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GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 1
B GIO DC V O TOTRNG I HC NNG LM TP.H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH MI TRNG
Tiu lun mn hc NHIM KHNG KH V TING N
Tn tiu lun:
NHIM KHNG KH T QU TRNH
T NHIN LIU V BIN PHP X L
NHM THC HIN : NHM 3LP : DH06MTNGNH : K THUT MI TRNG
-02/2009-
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
MC LC
DANH BNG BIU MC ........................................................................................................ 4
....................................................................................................................................................5
CHNG 1: M U ............................................................................................................. 6
1.1. T VN ....................................................................................................6
1.2. MC TIU ........................................................................................................6
1.3. PHM VI ..........................................................................................................6
1.4. NI DUNG NGHIN CU ..............................................................................6
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN CC QU TRNH T ............................................................. 7
2.1. NH NGHA NHIN LIU .............................................................................7
2.2. PHN LOI NHIN LIU ...............................................................................7
Bng 2.2.1. Cc thng s k thut ca du Diesel ..............................................................82.2.2. Nhin liu rn: ...........................................................................................................92.2.3. Nhin liu dng kh: ................................................................................................102.2.4. Nhin liu sinh hc: ................................................................................................10
2.3. THNH PHN NHIN LIU .........................................................................11Bng 2.3.1. Thnh phn nhin liu, % KL ......................................................................12Bng 2.3.2. Thnh phn nhin liu theo mol ....................................................................13
CHNG 3 : NHIM KHNG KH DO QU TRNH T NHIN LIU....................14
3.1. QU TRNH HNH THNH CC CHT GY NHIM CHNH .............14
3.1.1.Cacbon monoxit: ......................................................................................................143.1.2.Cc nit oxit (NOx): ................................................................................................153.1.3. Lu hunh oxit (SOx): ...........................................................................................17
3.1.4. Cacbondioxit (CO2): ...............................................................................................19
3.2. TI LNG NHIM TRONG QU TRNH T ....................................19
3.2.1. Ti lng nhim trong qu trnh t nhin liu ca cc phng tin vn chuyn:...........................................................................................................................................19Bng 3.2.1: H s nhim ca cc phng tin vn chuyn s dng du diesel ............19Bng 3.2.2. Ti lng bi v kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn ....................................203.2.2. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip ................................. 21Bng 3.2.4.Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip; ........................21
(kg/tn nhin liu) .................................................................................21
Bng 3.2.5 : h s nhim t vi l gch(kg/tn sn phm): .......................................223.3. CC BIN PHP GIM NHIM ........................................................................223.3.1. Nguyn tc ca cc qu trnh x l kh c hi: .....................................................22
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 2
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3.3.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp th: ..............................................................233.3.3. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp ph: .............................................................253.3.4. Cc phng php x l SO2: ..................................................................................263.3.5. Cc phng php x l NOx: .................................................................................293.3.5. Nhit .......................................................................................................................313.3.6. Phng php x l CO: .......................................................................................... 34
CHNG 4 : KT LUN V KIN NGH ...........................................................................35
4.1. KT LUN ......................................................................................................35
4.2. KIN NGH .....................................................................................................35
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 36
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 3
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
DANH BNG BIU MC
DANH BNG BIU MC ........................................................................................................ 4
....................................................................................................................................................5
CHNG 1: M U ............................................................................................................. 6
1.1. T VN ....................................................................................................6
1.2. MC TIU ........................................................................................................6
1.3. PHM VI ..........................................................................................................6
1.4. NI DUNG NGHIN CU ..............................................................................6
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN CC QU TRNH T ............................................................. 72.1. NH NGHA NHIN LIU .............................................................................7
2.2. PHN LOI NHIN LIU ...............................................................................7
Bng 2.2.1. Cc thng s k thut ca du Diesel ..............................................................82.2.2. Nhin liu rn: ...........................................................................................................92.2.3. Nhin liu dng kh: ................................................................................................102.2.4. Nhin liu sinh hc: ................................................................................................10
2.3. THNH PHN NHIN LIU .........................................................................11
Bng 2.3.1. Thnh phn nhin liu, % KL ......................................................................12Bng 2.3.2. Thnh phn nhin liu theo mol ....................................................................13
CHNG 3 : NHIM KHNG KH DO QU TRNH T NHIN LIU....................14
3.1. QU TRNH HNH THNH CC CHT GY NHIM CHNH .............14
3.1.1.Cacbon monoxit: ......................................................................................................143.1.2.Cc nit oxit (NOx): ................................................................................................153.1.3. Lu hunh oxit (SOx): ...........................................................................................17
3.1.4. Cacbondioxit (CO2): ...............................................................................................193.2. TI LNG NHIM TRONG QU TRNH T ....................................19
3.2.1. Ti lng nhim trong qu trnh t nhin liu ca cc phng tin vn chuyn:...........................................................................................................................................19Bng 3.2.1: H s nhim ca cc phng tin vn chuyn s dng du diesel ............19Bng 3.2.2. Ti lng bi v kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn ....................................203.2.2. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip ................................. 21Bng 3.2.4.Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip; ........................21
(kg/tn nhin liu) .................................................................................21
Bng 3.2.5 : h s nhim t vi l gch(kg/tn sn phm): .......................................223.3. CC BIN PHP GIM NHIM ........................................................................223.3.1. Nguyn tc ca cc qu trnh x l kh c hi: .....................................................22
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 4
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3.3.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp th: ..............................................................233.3.3. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp ph: .............................................................253.3.4. Cc phng php x l SO2: ..................................................................................263.3.5. Cc phng php x l NOx: .................................................................................293.3.5. Nhit .......................................................................................................................313.3.6. Phng php x l CO: .......................................................................................... 34
CHNG 4 : KT LUN V KIN NGH ...........................................................................35
4.1. KT LUN ......................................................................................................35
4.2. KIN NGH .....................................................................................................35
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 36
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 5
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
CHNG 1: M U
1.1. T VN
Nhin liu l mt phn khng th thiu trong hot ng sng.c bit, n ng
mt vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip, giao thng vn ti ca cc quc gia trn thgii, n tham gia vo hu ht cc qu trnh sn xut nhm to ra ca ci ci, phc v
li ch cho mi quc gia, mi khu vc.
V vy, vn nhin liu lun l vn c quan tm c bit v khu u
vo ( p ng cho nhu cu sn xut, vn chuyn ), v khu u ra ( tnh trng
nhim khng kh trong cc khu th, khu cng nghip, khu ch xut).T , vn
bo v mi trng khng kh c quan tm. Do vy, vic nghin cu nhim
khng kh t cc qu trnh t nhin liu v cc bin php x l l mt vn mang
tnh cp thit v thc t.
1.2. MC TIU
Tm hiu cc loi nhin liu tham gia trong qu trnh t.
Cc loi kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t nhin liu.
xut cc bin php x l nhm gim thiu nhim khng kh do cc qu
trnh t gy ra.
1.3. PHM VI
Cc kt qu thu thp ch yu l trn mng v sch chuyn v nhim khng
kh
Cc d liu v cc loi nhin liu tham gia cc qu trnh t.
Ch tm mt s loi kh c trng trong qu trnh t.
Tm hiu cc bin php x l tiu biu.
Thi gian thc hin t 26/02/2009- 10/03/2009.
1.4. NI DUNG NGHIN CU
Tm hiu cc loi nhin liu v: nh ngha, phn loi v thnh phn.
