hn axit naphteic.

II/ Sn xut cht lm kh:Cht lm kh c tng hp bng cch nu mui hoc oxit kim loi trong du kh v

nha ri pha long sn phm vi xng pha sn v gi la cht lm kh lng chng c khuynhh ng to cn theo thi gian do s oxi ho lm gi mho tan

- Du thng dng l du lanh hoc du c v nha cy m chy u l nha thng.- Trong mt vi cht lm kh ng i ta cho vo mt lng nh vi nh m tng phn tn

vn nh.

Ch c dng ch y u l oxit ch PbO. Ngoi ra cn dng cacbonat v axetat ch

Cobalt c dngd ng acetat cobalt v oxit cobalt rt kh tanMangan c dngd ng oxit mangan hoc Borate (MBO2 ,M3BO3, M2B4O7)Do oxit Mangan phn ng chm vi du vi hi nhi tcao, s n phm c mu ti

do dng loi bt mn MnO2 ph n ng xy ra ddng h n nhng t hn. Nu yu cumu sng hn nn dng Borat mangan.

-Tin hnh: D u v nha c gia nhit t 35005000F ph thu c vo mui kim loic cho vo, muiny c cho vo t t v khu y trn mnh. Gia nhit t t n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton.im dng phn ng rt kh xc nh v hm l ng cui ca kim loi khng th ng nht giacc m. Lm ngui n 4000F, pha long trong xng pha sn v bm vo thng cha.

ng tho sn phm phi cchy khong 0,3 m c n khng vo thng cha. Cn c

ly ra theo nh k ng ng diy hoc mn p.+Cht lm kh thng phm tiu chun ciu chb ng mt trong hai phng php

nu chy hoc kt ta. Phng php nu chy:

L ng mui kim loi tnh ton c gia nhit vi axit hu c. Do phn ng vi axit ddng hn vi du nn nhit ph n ng thp hn v mu sn phm p hn. Mui kim loi c cho vo t t v khu y trn u .Nhitt ng ln tt do nhi t phnng tora. Sau khiphn ng xy ra hon ton tng nhit n 225 3000F tch n c ca phn ng, phi gianhit chm trnh s t o bt. Nu cht lm kh c bn vi hm l ng rn 100% th mlc c lm ngui vng gi sau khiiu chnh hm l ng kim loi. Nu bn d ng dungdch th lc ms n phm c bm vo thng pha long cha dung mi khuy trn mnh to dung dchng nht. Cho vo mt t cht trl c v lc vo thng trn. Ly mu v xc nhhm l ng kim loi. Hm l ng kim loi thng cao hn tiu chun v ciu chnh bngcch cho thm dung mi vo. Phng php kt ta:

Cho dung dch n c ca mui kim loi nng vo dung dch n c x phng natri ca axitbo( ciu chb ng ph ng php NaOH + axit bo) t o x phng trung tnh (x phng cakim loi nng). X phng ny cng sch (khng cha) cacbonat cng tt do cc kim loi ca

CH CH CH

C H

COOH3

2

3

5

2_ _ _

i( )


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cht lm kh to cacbonat m cc cacbonat ny khng tan trong du. Dung dch x phng clc v thng cho vo l ng daxit c i thin n nh ca cht lm kh.

Cc mu i kim loi tan trong n c nh axetat ch, nitrat ch, sunfat colt ho c sunfatmanganc cho tt vo dung d ch x phng nng, khuy u n khi kt ta hon ton. Tchlp n c kt ta ra vi ln bng nc nng ri lm kh bng cch gia nhit nhi t2103000F tuthu c vo cht lm khiu ch. N c th c bn dng 100% hm l ngcht rn hoc ho tan trong xng pha sn bnd ng dung dch. Cht lm kh kt ta th ng c mu sng hn v hm l ng kim loing u hn cht

lm kh nu chy .

III/ Sdng cht lm kh:L ng cht lm kh c tnh ton da trn hm l ng kim loi bit.L ng kim loi c tnh da vvo hm l ng u. V d: vi vecni yu cht lm kh

da trn % kim loi so vi hm lng du trong vecni.Vi cc nha tng hp: alkyl, silicol...th lng cht lm kh c dng trn cs % kim

loi so vi hm l ng nha rn.V d 1: 0,6% ch, 0,04 % cobalt, 0,004% mangan so v i du.

V d 2: 0,3% ch, 0,03% cobalt so v i hm lng nha rn.- Cht lm kh c dng ph bi n nht trong sn oxi ho vng rn nhi tth ng(c mt oxi khng kh). Ngoi ra cn dng trong sn sy nng.

- Trong mi trng hp nn dng cht lm kh vi lng ti thiu va png yucu lm kh mng.Nu dng d: Tng gi thnh. Tng khuynh h ng bin mu ca mng sn theo thi gian hoc khi sy. Gim m m do ca mng theo thi gian. Nu dng d ch t lm kh cobalt v mangan c

thlm nh n mng trong sn sy nng v ngui, c bit nu mng dy hn bnh th ng.

VI/ Cchtc dng ca cht lm kh:Mt d cht lm khc dng lu nhng cchtc dng ca nn nay vn

cha r rng. Tuy nhin, qua kh o st ng i ta cho thy rng lc u xut hin giaion cm ng tc giaion nakhng c g thay i xy ra nhng nu thay v du thin nhin ta dng este glixerin caaxit linolenic c tinh khi t cao th thi gian cm ng khng cn. Do vy ng i ta cho rngtrong du thin nhin c cha cht chng oxi ho, cht ny c oxi ho bi cht lm kh tr ckhi soxi ho c a du xy ra t o thnh mng.

Khi c mt cht lm kh th tch p th oxi c a mng u tng do s thay i ho trm cht lm kh ly oxi phn t t bn ngoi khng kh bi n thnh oxi nguyn t ho tng hnri truyn cho du thc y phn ng to mng.

Khi c mt cht lm kh, l ng oxi tng cng c hp th b i mng trong qu trnh kh

b hn do cht lm kh lm tng qu trnh phn hucc peroxit c ng nhhidroperoxit lm t ngtct o ni ngang t o mng kh.

2(RCOO)2Mn O2 2(RCOO)2Mn+4O

2Mn(RCOO)2+ 2 O

+

_ _


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V/ Cc kim loi dng trong cht lm kh:Khi kho st kh n ng lm kh mng ca 20 kim loi v mt s x phng c a chng,

klebsattel kt lun rng: Cobalt, Vanadi v Mn hotng nht. Tc dng lm kh ca Ni v Cubng khng, khng c kim loi no cn trt c kh.

Trong cht lm kh th ng kt hp 2 hay nhiu kim loi do mi kim loi c mt tc dngring trong qu trnh lm kh.

V d: Pb c xem l cht lm kh chiu su.Co l cht lm kh bm t.Mn lm kh b m t nhiu hn chiu su.Zn ngn chn kh bm t nhng thc y kh chiu su bng cch gi b m t

khng kh Oxy c lin tc xm nhp v hp thvo.Cht lm kh Fe thng c mu rt ti, c bit khng c hiu qu nhi t th ng

nhng rt c hiu qu nhi tcao v c dng rng ri trong snen sy nng.Ca nu dng mt mnh th tc dng lm kh khng cao nhng khi c mt Co th rt hiu

qu.Pb khi c mt hi H2S th s c mu t i v vy trnh dng Pb vi nhng mng sn tip

xc vi hi H2S.

Ca khng c tnhc nhPb nn c dng trong sn khngc, khng c Pb nhngbn n c ca mng sn cha cht lm kh Ca khng tt bng Pb. Do vy Ca lun c dngvi lng ti thiu.

Trong thc t vi c dng kt hp cc loi cht lm kh th ng lm tng nhanh tc dnglm kh.

V d: Gi s mng s n khng c cht lm kh s kh trong th i gian 120 n 125 gi.Nu dng mt mnh cht lm kh Mn th thi gian kh (t) l 12 gi. Nu dng Pb th t = 26 gi.Pb + Mn th t = 7,5 gi. Pb + Mn + Co th t = 6 gi.

VI.iu kini vi kim loi trong cht lm kh:Kim loi dng lm cht lm kh phi d ng ho tan trong du, nha v cc dung mi

dng vi n.Kim loi dng lm cht lm kh hiu qunh t khi n c tht n ti h n mt tng thiOxy ho. Chng th ng l nhng kim loi nng. Nhng kim loi ny c lp v in t bn trongcha bo ho nn hotng hn.

V d: Ni t ng t nh Co v nhi u mt (ch ni v tnh ch t vt l) v x phngNaphtenat ca n cng tan tt trong du, nha... nhng khng c dng lm cht lm kh doin t l p v bn trong c a n bo ho nnn nh vi Oxy tr ng thi ho trth p.

Ngy nay ng i ta c bit quan tm sn xut sn khng mi, do vy ngoi vic chn ladung mi khng mi cn phi ch n mi ca cht lm kh, c biti vi sn ni tht.

VII/ Sht phcht lm kh:

Mt s b t mu (mui than, TiO2 ) c khn ng hp ph ch t lm kh lm cho cht lmkh khng cn c sn trong du xc ti n qu trnh kh do vy tckh b gi m.kh c phc hin t ng ny c cc bin php:+ Xl b m t bt mu sao cho h p ph c a bt mui vi cht lm kh l b nht.

Tuy nhin vic x l r t phc tp nn tn km v c th nh h ng khng tt n mt vi tnhcht ca bt mu.

+ Dng d ch t lm kh sau khi t c h p ph c a bt mui vi cht lmkh th vn cn ch t lm kh xc tc cho qa trnh kh x y ra. Tuy nhin bin php ny


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thc t khng t t vh p ph ch t lm kh chm do vy s cn m t lng ln cht lm khtrong du nu sn c dng trc khi h p ph bo ho.

+ thm vo mt cht c hp ph ch n lc bi bt mu. Cht ny th ng c cho votrong qu trnh nghin.y l bin php tt nht.

