bài làm chính

7/31/2019 bi lm chnh

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Thit kphn xng nc ung ti hoa bp gim GVHD :

MUTrong nhng nm gn y c th nhn thy thtrng nc gii kht c gas ang b ln t bicc loi nc khng gas vi tc tng trng 10%/nm. Theo kho st ca mt s cng ty

nghin cu thtrng, tc tng trng ca ngnh sn xut nc gii kht Vit Nam hin nayt khong 7%/nm,trong ,th phn cc loi nc gii kht khng gas ngy mt cao hn.Trong khi nc ngt c gas gim 5% th phn th ngnh hng nc ung c ngun gc t thinnhin tng 12%. iu cho thy c s chuyn dch tiu dng sang la chn nc gii khtkhng gas (nc ung tri cy v nc tinh khit ) v nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng hin nay lhng ti s dng thc phm t t nhin. Nhng sn phm ny khng ch c li cho sc khem cn thn thin vi mi trng. n nay c hn 100 loi nc gii kht khng gas ( khngkn nc ung ng chai, nc khong ), c khai thc tthin nhin nh c, qu, cc loitr tho mc.

Bp gim ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ) thuc h Bng ( Malvaceae ), tn khc l cy gim, bng btgim, ay Nht, l mt cy bi cao 1-2m. V mt ha hc, hoa bp gim cha anthocyanin 1,5%, acid hu c, nha, ng, alcaloid, cc vitamin A, B, C, D v cc thnh phn khc.

Anthoyanins c nhiu trong t nhin, chng phn b nhiu trong thc vt, hoa, c bit c nhiutrong i hoa bp gim. Anthocyanin trong hoa bp gim ch yu l delphinidin-3-sambubiosid( hisbicin hay daphiriphilyn ) v cianidin-3- sambubiosid.Chng c nhiu ng dng trong y hccng nh trong thc phm. Anthocyanin a cc cht chng oxy ha nh flavonoid vo trong cth bo v tbo, gip ngn nga cc nguy c x va ng mch, tai bin mch mu no,thoi ha gan Cc dn xut ca anthocyanin c tc dng ti to t bo vng mc v gip tng

th lc vo ban m. Anthocyanin cn l mt sc tmu dng nhum mu thc n v ung, thay th cc loi ha cht tng hp thng gy c.

Vi nhng tnh cht trn ca anthocyanin th sn phm nc ung t hoa bp gim rt c li chosc khe ngi tiu dng, sn phm cn c mu bt mt, m khng cn s dng cc cht tomu ha hc, do rt an ton i vi ngi tiu dng. Ngoi ra sn phm c v chua du, ckhnng kch thch tiu ha.

nc ta hoa bp gim c cng ty dc liu TW 2 trng nhiu B Ra, ng Nai, Sng B,Bnh Thun (vi din tch khong 400 ha) xut khu. Nng sut khong 400-800kg i

kh/ha. Hin nay nc ta vn cha c sn phm cng nghip ti hoa bp gim, ch yu vnl xut khu th. Cc sn phm t hoa bp gim nh mt, nc ung, tr u ch dng li mc dn gian hay sn xut thcng. Do , vic to ra mt sn phm nc gii kht cngnghip t hoa bp gim sem li li ch rt ln cho nn cng nghip thc phm nc ta vmang li li ch ln v sc khe cho nhiu ngi tiu dng.


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Vi cc yu t trn, em thc hin ti Thit kphn xng sn xut nc gii kht t hoa bpgim vi nng sut 90 tn/nm vi mong mun to ra mt sn phm quy m cng nghip nhmp ng nh cu hin nay ca thtrng.


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Chng 1 : NGUYN LIU V SN PHM

1.1.BP GIM

Gii thiu chung [4]

Ngnh Ht kn Angiosperms Lp Hai l mm Dcotylednae

B Bng Malvales H Bng Malvaceae

Chi Hibiscus Loi H. sabdariffa

Tn khoa hc :Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Tn thng gi : Bp gim

Tn khc : Lc thn, ay nht.