Tm hiu cc qu trnh hnh thnh cc cht nhim, ti lng nhim.
xut cc bin php x l, gim thiu nhim.
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 6
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CHNG 2: TNG QUAN CC QU TRNH T
2.1. NH NGHA NHIN LIU
Nhin liu l vt cht c s dng gii phng nng lng khi cu trc vt
l hoc ha hc b thay i. Nhin liu gii phng nng lng thng qua qu trnh ha
hc nh chy hoc qu trnh vt l, v d :phn ng nhit hch,phn ng phn hch.
Tnh nng quan trng ca nhin liu l nng lng c th c gii phng
khi cn thit v s gii phng nng lng c kim sot phc v mc ch ca
con ngi.
2.2. PHN LOI NHIN LIU
C 3 dng nhin liu ch yu c s dng trong qu trnh t
2.2.1. Nhin liu lng: gm c xng, du ha, du DO, FO.
Xng: l hn hp phc tp ca cc hydrocacbon nh c nhit si trong
khong t 30 n 250 oC. Xng c sn xut ch yu t du m, kh du m, than ,
than nu, phin nhin liu v nha than . Tr s octan cng cao th kh nng
chng kch n cng ln. c tr s c tan trong xng, ngi ta pha hp cht ca ch
vo xng.
Du ha: l sn phm ca phn on chng ct du m c nhit si t 200 -
300 oC. Du ha c hm lng lu hunh nh (0,05%); lng cacbua hydro thm
thp.
Dau diezen:mt loi nhin liulng, sn phm tinh ch tdu m,
la san phan cua qua trnh chng cat trc tiep.Tr so
xetan anh gia kha nang t boc chay cua dau. Thng
ta them vao dau mot lng khong qua 1% izopropylnitrat
e tang tr so xetan ti mc qui nh. Chng thng c nhit
bc hi t 175 n 370 C. Cc nhin liu Diesel nng hn, vi nhit bc hi 315
n 425 C cn gi l du Mazut (Fuel oil).
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 7
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_nhi%E1%BB%87t_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_l%E1%BB%8Fng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%91c_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%91c_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_Chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_nhi%E1%BB%87t_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_l%E1%BB%8Fng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_m%E1%BB%8Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%91c_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_b%E1%BB%91c_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_C8/3/2019 Bai Tieuluan Onkk Nhom3
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
Bng 2.2.1. Cc thng s k thut ca du Diesel
Cc tiu chun cht lng ca nhin liu
Diesel
Loi nhin liu
Diesel Phng php
thDO
0,5% S
DO
1,0% S
1. Ch s cetan 50 45 ASTM D 976
2. Thnh phn chng ct, t C
50% c chng ct 280 C 280 C TCVN
90% c chng ct 370 C 370 C 269395
3. nht ng hc 20 C
(n v cSt: xenti-Stock)
1,8 5,0 1,8 5,0 ASTM D 445
4. Hm lng S (%) 0,5 1,0 ASTM D 2622
5. tro (% kl) 0,01 0,01 TCVN 269095
6. kt cc (%) 0,3 0,3 TCVN6 32497
7. Hm lng nc, tp cht c hc (% V) 0,05 0,05 TCVN 269395
9. n mn mnh ng 50 C trong 3 gi N0 1 N0 1 TCVN 269495
10. Nhit ng c, t C 5 5 TCVN 375395
11. T s A/F 14,4 14,4
Du mazut: l phn cn ca qu trnh chng ct du m p sut thng. Du
mazut c nhiu loi ch yu khc nhau nht, nhit nng chy, hm lng lu
hunh v nhit ng c. Du mazut c dng t ni hi trong cc l cng
nghip nh my dt, ng, ru bia, nhit in, v.v..;
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 8
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nc ta ang s dng 3 loi du mazut ca cc nc thuc khi Lin X c
c k hiu M-40; M-100; M-200; ngoi ra cn s dng du FO ca cc nc khc c
c tnh tng t du M-40 v M-100.
2.2.2. Nhin liu rn:
G: c thnh phn ha hc v nhit tr thp ; m cao; tro thp, nhiu cht
bc (80 -90%) nn d chy.
Than bn: c m cao ti 90%; cht bc chim khong 70%.
Than nu: s phn ha a cht gi hn than bn; m 20 - 60%; tro t 15
- 50%; cht bc t 30 - 50%.
Than : (tn ting Anh l anthracite) l mt loi nhin lin ha thch c
hnh thnh cc h sinh thim ly ni xc thc vt c nc vbn lu gi
khng b xi ha vphn hy bi sinh vt (biodegradation). Than , l sn phm ca
qu trnhbin cht, l cc lp c mu en hoc en nu c th t chy c. Than
l ngun nhin liu sn xut in nng ln nht th gii, cng nh l ngun thi kh
carbon dioxide ln nht, c xem l nguyn nhn hng u gy nn hin tng nng
ln ton cu. Than c khai thc t cc m thanl thin hoc di lng t (hm
l) c tui hnh thnh a cht cao hn than nu, hm lng cacbon ln cht bc thayi trong phm vi ln (t 15 - 50%).
Than cc: l sn phm to thnh t than , l loi than cha t lu hunh v t
tro nh quy trnh luyn than thnh than cc iu kin ym kh trn 1000. Cc
thnh phn d bay hi nh nc, kh than v tro than b loi b gn nh hon ton.
Cacbon v cc phn tro cn li b ha tan ln vo nhau. Mt phn cacbon b chuyn
sang dng ging nh than ch (hay grapht).
Than cc l sn phm cng v xp c mu xm, thu c nh qu trnh luyn
cc ca than m (loi than c th t to ra cht kt dnh khi c nung mi trng
ym kh).
xp t 49-53%, t trng ring khong 1,80-1,95 g/cm, t trng biu kin
khong 1 g/cm, cn t trng khi dng ri l khong 400-500 kg/m, tro 9-12%, t
l cc cht d bay hi khong 1%. m tng i khong 2-4% v khng ln hn
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracitehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87n_h%C3%B3a_th%E1%BA%A1ch&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_th%C3%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A7m_l%E1%BA%A7y&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B9n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%94_xi_h%C3%B3a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%A7y_b%E1%BB%9Fi_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi%E1%BA%BFn_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ng_l%C3%AAn_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ng_l%C3%AAn_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%8F_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%99_thi%C3%AAn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%A7m_l%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%A7m_l%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%E1%BA%BFm_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%AD_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tro_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_ch%C3%AChttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%C3%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luy%E1%BB%87n_c%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luy%E1%BB%87n_c%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracitehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87n_h%C3%B3a_th%E1%BA%A1ch&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_th%C3%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A7m_l%E1%BA%A7y&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B9n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%94_xi_h%C3%B3a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%A7y_b%E1%BB%9Fi_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi%E1%BA%BFn_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ng_l%C3%AAn_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3ng_l%C3%AAn_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%8F_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%99_thi%C3%AAn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%A7m_l%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%A7m_l%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%E1%BA%BFm_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%AD_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tro_than&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_ch%C3%AChttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%C3%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luy%E1%BB%87n_c%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luy%E1%BB%87n_c%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=18/3/2019 Bai Tieuluan Onkk Nhom3
10/36
nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
0,5% khi lng. Gii hn sc bn khi b nn l 15-25 MPa, khi b ct (c trng cho
tnh bn vng i vi s ct) 6-12 MPa, nng sut ta nhit 29-30 MJ/kg.