Chng IV. BT MU

Cc vt c mu st khc nhau v chng c khn ng hp th v ph n x khc nhau i vinh sng nhn thy. nh sng nhn thy l t h p ca 6 mu cb n c b c sng t400700 A0

Mu Bc sng (A0)Tm 400465Lam 465510Lc 510580Vng 560590

Cam 590620 620700Khi chiu mt chm nh sng trng ln mt cht no c thc cc tr ng hp sau:+ Cht phn xhon ton nh sng tr ng chiu vo sc mu tr ng.+ Cht hp th hon ton nh sng tr ng chiu vo sc mu en.+ Cht hp th m t vi tiang vi mt vi bc sng v phn xph n nh sng cn li

th smang mu c a nhng bc sng phn x.Do vy mu ca b m t l do s h p th v ph n xch n la nh sng trng chiu vo.Ti sao cc cht hp th v ph n xch n lc nh sng trng th c mu ?Yu t c b n ca s t o mu trong cc cht l do ss p xp v daong c trng ca

ccin ttrong nguyn t v phn t . Nhng yu t ny thay i tuthu c vo cc yu t sau:

dng tinh th, d ng ht, kch th c ht, mcphn tn trong mng s n v mt phn ph thu cvo bn cht ca cht to mng.Khi ccin t dao ng vi cc tng s t ngng b c sng no th s h p th tia

sng c b c sng v phn x ph n cn li to nn mu ca cht.V d: Cht c cu trcin t dao ng vi tng s t ngng vi b c sng nh sng

mu lc th n s h p th tia sng v ph n xcc tia cn l i lm cho cht c mu .Kch th c ht cng lm t 0q B` D @ ` a % 8 I " % y ` ` P ` f F f 1 % ( aP Mr


16/88

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Khi pha mu, mun bit mu t cha ngi ta dng ph ng php so mu vt liu snvi nhng thang mu tiu chun. Hin cha c thang mu tiu chun chung mang tnh quc tnhng nhiu n c tin tin hay nhiu hng sn xut ln c nhng thang mu tiu chun gn nhnhau v lu hnh trn thtr ng nhng thang mu in sn trn giy nha hay kim loi.

Vic chn v pha mu trn thc t c tin hnh bng thc nghim, tin c y ph thu cvo kinh nghim ca kthu t vin.

-Cs k thu t pha mu l cc gi nph ng, tam gic, t gic...nh ng ph bi n nhtl s cu

I. Bt mu.1/ Khi nim:

Bt mu l thnh phn quan trng to mu cho mng sn. Bt mu khng ho tan trongdung mi hoc du. N c nghinng u vi cht ho do c tc dng che ph bm t,chng xuyn thu ca tia tngo i lm cho mng sn c mu, chu n c, chu kh hu, nng cao c ngmi mn, ko di tu i th mng s n...

-Bt mu l nhng cht c mu sc, c nhiu cch phn loi cht mu: Theo mu sc,theo thnh phn, theo tnh cht, theo lnh vc sd ng,...

c t m nhn tng qut ta c thh th ng di dng s :

Cng nghip sn s d ng phn ln cht mu khng tan (bt mu, Pigment) v mt l ngnh ch t mu tan trong du dng s n xut vecni.

Nh v y, bt mu trong sn xut sn l nhng cht mu dng ht mn (mt vi m)cmu sc khc nhau khng ho tan m c khn ng phn tn trong n c, trong dung mi v chtto mng. Tc dng ca bt mu:

khnghoatan

(bt mau (Pigment) )

hoatanphm mau(thucnhum)

n cht

Hp cht

Hu cTan trong dungmi Tan trong nc

Nguyn gc Tachkt

Bt

AlCu

Zn

Pb

Muithan

Than nung

Than ch

Azoa vong

Phcnitrozo

Muikt

Azo, axit- Muikt

phenyl metal

Tan trong du Tan trongcn -Thuc nhum:x, si, vai, len

bng, t sitng

hp

-Mcvit-Chtmau

thc phm

Oxit: TiO2

, ZnO(ZnS)

Fe2

O3, Pb

3O

4,Cr

2O

3

Mui: Sunfat

Ftfat,titanatCromat, Molipdat

Phccht:

xanh lam (xanhpari)xanh bin ( ultra marin)

Hn hp:

Litopon (Zns + BaSO4)

Sunfopon (ZnS +CaSO4)

CHT MAU


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- To v m quan cho s n phm sn ( lm cho bm t vt liu sn c mu sc p, nhn)- Tob n nh sng (chng xuyn thu ca tia tngo i), chu nc, chu kh hu, tng

b n chc, tng kh n ng bo v ch ngn mn, mi mn cho mng sn. Chng gh cho kimloi nn (bt chng gh).*. Mt stnh cht ca bt mu:

- Kch th c ht:Bt mu dng bt, nu kch th c qu ln th s phn tn trong h khng ng nht dn

n mng sn km bng phng nhng nu qu b th din tch bm t ring ln dn n hp ph ch t to mng ln nn phi sd ng tl gi a cht to mng v bt mu cao dn ntn km nhiu cht to mng, ng thi to nhng tp hp nhtrong s n gi l vn cc ccb.

Thng th ng kch th c ht nh sau.Sn lt: 20 40 m ( tiu chun quc t)

40 50 m (tiu chun Vit Nam)Sn ph: 5 10 m (tiu chun quc t)

20 40 m (tiu chun Vit Nam).i vi sn lt trong mt s tr ng hp c thduy tr 60 70 m t o cho mng c

nhm nht nh.-ng m du:L lng du (Polymer) tnh bng gam cn dng ng m vi 100g bt mu to thnh bt

nho. ng m du cng b cng tt v tn t du nhng khng c b qu do lc bt mu

kh bth m t bi cht kt dnh lm mng km cht ch, do vy mng skm b n v thm m.Cn c vo ng m du xc nh l ng du cn dng khi sn xut sn mu.Thc t l ng du cn dng gping m du. ng m du ph thu c vo bn cht bt mu v cht to mng.- Khn ng che ph:L l ng bt mu cn thit (tnh bng gam) ph ln 1m2 b m t sn.

Khn ng ph l n th s c n t bt mu. Mun vy bt mu khng nn mn qu.- C ng mu: l l ng mu cn thit t n tng mu.- b n mu: theo thi hoc d i tc dng nh sng, cc yu t mi tr ng.

*. Mt sbt mu v cthng dng:Tn gi T.Phn chy u Trng l ng

ring g/cm3Tc dng vphm vi sd ng

1. Bt mu trng- Litopon

- Cacbonat ch- Oxid km

- Sulfat Bary- Oxid Titan

ZnS + BaSO4

nPbCO3.Pb(OH)2ZnO

BaSO4TiO2

4,18 - 4,20

6,7 - 6,865,66

4,35 - 4,493,85 - 3.9

Bt mu phbi n cho cc loi sngy dng trong nhDng cho sn bn thi titBt mu phbi n

Dng ph bi n vi nhiu loi sn

2. Bt mu xm- Bt nhm- Bt km

AlZn

2,647,06

3. Bt muen- Mui than- Bt ch

94% CPb

1,6 - 211,344

Dng cho nhiu loi snLm sn nn chng g


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18

4. Bt mu vng- Cromat ch- Bt Cromo km

PbCrO4m.ZnOn.CrO3pK2Oq.H2O

6 - 6,12........

Dng cho nhiu loi snLm sn nn chng g trn nhmkim loi khc

5. Bt mu, da cam- Qung st Mumia- Xuric st- Xuric ch

Qung Fe2O3Qung Oxid stPb3O4

........

..........8.3

Dng ph bi n. R, bn v sngDng php bi n, rv b nBt mu chng gt t nht

6. Bt mu nu- Oxid mangan Mn2O3n.H2O 4,2 - 4,4 (n=1) Dng cho sn ngoi tri7. Bt mu tm- Phph m Pyrite Fe2O3 4,95

II/ Bt mu trng.Bt mu trng l hp phn quan trng trong cc loi sn trng v sn mu sang (kem, ghi

nht, cm thch...). c dng rng ri nht l oxit titan, oxit km, litopon, sunpopon, cacbonatch.

- Cc bt mu cng khc nhau nhiu vtnh ch t vt l v ho hc. Do vy ng i lpnpha chc n nm r c skhc nhau .Bng: Mt s tnh ch t vt l ca cc bt mu trng tiu biu

Bt mu Gal/100lb h p ph d u* Chs khc x Lc ph**Basic carbonate white leadBasic sulfate white leadBasic silicate white leadOxit chSunfit kmLitoponTiO2 (A)

TiO2 (R)

1,781,932,1432,793,08

2,86

8 - 1510 - 141512 - 252212 - 1820 - 25

18 - 22

1.94 - 2,091,93 - 2,02......2,082,37......2,55

2,76

15 - 2513 - 1612205827115

147* sg d u dth m t 100g bt mu** n v l feet vung trn 1 puond b t mu. N ch c gi tr t ng i v lc ph b nh hng bi nng (kchthc) ca bt mu

1 gallon = 4,55 lit, 1 pound = 450 gam, 1 feet = 0,3048 met.1/ Titanioxit (TiO2):

TIO2 c hai dng th hnh: anataz v rutin.y l loi bt mu trng c cng mu vlc ph l n nht, trong dng rutin c chs khc x l n hn, h t mn hn nn lc ph caohn nn n c dng nhiu hn.

Trong vng c nh sng nhn thy chai d ng u c kh n ng phn xcao nn tr ngcao. Tuy vy trong vng sng ngn (tm v tngo i gn) khn ng phn xgi m. dng rutingim nhiu (nn khng chng tia t ngo i tt) do dng rutin vng hn.

TIO2 c hot tnh quang ho cao. D i tc dng ca nh sng, c bit l vng sng ngnbm t btch oxi lm mng s n bho ph n v c th lm b c mu cc cht hu ckhi tip xcvi chng. Do vy TIO2 cao cp thng c cc ph gia h n ch thp nht khn ng quangho ny.

Tp cht kim loi (Fe, Mn...) lm TIO2 c th thay i mu khi chu tcng ca nhsng, nhit, khng kh.... Hin t ng vng ho ny d ng rutin nhy hn dng anataz. Phgia ch ng li hin t ng ny l cc cht hunh quang hay c kh n ng ty trng quanghc(tm mangan, xanh bin).


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TiO2 bn ho hc: Khng tan trong n c, chu c kim long, axit c, ch ho tanhon ton trong hn hp sunfat amon v H2SO4 m dc, chu nhit cao (1840 + 100C minng chy) khng b i mu d i tc dng ca khi cng nghip.

