TM TT:
MC LCNi dung Trang PHN I: TNG QUAN21) Gii thiu i tng nghin cu 31.1 Ngun gc3
1.2 Hnh thi v c im 31.3 Cng dng ca xng rng41.4 Cch chm sc xng rng5
2) Cc nghin cu c tin hnh trn xng rng72.1 Dng nha cy xng rng loi b thch tn72.2 Nhn ging xng rng Nopal (xng rng l gai)82.3 To nng lng t cy xng rng9
PHN II: CNG NGH101) Tm tt 11
2) Li m u11
3) Vt liu v phng php12
3.1 Nh my vt liu12
3.2 Kh trng b mt v s c lp mu cy123.3 S thp cy123.4 R ca chi trong ng nghim123.5 Thch nghi mi trng123.6 Phn tch thng k12 4) Kt qu v tho lun 154.1 Thi k v tc chi tng sinh154.2 Hm lng sc t164.3 Cc giai on pht trin v cc phn ng trong qu trnh pht
trin ca r18
4.4 S lng ca r20
4.5 Giai on thch nghi vi kh hu20
PHN III: KT LUN22
TI LIU THAM KHO24
PHN I:
TNG QUAN
1. Gii thiu i tng nghin cu:1.1 Ngun gc:_ Xng rng thuc nhm cy mng nc gm 2 h khc nhau:
+ H Cactaceae (gm cc loi xng rng c trn, xg rng tr hng ro, thanh long, xng rng l Dip Long).
+ H Euphorbiaceae (h i kch) gm cc loi cy nh xng rng bt tin, Ngc k Ln, Xng rng 3 cnh hng ro cy cnh giao)
H Xng rng (tn khoa hoc: Cactaceae) thng l cc loi cy mng nc hai l mm v c hoa. H Cactaceae c t 24 n 220 chi, ty theo ngun (90 chi ph bin nht), trong c t 1.500 n 1.800 loi. Nhng cy xng rng c bit n nh l c ngun gc t chu M, nht l nhng vng sa mc. Cng c mt s loi biu sinh trong rng nhit i, nhng loi mc trn nhng cnh cy, v ma ri xung t nhanh, cho nn thng xuyn b kh.Cy xng rng c gai v thn cha nc d tr.
Xng rng gn nh l loi thc vt ca Tn th gii, ngoi tr duy nht l Rhipsalis baccifera, sinh trng ch yu vng nhit i ca Cu th gii, ch yu vng nhit i chu Phi, Madagascar v Sri Lanka cng nh vng nhit i chu M. Loi ny c cho l mi nh c gn y Cu th gii (trong vi nghn nm gn y), c th l do cc loi chim di c mang theo di dng ht khng tiu ha c. Nhiu loi xng rng khc thch hp vi mi trng sng mi trn cc phn khc nhau ca th gii do s em theo ca con ngi.1.2. Hnh thi v c im:
_ Xng rng l mt loi thc vt mng nc, c nhiu dng pht trin: thnh cy ln, thnh bi hoc ph st mt t. a s cc loi xng rng u mc v pht trin t t, nhng cng c rt nhiu loi k sinh trn cc loi cy khc pht trin. Phn ln xng rng, c l tiu bin rt ng k. _ Cnh hoa phn b ng u v ng tm, hoa a phn l lng tnh, n vo c sng v ti tu theo loi. Hnh dng thay i t dng phu qua dng chung v ti dng trn phng, kch thc trong khong t 0,2 n 15-30cm. Phn ln c i hoa (t 5-50 ci hoc hn), thay i dng t ngoi vo trong. S lng nh rt ln, t 50 n 1.500 (him khi t hn). Gn nh tt c cc loi xng rng c v ng, thi thong bn trong cn c nha c. Mt tri xng rng cha khong 3.000 ht, mi ht di 0,4-12mm._ Trung bnh, mt cy xng rng sng rt lu, ti hn 300 nm. ng knh hoa xng rng khong 5-30 cm, mu sc rt sc s v lng ly.
Phn loi khoa hc:
Gii: Plantae
B : Caryophyllales
H : Cactaceae
1.3. Cng dng ca xng rng:
_ Con ngi trng xng rng khp ni trn th gii, nhc n n ai cng lin tng vi mt loi cy trng chu, mt loi cy cnh quen thuc trong nh hay trong nhng vn king c kh hu nhit i. N cn hnh thnh cnh quan kh cn trong nhng hoang mc, hay lm nn nhng hn non b. nhiu quc gia, c bit l Australia, lng nc s dng rt thiu thn, nn loi thc vt chu hn chim u th.
_ Ngi ta thng trng xng rng thnh hng ro, nhng vng su vng xa thiu iu kin kinh t hoc thiu thn ngun nguyn liu t nhin. Nh khu bo tn Masai Mara, Kenya l mt v d. Xng rng c dng trang tr, to cnh quan thin nhin cho ngi nh v chng trm, nhiu mc ch khc na. Gai nhn ca xng rng gy au but cho k trm, khin chng phi thoi lui v b nh ban u ca mnh. Tu loi, m s kt hp hnh dng xng rng v hnh dng hng ro sao cho thm m nht._ Nh cc loi cy trng khc, xng rng cng c s dng vi mc ch thng mi, nhiu cy cho tri n c nh ging: xng rng l gai, thanh long. Cn l ging d loi rp son ( hay cn gi l b dip chi, dng cho cng nghip nhum Trung M).