2.2.3. Nhin liu dng kh:
Kh thin nhin l hn hp cht kh chy c, bao gm phn ln l cc
hydrocarbon (hp cht ha hc cha cacbon v hyr). Kh thin nhin c th cha
n 85% mtan (CH4) v khong 10% tan (C2H6), v cng c cha s lng nh hn
propan (C3H8), butan (C4H10), pentan (C5H12), v cc alkan khc. Kh thin nhin,
thng tm thy cng vi cc m du trong v Tri t, c khai thc v tinh lc
thnh nhin liu cung cp cho khong 25% ngun cung nng lng th gii.
Kh thin nhin c s dng lm nhin liu v nguyn liu u vo cho ngnh
ch bin ha cht. L mt nhin liu gia dng, n c t trong cc bp ga, l ga nu nng, sy kh. L mt nhin liu cng nghip, kh thin nhin c t trong cc
l gch, gm v l cao sn xut xi mng. Kh thin nhin cn c s dng t cc
l t cc tua-bin nhit in pht in cng nh cc l nu thy tinh, l luyn kim
loi v ch bin thc phm
Thnh phn kh t ca Vit Nam hin nay tnh theo t l % vol nh sau:
CO2 : 1,07% N2 : 2,45%
Methane : 80,8% Ethane : 14,3%
Propane : 1,11% i-Butane : 0,11%
n-Butane : 0,08% Kh khc : 0,08%
2.2.4. Nhin liu sinh hc:
Nhin liu sinh hc: (ting Php l biocarburant) l loinhin liu c hnh
thnh t cc hp cht c ngun gc ng thc vt (sinh hc). V d nh nhin liu ch
xut tcht bo ca ng thc vt (m ng vt,du da, ...), ng cc (la m,ng,
u tng...), cht thi trongnng nghip(rm r,phn, ...), sn phm thi trong cng
nghip (mn ca, sn phm g thi...), ...
Loi nhin liu ny c nhiu u im ni bt so vi cc loi nhin liu truyn
thng (du kh, than ...):
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 10
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C4%91r%C3%B4http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAtanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A9ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A9ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%A1_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_d%E1%BB%ABa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_d%E1%BB%ABa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C5%A9_c%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAa_m%E1%BB%B3http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_t%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BA%A3i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C6%A1m_r%E1%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B9n_c%C6%B0a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C4%91r%C3%B4http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAtanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A9ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BB%A1_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_d%E1%BB%ABa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C5%A9_c%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAa_m%E1%BB%B3http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_t%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BA%A3i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C6%A1m_r%E1%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B9n_c%C6%B0a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BA%A7u_kh%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A18/3/2019 Bai Tieuluan Onkk Nhom3
11/36
nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
tnh cht thn thin vimi trng: chng sinh ra t hm lng kh gy hiu
ng nh knh (mthiu ng vt l khin Tri t nng ln) v t gy nhim
mi trng hn cc loi nhin liu truyn thng.
ngun nhin liu ti sinh: cc nhin liu ny ly t hot ng sn xut nng
nghip v c th ti sinh. Chng gip gim s l thuc vo ngun ti nguyn
nhin liu khng ti sinh truyn thng.
Tuy nhin hin nay vn s dng nhin liu sinh hc vo i sng cn nhiu
hn ch do cha h c gi thnh sn xut xung thp hn so vi nhin liu truyn
thng. Trong tng lai, khi ngun nhin liu truyn thng cn kit, nhin liu sinh hc
c kh nng l nhin liu thay th.
2.3. THNH PHN NHIN LIU
i vi thnh phn nhin liu thng c biu din di cc dng:
- Thnh phn hu c Ch + Hh + Oh + Nh = 100%
- Thnh phn chy Cc + Hc + Oc + Nc + Sc = 100%
- Thnh phn kh Ck+ Hk+ Ok+ Nk+ Sk + Ak = 100%
- Thnh phn s dng Cd
+ Hd
+ Od
+ Nd
+ Sd
+ Ad
+ Wd
= 100%V d:
Cacbon (C) l thnh phn chy ch yu trong nhin liu. 1kg cacbon khi chy
ta ra khong 8.000 kCal. Nhin liu rn cha nhiu cacbon hn nhin liu lng v
kh, nhng thnh phn cht bc (cht tr chy) t hn. Than, g cng gi th hm lng
cacbon cng cao, cht bc trong nhin liu cng thp cng kh chy.
Hydro (H) l thnh phn chy th hai ca nhin liu. 1kg hydro khi chy ta ranhit lng ln gp bn ln 1kg than. Than cng non th lng hydro cng nhiu, nn
cng d bt la. Nhin liu lng v kh c nhiu hydro hn nhin liu rn.
Lu hunh (S) cng l thnh phn chy song phn lu hunh chy c ta
nhit t, cn phn khng chy c s to thnh tro. Sn phm chy ca lu hunh to
thnh kh SOx, gp hi nc c kh nng to thnh axt gy n mn cc thit b. Kh
SOx l dng kh c, lu hunh l nguyn t c hi trong nhin liu.
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 11
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_sinh_th%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_sinh_th%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_nh%C3%A0_k%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_nh%C3%A0_k%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87u_t%C3%A1i_sinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1_th%C3%A0nh_s%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_sinh_th%C3%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_nh%C3%A0_k%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_nh%C3%A0_k%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87u_t%C3%A1i_sinhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1_th%C3%A0nh_s%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=18/3/2019 Bai Tieuluan Onkk Nhom3
12/36
nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
xy v nitl cht v ch. N lm gim thnh phn chy ca nhin liu. Nhin
liu cng non, xy cng nhiu.
tro (A) cng l yu t tiu cc cho nhin liu. tro cao lm gim thnh
phn cht chy, gy kh nng ng kt cc trung tm bung t v y l, tro d ph
ln b mt tip nhit ca bung la gy gim hiu qu t.
m ca nhin liu (W) th hin mc cha nc trong nhin liu. m
ln, thnh phn cht chy gim lm nhit tr s gim v khi t nhin liu, nhit b hao
ph mt phn lm bay hi nc.
Bng 2.3.1. Thnh phn nhin liu, % KL
Cc cht G Than
bn
Than non(than
nu)
Thanbitu
m
Thanantraxit
Du Kh
Cc bon 52,3 57 55 75,8 82,1 86 75
Hydro 6,3 5,5 4,4 5,0 2,3 10 24
Oxy 40,5 31 13 7,4 2,0
Nit 0,1 1,5 1,0 1,5 2,8 0.6 1
Lu hunh < 0,1 0,2 1,7 1,6 0,6 3 vt
Tro 0,8 4,8 24,9 8,7 12,2 0.4 -
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 12
8/3/2019 Bai Tieuluan Onkk Nhom3
13/36
nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
Bng 2.3.2. Thnh phn nhin liu theo mol
Thnh phn nhin
liu
Thnh phn s dng
cc cht trong 100
kg nhin liu (kg)
Khi lng phn t S lng mol
C
H
O
N
S
A
W
Tng cng
Cd
Hd
Od
Nd
Sd
Ad
Wd
100,0
12
2
32
28
32
-
18
Cd : 12
Hd : 2
Od : 32
Nd : 28
Sd : 32
-
Wd : 18
GVHD: Hunh Ngc Anh Tun 13
8/3/2019 Bai Tieuluan Onkk Nhom3
14/36
nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
CHNG 3 : NHIM KHNG KH DO QU TRNH T NHIN LIU.