1.1.1.M t thc vt

Hnh 1.1 : Cy bp gim Hnh 1.2 : i hoa bp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms


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Hisbiscus L. l mt chi ln trong h bng, phn ln l cy bi hay g nh, cao 1,5 - 2m.Thn c mu lc, tm nht hay ta, phn nhnh gc. Cnh nhn hoc hi c lng. L mc sole, gn l c mu nht, di t 7,5 12,5 cm, l gc nguyn, l pha trn chia 3 5 thy, hnhchn vt, mp l c rng ca.. Hoa to, mc ring rnch l, gn nh khng c cung. giamu tm sm; i ph (tiu i) gm 8 12 cnh hp, phn di dnh lin, c lng nh, n

xo ra v gp xung; i chnh to, cc l i dy, nhn u, mng nc mu ta.

Ma hoa qu: thng 7 10. Hoa bp gim c thu hi vo ma thu, lc cc l i cnmm, khng nhn ho v c mu sm. V cng ch thu hi trong vng 15-20 ngy sau khi hoan v lu, cc tnh cht dc l s gim.

Tu theo mc ch s dng, ngi ta phn loi bp gim thnh hai loi :

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa c trng ly i n v lm thuc.

Hisbiscus sabdariffa L. var. altissima c trng ch yu ly si.

1.1.2.Phn b sinh thi [4]

Cy bp gim c trng ph bin vng nhit i v nhit i chu v chu hi. n , c khong 40 loi, Vit Nam 23 loi Nhiu loi l cy trng lm cnh, lm thuc vlm rau. Hin nay c hai nc c xem l ngun cung cp bp gim ch yu l Thi Lan vTrung Quc.

Cy bp gim c ngun gc Ty hi v c dng ly l, i hoa. Hin c 2 loic trng tng i ph bin l Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var sabdariffa v Hibiscus sabdariffa var

altissima. nc ta, t lu cy Bp gim c trng lm cnh kh ph bin. Cy a sng, a mv c th hi chu hn. Cy trng Vit Nam t ra c kh nng thch nghi vi nhiu loi t, kc t ivng trung du, hi chua. Cy ny trng nhiu min Trung, c c tnh khng knt, a t i ni, kh hu nng m ng Nam b. min Bc, cy ny c trng th im vng H Ty v Bc Thi. Tu thp nin 90 n nay, bp gim (ging ly tc) c Cngty Dc liu TW 2 trng nhiu B Ra, ng Nai, Sng B, Bnh Thun (vi din tch khong400 ha) xut khu. Nng sut khong 400 -800kg i kh/ha.

1.1.3.Thnh phn ha hc ca hoa bp gim.

Trong hoa bp gim cha cc thnh phn nh : protein, cht x, tro, cacbohydrate,polyphenol, vitamin, cc acid hu c v khong.


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Bng 1.1 : Hm lng cc cht c trong 100 g hoa bp gim kh(Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa) [3]

Thnh phn Hm lng

Nc 12.81 g

Protein 7.51 g

Cht bo 0,46 g

X 11,17 g

Tro 11.24 g

Carbohydrate 57.62 g

Ascorbic acid 140.13 mg

Anthocyanin 622.9 mg

Ca 0.46 mg

P 7.51 mg

1.1.3.1.Nc

L thnh phn ch yu ca i hoa.Vai tr :

L mi trng xy ra cc phn ng ca cc cht ha tan. Tham gia cc phn ng thy phn v oxy ha kh xy ra trong cc t

bo.