Cy xng rng l gai 1.4. Cch chm sc xng rng:
_ Cy Xng rng ni chung l nhng cy tng i d trng v d chm sc hn cc loi cy king khc v bn thn chng l nhng loi thc vt d thch nghi, chu kh hn, khng i hi nhiu dng cht trong t v t b su bnh. Tuy nhin, duy tr cho cy sng kho, pht trin mnh v c th cho hoa p th cn phi ch vic chm sc cy.
1.4.1. Nc:
_ Cy xng rng khng cn nhiu nc. iu quan trng nht l khng chng b ngp hoc ng nc. t trng cy xng rng phi l loi t xp (t ct pha tht), nn t cn thot nc d dng. Trng hp trng cy trong chu, di y phi c lp sn si v c l thot nc rng nc trong chu khng b ng. B ng nc lu, cy d b thi ra t r dn ln thn cy.
_ Ma ma, nht l vng tp trung ma nh ng bng sng Cu Long (t thng 5 n thng 10), cn lu che chn v lm rnh thot nc cho cy xng rng. Nu c iu kin, nn xng rng trong nh king hoc che chn bng mi nylon d kim sot lng nc ti. Ti xng rng mi m ht vo chiu mt th tt hn l ti vo bui sng hoc lc tri nng.
_ t ti nc hoc cy xng rng kh hn ko di s lm cy teo tp, khng pht trin, sc khng ca cy tr nn km lm cy d b nhim bnh hn. Ma nng, t thng 11 n cui thng 4, cch khong 2-3 ngy nn ti cy mt ln, c th ti phun hoc ti ngp va t trn mt t.
Cy trong chu cn ti thng xuyn hn cy trng trc tip trong nn t. Chu cng nh th cn ti nhiu hn chu ln. H thy mt t bt u kh th c th ti.
Cy trng trc tip di t ngoi vn th ti 1 ln/tun vo ma ng v chng 2 ln/tun vo ma h (i vi nhng ni c 4 ma trong nm). Cc ma khc th ty bin i ca thi tit th c th ti 1-2 ln/tun.
1.4.2. nh sng v khng kh :
_ Cy xng rng l nhng cy a nh sng, c bit l nh sng trc tip vo bui sng. Ni chung, cy Xng rng cn nhn t nht chng 50% lng nh sng mt tri trc tip chiu vo mi ngy (khong 6 gi/ngy).
_ i vi cy Xng rng con, ht mi ny mm hoc mi m ra hoc c thp ghp th trnh nh sng trc tip, mi ngy ch cn phi ra nng bui sng khong 1-2 gi l . Nhng cy xng rng trong nh lu ngy, khi em ra phi nng trc tip trn 6 gi ng h c th b hin tng "chy da cy", thn b nm vng nu hoc en. Cy xung rng trong trong chu bn ca s hoc bn lm vic th khong 2-3 ngy th nn a ra nng mt ln.
_ Cy xng rng a s thng thong. V vy, cy pht trin tt trong iu kin thong ng ca hoang mc, ng c, sn thng. Cy trng trong nh king, i lc cng cn c m ca n gi hoc phi dng qut thi gi. C ni ngi ta gn ng thng kh trn cc mi nh king.
1.4.3. Nhit :
_ Trong t nhin hoang d, cy xng rng c th tn ti, chu ng trong khong nhit ln, chng 10C - 50C. Tuy nhin, nhit thch hp cy pht trin vo khong 15C - 28C. Nhit qu cao hoc qu thp c th lm cho cy ngng pht trin v suy yu.
1.4.1. Dinh dng :
_ Mc du, cy xng rng c ngun gc t nhng vng kh cn, ngho dinh dng nhng c mt cy xng rng kho p v pht trin tt, cy cng cn cung cp dinh dng t t.
_ Trong ma pht trin, cy xng rng u cn cht m (N) gip s tng trng thn, cht potassium (P) cho s pht trin ca hoa v tri v cht phosphorus (P) cho s pht trin b r. Ngoi ra, cy cng cn mt s cht vi lng khc.
_ Cng thc N, P, K tng qut cho cy xng rng l 15 - 15 - 30.
Trong thc t, ta nn bn phn theo thi k sinh trng ca cy nh sau:
Thi k sinh trngCng thc phn bn N - P2O5 - K2O
Thi k cy con16 - 16 - 8 hoc 20 - 20 - 0
Thi k tng trng18 - 19 - 30 hoc 20 - 30 - 20
Kch thch ra hoa 10 - 60 - 10
Thi k ra hoa 6 - 30 - 30
_ Hin nay, trn th trng c nhiu bnh phn bn pha sn cho ngi trng xng rng, trong c cng thc v hng dn cch pha ti. Liu lng pha ti thng vo khong 1 - 1.5 g/lt nc.
2. Cc nghin cu c tin hnh trn cy xng rng:
2.1. Dng nha cy xng rng loi b thch tn:_ Theo nghin cu mi y ca H Nam Florida, Tampa, khng ch l ngun nc di do cho thc vt trn sa mc, nha ca cy xng rng l gai cn c th loi b thch tn, dit vi khun v cht vn c trong nc ung.