3.1. QU TRNH HNH THNH CC CHT GY NHIM CHNH
3.1.1.Cacbon monoxit:
L cht kh khng mu,khng mi,khng v,nh hn khng kh,nhit si
192 C, gy nhim vi quy m ln ch trong cc th.
Ngun nhim nhn to (400 triu tn/nm) ch yu do t nguyn liu (trong
sn xut cng nghip v trong sinh hot),do mt s qu trnh sn xut,do ng c t
trong ca t,u my xe la.Xp x 2/3 lng CO trong kh quyn do cc ngun
nhn to sinh ra do ng c t trong,ch yu do t chy xng.
Khi t nhin liu rn v lng,xy ra phn ng chy khng hon tan gia
cacbon v oxi to thnh CO.Trong thnh phn ca nhiu loi kh t nhn to u c
CO : kh l ga cha 25 34% CO,kh t phin khong 17% CO.Ngi ta tnh
vi tnh trng k thut hin nay,thng khi t 1 tn nhin liu cho pht thi 20kg
CO.Ch khi kh t t nhin (hay nhn to) th qu trnh chy mi c th thc hin
hon ton v loi tr c CO trong sn phm chy.
Cng nghip luyn kim c nhiu qu trnh pht thi kh CO nh qu trnh l cao
(l gang) vi kh l cao cha 28 32% CO,qu trnh nu chy thi c,thp phitrong luyn kim en,qu trnh sn xsut nhm trong luyn kim mu,qu trnh luyn
cc sn xut kim loi en v mu
Hm lng CO chim 4 5%,c bit 13,5% trong kh x t.t du lch pht
thi 1h 3m3 CO v t ti 6m3.
CO c hnh thnh do vic t chy khng ht nhin liu ha thch nh than,
du v mt s hp cht hu c khc.2C + O2 2CO
nhit cao CO2 sinh ra cng phn ng vi cc cht cha cacbon nh trong
qu trnh luyn gang to thnh CO:
CO2 + C 2CO
nhit cao CO2 phn hy cng to thnh C:
CO2 CO + 1/2 O2
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
Qu trnh oxy ha CO trong kh quyn din ra chm,v c th coi nh 0,1% CO
trong 1h nh sng (nh sng ng vai tr xc tc cho phn ng) :
2CO + O2 2 CO2.
S c mt ca nhm hidroxit (OH) thc y qu trnh phn ng :2CO + 2OH CO2 + H2O
3.1.2.Cc nit oxit (NOx):
Trong s 7 NOx bao gm NO,NO2,NO3,N2O,N2O3,N2O4 v N2O5,ch c N2O
(dinit oxit),NO (nit monoxit) v NO2 (nit dioxit) l c th nh gi c lng to
thnh ca chng trong kh quyn.NO v NO2 thng i vi nhau v chng c th c
trng v i din cho NOx.
a.Dioxide nit (NO2)
L cht kh c mu nu thm - hi ,v cay v mi kch thch,c th nhn bit
nng 0,12ppm.NO2 pht thi do chy nhin liu ( nhit cao) v t cc nh
my sn xut HNO3.N cn c b sung trong kh quyn do oxi ha NO nh O 3
(theo phn ng trnh by trn).
NO2 oxi ha thnh N2O5 (anhidric ca axit nitric nit pentoxit ) nh O3
Vy NOx c th coi nh tc nhn gy nn qu trnh phn hy ozon.Phn ng s
kt thc khi to thnh HNO3 (v cc sn phm quang ha) :
2NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2
2NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3
i vi ng c Diesel, ngi ta thy c n 30% NOx di dng NO2.
Dioxyde nit NO2 c hnh thnh t monoxyde nit NO v cc cht trung gian ca
sn vt chy theo phn ng sau:
NO + H2O NO2 + OH
Trong iu kin nhit cao, NO2 to thnh c th phn gii theo phn ng:
NO2 + O NO + O2
b.Protoxyde nit (N2O)
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
Protoxyde nit N2O ch yu hnh thnh t cc cht trung gian NH v NCO khi
chng tc dng vi NO:
NH + NO N2O + H
NCO + NO N2O + CON2O ch yu c hnh thnh vng oxy ha c nng nguyn t H cao, m
hydrogne l cht to ra s phn hy mnh protoxyde nit theo phn ng:
N2O + H NH + CO
N2O + H N2 + OH
c.Nit monoxit (NO)
L cht kh khng mu,c to thnh vi quy m ln do chy nhin liu
khng hon ton nhit cao.NO cn c sinh ra trong cng nghip sn xut
HNO3 v cc ha cht,do ng c t.
S hnh thnh NO ph thuc rt mnh vo nhit
N2 + O2 2NO
Phn ng to NO c tc thp hn nhiu so vi phn ng chy. Nng NO
cng ph thuc mnh vo nng oxy. V vy trong iu kin nhit cao v nng
O2 ln th nng NO trong sn phm chy cng ln
NO oxi ha thnh NO2,gy nhim qua phn ng quang ha th cp :
NO + O3 NO + O2
NO2 oxi ha thnh N2O5 (anhidric ca axit nitric nit pentoxit ) nh O3
Vy NOx c th coi nh tc nhn gy nn qu trnh phn hy ozon.Phn ng s
kt thc khi to thnh HNO3 (v cc sn phm quang ha) :
2NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2
2NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
3.1.3. Lu hunh oxit (SOx):
SOx bao gm 6 hp cht khc nhau ca lu hunh, l : SO (lu hunh monoxit),SO2
(lu hunh dioxit),SO3 (lu hunh tridoxit),SO4 (lu hunh tetroxit),S2O3 (lu hunh
seskioxit) v S2O7 (lu hunh heptoxic),trong SO2 v SO3 l quan trng hn v c
th i din cho SOx
a.Lu hunh dioxit (SO2)
Cn gi l anhidrit sunfur,hay n gin kh sunfua.L cht kh khng
mu,c mi hc v v cay,kh chy n.
L cht kh khng mu,c mi hc v v cay,kh chy n.
Kh SO2 pht thi cn do nung v luyn pirit st,qung lu hunh,do cc qu
trnh trong cc phn xng rn,c,cng nghip luyn kim,cc qu trnh ha hc sn
xut H2SO4 nh phng tin st trng,trong my lnh,lc sn phm du la,sn phm
cao su,phn bn,sn xut kh l cao,l cc.
Lu hunh c trong nhin liu nh than ,du la (hm lng nhiu nht ca
n trong than,c khi n 8%).Nu hm lng S trong than 4% th lng SO2 trong
khi chim 0,35%.Kh thi t ni hi t than khng x l cha 500 5000ppm hm
lng SO2.Khi nung qung S khi thi c th cha 8% SO2.
Cc nh my in t than sinh khong 60% tng SOx trong kh quyn,du
14%,v cc qu trnh cng nghip xp x 22%.
b.Lu hunh trioxit (SO3)
SO3 thng pht thi cng vi SO2,vi khong 1 5% so vi SO2 v kt hp
nhanh vi hi m trong kh quyn to thnh H2SO4 c im sng thp.
C SO2 v SO3 u c ra nhanh trong kh quyn nh ma hoc lng nh sol
kh. l l do ti sao lng SO2 trong kh quyn sch nh hn nhiu so vi lng
pht thi hng nm do cc ngun nhn to.