1.1.3.2. Protein

L ngun cung cp cc axit amin trong i hoa.Cc axit amin trong i hoach yu gm : Arginin, cistein, histidin, isoleucin, methionin, phenylalanin,threonin, valine, glycine

1.1.3.3.Carbohydrate

Nhm carbohydrate c mt trong bp gim gm cc gc ng n (glucose,fructose, sucrose), oligosaccharide,polysaccharideT l carbohydrate trong bp gim kh cao (9.2 76.5%). Tuy nhin, ring phn hoa, t l carbohydrate chc 3.3%, trong glucose chim t l nhiunht, tip theo l fructose v sucrose.

1.1.3.4.Acid hu c

Cc acid hu c c mt trong bp gim gm acid citric, acid tartaric, acidmalic, acid succinic, acid hibiscic v mt s acid khc.Acid hu c chim


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khong 15 - 30% thnh phn bp gim, trong acid citric v acid tartaricchim trn 75% tng s cc acid c trong bp gim.

1.1.3.5.Anthocyanin

Thuc nhm cc hp cht flavonoid, c khnng ha tan trong nc v chatrong cc khng bo. Trong i hoa bp gim c cha nhiu anthocyanin, chyu l delphinidin3sambubiosid ( hibiscin hay daphiriphylin ) v cyanidin3 sambubiosid. Cc cht ny tan tt trong nc, d b phn hy bi nhit v oxy, lm cho dung dch b mt mu. Ty thuc vo pH m dung dch sc mu tn xanh, thng thng pH ca dung dch phi b hn 4 gimu c trng ca sn phm.

`

Bng 1.2 Cu trc mt s loi anthocyanin thng gp

Hnh 1.3. Cu trc ca Delphinidin v Cyanidin


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Anthocyanins nhiu ng dng trong y hc cng nh trong thc phm.Anthocyanin c khnng chng oxy ha v ngn nga ung th. Anthocyanincn l mt sc tmu c s dng trong cng nghip thc phm hin nay.

1.1.3.6. Khong [3]

Cc cht khong c trong i hoa bp gim ch yu l : K, , Na, Ca

Bng 1.3: Hm lng cht khong c trong i hoa bp gim

(Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var.sabdariffa) [3]

Thnh phn Hm lng

K 12.81 mg

P 7.51 mg

Na 11.17 mg

Ca 0.46 mg

Mg 11.24 mg

Cu 4.32 mg

Mn 2.39 mg

Zn 6.51 mg

Fe 37.80 g

1.1.3.7. Vitamin

Trong hoa bp gim c cha cc vitamin A, B, C, D. Trong ch yu lvitamin C, vitamin ny b mt nhiu trong qu trnh ch bin.

Bng 1.4 : Tiu chun ca nguyn liu hoa bp gim kh dng trong snxut.

Thnh phn Hm lng

Nc 12 g

Protein 7 g

Cht bo 0,46 g

X 10 g


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Tro 11 g

Carbohydrate 55 g

Ascorbic acid 130 mg

Anthocyanin 600.9 mg

1.1.4.Cng dng ca hoa bp gim [5]

1.1.4.1. Tc dng dc l :

i hoa bp gim c tc dng :

H huyt p v c tnh khng sinh, h trtim mch, chng x va ngmch.

Anthoccyanins c trong i hoa bp gim c khnng chng oxi ha

v chng ung th.

1.1.4.2. Trong thc phm :

i hoa c v chua, c th dng lm gia v thay gim, lm nc gii kht,lm mt, xiro, nc gii kht hay lm tr tho mc.

Ngoi ra hin nay trn th gii v nc ta s dng cht mu trch ly tihoa bp gim s dng nh l mt cht mu t nhin trong cng nghthc phm. Cht mu anthocyanin (E163) c cho php s dng rng ritrong cc loi thc phm nh ung ( 30-40 ppm), mt tri cy (20-60)ppm, bnh ko.

1.2.Nc

L thnh phn ch yu trong sn phm, thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc snh hng trctip n cht lng sn phm.