TiO2 c dng nhiu trong hu ht cc loi sn mu sn men dng dung mi v tantrong n c. TiO2 loi cm n cao v tinh khit c dng trong mc in.2/ Ch trng:

C 3 loi c dng nhiu nht hin nay l:Basic cacbonat white lead ( B. C. W. L), Basic sunfate white lead ( B. S. W. L) v basic

silicate white lead ( B. S. W. L)a/ Basic carbonate white lead (carbonate ch trng):

C hai dng:- Dng hn hp:+ 4PbCO3.2Pb(OH)2.PbO

+ 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2

- Carbonate ch PbCO3:Carbonate ch c cc hot tnh ho hc vi axit trong cht to mng v mng sn b hn

carbonate ch kim do b n mng sn khi dng carbonate ch kim b hn khi dng dcarbonate ch th ng.b/ Basic sunfat white lead (sunfat ch trng):

c 5 dng:- Tetrabasic ch sunfat (PbSO4.4PbO).- Tribasic ch sunfat ngm n c (PbSO4.3PbOnH2O)- Monoobasic ch sunfat (PbSO4.PbO)- Ch sunfat bnh thng (PbSO4)

Sunfat ch kim cho mng sn c tnh cht tt hn sunfat ch thng do oxit ch trong btmu ch c vai tr quan trng quyt ng tnh cht ca mng sn.c/ Basic silicate white lead (silicate ch trng)

Qu trnh tng hp c tin hnh nhsau:4PbO.SO3+ SiO 2 = 2PbO.SO 3 + 2PbO.SiO 2

Thnh phn sn phm thay i tutheo t l nguyn li u u. th ng thnh phn ca nnhsau:

HO Pb O Pb O O O O O Pb OH

HO Pb O Pb O O O O O Pb O Pb OH

C C C C

__

_

_

_

_

_ _

_

_ _ _

_

_

HO Pb O O O

HO Pb O O O

C C Pb

_

_

_

_

4PbO + H2SO4 4PbO.SO3 H2O+


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20

PbO : 47,9%SiO2 : 47,9%SO3 : 4,2%

3/ Oxit km:Bt mu oxit km c loi cha v khng cha ch. Nu oxit km cha > 5% sunfat ch th

c xem l oxit km - ch.Oxit km c dng bt mu trng, cu trc tinh th, kch thc ht 0,1 0,5mKch th c ht tiu l c ph l n nht t 0,2 0,3m.Khi ht cng mn thph cng cao nh ng cng nhy vi tc nhn kh quyn, quang

ho, ho hc.ZnO l bt mu c tnh kim yu phn ng c vi axit bo tdo trong d u hay sn

phm phn huc a cht to mng. Khi l ng axit t do ny th p th hin tng ny lm tt tnhthmt ca bt mu, gim sa lng bt mu trong sn, tng cht t tnh chu m ca mng. Nul ng axit tdo l n slm keo t , mng sn mv km bm dnh.

- Nu lu ngoi khng kh s b carbonat ho lm t ng mui tan trong n c v gimlc ph.

- So vi TiO2, ZnO km v nhi u mt nhng nhc tr ng kh cao v gi thnh thp

nn c dng nhiu trong cc loi sn, mu, sn men cht lng trung bnh dng sn trongnh.4/ L i topon (ZnS + BaSO4):

L bt mu trng kt tinh (thu c bng cch ng kt ta ZnS v BaSO4 theo ngl ng) c chs khc x 2,0

Khi tng Zn th lc ph t ngBn kim, km bn axit. ZnS b axit long phn hu y H2S ra. Tuy vy nb n vi

axit bo tdo trong d u hay cht to mng, bn vi kh cng nghip hn ZnO.- c dng trong sn c c dung mi v sn pha n c lm vic trong nh, ngoi tri,

ni c kh hu khng khc nghit.(Trong sn long litopon db sa l ng)- Gi thp hn ZnO.

III/ Bt muen:T ng i dng than xng v mui tcc m chy c khi lm nguyn li u mu

en. Hin nay ngi ta vn dng than x ng v mui lm bt muen trong sn v trong mcin. Ngoi ra mt s h p cht khc cng c dng lm bt muen.


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21

Mt s lo i bt muen:

1/ Than mui :Mui nh dn khi, mui l thuc loi than mui.Mui ng dn khi c muen m.Mui l c muen xm.Than mui c dng rng ri lm bt muen trong cng nghip sn, mc in. Cng

nnghip cao su dng khon 90% sn l ng than mui. N dng vai tr l tc nhn gia c ng vn hn l to mu.

- Kch th c cng b th cngen v lc phcng l n. Ng c li th c muen xm.- Thnh phn C t 83 95 % t p cht l mt l ng nh khong- Than mui c dng ht cu rt nh (b t cc mn) 0,01 0,6m bm t ring ln 5 30

m2/g, th m du cao 50 250g du 100g mui. Ttr ng thc 1,75 2 g/cm3, t trng biukin 0,1 0,4 g/cm3 (do xp).

- Mui than hp ph ch t lm kh trong sn cha du TV lm gim hiu lc kh.2/ Muin:

Mu v kch thc ht ging mui l nhng mm hn v dphn tn trong s n hn. N c to thnh khi t nhin liu t d u m v i khi l ng khng kh khng t chyhon ton, khi thay i l ng khng kh th kch th c ht cng thay i. Nu lng kh tng thsn l ng bt mu gim nhng ht mn hn v muen hn.

Kch th c ht: 0,06 0,1m h p ph d u: 50 150gam du / 100gam muiTtr ng: 1,75 1,83Cngmu v l c ph l n do kch th c ht b v gn nhh p ph hon ton nh

sng nhn thy.2/ Than ch (graphic):

L loi bt muen xm, c nh kim.- Graphic thin nhin loi cht l ng cao cha 80 85 % cacbon cn li l hp cht silic

v oxit st. Graphic tng hp t 98% cacbon.

Loai Thanh phn

-Mui tng khoi 83 95 % C

-Mui lo 99 99,5 % C-Mui en 95 99,9 % C

-Graphic (Natural or synthetic) 80 98 % C-Than g 50 70 % C; 3050%CaCO3,K2CO3

-Than a Fe2O3, SiO2, MgSiO3-Oxit st (tnhin) Fe2O3, SiO2, t set

-Oxit st (tng hp) 99% Fe3O4-Antimon (tnhin) khoan 65% Sb2S3


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- Trong thin nhin than ch tn ti 3 d ng: vy mng, gn l v v nh hnh.- Cu trc tinh th l c gic, cc tinh thny s p xp thnh lp nguyn t. Cc lp cch

nhauxa nn d tch l p.- Rt bn nhit, bn ho cht v nhiu mi trng xm thc, dn nhit, nhitt t.

4/ Than nung:L sn phmt khng tip xc vi khng kh cc loi c ngun gc t ng vt, thc

vt.

Chng V CHT TO MNG.

L thnh phn quan trng quyt nh nhng tnh cht ca sn v mng sn. i vi nhng loi sn v qu trnh to mng do hin t ng vt l (bay hi dung mi) th

cht to mng c gi l khng chuyn ho, loi ny gm: cc polimer nhit do, nha thinnhin ...Cn cc polimer nhit rn, sn phm cha du bo thuc loi cht to mng chuynho nhs tham gia cc ph n ng ho hc to mng khng gian lm cho mng bn vng vinhngiu kin khc nghit.

C thphn bi t cc cht to mng nh sau:+ Cht to mng thin nhin: du thc vt (du bo),nha thin nhin, bitum thinnhin...

+ Cht to mng bn tng hp: cc dn xut ho hc ca polimer thin nhin (cao su...)+ cht to mng tng hp.

1. DU THC VT V DU C.

Du v du c thuc loi du thin nhin, n c dng trong sn, vecni, nha bin tnhv lm cht ho do trong sn nitro xellulo. Du c ly t cy, h t, quho c mt s loi c.Ni chung l c th c ngu n gc t ng vt hoc thc vt. Sd ng nhiu nht l du thc vt

hay cn gi l du tho mc.

I/ Du tho mc:1/ Cng thc chung:

Du tho mc l este ca glixeri vi axit bo v thuc loi triglixeric, c cha thm l ngrt t cht khng bo.- Cng thc chung ca du:

Vc u trc c thbi u din nh sau:

CH OCOR

CH OCOR

CH OCOR

_

_

_

"

'

2

2

C

C

C

1

2

3


23/88

23

Cc ng 1, 2, 3 tng trng cho cc gc axit bo.Nu 1 nm trn tgi y, 2 hng ra xa ngic th 3 h ng vpha ng ic.- Thnh phn ca du bin i tutheo ph ng php sn xut,iu kin v thi thi gian

bo qun du trc khi sd ng.- Cc axit bo ch y u c trong du l nhng axit mch cacbon c cu to thng no hoc

khng no.+ Cc axit bo no:a. capric C10H20O2a. Lauric C12H24O2a. Myristic C14H28O2a. Palmitic C16H32O2a. Stearic C18H36O2a. Arachidic C20H40O2a. Behenic C22H44O2+ Axit bo khng no:a. oleic: CH3(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7COOH (c nhiu trong du lc)

a. linoleic: CH3(CH2)4CH = CH - CH2 - CH = CH - (CH2)7COOHa. linolenic: C2H5 CH = CH - CH2- CH = CH - CH2 - CH = CH(CH2)7COOHa. rixinobic:CH3(CH2)5CH - CH2 - CH = CH(CH2)7COOH (c nhiu trong du ve)

OHa. oleostearic:

CH3 -(CH2)3- CH = CH -CH = CH -CH = CH - (CH2 )7COOH (c nhiu trong d utru >80%).

Nhn vo cc cng thc cu to ta thy gia nhm cacboxyl v cc nii ca axit khng

no u c 7 nhm -CH2-. Tm quan trng ca cc nhm khng hotng ny c xem nh lho do ni.

- Cc axit bo phn b trong d u theo quy lut phn b ng u:

Nu du c cha % axit bo A Ton b triglixeric l s g c axit bo A

100 3

> 60 2 3

33 66 1 2

< 33 0 1Tuy nhin mt s nh nghin c u khc th cho rng sphn b axit bo trong d u khngtun theo quy lut phn b ng u m n phn bm t cch hn n.

- Ngoi axit bo, trong du cn c cc thnh phn khng bo ( chim khon 0,1 1 %trng l ng ) nhsp, photphatic, ch t mu.

+ Sp: l este ca axit bo vi r u cao phn t.V du: ru xerilic C26H53OH.


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+ Photphatic: l este ca glixerin trong ngoi axit bo cn c cg c photphatic, tronggc ny c mt nguyn tH c thay thb ng mt bazc N.