Cc phn ng ha hc to thnh SO2,SO3,H2SO4 v mui ca H2SO4 :
t S oxi ha H2O + O2
SO2 SO3 H2SO4
Oxi ha H2S
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2
Hoc
2NH3 +H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
(trong : M = Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn,MSO4 mui kim loi : (NH4)2SO4 amonisunfat)
Phn ln qu trnh oxi ha nhanh SO2 to thnh sng m quyn khi quang
ha sau .Qu trnh oxi ha SO2 thnh SO3 ph thuc vo cng bc x mt tri :
hv
SO2 SO2(SO2 phn t c kch thch)
Kch thch quang ha
Oxi ha
SO2 + O2 SO4
SO4 + O2 SO3 + O3
SO3 +H2O H2SO4
(c lng phn ng oxi ha SO2 l 2%,nhng thi gian c mt ca SO2 trong kh
quyn n 5 ngy).
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3.1.4. Cacbondioxit (CO2):
CO2 c hnh thnh t nhng con ng chnh nh sau:
Trong qu trnh phn hy ng thc vt cht, chuyn tip qua kh CH4
Phn ng chy ca g v cc nhin liu ha thch khc
L sn phm ph ca qu trnh ln men ng, bia, ru v cc hp cht
alcohol khc
L sn phm ph ca cc ch bin ha hc nh sn xut Na 3PO4, qu
trnh kh ha than, sn xut CaO,...
Hnh thnh trong t nhin thng qua phn ng ca nc ngm vi
CaCO3, v CaMg(CO3)2.
Mt s phn ng to thnh CO2 trong qu trnh t nhin liu :
CO + O2 CO2
C + O2 CO2
3.2. TI LNG NHIM TRONG QU TRNH T
3.2.1. Ti lng nhim trong qu trnh t nhin liu ca cc phng tin vnchuyn:
H s pht thi trong kh thi t du diesel c trnh by trong bng 3.2.1a)
Bng 3.2.1: H s nhim ca cc phng tin vn chuyn s dng du diesel
Cht nhim Bi SO2 NO2 CO VOC
(g/xe.km)
Chy khng ti 611x10-3 582x10-3 1620x10-3 913x10-3 511x10-3
Chy c ti 1190x10-3 786x10-3 2960x10-3 1780x10-3 1270x10-3
Ngun: GE MOTORS AND INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS [GEMIS V.4.1]
Ti lng bi v kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn tng ng vi qung ng vn
chuyn 500 m v tn sut vn chuyn trung bnh khong 15 - 20 lt/ngy c xc
nh nh phng php nh gi nhanh nh sau:
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
Bng 3.2.2. Ti lng bi v kh thi t phng tin vn chuyn
Cht
nhim
Bi SO2 NO2 CO VOC
(kg/ngy)
Chy
khng ti
Chy c
ti
Ngun: Khoa Cng ngh Mi trng H Nng Lm Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 11/2008
Nhn xt:
Ti lng bi v cc cht nhim khng kh pht sinh do cc phng tin vn chuyn
tng i thp, c th:
- Ti lng bi : - kg/ngy;
- Ti lng SO2 : - kg/ngy;
- Ti lng NO2 : - kg/ngy;
- Ti lng CO : - kg/ngy;
- Ti lng VOC : - kg/ngy.
H s nhim cc cht nhim trong kh thi t du DO (WHO - 1993)
Cht nhim H s nhim (kg cht nhim/tn du)Bi 0,28
NO2 20 x S
NOx 2,84SO3 0,28 x SCO 0,71VOC 0,035S: Hm lng lu hunh trong du DO = 1%
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
3.2.2. Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip
Bng 3.2.4.Ti lng cc cht nhim trong qu trnh t cng nghip;
(kg/tn nhin liu)
Ngnh CN bi (C) SO2 NOx CO THC SO3Kh thin nhin
Ni hinu
0,061 20S 11,3f 0,82 0,036
Ni hi CN 0,061 20S 2,87 0,72 0,118
t phc vsinh hot
0,061 20S 2,05 0,41 0,160
Turbin kh 0,287
0,224/Nm3
20S
15,6/Nm3
8,91
6,62/Nm3
2,36
1,84/Nm3
0,863
0,673/Nm3
Kh ho lng (LPG) liquefired petroleum gas
Ni hi CN 0,06 0,07 2,9 0,71 0,12
t phc vsinh hot
0,06 0,07 2,05 0,42 0,17
Du DO
Ni hi CN 0,28 20S 2,84 0,71 0,35 0,28S
My phtin
0,71 20S 9,62 2,19 0,79
Du FO
Ni hinu
P 20S 8,5 0,64 0,127 0,25S
Ni hi CN P 20S 7,0 0,64 0,163 0,25S
Nhin liu khc
Than nu 5A 19,5S 9,0 0,3 0,055Ci (nihi)
3,6 0,075 0,34 13 0,85
Rc (nihi)
8 - 3 42 21,5
Ghi ch:
f = 0,3505 - 0,005235 L + 0,0001173 L2 ( L l ti lng trung bnh ca ni hi
thng thong 87%).
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
P = 0,4 + 1,32S. A l hm lng phn trn ca tro trong nhin
liu.
Bng 3.2.5 : h s nhim t vi l gch(kg/tn sn phm):
nhin liu bi SOx CO THC NOx
Than 0,64A 4,8S 1,28 0,37 0,56
Du DO 0,13A 3,6S < 10-3 0,024 3,18
Ci 1,96 0,20 7,81 9,13 1,30
Vi 8,03 0,24 9,64 11,24 1,62
Tru 5,55 0,00 32,49 6,50 0,65
Ghi ch: A v S l hm lng tro v lu hunh trong nhin liu.
3.3. CC BIN PHP GIM NHIM3.3.1. Nguyn tc ca cc qu trnh x l kh c hi:
Cc bin php k thut nhm hn ch s hnh thnh v pht thi cc cht
nhim th kh ti cc ngun thi c th c phn chia thnh hai cp sau y:
o Ci tin cc qu trnh c bn to ra cng ngh : sch hn
o X l lm sch kh thi trc khi thi vo bu kh quyn.
S la chn cc gii php k thut cho cc vn nu trn ph thuc vo c
im ca cht nhim, qu trnh pht sinh cht nhim v mc x l. Khi xem xt
qu trnh t chy nguyn liu, ta c th phn bit 3 loi nhim.
o Sn phm ca qu trnh chy khng hon ton nh cc hydrocarbon, oxyt
carbon, cc bi du cha chy ht.
o Cc cht nhim trong sn phm chy nh SO2, NOx do thnh phn lu hunh
v nit cha trong nhin liu gy ra.
o Oxyt nit t phn ng nhit cao ca Nit v oxy.
Ci tin cc qu trnh cng ngh ng vai tr ch yu trong vic loi tr pht
thi cht nhim thuc loi 1 v 3, nhng bng cch thc hin cc qu trnh chy hiu
qu cao hn v thay i mi quan h gia thi gian - nhit ca hn hp chy. Thay
th nhin liu t sch bng nhin liu sch hn l bin php chin lc s mt khi cn
gii quyt cc cht nhim loi 2.
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
X l lm sch kh thi v nguyn tc l gii php c bn bt buc vi cc cht
nhim thuc c 3 loi nu trn. X l kh thi c th thc hin bng ba phng php
sau :
o Hp th cc kh c hi bng cht lng
o Hp ph cc cht nhim trn b mt vt liu rn.
o Bin i ho hc cc cht nhim bng qu trnh thiu t.