_ Loi xng rng ny ph bin min Bc Mexico, nic nhng ngun nc ngm b nhim thch tn. Thy van ca xng rng l gai c s dng lm sch nc trc khi a vo nu n v ung.
Cy xng rng l gai.
_ Theo nhm nghin cu ca k s ha Alcantar, H Nam Florida, khi un si loi
xng rng ny, phn b tch ra chnh l nha. Phn nha l cht lng trong, hi sn st, dnh. y l phn gip cy tch nc c th tn ti trong iu kin kh ca sa mc. _ Nha cy cng c th tiu dit vi khun trong nc, khng ch ghm vi khun li m cn ly ht thc n khng cho chng pht trin, hoc kt dnh chng li vi nhau, loi b khi nc. Trong nha cy ny c hydrat-cacbon v ng. Nhmnghin cu ang xem xt s tc ng ca cc thnh phn ny ti vi khun, thch tn v cc cht khc.2.2. Nhn ging xng rng Nopal ( xng rng l gai): Cy xng rng Nopal c ngun gc t chu M, sinh trng nhanh v rt thch hp vi iu kin ca vng t kh hn.Ngoi u im c che ph cao, ci to t, chng xi mn, cy cn c gi tr s dng cao. Cy c th lm thc n cho ngi nh rau ti, qu ti, ch bin cc loi thc n kh, hp v thc n chc nng; lm thc n cho gia sc nh d, cu, b; lm nguyn liu ch bin ra cc loi dc phm, m phm, phng nga v iu tr cc bnh v tiu ha, bo ph, tim mch
Ngoi ra, cy cn c th lm nguyn liu sn xut cc loi thc phm cng nghip nh cao su, nha latex, cht chng thm, n mn.
Cy xng rng Nopal c nhp ni v nghin cu ti Trung tm Sinh hc thc nghim (Vin ng dng cng ngh). Trung tm nh gi c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin ca cy Nopal trn mt s loi t kh hn ngho dinh dng; lm ch c cng ngh nhn ging, p ng nhu cu v ging, trin khai nhn rng trn vng t ct kh hn. nhn nhanh ging cy xng rng Nopal, cc chuyn gia Trung tm Sinh hc thc nghim cy m loi cy ny.Sau thi gian 3 thng, m sinh trng v pht trin vi kch c 3 - 5 cm ri chuyn vo trng trong vn m. Sau , a ra trng ngoi t nhin.
2.3. To nng lng t cy xng rng:
_ tng: Cy xng rng to ra in nng t qu trnh quang hp.
_ Thc hin: Cc nh nghin c ti Trung tm nghin cu khoa hc (CNRS), Php pht trin mt pin nhin liu sinh hc c nht c th cy vo cy xng rng to ra nng lng t hai sn phm chnh ca qu trnh quang hp -xy v ng. Qua qu trnh th nghim, nhm nghin cu c th to ra dng in cng sut 9W trong mt n v cm2.
PHN II:CNG NGH
1. Tm tt:_ Hiu qu ca vic nghin cu khc nhau v cc giai on nui cy xng rng trong ng nghim lin tc c nghin cu. Cc phn tch thng k d liu cho thy s pht trin chi non, ti ch nui cy trong ng nghim ca chi non khong 6 ln trong 1 thng trn mi trng MS sa i vi BAP 5mg/l cng NAA nng 0,1mg/l lm tng nhanh ng k t l to chi non n 5,12 ln cao hn so vi mi trng MS ca hormone bnh thng. Ngoi ra, s lng ln cht dip a v b v carotenoids c tm ra trong chi non, m pht trin trong mi trng MS cung cp vi c 2 nng NAA 0,1 mg/l cng BAP 3, 4 hoc 5 mg/l hoc NAA 0,2 mg/l cng BAP 3 mg/l trn chung li. i vi r pht trin, s dng y hoc mt na hoc mt phn t nng ca mi trng MS c hoc khng c 1g/l than hot tnh (AC) cho t l trng cao nht (100%) v chiu di r di nht. Trong khi p dng mi trng MS y khng c AC dn n s lng ln r c to thnh t mi chi non. Trong giai on thch nghi kh hu, nui cy trong ng nghim thu c trn bi than bn, bi ct hoc hn hp c than bn v ct theo t l 1: 1 cho kh nng sng cao nht (100%), nhng s dng ch mt mnh bi ru than bn cho php thn ca cy trong ng nghim thch nghi ln ln cao nht. Sau cng, n l li ch s dng thnh cng cho cy xng rng peruvianus nui cy ghp ging, sinh khi.2. Li m u:_ Cc h Cactaceae bao gm khong 130 v 1.500 loi .Cy xng rng peruvianus (thuc h Cactaceae) l loi xng rng thn leo c ngun gc nhit i v c nhiu nhnh biu tng cho nh cao. N ch yu l ging nh cy hoc nh bi cy nh to thnh hnh ging nh ci ct xng rng v kh hp dn, n pht trin nhanh, d dng v c th c s dng vi mc ch lm king. Nhiu ngi bit l nhiu cy xng rng rt kh ph bin nhn ging hoc tnh bng cch s dng phng php thng thng so vi k thut nui cy trong ng nghim (Bustamante and Heras, 1990)._ R rng nui cy trong ng nghim c u th nhiu hn, mt trong s l sinh sn thc vt c th tip tc trong chu k ngn, lin tc sut nm bt k ma v v vy s lng cy thu c c th gia tng vi s lng hm s logarit khi pht hin do Nephrolepis exaltata (Gonzalez and Serpa, 1992) and Melaluca armillaris (Youssef, 1996)._ N c khng nh vic nui cy trong ng nghim, cc giai on lin tip nhiu loi thc vt c kim sot phn ln bi nhiu yu t. Trong giai on tng nhanh ca chi non, khi ti ch nui cy m ly t sinh vt nui nhn to, chi non tng nhanh t l v ni sc t ca chi non thu c m r rng b nh hng bi cytokinin v auxin. Trong nui cy, phng thc bo co bi Youssef (1994) for Acacia salicina; Mohamed-Yasseen et al.