V d: kephalin

2/ Phn loi du tho mc:Ng i ta phn loi du tho mc da vo kh n ng kh ca chng, khn ng kh do tnh

khng no ca axit bo trong du quyt nh. khng no cnh gi bng ch s Iod CI (CIl s gam iot ph n ng vi 100 g du). Da vo chs ny ng i ta phn loi du nhsau:

a/ Du kh:C CI > 130 cha nhiu axit bo khng no c 2 n 3 nii nn kh nhanh. V d: du

tru, du lanh.b/ Du bn kh: CI = 95 130

Mng sn chm kh, d nng ch y, d ho tan do dng kt hp vi du kh.V d: Du u nnh, du h ng d ng, du ng...

c/ Du khng kh: CI< 95 , khng dngsn xut snc.V d: du ve, du da

3/ Sn xut du:Du c th c sn xut bng hai ph ng php: chic d i p lc v chic bng dung

mi.

Chic d i p sut:V d: dng tch d u lanh th t cy lanh:Sau khi ht c lm sch khi tp cht l, v v thn b ng phng php thi hoc sng

c a vo nghin trong my nghin ng (3 5 trc). Sau chuyn sang ni nu hnh trc cc a nm ngang v cc dao gt quay quanh trc nm trn a. Cc ht nghin c chovo gi trn ni ri nhdao g t y chng xung cc a thp hn. Ni c trang bv b cunnng bng hi n c v mt phn hi n cc cho vo trc tip lm m n hmm yucu, khii n lthot y ni nhit ca bt lanh t 190 2000F.

Trng thi vt l v hmm thch hp l nhng yu t r t quan trng quyt ng hiu quca qu trnh chic di p sut. Ra khi ni nu, bt c chuyn sang thit bchi c loi thulc hoc loi expeller

Vi loi thu l c, bt phi c to thnh ming, sau bc trong tm c bn bnglng lc trc khi c gia cc a ca thit bp thu l c (mi thit btrn 20 a). Khi tngp lc, lc nn tc dng ln bng bt tng, lc u tng chm sau t n cc i (khong4000 PSi). Thi gian p 1 gi. Du chy qua b ph n lc th ri vo thng lng. Bnh bt cnghin lm th cn gia sc.

Thit b xpeller khc thi t btrn l c vt xo n hoc thit b iu ho c p di p lcng k qua thng trn (xi lanh) nh tr c vt du c chy ra qua l nh c lc v chy vothng lng. Bt cha khon 4% du c tho ra d ng ming vn.

CH2 OCOR

CH OCOR

CH O P CH2 CH2 NH2

1

2_

_

_ ___ _

II

I

O

OH


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Nhitc a du c tch ra bng phng php trn t170 180oF. khi lm l nh trongthng cha, mt vi hp cht c tch ra (sterin, photphatic...) d ng kt ta. Cho thm vocht trl c ri tin hnh lc tch t p cht, sau cho vo thng cha. Du ny c bn dng du th, lc hai ln c thdng lm s n ngoi tht, kho, sn xut linoleum (vi sn) vnhng ng dng khc.

Chic bng dung mi:uim ln nht ca ph ng php ny l hiu sut thu hi du th t cao (99 99,5%).

uim na l cng nhn laong t (hin nay tt c cc nh my u dng thit b lin tc,iu khin t ng). Du u nnh rt dchi c bng ph ng php ny:

u c lm sch, cn nt, trn vi hi nc, to mnh v ca vo h th ng chicdung mi. Nhng mnh u nnh c cn mng khon 0,008 0,01 inch v vn b n khiqua x l trong h thng chi c. Nh v y s tch c du nhiu m khng to nhng ht mn dosb , gy ca cc phin mng ny (sb , gy ny lm cn trtcl c ca du).

Vi cc loi ht khng to phin mng bn nhh t lanh, bng th kt hp vi ph ngphp chic bng p lc hi u sut chic cao nht v loi b nh ng vn do h t mn gy nn.

Qu trnh chic c thc hin theo ph ng php ng c dng vi dung mi nng, hnhp dung mi v du sau c tch bng cch cho bay hi v chng ct. Dung mi cn li

trong nhng ming ny c tch ra nhnhi tv h i n c trc tip.Dung mi l hexan hoc tricloruaetylen.Yu cu ca dung mi:

+ Gi thnh thp.+ Gii hn si hp+n nhit ho hi b+ Khng gy c hi+ Khng chy n

Tricloruaetylen t chy nh n so vi hexan.4/ Lm sch du:

L qu trnh tch cc hp cht khng bo d ng huyn ph hayd ng ho tan, cc acid

bo t do, cc ch t mu. Tc hi ca cc hp cht cn tchi vi mng sn:

- Hp cht khng bo dng huyn ph: lm mng sn kmng nht, km ng nh, dht nc v gy kh khn trong qu trnh sn xut nh lm b n thit bho d u.

- Hp cht khng bo dng ho tan c tnh keo nh photphatic, ch t nhn lm mng sndht n c do chng l nhng chta n c, d tr ng trongiu kin thng nn dlm chomng sn br n nt.

- Cc acid bo tdo v s n phm phn huc a chng l cc acid, andehyd phn tth plm gim tckh c a mng sn, d tc d ng vi bt mu ( to x phng) gy ra hin t ngkeo ho, lm gim tnh cht ca mng sn.

- Cc cht mu: lm cho du c mu thm, do khng dng s n xut cc loi sn c

mu sng c. V v y cn phi lm sch du trc khi sd nga/ Phng php lng:

l ng trong thi gian nm ngy hoc hn, cc tp cht ch c sl ng xung.Ph ng php ny n gin nhng tn km thi gian nn t dng.Mun rt ngn thi gian

c th:+ Nng nhitln 35 405 C+ Thm vo cc cht rn hotng bm t nh t hot tnh.+ Lc qua mng lc.


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b/ Xl nhit:un nng du ln nhit 220 3000C th t nhanh, cc cht keo ho tan v cc cht

nhn skeo t l i, sau lng, lc hoc ly tm tch chng ra. l ng nhanh c ththm vo m t t t hot tnh (< 3%)Do x l nhi t cao nn s oxy ho d x y ra cc n ii lmnh h ng n tnh cht

ca du ( chs iot gi m, chs acid t ng). V vy phi lm ngui nhanh.

c/ Phng php hydrat ho:Lm cho cc cht keo tan trong du v photphatic tan trong du hp ph n c, tr ng ln

tch ra khi du d ng nh bng ko theo cc t p cht ch c v mt phn cc cht mu.C th hydrat ho b ng cch dng n c hoc hi nc hoc dng dung dch chtin

gii ( mt s dung d ch mui, HCl m c, H2SO4 ...).V d: cho vo du lanh hoc du hng d ng 5% ncun ln 70 800C, khuy hn

hp 45 pht. Ch : vi cc phng php trn, trong cn du c cha kh nhiu du (3035%), c th thu

hi li bng 2 cch:- Trch ly bng du xng.

- X phng ho du trong cn du thnh x phng ni ln riem dng.d/ Ty trng bng cch hp ph:Dng t hot tnh h p ph cc t p cht c ln trong du. t hot tnh thng dng l

loi silicat nhm ngm nc: mAl(OH)3nSiO2pH2O.- Mc t y trng tl thu n vi thi gian ty nhng nu thi gian qu lu th tct y

gim.- Hm l ng n c trong t cng nhiu th khn ng ty cng gim. Do, phi sy t

tht ktr c khi s d ng.- Ph ng php ny tiu hao du kh nhiu do t hp ph d u t50 100% so v i khi

l ng t. Do phi thu hi du t t bng cch:+ Trch ly bng du xng (l dung mi ho tan du m khng ho tan cc hp cht khng

bo b t hp ph).+ Xl b ng km bi n du thnh x phng riem dng.+ Dng t sau khi hp ph lm mattit, ch t gn ...

Thc hin:un nng du ln 1001200C, khuy u v cho t hot tnh vo. Sau mt thi gian

dng my lc p tch cc tp cht v t ra. Nn tin hnh trong mi tr ng chn khng (khong0,8 atm) trnh s ti p xc ca oxy khng kh (s oxy ho d u).

Nhcim ca phng php ny lnhi t1001200C ph ng php ny khng tchhon ton cc cht khng bo.e/ Ty sch bng kim:

Dng dung dch kim trung ho cc acid t do c m t trong du. X phng to thnh

ko theo cc tp cht nht p cht ch c, cht nhn..cc t p cht lng nhanh ngi ta thng thm vo mt t n c nng hoc dung dch

muin. L ng kim dng va trung ho cc acid bo t do (c n cvo ch s acid: smg KOH/1g mu).

Du x l b ng kim c ch s acid th p nht, tia khong 0,25 c xem l du ttnht dng lm vecni v sn xut nh .

f/ Ty bng acid:


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27

Cho acid mnh H2SO4 vo du th trong thng cha. Khuy trn u, nn cho acid chva than ho cc t p cht v lm cho chng tch ra. N c c cho vo d ng phnng, acid c tch bng cch ra vi nc nng hoc hi n c.

Sau khi qua m lp du tch ra v c lm kh bng cch khuy trn cho n cbay hi.

Du tinh ch b ng acid c chs acid cao do s t o thnh mt vi hp cht sunfat. Chs acid cao thun lii vi vic nghin mt sb t mu trong sn trong nh nhng khng dngtrong sn c bt mu c hot tnh cao.

Thc t ng i ta th ng kt hp mt s ph ng php trong vic x l lm s ch du. V d:phng php hydrat ho + ty sch bng kim + ty trng bng hp ph: hydrat ho bng cchdng dung dch HCl 0,25% vi l ng 2% so vi du nhi t 30500C, th i gian 30 40 pht.Trung ho bng dung dch NaOH(150 bomme) nhi t50700C trong thi gian 30 40 phtvi l ng 100150%. Ra sch, tch v sy chn khng x phng to thnh. Ty trng dutrong chn khng vi 2% t hot tnh( t ny c sy k nhi t 951000C) trongkhong mt gi. Sau lc ly du sch.5/ Xl du.

t ng cht l ng vpng cc yu cuc bit ng i ta tin hnh x l d u sau khi

lm sch bng mt s ph ng php sau:a/un:Thng p dng i vi du lanh hoc du u nnh cng c thdng ph ng php ny.- Gia nhit du n 4500F cho PbO vo v khuy trn u. Gia nhit tip n 5000F ri

cho binobat cobalt v mangan vo ri khuy trn.C th dng axetat cobalt v manborat thay cho linoleat kim lo i. Trong tr ng hp ny

mui kim loi c cho vo t t 4500F v nhi t c tng n 5250F. M c gi nhitny n khi mui kim loi chuyn ho thnh x phng.

Vi mui axetat,im dng ca phn ng l khi nghe mi ca CH3COOH trong khi tni.