3.3.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp th:
Hp th kh bng cht lng l qu trnh ho tan cht kh trong cht lng khi
chng tip xc nhau. Hp th da trn c s ca qa trnh truyn khi ngha l phn
chia pha, ph thuc vo s tng tc gia cht hp th v cht b hp th trong phakh, phng php hp th chia lm hai loi : hp th vt l v hp th ho hc. C cu
ca qu trnh ny c chia ra thnh ba bc :
o Khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim th kh trong khi kh thi n b mt ca
cht hp th.
o Thm nhp v ho tan cht kh vo b mt ca cht hp th.
o Khuch tn cht kh ho tan trn b mt ngn cch vo su trong lng khi
cht lng hp th.
Khi chuyn t pha kh vo pha lng, nng lng phn t ca cu t phn tn
gim. V vy qu trnh hp thu s km theo s ta nhit v lm tng nhit ca h
thng. Ngoi ra tng th tch ca h thng trong qu trnh hp th s gim do th tch
ca pha kh b gim. Do theo nguyn l ca Le Chartelier, ho tan ca cht kh
trong cht lng s tng nu tng p sut v gim nhit ca qu trnh.Qa trnh hp th trong iu kin ng nhit v hp th ng p. Trng hp
ng p c cu thit b c n gin ho nhng iu kin cn bng khng tt. Ngoi
ra, hp th ng nhit c th xy ra vi nng cht kh ban u nh hay lu lng
cht lng ln. Khi , s thay i nhit ca cht lng l khng ng k.
Trong qu trnh hp th, cht nhim ho tan thng c tch khi dng kh
thi c lu lung ln tc l nng phn mol rt nh. Nu nng phn mol ca cht
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nhim ho tan trong cht lng hp th cng thp, p sut ring phn cn bng ca
cht nhim ho tan c biu din bng
nh lut Henry :
p
= H.x (1)
Trong : P - p sut ring phn ca cht ho tan trong pha kh cn pha lng.
x - nng phn mol ca cht ho tan trong cht lng.
H - h s Henry
p sut ring phn p c nh ngha bng tch s ca phn mol pha kh y v
p sut tng cng P:
p = y.P (2)
Dng gi tr : p =y.P (=H.x) (3)
Suy ra y = (H/P).x = m.x
Trong : y - Nng phn mol ca cht ho tan trong pha kh cn bng pha
lng.
m = H/P - H s th nguyn c gi tr khng i cho mt h lng kh.
Mt khc theo nh lut Raoult ta c :
p = P0. x (4)
Trong : p - p sut ring phn ca cht ho tan trong hn hp kh cn bng
vi pha lng
P0
p sut hi bo ho ca cu t nguyn cht.
x - nng mol ca cht ho tan trong cht lng, kmolA/kmolB
Thay p trong phng trnh (4) vo phng trnh (2) ta c :
y = (P0/P).x
Phng trnh cn bng ca qu trnh hp th c th c biu din nh sau:
y = H/P = m.x = (P0/P).x
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
Phng trnh ny ch ng cho dung dch long v cc thnh phn khng phn
ng vi nhau. y l phng trnh ng thng vi h s gc l m. Trong trng hp
cc cht kh nhim phnng hay phn ly trong dung dich hp th, ng cn l
ng cong v c thit lp da trn cc thng s thc nghim.
3.3.3. C s l thuyt ca phng php hp ph:
Hp ph :
Hp ph l qu trnh phn ly cht kh da trn i lc ca mt s cht rn i vi
mt s loi kh, trong qu trnh cc cht kh nhim trong kh thi b gi li trn b
mt ca vt liu rn. Vt liu rn s dng trong qu trnh ny c gi l cht hp ph,
cn cht kh b gi li trong cht hp ph gi l cht b hp ph. Vt liu dng hp
ph l cc vt liu xp vi b mt bn trong ln, c to thnh do tng hp nhn to
hoc do t nhin. ( nhim khng kh v x l kh thi Tp 3 GS.TS Trn Ngc
Chn).
Qa trnh hp ph c p dng rt ph hp trong nhng trng hp sau :
o Cht kh nhim khng chy c hoc kh t chy.
o Cht kh cn kh c gi tr v cn thu hi.
o Cht kh nhim c nng thp thp trong kh thi m cc qu trnh kh kh
khc khng p dng c.
Trnh hp ph c phn chia thnh hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc:
Hp ph vt l : cc phn t kh b ht vo b mt ca cht hp ph nh c lc
lin kt gia cc phn t. Hp ph l qu trnh to nhit. u im ca hp ph vt l l
qu trnh thun nghch, tc hp ph din ra rt nhanh.Hp ph ho hc : l kt qa ca cc phn ng ha hc gia cht b hp ph v
vt liu hp ph. Lng nhit to ra ln, Chi ph t nng lng cho phn ng l c s
gii thch hiu qu ca cht xc tc bng b mt cht rn trong vic thc y nhanh
mt s qu trnh ho hc tong cng nghip ho cht. Mt im quan trng trong hp
ph ho hc l tnh cht khng thun nghhch.
Vt liu hp ph thng l cc vt liu dng ht t 6-10mm xung n c 200m c rng c hnh thnh do nhng mch mao qun li ti nm bn trong khi vt
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
liu. Cc vt liu hp ph trong cng nghip c bn l : than hot tnh, silicagen, keo
nhm, zeolit, ionit.
Yu cu ra khi thit k hoc chn thit b hp ph l :
m bo thi gian chu k lm vic thch hp.C x l s b i vi kh thi loi cc cht khng th hp ph c.
X l lm gim bt nng ban u ca cht cn kh trong kh thi bo v
lp vt liu hp ph khi b qu ti.
Phn phi dng kh i qua lp vt liu hp ph mt cch u n.
m bo kh nng thay th mi hoc hon nguyn vt liu hp ph sau khi t
trng thi bo ho.
3.3.4. Cc phng php x l SO2:
Hp th kh SO2 bng nc v thu hi kh SO2
Hp th kh SO2 bng nc l phng php n gin c p dng sm nht
loi b kh SO2 trong kh thi, nht l trong khi ca cc loi l cng nghip. S h
thng x l kh SO2 bng nc gm 2 giai on:
o Hp th kh SO2 bng cch phun nc vo dng kh thi hoc cho kh thi di
qua lp vt liu m (vt liu rng) c ti nc scrub.
o Gii thot kh SO2 ra khi cht hp th thu hi SO2 (nu cn) v nc sch.
Phng php hp th kh SO2 bng nc ch p dng c khi:
o Nng ban u ca kh SO2 trong kh thi tng i cao;
o C sn ngun cp nhit (hi nc) v cp lnh vi gi r;
X l kh SO2 bng vi (CaCO3) hoc vi nung:
X l kh SO2 bng vi l phng php c p dng rt rng ri trong cng
nghip v hiu qu x l cao, nguyn liu r tin v sn c mi ni.
CaCO3 + SO2 = CaSO3 + CO2 (3.1)
CaO + SO2 = CaSO3 (3.2)
2CaSO3 + O2 = 2CaSO4 (3.3)
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
o u im ni bt ca phng php ny l: cng ngh n gin, chi ph u t
ban u khng ln, c th ch to thit b bng vt liu thng thng, khng
cn n vt liu chng axit v khng chim nhiu din tch xy dng.
o Nhc im: ng cu cn trong h thng.