(1995) for Stapela semota; Feng-Feng et al.(2000) for Aloe barbebsis; and Mata-Rosas etal. (2001) for Turbinicapus laui. giai on r khi u, nng v m v vi m ca mi trng nui cy c hoc khng c than hot tnh nhn thy nh hng n t l r, s lng r v chiu di r ca vic bt ngun t chi non nh tit l ca Agrawal etal. (1992) on Vanilla walkeriae, Raghuveer-Polisetty et al. (1996) on Cicer arietinum, Leet al. (1998) on Arnica montana, Sakr et al.(1999) on Yucca elelphantipes. Do thch nghi kh hu trong cc giai on , loi nui cy cht nn nh hng r rng v s tng trng ca thn m ly t sinh vt d nui nhn to khi pht hin Populus nigra (Youssef-Aboueash, 1997)._ V vy, hin ti cng vic t c nghin cu phn ng ca nui cy m trong ng nghim, trong giai on lin tip ca xng rng peruvianus ngha l chi non tng nhanh khi ang ti ch nui cy, m cy t sinh vt nui cy nhn to b nh hng bi cytokinin v auxin, r cy quen v thch nghi vi mi trng MS v cc kiu nui cy cht nn tng ng.3. Vt liu v phng php:3.1 Nh my vt liu:_ Cy con thu c t cc n in trng cy xng rng ca Cc Lm vn, Lin bangB Nng nghip, Khartoum, Sudan.Cy c gi trong iu kin nh mu xanh l cy v c s dng nh mt nguncy trong th nghim.
3.2 Kh trng b mt v s c lp ca mu cy:_ Cy con xng rng c ct thnh ming v kh trng b mt bng cch ra di vi nc chy v ngm thuc ty cho 20 pht.Nhng mnh bn cladodes c phun vi ethanol 70%, lm sch bng khn sch vchuyn giao cho mt dng chy laminar.Theo dng chy laminar cc mnh ct c m mnh trong 15 hypochlorite natri% cho20 pht, v sau ra trong nc ct v trng cho ba ln.
3.3 S thp cy:_ Cy c nui cy trong mi trng MS (Murashige v Skoog, 1962), b sungvi benzyladenine (BA) (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 3,0 v 5,0 mg L-1) hoc Kinetin (Kin) (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 3,0 v 5,0 mg L-1) mt mnhhoc kt hp vi acid naphthaleneacetic (NAA) (0,5 mg L-1).Tt c c chun b chunv nui cy c tng trng vi mt photoperiod ca 16 gi nh sng v 8 gi ca bng ti 25 C 2 C v trong 3 thng.
3.4 R ca chi trong ng nghim:_ R (3,0 cm) c ngun gc t chm r v bt ngun t mi trng MSb sung NAA, indole acetic acid (IAA) hoc indole Butric Acid (IBA) mi lc 0,25, 0,5 hoc 1,0 mg / l.Tt ccc cht m gii c s dng trong nghin cu ny c b sung vi 3% (w / v) sucrose, c nh vi 0,8% (w / v) agar v pHc iu chnh 5,8 0,1 trc khi autoclaving ti 1210C v psi 15 cho 15 pht.
3.5 Thch nghi vi mi trng:_ Trong ng nghim cy bt r c g b t r trung bnh v ra loi b gel v cy ghp trong chu nha c cha autoclaved t vn v ct t l 3:1.Cy c gi trong iu kin phng nui cy15 ngy sau chuyn giao cho nh knh v c t di bng mt cho n khi tng trng quan st.
3.6 Phn tch thng k:_ Kt qu v s lng chi v dn xut mu cy, r t l phn trm v s lng r pht trin trong mi ln x l v quan st nh k.D liu c thu thp t ba th nghim c lpv phn tch khc nhau. Hnh nh v qu trnh nui cy xng rng:
Cc th nghim khc v xng rng peruvianus:_ Th nghim ca nghin cu ny c thc hin nui cy m v Phng th nghim nghin cu bo tn, Vin nghin cu rau qu, Trung tm nghin cu nng nghip iu tra phn ng ca nui cy m trong ng nghim cc giai on lin tip nhau ca cy xng rng peruvianus di nh hng ca nng khc nhau ca cytokinin (BAP) v auxin (NAA), nng khc nhau ca cc yu t v m v vi m trong mi trng MS v cc kiu nui cy cht nn cho chi non, r v cc giai on tng nhanh khi ngun v giai on thch nghi vi mi trng tng ng. Th nghim c lp i, lp li 2 ln trong nhng nm 2003 v 2004. _ Cy con (3 thng tui) vi chiu cao 5-7 cm bt ngun t nng tri xng rng quc t (Tahanoub-Shebien El-Kanater-Qulubia) c dng lm ngun nguyn liu thc vt.