Du x l b ng phng phpun c dng phi hp vi sn mu hoc sn trng m

khng c thm cht lm kh.b/Trng hp nhit:Gia nhit du lm sch n nhit xc nh v gi nhi t ny trong th i gian cn

thit nh t t n gi trxc nh.Nhitx y ra trng hp nhit ca cc du nh sau:- Du lanh: 575 6000F- Ta t: : 575 6000F- u nnh: 600 0F- C: 550 560 0FNhitcng cao th t c trng h p cng ln. Tuy nhin khng c cao qu do:+ im bc chy ca du vo khon 6100F nn phi trnh ph n ng gy hoho n.

+ nhi tcao d u b phn hu t o cc axit bo tdo v cc h p cht c mu ti lmgim cht l ng ca du khi dng lm sn.+ nhi tcao t coxi ho d u ln lm gim s n ii trong du v xut hin cc

sn phm phn hulm d u c mu ti.kh c phc cc nhcim trn nn tin hnh trng hp du trong ni kn c sc kh tr

hoc trong mi tr ng chn khng.- Khi tin hnh trng hp, chs axit t ng theo nhit. Nhitcng cao th ch s axit

cng cao do cc axit tdo c to nn bi s phn hu nhi t v phn hu oxi ho. N u tin


28/88

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hnh trng hp trong mi tr ng chn khng th chs axit b h n do trong h phn ng c mtt khng kh hn v mt vi axit bay hi c tch ra nhchn khng.

- Thi gian trng hp nhit i via s lo i du th ng di nn rt ng n ng i tadng cc xc tc nh: PbO, ZnO...Ngc li c mt s lo i du c cha nhiu nii lin hp(du tru) th phn ng xy ra qu nhanh nn db gel ho. V v y i vi cc loi du ny thnhit trng h p thp hoc tin hnh trng hp cc nhi tring bit hoc c thph i hpvi cc loi du khc c cha cc nii khng lin hp (V d: du tru/ du lanh = 1/11/2 ). Cch ph n ng nhit trng hp:

+ Du c nii lin hp th sx y ra phn ng cng hp dien - ander to cc sn phmcng hp dien, dien - trien, trien.V d:

Sn phm cng hpien

Sn phm cng hpien - trien

'

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

R

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

R'

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH CH R

R+

I

II

I

I I

II

II

II

II

II

= CH__

__

__I

'

IR

,

RI

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

R,

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

R,

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH CH CH

CH

R

CH CH R

R

R,

,

+


29/88

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Sn phm cng hp trien.

+ Du cha nii khng lin kt th c 2 kh n ng: Trong qu trnh phn ng du cha nii khng lin hp s chuy n sang lin hp v xy ra

nhtrn. Trng hp mch trc tip:

Cc nhm CH2 nm k cc n ii trong cc phn t d u sb kch ho t v phn ng vinhau (trong du c cc nii lin hp cng c cc phn ng ny nhng t)

- Qu trng trng hp mch trc tip c xy ra cc phn ng phnh sau:

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

R

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

R

+CH

CH

CHCH

CH

R

R

I

I

II

I

I

I

I

I

II

II

II

II II

II

I

__

''

R

I

IICH

CHI'

CH CH CH CH CH RI

__ ____= = '

R

CH2

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

R

R CH2 CH CH CH CH CH CH2 R

R CH2 CH CH CH CH CH CH R

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

II

=

=

=

__

__

____

__ ____

__

'

'

= __

__

__

__

'

2

R

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

R

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

II

'

2 CH*


30/88

30

* Phn ng phn hut o axit tdo:

* Phn ng lmt lin kt C- C.

Cc sn phm ph s b c hi ln (ngi ta gi sai l hi du) cc sn phm ny lm mu scca du bth m li.

- Trong qu trnh trng hp nhit cc ch s c a du s b thay i: Chs iot gi m, chs axit tng, chs nh t tng , khi l ng ring tng...c/ Xl bng vi:

Trn th tr ng c bn du vi ho cnh t cao (Ngay chm l ng 35% trongdung mi vn cn nht cao). Du ny c dng ch y u trong sn vi CanxiCoater. Mtl ng nh dng trong s n men kin trc rti n .

Du xl vi th ng l du lanh, du c hoc hn hp cc du ny.- Du trng hp nhit c vi ho bng cch cho vi ti vonhi t 300oF r i tip

tc nng nhit ln 400-450oF .V d : Vi ho d u lanh :Du lanh trng hp nhit : (148Poize) 90galDu lanh trng hp nhit : 10galVi ti : 30lb (Pound)

White spirit 230galGia nhit 90gal du ln 600oF sau lm ngui xung 300oF. Cho qua hn hp vi tiv 10gal du cn li vo t t v kh y trn mnh. Tng nhit n 450 F sau lm nguixung 400oF tr c khi pha long vi White spirit .d / Oxi ho :

Thi lung khng kh hoc oxi qua du nhi t160 - 250oF gy nn s oxi ho d ukh nhanh lm tng nh t . Khng c gia nhit du ln qu 410oF v qu trnh trng hpoxi ho tonhi t dlm d u bc chy .

Vi ph ng php ny to du c nh t cao vi gi thp hn trng hp nhit. Nhngtnh cht hai loi ny skhc nhau :

* Sn phm trng hp oxi ho c mu vng hn , km bn lo ho hn .

* Do trng hp oxi ho nn st o ra cc nhm -COOH lm cho du c th ph n ng vibt mu c tnh kim lm keo kt sn v vy loi du trng hp oxi ho khng dng lm snmu .

* Trong thnh phn du trng hp oxi ho hm lng oxi ln hn nhiu so vi trng hpnhit .

Tuy nhin du lanh v du u nnh oxi ho cbng v tnh ch t chy tt c dngtrong sn men , sne/ Tch dung bng mi :

Ph ng php ny da trn nguyn tc thay i ho tan theo nhi t .

CH2 OCOR1

CH OCOR2

CH2 OCOR3

C

CH2

CH2 OCOR3

+ RCOOHI

I

I

II

__

__

__ __

__

OCOR2

R CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 RR CH2 CH3 R CH CH

R CH2 CH2 R CH2 CH3

______ ____

__

____

__

__

= +

+__ = 2'

'

'


31/88

31

tch m t cu t trong h n hp cc cu t c tnh ch t gn ging nhau c thdngdung mi ho tan cu t m khng ho tan cc cu t khc. Sau thay i nhit th c ut trnn khng tan. thu c mt cu ttinh khi t c thtch nhi u ln.

V d : Tch d u lanh bng ph ng php hai giaion :* Giaion 1:- Kh mu t 11 xu ng 1 trong phn tinh- Tch acid bo t do .* Giaion 2:Tch du tinh ch thnh hai ph n : phn c chs iot cao v ph n c ch s iot th p t ng

ng vi tnh cht kh tt hn v km hn. (Phn c chs axit b h n dng lm nha alkyd).

Giaion 1Giaion 2(chs It)

Nguynliu u

PhnTinh ch

Phn tch Cao Trung bnh

MuChs It

Acid bo (%)% du

11185

0,8100

1185

0,0598,5

en170

1,81,5

1210

0,0348,5

1160

0,0750

f/ Thuphn du v este hoa li:Vi ph ng php tchtrn c th tch d u thnh hai phn tngng vi tnh cht kh

tt hn v km hn. Tuy nhin triglycerid ca hu ht cc loi du l glycerid hn hp c nghal trong hu ht cc phn td u ba gc acid bo l khc nhau.

V d: Trong mt phn td u lanh gm:Mt n hai gc linolenicMt n hai gc linoleicMt gc oleic

Vi phn tth c m t gc stearicDo vy mc d tch c phn kh tt hn nhng du cha phi l tt nht do mt viphn tch a ti thiu l mt gc acid bo c khng no th p.

Vi ph ng php ny du c tch ra thnh acid bo v glycerin. Cc acid bo ctch ra ring lb ng chng ct hoc kt tinh ri este ho li vi glycerin to mt lot du t khtt nht n km nht.

Cng c th lm t ng kh h n na bng cch este ho cc acid bo bng cc alcolkhng phi l glycerin. Th ng l cc alcol cch c cao hn glycerin.

V d

Pentaerithrytol

C

HO H2C

HO H2C

CH2

OH

CH2 OH

HOH2C

HOH2C

HOH2C

C CH2 O CH2 C

CH2 OH

CH2 OH

CH2 OH


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dipentaerithrytolSorbitol

2,2,6,6 tetrametylol cyclohexanol

- Ph ng php tch du: Du c th c tch hoc thuphn b ng nhiu cch:

+ X phng ho du vi NaOH sau xl b ng acid v cthu l i acid bo.+ Cho du v l ng nh n c vo ni chu p sut cao thu phn d u thnh acid bov glycerin.

Nhng ph ng php ny nu tin hnh ginon th khng kinh t b ng phng phplin tc. Phng php lin tc gi thnh sn phm thp v sn phm thu c c tinh khi tcao hn. Vi phng php ny, nc v du chy ng c chiu qua mt ct c gia nhit v psut, khng c xc tc. Dui ra bn trn ct v n c ngt (l nc c cha glycerin)i ray ct.Vng gia ct c thit k sao cho n c ri xung tng git nh qua d u nhi tkhong 5000F. Hiu sut ton phn khong 9899%.

Hi ncN cDu

- Tch acid bo: Dng phng php chng v kt tinh.

H2C CH CH CH CH CH2

OH

OH OH OH OH OH

HO H2C

OH

HO H2C

CH2 OH

CH2 OH

Acidbeo

Nc ngot


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Vic tch hn hp thnh tng phn ring lkhng ph i ln gin do tnh cht vt l cacc acid bo tng i gn nhau.

- Este ho bng cc acid bo:Cc acid bo thu c c th em este ho vi cc alcol nhi tth p hnim si ca

alcol mt t trong ni kn c sinh hn ngng t. C thdng xc PbO ho c Naphtanatcanci.V d: Este ho du lanh vi Pentaerythritol.

Acid bo du lanh: 2130gPentaerythritol: 255g.

Gia nhit acid du lanh ln 3200F trong 30 pht v cho Pentaerythritol vo. Tng nhitti 4660F trong 45 pht v duy trnhi tny d n khi t ch s acid yu c u (khong 8 n10).

Pentaerythritol c ly d 10,5% t mceste ho g n nhhon ton.Du sau khi tng hp c trng hp nhitb ng cch tng nhit ln 5500F v gi

nhitny n khi tnh t cn thit.g/ng phn ho:

Mcchng phn ho l ci thin kh c a du bng cch thay i v tr n iitrong phn tm khng thay i s n ii.