X l kh SO2 bng amoniac:
Amoniac v kh SO2 trong dung dch nc c phn ng vi nhau v to ra mui
trung gian amoni sunfit, sau mui amoni sunfit li tc dng tip vi SO 2 v H2O
to ra mui amoni bisunfit theo phn ng sau:
SO2 + 2NH3 = (NH4)2SO3 (3.4)
(NH4)2SO3 + SO3 + H2O = 2NH4HSO3 (3.5)
Lng bisunfit tch t dn dn c th hon nguyn bng cch nung nng trong
chn khng
2NH4HSO3 nung nng (NH4)2SO3 + SO2+ H2O (3.6)
o u im ca phng php ny l c th p dng kh khi thi c cha
nhiu bi v nhit cao. H thng c th lm vic vi lu lng khi thi
rt ln.
o Nhc im ch yu ca phng php ny l lng ph thi nhiu, gy kh
chu cho ngi vn hnh do mi.
X l kh SO2 bng magie oxit (MgO):
Phng php ny da trn cc phn ng
MgO + SO2 = MgSO3 (3.7)
MgSO3 + SO2 + H2O = Mg(HSO3)2 (3.8)
Mt phn Magie Sunfit tc dng oxy trong khi thi to thnh sunfat
2MgSO3 + O2 = 2MgSO4 (3.9)
Magie bisunfit c th b trung ha bng cch b sung thm MgO mi
Mg(HSO3)2 + MgO = 2MgSO3 + H2O (3.10)
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
o u im ca phng php ny l hiu qu x l cao c th t 95-99%, p
dng c cho trng hp khi thi c nhit cao, cha nhiu bi m khng
cn phi lm ngui v lc bi trc khi i vo h thng x l SO2.
o Nhc im: gy ra cu cn cho h thng bi cc tinh th khng tan.
X l kh SO2 bng dung dch sa (Na2CO3):
Phng php ny c u im l khng ng cu cn trn ng ng. C th
hp th bt k nng no v chng c kh nng hp th rt ln.
Phng trnh xy ra nh sau:
Na2CO3 + SO2 = Na2SO3 + CO2 (3.11)
Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O = NaHSO3 (3.12)
X l kh SO2 bng km oxit ZnO:
L phng php dng phn ng gia SO2 vi km oxit thu cc mui sunfit
v bisunfit, sau dng nhit phn ly thnh SO2 v ZnO.
o u im chnh cu phng php ny l qu trnh phn ly km sunfit ZnSO3
thnh SO2 v ZnO xy ra nhit thp hn ng k.
o Nhc im ca phng php ny l i hi phi lc sch tro bi trong kh
thi trc khi a vo h thng x l, tiu hao nhiu nhin liu km oxit v h
thng x l kh phc tp.
X l kh SO2 bng cc cht hp th hu c:
c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip luyn kim mu. Cht hp th kh SO 2
c s dng ph bin l cc amin thm nh anilin C6H5NH2, toluidin CH3C6H4NH2,xylidin (CH3)2C6H3NH2 v dimetyl-anilin C6H5N(CH3)2 .
o u im: hiu qu cao.
o Nhc im: phi lm ngui kh thi v lc sch trc khi vo h thng, vn
hnh phc tp, kinh ph u t ln.
X l kh SO2 bng cc cht hp ph th rn:
Hp ph kh SO2 bng than hot tnh, nhm oxit kim ha, mangan oxit (MnO),
..
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
o u dim ca cc phng php ny l khng cn h thp nhit khi thi,
thit b n gin, kinh ph u t thp.
o Nhc im: chi ph vn hnh ln do vic hon nguyn vt liu.
3.3.5. Cc phng php x l NOx: Hp th kh NOx bng nc:
Cc loi kh thi c cha oxt nit vi nng thp thng c x l bng cc
phng php dng nc ra kh trong cc thit b nh scrub, thit b sc kh si
bt, ng venturi,...
Nit ioxit v init tetraoxit ( NO2 v N2O4) kt hp vi nc to thnh axit
nitr. Tip theo, axit nitr c th b oxy ha thnh ioxit nit m n lc mnh n skt hp vi nhiu nc hn. Cc phn ng sy ra nh sau:
2NO2 (hoc N2O4) + H2O = HNO3 + HNO2 (3.13)
2HNO2 = NO + NO2 (hoc N2O4 + H2O ) (3.14)
NO + O2 = NO2 (3.15)
2NO2 = N2O4 (3.16)
Phn ng (3.13) xy ra trn lp mng ngn cch gia pha kh v pha lng. Qu
trnh oxy ha ca oxit nit xy ra tng i chm nhng thc hin n cng. Cn cc
phn ng (3.13) v (3.14) khng thc hin n cng khi c mt ca axit nitric m
c, tuy nhin chng cng i n hon thnh khi tip xc vi nc sch.
Thp sc kh si bt.
Scrub Venturi.
Thp Scrub c lp m lng v thp phun.
o Nhc im: Hiu qu kh NOx theo cc phng php nu trn thng khng
cao, ti a t 50%
Hp th kh NOx bng dung dich amoni cacbonat:
Atsukawa M. V cng s Hng Cng nghip nng Mitsubishi ( Nht Bn )
nghin cu qu trnh x l kh NOxbng amoni cacbonat (NH4)2CO3 trong thp hpph ng knh 0,4m v cao 2,6m c m bng khu Raschig 25 mm. Hiu qu hp
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
th t 65% v ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi khc. Hiu qu ca
qu trnh hp th cn c nng cao ng k khi dng cc tm nha polyvinyl gn
sng lm lp m trong lp hp th (hiu qu t n 95,1 % ).
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
Hp th kh NOx bng silicagel, alumogel, than hot tnh...
Kh thi c cha 1 n 1,5% NOx c th c x l bng cc phng php hp
ph nh silicagel, alumogel, than hot tnh...
Khi trong cht hp ph c cha ioxit nitth n tr thnh cht xc tc oxyha cc oxit nit thnh nit ioxit. Nit ioxit b hp vo cc cht nu trn v c th
c tch ra khi chng bng cch nung nng.
Kh nng hp ph NOx ca cc cht rn trn ni chung l rt thp. Do mun
yu cu kh NOx mt cch trit cn lp t h thng vi nhiu tng hp ph ni tip
nhau, n n tiu hao nhiu nng lng thng sc cn kh ng ca h thng. Mt
khc, bi trong kh thi cng lm gim kh nng hp ph cn c lc sch tro bi.Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng nhc im k trn, s dng cht hp ph kh NOx
cng c u im ca n l c kh nng thu hi NO2 nng cao iu ch axit nitric
phc v cho nhiu nhu cu khc nhau trong cng nghip.
3.3.5. Nhit
3.3.5.1. C s ca qu trnh truyn nhit
Qu trnh trao i nhit thng hay gp nht trong thc t l qu trnh truyn
nhit t mt cht lng ny cho mt cht lng khc qua mt vch ngn. Trong trng
hp ny qu trnh trao i nhit xy ra do tc dng ng thi ca nhiu dng trao i
nhit c bn. Cht lng nng truyn nhit cho vch c th va bng i lu v bc x,
sau nhit s c truyn bng dn nhit trong vch sang b mt tip xc vi cht
lng lnh bng i lu hoc bng c i lu hoc bng bc x.
3.3.5.2. Thit b trao i nhit
Thit b trao i nhit l thit b trong thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit gia
cc cht mang nhit, th d thit b sy, bnh ngng, bnh bay hi ,
Ty theo mc ch s dng m cc thit b trao i nhit c cu to v tn gi
khc nhau, nhng v nguyn l lm vic chng c chia lm 3 loi: thit b trao i
nhit loi phn cch, loi hi nhit, v loi hn hp.