_ Cc cy ging c kh trng b mt vi cn 70% trong mt pht ri sau ra li vi Clorox 15% vi vi git tween- 20 trong 10 pht (ti thiu), tip theo ra li vi 3 ln nc ct kh trng. Sau , lc u trong 0,1 % thy phn clorua vi mt vi git tween 20 trong 10 pht. Cui cng, ra li mu 3 ln vi nc ct v trng.
_ Cc mi trng nui cy di th nghim bao gm v m v vi m cht v cc vitamin ca mi trng MS (Murashige vSkoog, 1962) lm phong ph vi 25g/l sucrose v 0,7% thch Anachemia._ Trong phng php iu tr s tng nhanh chi non, phn chnh chi non ca cy ging nh c kh trng c phn ra vo u chi non v phn cn li cn bn ca chi tip tc c chia nh vo m ly t sinh vt nui cy nhn to on chi non. Tng loi cy bao gm mt chi nch. Vic cy c v trng t trn mi trng MS cht dinh dng y b sung BAP ti 0, 3 ,4 hoc 5mg/l hoc vi NAA 0,1 hoc 0,2 mg/l tp trung._ Mt thng sau khi nui cy, cc cm ca chi non to thnh c cy li trn mi trng mi ca cng thnh phn ging nhau. Th nghim ny lp i lp li nhiu ln trong chi non tng nhanh, chu k t c trong khong thi gian hng thng.
_ Do , trong 6 chu k lin tip chi non tng nhanh, 9 thnh phn mi trng nui cy c thc hin v 20 chi non ca cc mu cy trong nm c ti s dng.
_ Cc chi non thu c t 6 chu k ca s nui cy c trnh ha hc phn tch cho cc ni sinh cht dip lc -a v-b v carotenoids theo th tc c m t bi Saric et al. (1967)
_ Trong phng php x l r, cy chi non (2-4 cm), kt qu t chi non th su c s ny n theo chu k, c ct b v trng trn mi trng MS ca hormon y , mt na hoc mt phn t nng ca cc yu t v m v vi m c hoc khng c 1g /l than hot tnh.
_ V vy, su cht m gii nui cy c th nghim v 25 chi non c s dng trong nm cch sinh sn.
_ Vo cui tun th t ca nui trng, cc sn phm bt ngun t chi non (mu cy) c trnh thm d vi s thch nghi kh hu.
_ Trong mi s ny n ca chi non v s x l ca r, tt c cc cht m gii nui cy c iu chnh pH 5,7 0,1 vi KOH/H2PO4 v autoclaved ti 1210C v 1.2kg/cm2 cho 20 pht trc khi s dng.Cc chi non c cy t theo chiu dc trong l thy tinh sc cha 200 ml trung bnh cha 25 ml.Mi trng nui cy c 24 10C di n hunh quang vi cng nh sng l 3.000 lux ti mc nui cy v 16-gi photoperiod.
_ Vi s thch nghi kh hu, cc chi non bn r (vitroplants), kt qu t vic x l r c chuyn giao cho chu nha (0,2lt) c cha ru than bn, ct ra, hoc hn hp ru than bn ct theo t l 1: 1. C cht nn c s dng c iu chnh pH 6,2; ti bng dung dch 0,2% Topsin-M70 thuc dit nm v bao ph bi trasprent ti polyethylene.Vic di thc mu cy c gi trong nh knh di thc cho bn tun trc khi cy outof-door. Do , ba cch nui cy cht nn c kim tra v nm mu cy c s dng trong ba ln lp li. D liu ghi li:_ Trong su chu k k tip ca chi non, tng nhanh s lng chi non tch ly hnh thnh ca mi mu cy c tnh theo chu k hng thng.Nhng hm lng biu m ca cht dip lc-b-v a v carotenoids c xc nh trong (mg/100gfw) cui ca chu k th su.Vo cui vic x l r, cc phn ng r (%); s lng r hnh thnh mi chi non v chiu di ca r trong cm c ghi nhn.i vi vic thch nghi kh hu, t l sng st ca cc mu cy thch nghi v di ca mu cy gc cm c o sau bn tun v bn thng ln lt t cch quen vi kh hu.