V d:ng phn ho nii khng lin hp

thnh nii lin hp:

Nii lin hp ny lm cho c tnh kh tt hn v trng hp nhanh hn.Tuy nhin cng c nhng tr ng hp ng phn ho du khng tng kh, b n n c v

kim ca mng do ng thi xy ra s ng phn ho theo hng khc:V d:

Cis trans

Dng trans km kh hn v c cu hnhn nh hn.h/ Khnc trong du ve (du thu du):

Thnh phn acid bo ch y u trong du ve l acid ricinoleic c mt nii nn n thucloi du khng kh nhng sau khi khH2O s chuy n thnh du kh. Phn ng xy ranhi t cao nn c th dng xc tc h nhi tph n ng. Xc tc c th l H2SO4 c hoclong, Dietylsulfat.

H2SO4 c c hot tnh xc tc mnh hn nhng lm mu du ti hn.Cch

R CH CH2 R,CH= CH =CH

R CH CH =CH CH = CH CH2 R,

R C

H

= C

H

R,

R C

H

C

H

R,

=

R CH CH =CH CH = CH CH2 R,

H C H

R

CH OH

H C H

H

CH

13

12

11

10

9

+ H2SO4

- H2O

R

C

C

CC

H

H

H O

H

S

O

OH

=O

R

H

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

C 13

12

11

10

- H2SO4

Nhit hn


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u tin xc tc acid phn ng vi nhm OH ca acid ricinoleic to este, saunhi t caos nhi t phn xy ra v acid c tch ra.

Qu trnh phn ng khng ch t o sn phm kh n c 9,11 m cn to sn phm 9,12.ng thi vi hin tng khn c, hin tngng phn ho cng xy ra to 50% ng phncis v 50%ng phn trans.

Cis 9,11 cis 9,12 trans 9,11 trans 9,12

Qu trnh khn c nu tin hnh trong mi tr ng chn khng th m du hn d i psut th ng.

Do trong trongng c n c tch ra nn s gay ra hi n t ng thu phn m t phn du,tip l phn ng este ho gia nhm OH trn C12 ca du v acid bo tdo. Hi n t ng esteho ny lm cn trph n ng tch nc do nhm OH c bo v.

Phn ng kh n c l thun nghch nn chxy ra n mt mc no (ngay ctrongmi tr ng chn khng nc c tch ra).

Ni chhung qu trnh phn ng khn c xy ra rt phc tp do c xy ra cc phn ngph.

V d: Strng h p mt phn du kh n c nhi tcao.Khn ng trng hp ca ng phn 9, 11 cao hn 9,12 do du ve kh n c thng

phm chch a 25% acid linoleic lin hp 9,11 (sau khi kh n c acid linoleic lin hp 9,11 vkhng lin hp 9,12 mi loi chim 40 n 42%).

Ngoi ra ngi ta c thchuy n du c mt nii thnh du c 2 nii bng ph ngphp kt hp Oxy sau khn c.V d:

H

H

H

H

R

R

,

C

C

C

C

H

H

O2

R

C

C

C

C

R

H

H

H

H

H

H

,

OH

OH H

H C

C

R,

H

H

R

C

C

- 2 H2O

H

H

H

H

HH

H

H

C

C

C

C

C

C

R,

R

H

H

H

H

H

R

C

C

C

C

C

R,

HH

H

H

H

R

R

,

C

C

C

C

R

C

C

C

C

C

R

H H

H

H

H

H

,


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35

C thx y ra phn ng tch 1 phn t n c ri sp xp li to ceton.y l phn ngkhng mong mun:i/ Maleic ho:

Thng dng Anhydricmaleic vi hm l ng 2n 10% nhm tng tctrng h p cacc loi du cha acid bo khng no. sn phm c to thnh gi l du maleic ho hay cn gi

l Ac. Sn phm ny c th este ho b ng Glycerin hoc Pentaerythritol hoc trung ho bngkim, NH3, amin... to sn phm tan trong n c dng lm sn n c hoc sn nht ng.- Cch t o Ac nhsau:+ Du c cha nii lin hp:

+ Du c cha nii khng lin hp:

Du maleic ho so vi bn thn n c nhnguim sau : ddng b nhi t trng hphn, mu sn phm sau khi nhit trng hp sng hn, mng sn kh, chu n c v bn khquyn hn.

Do maleicn mn cc loi thp ghnh ng, st nn ni phn ng phi lm bng thpkhng ghnh nhm. Qu trnh x l c tin hnh nhsau:

Du v anhydric maleic c gia nhit trong ni kn c ng thng hi v khuy trnmnh. Nhit ph n ng thay i t 200 n 2800C ty thuc vo loi du c x l. S nphm c ra bng nc v xc nh chs acid.

H

H

H

H

R

R

,

C

C

C

C

H

H

O2

R

C

C

C

C

R

H

H

H

H

H

H

,

OH

OH - 2H2O

H

O

HH

H C

C

R,

H H

R

C

C

H

H C

C

R,

H H

R

C

C

OH

H

R CH CH CH CH R,

O OO

R R

OO O

,

+

R CH CH CH2 CH CH R

OO O

OO O

R CH CH CH CH CH R

O OO

,,

+

O

O

OO O

O

R RCH,

+


36/88

36

k/ng trng hp vi Styren:m t vi kha cnh, dung trng hp ging vi du maleic ho do chng c to

nn bng cch cng hp cc cu t khc v i phn khng no ca cc phn t d u. Tuy nhintrong dung trng hp, cu t c cho vo phi c kh n ng trng hp. V d: Stiren, (-metyl stiren, cyclopentadien l nhng monomer c dng nhiu nht hin nay:

- Khi tin hnhng trng hp du v styren c thb ng hai phng php, dung mihoc khi:

* Ph ng php dung mi: Phn ng d iu khin, xy ra chm hn, nu sn phmihi khng cha dung mi th phi tch dung mi.

* Phng php khi: xy ra nhanh hn nhng c khuynh h ng n trng hp ca styren

to sn phm khng trn ln do sn phm khng t ng hp vi du. h n ch ng i ta dnghn hp 25(35% (- metyl styren v 65( 75% styren thay v 100% styren scho s n phmngnht vi cc loi du.

t ng tc ph n ng thng dng xc tc peroxit nh peroxit benzoyl...ph n ngc tin hnh trong ni kn c thit bh i lu.

- Sn phm cb n kim, n c tt v kh bn lu (tui th), nhy vi dung mi thm(do c PS). C th c dng trong sn kin trc v cng nghip. Cch : rt phc tp.

Trong qu trnh trng hp gia styren vi du kh sxy ra m t s ph n ngng thi.Phn ng no xy ra vi tcnhanh nh t s l ph n ng chimu th v quy t nh sn phmto thnh.

Mch PS c thpht tri n theo hai h ng:

Mch PS sk t hp vi phn td u:

Nii cng nhiu th xu h ng ny cng cao, nh t cng ln v db gel ho.Ngoi ra cn c phn ng trng hp gia styren v du:

C=CH2

CH3

CH = CH2

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH______ ____ __( )[ ]n

R__

+

____R

R

a)

b) __ +

______ ____ R2

RR

c) __ + 2

____

__

...

(C6H5COOH)2 2C6H6COO 2C6H5 2CO2+

C6H5 [ ]__ __ ____CH2 CH CH2 CH R

__( )n

....


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37

II/ Sto mng:Trong qu trnh kh khng kh, mng tip nhn 10 ( 12% oxi, to cu trc peroxitng

thi to nn cc sn phm phn huoxi ho. Lin k t ngang gia cc phn td u c hnhthnh to sn phm polimer khu mnh.- Cch t o mng:

(To ra hidro peroxit chuy n cc nii t khng lin h p n lin hp, to thun li choqu trnh khu mch).

Vi phn ng u: Chs iot gi m.Vi phn ng sau: Chs iot khng i.Trong qu trnh to mng, chs peroxit, hidro peroxit t ng.

+ Tip tc xy ra phn ng phn hucc peroxit, hidro peroxit t o mng l i khng gian vto sn phm ph. Chuyn mng du td ng lng sang rn.

. Sn phm ph c kh n ng bay hi: H2o, H2O2, HCOOH, CH3COOH .. .. Sn phm ph khng bay h i: Axit bo mch ngn, andehyd, xeton.. .

.

.

.

CH2= CH +

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

R

__CH2

CHCH

CH

CH

CH

HC CH2

R

R

'

__

__

__

____

'

R CH CH R' O2 RCH CH

O O

R____ ____

__

__ ____= + RCH CHR '=

R CH CH R

OO

R RCHCH' '

'

____

____ __

__

R

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

R'

R

CH2

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

R'

O2+ +OOHCH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

R

R'

'

+ OOH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

R

R

''

OOH

or CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

R

R

CH

+ OOH

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

R'

OOH*

*CH2

R R

OO

CH CH 'R CH = CH R '

R

CH

CH

R

O

R

CH

CH

R

'

'

__

__

__ __ __ __

__ __

__ ____

__

+ O

'

R R'CH

OOH

CH=

CH

R

'

R

____ ____ R RCHO

O

R

CH CH2 R'

+

__ __

____

__

'


38/88

38

Khi sy nng cn c cc phn ng xy ra nhsau:( Trng hp nhit).

Nu du khng c nii lin hp th d i tc dng ca nhit th s xy ra hi nt ng ng phn ho to nii lin hp ri xy ra phn ng trng hp nh trn hocc thtrng h p mch trc tip gia cc nhm metylen:

RR CH

OOH

R CH=CH CH2 R'__ ____ __ __ + '

R CH

R'

O

R

CHCH

CH

= R'__

__

____

__

__

__

__ ____

+ H2O

R

CH

R

R CH= CH

CHH2O2

'

'

R

+

R

R R

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

''

R

R

R

R

CH CH= ____

__

+

'

'

dien dien_

R

R

CH

CH

CH

CH ' '

'

,

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

R ' ' ' ' ',

CH

CH

+

R

R

R

,

,

CH CHCHCH R

(dien trien)-

R

R

CH

CH

CH

CH ' '

'

,

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

R ' ' ' ' ',

CH

CH

+

R

R

R

,

,

CH CHCHCH R

CH CH

CH

CH

-(trien trien)

R

CH

CH

CH 2

CH

CH CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH

R

CH

CH

CH2

CH

CH

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

R

CHCH

CH

CH

CH

R

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

R

CHCH

CH

CH

CH

R

+ +. .