Trong thit b trao i nhit loi ngn cch, cc cht mang nhit chuyn ng
trong nhng khng gian cch bit nhau bi vch ngn (b mt ca ng, rnh,..) v s
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
trao i nhit gia chng c thc hin qua vch ngn cch th d cc bnh ngng,
cc bnh gia nhit nc nng,
c tnh lm vic ca cc b mt truyn nhit trong cc thit b hi nhit mang
tnh cht chu k, ngha l trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh cc b mt c
tip xc vi cht lng nng v c cht lng nng truyn nhit cho. Nhng na chu
k sau, cc b mt c t nng li nh nhit cho cht lng lnh i qua chng.
Cc qu trnh trao i nhit trong cc thit b hi nhit l nhng qu trnh khng n
nh( th d thit b sy gi nng ca l cao, l thy tinh,)
Hai loi thit b trn c tn gi chung l thit b trao i nhit b mt v cc qu
trnh trao i nhit trong cc loi thit b ny lun gn lin vi cc b mt vt rn.
Trong cc thit b trao i nhit loi hn hp, cc cht lng nng v lnh trao
i nhit cho nhau khi chng hn hp vi nhau. c im ca loi thit b ny l cc
qu trnh trao i nhit c tin hnh ng thi vi qu trnh trao i cht ( th d:
cc thp lm mt nc tun hon).
Thit b trao i nhit loi ngn cch l loi thit b thng gp nht trong thc
t. Ty theo chiu chuyn ng ca cc cht lng trong thit b, chng cn c phn
ra thnh cc nhm nh: thit b trao i nhit ngn cch cng chiu, ngc chiu, ctnhau v hn hp( dng nng v dng lnh chuyn ng song song va cng chiu v
ngc chiu).
Phng trnh truyn nhit:
= tFkQ , W ( 3.17)
Phng trnh cn bng nhit: 2211 IGIGQ == , W
( 3.18)
Khi khng c bin i pha trong cc cht mang nhit phng trnh cn bng
nhit c
th vit di dng:
).(...).(... '2''
22222
''
1
'
11111 ttCfttCfQ pp == , W ( 3.19)
Trong :
o k- h s truyn nhit ca thit b, W/m2K;
o F- din tch b mt truyn nhit, m2;
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
ot
- chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit, oC;
t
t
t
ttt
=
''
'
'''
ln(3.20)
Khi cht lng chy cng chiu:
'
2
'
1
'ttt = , ''2
''
1
''ttt = , 1=t ( 3.21)
Khi cht lng chy cng chiu:
''
2
'
1
'ttt = , '2
''
1
''ttt = , 1=t ( 3.22)
Trong :
o v - tc trung bnh ca cht lng nng v cht lng lnh trongthit b, m/s;
o f1 v f2 din tch mt ct cht lng lu ng, m2;
o v - khi lng ring ca cht lng nng v cht lng lnh, kg/m3;o Cp1 v Cp2 nhit dung ring ca cht lng nng v cht lng lnh, j/kgK;
o'
1t v ''
1t - nhit vo v ra ca cht lng nng;
o'
2t v ''
2t - nhit vo v ra ca cht lng lnh;
Khi cht lng chy hn hp hoc giao nhau th:
ngt tt
=
Trong : (3.23)
t
- chnh lch nhit trung bnh logarit tnh theo s ngc chiu;
),( RPft = , trong '2
'
1
'
2
''
2
tt
ttP
= ,'
2
''
2
''
1
'
1
tt
ttR
= ( 3.24)
Tr s t tra cn c theo P, R trn th c s tng ng.
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
3.3.6. Phng php x l CO:
X l nhim bng qu trnh thiu t hoc cn gi l qu trnh t chy sau
c p dng kh ph bin trong trng hp kh thi ln m nng cht nhim
chy c li rt b.
Mt s phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh thiu t: Qu trnh thiu t
rt thch dng vi cc cht nhim chy c, l nhng hp cht ca cacbon,
hydro, oxy, nit, lu hunh. Nhng hp cht trn khi chy s to thnh cc sn phm
chy khng hoc t c hi hn so vi bn thn chng.
V d ta c mt s cht nhim v phn ng chy ca chng nh sau:
CO + O2 = CO2 (3.25)
C6H6 + 7O2 = 6CO2 + 3H2O (3.26)
H2S + 1O2 = SO2 + H2O (3.27)
Trong phn ng (3.25) oxit cacbon l kh c rt quen bit vi con ngi c bin
thnh CO2 t c hi hn.
V mt bin php thc hin, qu trnh thiu t cht nhim c th c phn
chia thnh ba dng khc nhau: Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip trong khng kh.
Thiu t c bung t.
Thiu t c xc tc.
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
CHNG 4 : KT LUN V KIN NGH
4.1. KT LUN
Qua qu trnh tm hiu v vn nhim do t nhin liu, nhm nhn thy
y l mt vn cn c quan tm nhiu hn v vn nhin liu lun l mt vn nng ca x hi, n nh hng n nn kinh t ca mt quc gia, mt khu vc. M
c bit l vn nhim khng kh do t nhin liu trong cc hot ng sng, sn
xut ca con ngi, n nh trc tip n sc khe, cc vn ton cu ha v c bit
l vn nng ln ca tri t, y cng chnh l vn c quan hng u hin nay.
Ngoi ra, nhm cng tm hiu cc qu trnh t nhin liu, qu trnh hnh
thnh cc cht kh gy nhim, qua a ra cc quy trnh x l cc cht kh sinhra trong qu trnh t, v cc bin php nhm gim thiu nhim.
T qu trnh tm hiu trn, nhm a ra nhng nhn xt nh sau:
Vn nhim khng kh Vit Nam trong qu trnh t nhin liu sinh ra
ch yu trong sn xut cng nghip ti cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut...
V hot ng giao thng cc th ln ca nc ta.
Vn cha c bin php x l trit cc loi kh sinh trong qu trnh t nhinliu.
Thc t vn mi trng vn cha c quan tm ng mc, c bit l vn
nhim nhim khng kh trong cc khu th, khu cng nghip, khu ch
xut...
4.2. KIN NGH
Qua vic tm hiu v cc vn trn, nhm xut mt s kin sau:
Cn c cc bin php s dng tit kim ngun nhin liu, nhm nng cao hiu
qu kinh t ng thi gim thiu nhim mi trng.
Cn thay th cc ngun nhin truyn thng bng cc ngun nhin liu mi
nhm gim thiu nhim.
Thay i cc trang thit b, my mc c bng cc loi trang thit b, my mc
mi c kh nng tit kim nhin liu hn, ng thi hn ch nhim mi
trng khng kh...
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nhim khng kh t qu tnh t nhin liu v bin php x l Nhm 3-DH06MT
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Trn Ngc Chn. (2004). nhim khng kh v x l kh thi (Tp 1). Nh Xut
Bn Xy Dng.
2. Hong Th Hin, Bi S L. (2007). Bo v mi trng khng kh. Nh XutBn Xy Dng.
3. Nguyn nh Tun. (2002). Quan trc o c nhim khng kh v ti ng n do
giao thng ti cc trm ca TPHCM. ti nghin cu khoa hc.
4. http: www.nea.gov.vn
5. http: www.nld.com.vn
http://www.nea.gov.vn/http://www.nld.com.vn/http://www.nea.gov.vn/http://www.nld.com.vn/