_ Cch phn tch d liu cho mi th nghim c thc hin cho mt d n hon ton ngu nhin. D liu ca t hai trong s cc th nghim c kt hp v thng k phn tch th nghim s khc bit gia cc phng tin s dng L.S.D theo Stell v Torrie, (1980).4. Kt qu v tho lun:
4.1 Thi k v tc chi tng sinh:
_ D liu trong bng (1) tit l rng nng khc nhau ca cytokinin BAP v auxin NAA c kim tra trong s thm d ny c mt ngha nh hng t tc tng sinh m cy chi trong s tng sinh ca chu k k tip._ Mi trng phc hi ca chi non cy khong su ln hng thng c tng ln rt nhiu s lng tch ly ca hnh thnh chi. S lng cao nht cc chi (47,3) c trng by cy sang mi trng trn MS-va c cung cp vi BAP (5 mg / l) cng vi NAA (0,1 mg / l), v gi tr ny tng trng 6,22 ln so vi cc mt hng cy trn mi trng kim sot (freehormons)._ Cc kt qu ny cho thy hu ht cc mi trng thu c y cc tc nhn m gii t c s ln nht ca mi mu cy chi sau su chu k gia tng c mi trng MS vi cc yu t ph ca BAP ti 5 mg / l NAA cng 0,1 mg / l.iu ny c ngha rng bng cch s dng BAP cytokinin nng cao (5 mg / l) kt hp vi NAA ti nng thp (0,1 mg / l) trong nghin cu ny cho thy s nh hng iu phi tng cao nht trn cc quy trnh trao i cht dn n hnh thnh s lng chi ln nht.Nhng pht hin ny nm trong tha thun vi cc bo co ca Bustamante v Heras (1990) trn H Xng rng (Pelecyphora aselliformis) v Nealolydia lophophoroides; Feng Feng-et al.(2000) trn Aloe barbebsis v Mata-Rosas (2001) trn Turbinicapus laui.H kt lun rng vic p dng mt s kt hp ca BAP v NAA nng khc nhau l mt hn ch yu t hnh thnh chi.
Bng (1): nh hng nng khc nhau ca cytokinin BAP ring bit hoc kt hp vi NAA auxin v s lng shootlets tng nhanh t mu cy cy xng rng kh peruvianus trong ng nghim trong su chu k tng sinh lin tip
X l v nng (mg/l)Chu k tng sinh
Chu k 1Chu k 2Chu k 3Chu k 4Chu k 5Chu k 6
Control1.052.153.34.505.957.60
BAP (3)1.155.6510.8518.229.643.85
BAP (4)1.155.5510.717.3530.3545.6
BAP (5)1.55.3510.316.928.1543.45
BAP (3)+NAA (0.1)1.354.157.713.726.643.05
BAP (4)+NAA (0.1)1.55.609.716.529.842.7
BAP (5)+NAA (0.1)2.1611.919.3532.9547.3
BAP (3)+NAA (0.2)1.655.7510.918.7531.4545.4
BAP (4)+NAA (0.2)1.65.7511.518.6541.9541.95
BAP (5)+NAA (0.2)2.156.0511.319.9543.6543.65
L.S.D at 5%0.3561.3121.9982.2814.3754.856
4.2 Hm lng sc t:_ Cc phng php iu tr khc nhau ca cytokinin BAP v NAA auxin gy ra mt ngha c hiu lc trn sc t ni sinh nh: cht dip lc-a &-b v carotenoids trong shootlet m vo chu trnh th 6 ca s tng sinh (Bng 2).
_ Trong trng hp ca cht dip lc-a; s dng MSmedium b sung vi BAP (3 mg / l) cng NAA (0,1 mg / l); BAP (5 mg / l) cng vi NAA (0,1 mg / l) v BAP (3 mg / l) cng vi NAA (0,2 mg / l) m sn xut shootlet c tng lng cht dip lc-a cao nht (63,51, 64,48 v 69,93 mg/100g FW, tng ng), trong khi tng lng thp nht (29,36, 30,96, 30,14 v 34,83 FW mg/100g) c xc nh trong shootlet m ngy cng tng trn MS-va kim sot m khng cn hormons, cung cp cng vi BAP ti 3 v 4 mg / l BAP ring bit hoc 4 mg / l NAA cng ti 0,2 mg / l, tng ng.Cc th nghim khc BAP NAA v mi trng gy ra cht dip lc-mt trong tng lng dao ng 44,53-56,43 mg/100g FW m khng c s khc bit ng k gia cc gi tr ny.
_ V cht dip lc-b; cc kt qu ca r t mi trng MS c b sung BAP ti 4 mg / l NAA puls ti 0,1 mg / l c mc ln nht ca cht dip lc-b (46,60 mg/100g FW), trong khi s pht (21,77 mg/100g FW) l pht hin trong cc m shootlet pht trin trn MSmedium cung cp BAP ti 4 mg / l cng NAA 0,2 mg / l.Cc th nghim khc v BAP NAA phng php nui cy gy ra cht dip lc-b trong tng lng dao ng 26,35 - 45,01 mg/100gfw m ko c s khc bit gia cc gi tr ny._i vi carotenoids, gi tr cao nht (46,03 mg/100g FW) c pht hin trong m chi t mi trng MS giu cht BAP ti 3mg/l NAA cng vi 0,2 mg/l, i din cho 2 ln ghi li kim sot mi trng MS
_ M cuc kho st rng ca d liu thu c r rang cho thy, mi trng MS c cung cp BAP ti 3mg/l NAA cng vi 0,2 mg/l c th tng cc hot ng sinh thng hp ca cht dip lc a v carotennoids cao hn s tin cht. Trong khi cht dip lc b cha hm lng cao nht trong trng hp s dng mi trng MS giu cht BAP ti 4mg/l cng NAA 0,1 mg/l. Cc kt qu ny trng khp vi d liu trc c tm thy bi Tung Ming Sung (1997) Cucumis sativus v Gao et al.(2000) trn Carthamus tinctorius.H tit l rng nng khc nhau ca cytokinin v auxin c nh hng ng k n cht dip lc v caroteniods hnh thnh nng lc.Bng (2): nh hng nng khc nhau ca cytikinin BAP mt mnh hoc kt hp vi cc NAA auxin v ni dung sc t (mg/100g FW) ca m chi cy xng rng kh peruvianus trong ng nghim.X l v nng (mg/l)Cht dip lc (A) (mg/100g)Cht dip lc (B)
(mg/100g)Carotenoids
(mg/100g)
Control29.3628.1823.18
BAP (3)30.9636.8627.97