39/88

39

III/ Sphn huv lo ho mng:Di tc dng ca nh sng, t bit l tia t ngo i, cc tc nhn ho hc (dung

mi hu c, n c,...) s gy ra hi n tng phn huv lo ho mng.Qu trnh phn hu c ng xy ra ng thi trong qu trnh kh mng nhng vimc nh h n, Khi qu trnh to mng kt thc th s phn hu xy ra ng k.* Cch :

-

-

-

-

-

Ngoi ra do mng kh vn cn cha cc lin kti v mt vi Hydroperoxid ckhn ng hp th Oxy, n c, nh sng. Di tc dng ca cc yu t ny, lin kti cth b Oxy ho t o 2 nhm Hydroxy hoc tn cng vo nhm Metylen hotng toHydroperoxid. Nhm Hydroperoxid c thbi ni to Ceton hoc Hydroxy.V d: a/

b/

OH++

OOH

RR

RR1 2CH

CH

O

3 4 RR

RR1 2

CH

O

3 4

CO2 HOH

OOH

OH

R R1 2

R R3 4CH

OH

C RR C

O

1 2 2 2

R

R R

R

OO

CHCH R

R

R

RCH C

OHO

,

,

,,,,

CH CH

O O

R R RCHO R CHO+,,

OO

CH O

HOC

OO

CHO HOC+

(Aldehyd mach ngan)

R CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH CH2 R

+O2

,

,R CH 2 CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH 2 R

OOH H2O2- OOH

,R CH2 CH CH C CH CH C CH CH CH2 R

OO

R CH2 CH CH CH 2 C H CH CH2 CH CH C H2 R

+O2

R CH2 CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH2 R,

,


40/88

-

40

(2 NHA DNG TRONG SN

i vi nha tht kh c mt khi nim c th b i v n c thnh phn ho hcv tnh cht vt l thay i trong mt gii hn rng. Tuy nhin nu nhn chung th mtnha c thc nh ng trng thi sau:

+ C th thay i trng thi vt l t r n, cng, dn sang lng, nht, khng bayhi.

+ Mm khi gia nhit, khng cim nng chy xc nh (chng t khng k ttinh 100%).

+ L hp cht hu cnn ph n ln ho tan trong dung mi hu c, trm t vitr ng hp ngoi l.

+ To mng lin tc khi lm lnh dung dch nha nng chy hoc khi bay hi

dung mi tm t dung dch nha.+ Mt hn hp gm nhng cht ho tan ln nhau th trong sut (nha - nha hoc

nha - dung mi) cn nu khng tan th s c.Vi nhngiu kin trn th c rt nhiu cht hu c c xem l nha. Tuy

nhin ch c m t s nh a c dng trong cng nghip sn v ngoi cc yu cu kthut n cn phipng yu cu vkinh t .

- Nha dng trong sn c chia lm 2 loi:+ Nha thin nhin+ Nha tng hp

I/ Nha thin nhin:C ngun gc t ng vt hoc thc vt.

1/ Nha c ngun gc tthc vt:thuc t:- Nha rt cy.- Chic bng dung mi- Khng vt.

a/ Nha thng:c chia lm 2 loi- Gm: l m r ra t cy thng. t ng tc r c a nha th sau khi x

rnh pht ln rnh dung dch H2SO4 50 ( 60%.Thnh phn gm:

Nng: Nha thng 68%Nh: Turpentin 20% (du thng)

N c 12%Hn hp thu cem chng ct tch H2O v Turpentin. Nh thng thu

c tr ng thi nng chy cho qua b ph n lc ri vo thng cha. N c mu vng nen phthu c vo ph ng php xl v lo i thit bdng ch ng ct.

- Nha thng g: G v r em nghin nh r i chic bng dung mi Naphtanng.

+ Thnh phn: Trong qu trnh chic c thxy ra m t vi phn ng ho hc nnthnh phn nha thng sau khi chic l:

Nha thng


41/88

41

TurpentinDipenten

Sn phm thu cem lc, chng ct phnon tch ph n bay hi vnha thng th. Nha thng th c mu sm v c mt t cht mang mu. C th tchcht mang mu bng mt trong cc ph ng php sau:

X l dung d ch nha trong Naphta nng bng Fufurol, sau lm ngui,

lng s

tch thnh 2 l

p: nh

a trong Naphta v mu trong Fufurol. a dung dch nha trong Naphta nng qua cc ct hp ph ( t hot tnh,

gii hp bng Alcol - Naphta) gi l i cc cht mu.Nha thng g c khuynh h ng kt tinh nhiu hn nha thng gm.

cim ca nha thng:- Vthnh ph n:

Cha 90% Acid nha v 10% hp cht trung tnh.Trong Acid nha chy u l Acid abietic v c th b ng phn ho to Acidlevopimaric:

- C khn ng x phng ho:+ Nhm -COOH c trung ho bi kim, Oxit km to nha thng kim ho v

Resinat km dng lm cht hot ng bm t.+ To Resinat Mangan, cobalt, ch dng lm cht lm kh cho du v sn.- Tc dng vi cc Alcol t o ra cc ester c th ph i trn vi cc loi

nha khc v vi du lm s n hoc Vecni.

V d:nha thng cho tc dng vi Glycerin dng trong keo (cht tng dnh, btdnh), mc in, sn phn tn trong nc v mc:

- im chy mm thp,Acid cao nn th ng c bin tnh bng ccphng php ho hc trc khi dng lm sn v vecni.

Cc ph ng php ho hc bi n tnh nha thng:+ Maleic ho:Sn phm c to thnh bng cch ester ho Auc abietic maleic bng Glycerin

hoc Maleic ho ester ca Glycerin vi nha thng:

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3CH3

CH3

COOHCOOH

CHCHa. abietic a.levopimaric

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH

C

O

O

H2C

CH

CH2

O

O

O

O

C

C

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH

CH

COOHCOOH

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3COOH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

O

+

O


42/88

42

Sn phm to thnh l ester.+ Phn ng to nhaa tu:

nha thng c kh n ng phn ng vi Phenol, Andehit... Sn phm phn nggia nha thng v PF gi l nha Copal nhn to:

Sn phm to thnh cn nhiu nhm -COOH nn ng i ta cho tc dng viglycerin (ester ho) ri trn vi du thc vt lm sn s n hp ng thc phmb/ Nha m:

c ly t t v c ngun gc tth c vt. Loi nha ny c nhiu cc vngnhit i v c 2 loi: Nha Copal v nha Anta.

Nha Copal:C thnh phn cha xc nh r, nhit nng ch y cao hn so vi cc loi nha

thin nhin khc.Sau khi x l nhi t 280 ( 300oC v ch ng tch cc cht bc th Copal dho

tan trong nhiu dung mi hn v kt hp hon ton vi du thc vt.

Nha Anta:Thnh phn ho hc gm 70% Polyester ca Acid succinic

(HOOC-(CH2)2COOH) nen tnh cht ca n gn ging vi nha Polyester tng hp.Nhitch y mm xp x175oC, nhi tnng ch y 300oC, tan tt trong hydrocacbonthm, du thng. Hin nay n c dng ch t o sn du.c/ Bitum:

C 3 loi: bitum thin nhin, bitum nhn to v PEC. Bitum thin nhin: C 2 loi ch y u:

COOH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2CH2 OH

OH

...

...

+

HO

CH2

O

CH2

HO

CH2

CH2

CH 2

...

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

COOH

O

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

COOH


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- Asphaltit: L loi bitum tt nht, cha t tp cht, c nhit nng ch ykh cao (( 980C).

- Asphan:Cha nhiu tp cht hn do nhitnng ch y thp hn Asphaltit, km bng

hn. Loi ny c ly tqu ng asphan ( tn ti 30% bitum, 70% tp cht). l y bitum tqu ng th phi dng dung mi chi c bitum ra.

Bitum nhn to:L sn oxi ho cn du m hay b n thn du m, cracking sn phm du m ho c

bin tnh ho hc du mo, n khc vi bitum thin nhin l cha t tp cht hn vtrong thnh phn c CaSO4, tan nhiu trong du khong hn, cha t lu hunh hn vlu hunh kt hp khng cht chnn khi un nng n 2000C th H2S thot ra. Chaaxit asphaltogenic.

PEC:PEC l sn phm chng kh, cracking hoc nhit phn cc loi du, g, acid

bo,...Do vy ta c cc loi PEC t ngng nh: PEC nha g, PEC stearin, PEC than, PEC du...

- PEC than:

L cn ca qu trnh chng ct nha than, khng tan trong cn, este, tan mtphn trong white spirit, du thng, du xng, tan hon ton trong CS2, CHCl3, xylen,benzen... khng kt hp c vi du do khng thdng lm s n du.

- PEC du:L cn ca qu trnh chng ct du, tan trong CS2, CHCl3, benzen,...bn vi

kim v acid, dng cht o sn du gy (hm l ng du t).- PEC nha g: l sn phm chng ct nhiu loi g. Trong thnh phn ca

n c cha nha, cc oxi acid, alhiric, phenol,... tan trong cc hp cht thm, dukhong, t tan trong hp cht mch thng.

- PEC stearin:L sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct acid bo bng hi nc qu nhit. Sn phm

ny c nh t ln, tan trong C6H6, xylen, du thng, CS2, CHCl3. Th ng c dng lm s n cchin, chiu nhit loi sy nng.+ thnh phn ca bitum:

- Du khong: l cc hp cht mch thng loi paraphin, naphten,polinaphten, khng bh p thb i t st, tan trong tt ccc lo i hu c, lm tng khnng ho tan ca bitum nhng lm chm qu trnh kh ca mng sn.

- Nha trung tnh: l sn phm trunh gian ca qu trnh trng hp cccacbua hiro, c khi bh p ph b i t st, lm mng sn trn cs bitum co gi n,nhi.

- Asphalten: l sn phm oxi ho, trng hp, lu ho nha. Lm mng sntrn c s bitum c ng, dn, nhit nng chy cao, tan trong benzen nhng khng tan

trong cn, du xng. Trong bitum th nha trung tnh v asphalten l hai thnh phnquan trng nht.

Vi bitum cha cng nhiu nha th cng d k t hp vi du thc vt nn ddng dng s n xut sn, mng trn c s bitum c tc d ng chu nhit, ha cht,n c, chng gnh ng km bn d i nh nng v vy th ng dng qut ln kim loi,b tng,... s d ng trong mi trng chu ha cht, nhit. Nu dng ngoi tri ththm vo mt t bt nhm h n chr n nt.2/ Nha c ngun gc t ng vt.