BAP (4)30.1426.3522.43
BAP (5)55.631.0834.17
BAP (3)+NAA (0.1)63.5145.0138.32
BAP (4)+NAA (0.1)56.4346.637.04
BAP (5)+NAA (0.1)64.4840.2643.11
BAP (3)+NAA (0.2)69.9335.1646.03
BAP (4)+NAA (0.2)34.8321.7725.99
BAP (5)+NAA (0.2)44.5343.1234.77
L.S.D at 5%18.712010.76
4.3 Cc giai on pht trin v cc phn ng trong qu trnh pht trin ca r cy:_D liu trnh by trong Bng (3) cho thy tt c cc nng khc nhau (y , v mt na, nng ) ca cc yu t v m v vi m ca mi trng MS c hoc khng c them 1g/l than hot tnh thc y mm, chi cy t gc r nh nhau v t l (100%). iu ny c ngha rng chi cy xng rng kh peruvianus c nng lc sn xut khng phn bit ngun gc t pht da vo mi trng MS.iu ny dn n mt kt lun rng nc th gim thiu cc yu t nng ca mi trng MS n nng cho vic thu nhp cc phn ng ca r vi t l 100%. Trong vn ny, Raghuveer-Polisetty etal.(1996) thy rng ti a r ca Cicer arietnum c quan st thy khi nui cy trong nng mi trng MS. Ngoi ra George v Ravishankar (1997) ch ra rng r m mm ca Vanilla planifolia c quan st trong mt na nng mi trng MS c cha than hot tnh.
Chu k 3
2 tun
4.4 S lng ca r:_ S lng r hnh thnh trn mi m chi c ly t sinh vt nui nhn to nh hng ng k bi cc nng khc nhau ca mi trng MS c s dng trong bng iu tra ny (bng 3)
_S lng ln nht ca r/ m ly t sinh vt nui cy (2,73) c trng by dnh cho m chi ly t sinh vt nui cy trong mi trng MS, trong khi c 1 pht
(1,07 r/m ly t sinh vt nui nhn cy nhn to) c ghi li dnh cho m chi tng trng trong mi trng c nng MS cung cp vi 1g/l than hot tnh.
_ Cc kt qu khng nh rng vic s dng y cc yu t v m v vi m ca mi trng MS cho php m chi ly t sinh vt nui cy nhn to to ra mu r s ln nht. V phng din ny Sakr (1999)trn elephantipes Yucca, bo co rngr pht trin nhiu hn m c ly t r pht trin nhiu hn m c ly t sinh vt nui cy nhn to c lin quan n nng ca mi trng MS. 4.5 Giai on thch nghi vi kh hu: Kh nng sng st:_ D liu trong bng (4) cho thykh nng tn ti ca mu cy khng b nh hng bi mi trng khc nhau c kim tra cht nn trong cc cuc th nghim hin ti. Tt c cc mu cy cho thy mt kh nng sng st cao hn(100%) khi mi trng cy trn than bn, ct hoc s kt hp gia chng t l 1:1. Nhng d liu ny dn n ngh rng s nui cy cht nn th r hn nh l ct c dng sn xut 100% ca s sng cn ca mu cy trong thi gian quen vi kh hu. Chiu di ca gc r:_ Cc d liu trong bng (3) ch ra rng tt ccc th nghim mi trng MS trong vic iu tra cho php r cy pht trin (ln ln) trongchiu di tm khong gia 2,06-2,89 cmkhng c s khc bit ng k gia ccgi tr.Do , chiu di gc r hnh thnh khngb nh hng bi nng mi trng,m c th nghim.Ngc li, Sakret al.(1999)lu rng khi chi cy ca elephantipes Yuccac chuyn giao cho mi trng MS g r,r di hn c pht trin trn nng y hn v nng mi trng MS
Chiu di ca thn cy:
_ Nh th hin trong Bng (4) chiu di gc cacy thch nghi vi kh huvitroplants c nh hng ng k bi cc loi mi trng cht nn khc.S dng mt mnh ru than bn v kt hp vi ct t l 1:1 cho php cc gc mu cy ca di thcvitroplants ln ln trong gi tr cao nht (10,6v 9,0 cm, tng ng).Ngc li,bng cch s dng mt mnh ct sn xut ca thn (6,1 cm).iu ny c th c quy chogi tr dinh dng cao ca ru than bn m c th cho php gc ca mu cy ln ln trong chiu di dinh dng so vi cc gi tr dinh dng km ca ct.Theo , Youssef-Aboueash (1977) v vic ct Populus nigrathy rng bng cch s dng bn sng Nile mt mnh hockt hp vi ct theo t l 1:1kt qu l chiu di chi ln nht, trong khis dng mt mnh ct cho th chiu di ca chi th nh nht.Bng (3): Hiu lc cc yu t v m v vi m ca nng mi trng MS c hoc khng c kch hotthan (AC) trn tp tnh r ca m cy chi xng rng kh peruvianus trong ng nghim.Nng ca mi trng MSPhn ng trong qu trnh pht trin r (%)S lng ca r/ m chiChiu di ca r cy (cm)
MS y 1002.732.06
MS y thm 1g/l AC1002.672.89
MS10022.68
MS thm 1g/l AC1001.673.11
MS1001.82.87
MS thm 1g/l AC1001.072.43
L.S.A at 5%N.S0.906N.S
Bng (4): nh hng ca s nui cy cht nn khc nhau n tp tnh quen vi kh hu ca xng rng kh peruvianus vitroplants.Nui cy trn cht nnKh nng sng stChiu di ca than cy (cm)
Than bn10010.6
Ct1006.1
Than bn: Ct (1:1)1009
L.S.D at 5%NS2.686
PHN III:
KT LUN
_ Trn th gii c khong 10.000 loi cy mng nc, trong s c 1.500 loi c phn loi thuc h cy xng rng. c nhiu nghin cu khoa hc bo ng v tnh trng tiu dit ca 2/3 cc loi ng thc vt trn th gii t nay n cui th k 21. Kt qu ca qu trnh ny l do nh hng ca vic tri t m dn ln qua tng ngy qua, cn tr s pht trin ca mt s loi trn ton th gii, t bit nh hng dn s pht trin ca nng nghip. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc nh khoa hc cho c th gii mt tng lai ti sng hn. Khi cng vic nhn ging cc loi cy qu him trong phng th nghim khng cn qu kh khn.