Nha cnh kin:


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Nha cnh kindo su cnh ki n nh ra. Lc u cnh kin d ng thanhhay dng ht gi l gomme lc. Ng i taun gm lc vi n c si chuyn ha chtmu c trong gm lc ri cn thnh tm rt mng, c mu vng gi l shel lc. Nhv yshel lc l nha cnh kin qua chbi n.

- Thnh phn:Thnh phn ch y u ca shel lc l ester ca Acid bo m ch y u l Acidaleiritiric:

Ngoi ra shel lc cng c cha khong 5% sp.- Shel lc nng chy 110 ( 1150C, ho tan trong C2H5OH, ki m, amoniac

v mui ca axit leoric.- Shel lcc dng ch t o nhiu loi sn, c bit l sn cchin.c

im ca mng sn c shel lc l c b n ch c cao, khng ht n c.II/ Nha tng hp.

Nha tng hp dng cht o sn khng nhng chc tc d ng thay thcho ph n

ln cc loi nha thin nhin m ch y u con l s n xut cc loi sn t bit (snchu nhit, sn chu ho cht, thi tit ...). Vic s d ng nha tng hp cn cho php titkim bt mt lng du thc vt dng lm thc phm.

- Khi xt n tnh cht ca nha tng hp dng ch t o sn cn chu nnhng tnh cht sau:

+ Kh n ng ho tan vo dung mi v khn ng kt hp vi cc thnh phn khctrong sn (du, nha thin nhin ...).

+ Khn ng bm dnh, co dn, bn kh quyn.+ Khn ng cchin, n nh ho hc ... Cc tnh cht ca nha lin quan n vic dng cht o sn:

- Trng l ng phn t: Trng l ng trung bnh tng do tnh cht c l t ng

nhng khn ng ho tan gim.- a phn tn: gimb n nhng tng kh n ng ho tan.- Cu trc: Chc c u trc mch thng v mch nhnh mi c khn ng ho tan

cn cu trc R3 khng nng chy, khng ho tan. Do nha dng ch t o sn chcthl P m ch thng hay Panggiai on chuyn bin dn sang R3 (v d: PF rezolic).

Qu trnh chuyn tc u to mch thng sang R3 l qu trnhng rn mng sn.C thth c hin bng 2 cch:

+ Dng xc tc (cht lm kh) hoc sy nng mng sn.+ Dng chtng rn.- Thnh phn ho hc v phn c c: cng c tc dng quyt nh n tnh

cht

ca P. V d : Mun mng sn khng chy, bn vi axit, kim th nn dng monomer c

tn ti halogen. V d: VC, vinylten clorua.1/ Nha alkyd:L nha poli ester c cu trc R3c ch t o talhi ric ca axit l ng chc m

ch yu l alhric phlalic v r ua chc m ch y u l glycerin v penta ery thrytric.

CH 3 CH2 CH CH 2 CH COOH

OH OH

2 7( ) ( )

CO

CO

O

CH2 OH

CH OH

CH2 OH

C

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

(AP)


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Nha alkyli t AP + glycerin g i l glyphtal, AP + penta ery thrytric - penta phtal

- Mng sn trn cs nh a alkyd khng bin tnh c cim: bm dnh tt vinhiu vt liu,n hi, bng, bn d i tc dng ca nh sng nhng li c nhtiml dn, d n t, ht nc, kh ho tan trong dung mi do cu trc cht ch. Do trongthc t r t t dng nha alkyl khng bin tnh lm s n

- Ng i ta th ng bin tnh alkyl bng acid bo hoc du thc vt.a/ Bin tnh alkyl bng acid bo.

Nguyn liu: glycerin, AP, acid bo c th cho vo m t lc hoc tng hpmonoglyceric ca acid bo tr c

Mnoglyceric + AP to ra cu trc nhnh:

Tuy nhin, vic tch Acid bo td u thc vt rt phc tp v gi thnh cao nnphng php ny t sd ng.b/ Bin tnh alkyd bng du thc vt:

Thnh phn: TriglycericGlycerinAP

i vi ph ng php ny khng th a nguyn liu vo cng mt lc v nAP +Glycerin to sn phm khng tan trong du.

Cu to ca nha Alkyd bin tnh bng du thc vt c thbi u din nhsau:

Trong thc tng i ta thng dng c d u bn kh v du kh. Cc gc R nycn c cc nii c kh n ng kt hp vi nhau bng nhng cu ni Oxy -O- (trong qutrnhng rn) lm cho Polymer c cu to mng l i rt thch hp lm s n:

CH2 OH

CH OH

CH2 OH

+ RCOOH

CH2 OCOR

CH OH

CH2 OH

R

CO

O

CH 2 CH CH2

O

CO CO

O

CO

CO

O

CO

O

R

CH 2 CH CH2...

...

HOOC COO C3H5

OH

OOC CO OC3H5

OCOR

OOC CO O ...

HOOC CO O C3H5 C3H5OOC CO O OOC

O

CO

O

CO

COO C3H5 OH

O


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- Nha Alkyd bin tnh bng du thc vt c th pha thm m t t nhathng (hm l ng nha thng khng nn vt qu 10%) gi m nh t nhng lmcho mng sn dn.

- Tnh cht ca nha Alkyd bin tnh bng du thc vt ph thu c ch y uvo cc yu t: l ng du,khng no c a du.

+ Hm l ng nha trong du cnh gi bng % trng l ng du (hay Acid

bo) trong nha. N th ng daong trong khong 30 ( 70%. Cn c vo hm l ngdu trong nha Alkyd bin tnh c thphn lm 4 lo i nha:loi nha hm l ng du (%)

bo > 60%bo trung bnh 45 ( 59%

gy 35 ( 44%rt gy < 35%

Hm l ng du ( bo) cng cao th dung d ch nha cng t nht, khn ng hotan vo dung mi cacbuahydro mch thng cng ddng, s n cng dng m bt mu vc kh n ng dng chi qut gia cng, mng s n co gin tt, bn vi thi tit nhngkm rn, t bm dnh, km bn vi dung mi du nhn v chm kh.

+khng no ( kh) c a du:Du cng kh th mng sn cng kh nhanh nhng n lm dung dch nha cnht cao, d b keo ho, mng s n chng b lo ho. Do th ng dng kt hp dukh v bn kh mng s n chm lo ho v c tc dng ho do.

Nha Alkyd bin tnh bng du thc vt cbng cao, c ng, bn vi nc, nhsng v thi tit, bm dnh tt vi kim loi v tng i co dn. Ngoi ra n cn c khnng phi hp vi nhiu loi nha khc nn phm vi sd ng kh r ng.2/ Nha Polyester mch thng:

c 2 loi: no v khng noa/Nha Polyester no:

c to thnh tr u 2 chc no v Acid 2 chc no.

Nha ny ch c dng ho d o cho cc loi nha khc nh: PVC, UF,Melamin-formandehit ...b/ Nha Polyester khng no:

R u 2 chc v acid 2chc khng no c th dng thm m t t glycerin,pentaerythric,acid thm,no...

Nhaa txong cho ho tan vo m t loi monomer (thng l styren).Monomerva l dung mi va l cht c khn ng tham gia phn ngng trng hp vi nha to thnh cu tru khng gian .Cu to ca nha sau khing trng hp vi styrennhsau:


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V dung mi tham gia vo thnh phn cu mng s n nn c thg i sn polysterkhng no l sn khng c dung mi (c thdng khng qu 10% dung mi th c s nh :acetin metanol ..)

Qu trnh hnh thnh mng sn c xy ra phn ngng trng hp nha vimonomen di tc dng ca cht khi .Do vy cc loai bt mu v chtn dngtrong sn UPE phi tho mn cc yu c u sau :

+Khng bphn hu b i proxit+Khng tham gia phn ng vi nha+Khngnh hng n tc trng h p

Bt mu th ng dng l :TiO2, litopon ...cht n :btMng sn trn c s UPE cc bng r t cao, cng, bn vi mi mn,bn vinht , nh sng,noc, du xng ... nhng c khuytim l bm dnh vi kim lo ithp3/ Nha phenol-formandehydC hai loi :-Novolc to thnh khi ly d phenol v xc tc l mi tr ng acid:

Trong mi tr ng acid cc nhm metylol to thnh nhanh chng tc dng vi

nhau hoc vi phenol:

Thai ph n ng trn cho thy cu to ca nha t ngi phc tp nhng c thgii thch cu to ca nha nomolc nhsau :

- Nha rezolic: to thnh khi ly dfoman ehy v xc tc kim- Mi tr ng kim giai on u st o ra cc mono,tridimetyol, phenol

Nu tip tca t s c sn phm nha c cu to thng v c mt t nhnhcha kh nhiu nhm metylol tdo:

OH

CH2O

OH

CH2OH+

OH

CH2OH HO CH2

OH

H2O

OH

CH2 O CH

2

OH

+-

OHOHOH OH

CH2OHCH2

+

OH OHOH

nCH2O(m )1+

n

nH2O+ +CH2

OH

CH2

CH 2OH

OH

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2OH

... ...

OH

CH2

OC CH CH OOC CH CH COO CH2 CH2......

...

CH

CH2

.

...OC CH CH OOC CH CH COO CH CH...

..

n


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Nhcc nhm metylol t do nn khi un nng n 1700C hoc cho thm xc tcacid th nha s ng rn v c cu trc khng gian .

Novolac rezolic rt t dng lm s n v chng kh ho tan vo cacbuahydro vkhng trn hp c vi du thc vt.kh c phc c hai nh cim trn ng i tatin hnh bin tnh nha phenol formandehyd hoc cht o nha phnol c nhm th vpara g i l nha phenol c nhm thho c nha phenol 100%.a/ Nha phenol 100%:

y l nha khng c bin bin tnh nhng c kh n ng ho tan trong cccacbuahydro v trn hp c vi du .Cc cim ny ph thu c vo bn cht hohc, kch thc nhm th.

+ N u l nhm thalkyl th nh a ddng k t hp voi du; tan trong cacbuahydrothng v thm. Nu nhm th alkyl th kh tr n hp vi du v ch tan trongcccacbuahydro thm do thng dng phenol c nhm thalkyl + Kch th c nhm th cng l n cng d tr n hp vi du nhng c ng canha gim .

- t ng hp nha trc tin phi ch t o alkyl phenol , th ng l parabutylphenol bt 3 t r u izobutylic vi phenol c xc tc H2SO4, cch :

Sau tin hnha t alkyl phenol v i formalin. Nha alkyl phenol c dng ch t i sn nn dng cho cc dng c, thit bs d ng vng nhi ti v m khcao.

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

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