_ Cy xng rng Nopal c ngun gc t Chu M, sinh trng nhanh v rt thch hp vi iu kin vng t kh hn. Ngoi u im c che ph cao, ci to t tt, chng xi mn, cy cn c gi tr s dng cao. Cy c th lm thc n cho ngi nh: rau ti, qu ti, ch bin cc loi thc n cho gia sc nh: d, cu, b., dng lm nguyn liu ch bin cc loi dc phm, m phm, phng nga cc bnh tiu ha, bo ph, tim mch. Ngoi ra, cy cn c th lm nguyn liu sn xut cc loi sn phm cng nghip nh :caosu, nha latex, cht chng thm n mn.
_ Vi nhng li ch kinh t nh vy, do thin tai, do b ng r v do b con ngi khai thc nhiu nn cc loi xng rng Chu M hin ang c nguy c b tuyt chng, c bit l ging xng rng ca Mxic. Chnh vi vy , cc nh khoa hc ang c gng tm mi trng dinh dng thch hp nhn ging cc loi mi v bo tn cc loi qu him c sn trong t nhin.
_ Cc nh khoa hc Mxico c nhng nghin cu c th t nhiu nm qua v cc nghin cu nhn ging trong ng nghim. Tuy nhin, vi Vit Nam hin nay, cc loi xng rng hin vn cha c nghin cu bng cch nhn ging trong ng nghim nhiu, cha c nhng nghin cu c th c trnh by. Nhng vin sinh hc Vit Nam ang nghin cu nhn ging d to ra mt s loi mi c ch cho kinh t v cho x hi.
TI LIU THAM KHO1. Bustamante, M.A. v Heras, M.G.(1990).S nui cy m ca cc loi H Xng rng.XXIIIrdHorticultural quc t Quc hi, Firenze(Italy) thng tm-27-Thng Chn-1, nm 19902. Feng-Feng, Li-Hongbo, Lu-QingFang, Xie-Jianying, Fen, F., Li, H.B., Lu, Q.F.vXie, J.Y.(2000).S nui cy m nn ca Aloe spp.Tp ch Nng nghip Ty Nami hc, 22 (2): 157-159.3. Gao, W.Y., c ng, L. v Paek, K.Y.(2000).T bo thc vt, m & mi trng Organ, 60 (2): 95-100.4. George, P.S.v Ravishankar, G.A.(1997).Nhn ging trong ng nghim ca Vanilla planifolias dng cy chi nch.T bo thc vt,16 (7): 490-494..5. Mata-Rosas, M., Monroy-de-la-Rosa, M.A.,Goldammer, K.M., Chavez-Avilla, V.M.v Monroy-de-la-Rosa, M.A. (2001).Vi nhn ca Tubinicapus, mt loi c hu v nguy c tuyt chngloi.T bo v pht trinSinh hc thc vt, 37 (3): 400-404.6. Mohamed-Yasseen, Y., Barringer, S.A. vSplittstoesser, W.E.(1995).Vi nhnmng nc nguy c tuyt chng ca Stapeliasemota bi s tng nhanh nch.Xng Rng vTp ch mng nc, 67 (6): 366-368.7. Murashige, T. v Skoog, F. (1962). S pht trin nhanh chng vcc sinh trc nghim nui cy m. 8. Youssef-Aboueash, E.M.A.(1997).Mt snghin cu v cng tc thc vt ca
Populus alba L. v Tamarix articulata Vobl.M.Sc.Lun n Fac.Agric., Cairo Univ.Trang 90.9. Youssef, E.M.S.(1994).Hiu lc ca cytokinin v bo co cc mi trng nui cy trong ng nghim vi nhn tim nng ca Acacia salicina Lindll.Phng th nghim m nui cy.
Chu k 2
12 tun
Chu k 1
Chu k 4
2 tun
Chu k 5
8 tun
Ferocactus pilosus
pha nam Saltillo, Coahuila, ng bc Mexico
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