Cc ch tiu cht lng nc ( theo Quyt nh s1329/2002/BYT/Q ) :

Ch tiu cm quan : Trong sut, khng mu, khng c mi v l. Ch tiu ha l : pH = 6-7

Ch tiu

cngtng

Clo H2SO4 As Pb F Zn Cu Fe oxy

ha cn

Bng 1.4 : Ch tiu ha l ca nc


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Hm lng(mg/L)

1,5` 0,5 80 0,05 0,1 3 5 3 0,3 0,75 600

Ch tiu vi sinh :

Loi vi sinh vtColiform

tngColiformfaecalis

E. coliSulfit`5-reducing

ClostridiaT ng s VSV hiu

khLng cho php

(tb/mL) 0 0 0 0 20

`

Nc s dng l nc do Tng cng ty cp nc Si Gn cung cp.

1.3.ng ( theo TCVN 6959 : 2001 )

ng c b sung vo dung dch nhm mc ch cung cp nng lng v iu v cho snphm. ng s dng l ng sacharose tinh luyn.

Cc ch tiu ca ng :

Ch tiu cm quan :

Kch thc ht : ng u

Mi v : tinh thng v dung dch ng trong nc ct c v tnhin, khngc mi v l.

Mu sc :

i vi hng A : tinh th mu trng khi pha vo nc cho dung dch trongsut.

i vi hng B : tinh th c mu trng ng ti trng, khi pha vo nc chodung dch trong.

Ch tiu ha l :

`5

Tn ch tiu Hng A Hng B

1. Pol (%) 99,7 99,5

Bng 1.5 : Ch tiu vi sinh ca nc

Bng 1.6 : Ch tiu ha l ca ng


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2. Hm lng ng kh (%) < 0,1 < 0,15

3. Tro dn in (%) < 0,07 < 0,1

4. m sau sy 105oC trong 3h 0,06 0,07

5. mu (oUI) 160 200

Ch tiu ha hc :

D lng SO2 ti a :

Hng A : 20 mg/kg

Hng B : 70 mg/kg

Mc ti a ca cc cht nhim bn :

As < 1 mg/kg Cu < 2 mg/kg Pb < 0.5 mg/kg

ng s dng l ng ca cng ty c phn ng Bin Ha.

Ch tiu cm quan :

Stt Ch tiu Phng phpth

Mc quy nh

1 Trng thi bn ngoi

TCVN6959:2001

Tinh th tng i ng u

2 Mi vTinh th ng cng nh dung dch ng trongnc ct c v ngt, khng c mi l, v l

3

Mu sc Tinh th ng c mu trng sng. Khi pha trongnc ct, dung dch ng trong

Ch tiu ha l :

Stt Ch tiu Mc quy nh Phng php th

1 ol, tnh bng0Z, khng nh hn 99,50

ICUMSA

GS 2/3-1 (94);hocFoodstuffs-EC (94)

Bng 1.7 : Ch tiu cm quan ca ng Bin Ha

Bng 1.8 : Ch tiu ha l ca ng Bin Ha


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2Hm lng ng kh, tnh bng % khilng, khng ln hn

0,15ICUMSA 2003

GS 2-6 (2001)

3Tro dn, tnh bng % khi lng, khng lnhn

0,10ICUMSA 2003

GS 2/3-17(2002)

4 m, tnh bng % khi lng, khng ln hn 0,07ICUMSA 2003

GS 2/1/3-15 (1994)

5 mu, tnh bng ICUMSA, khng ln hn 200ICUMSA 2003

GS 2/3-9 (2002)6 Hm lng tp cht (ppm) 90 ICUMSA 2003

1.4.Nguyn liu ph

Kali sorbat : c cho vo sn phm vi mc ch bo qun sn phm. Kali sorbat cch mnh nm men v nm mc nhng li t tc ng n vi khun. Kali sorbat chophp s dng ti a trong ung l 1000 ppm.

1.5.Bao b

S dng loi chai ET rt nng c sn xut bi cng ty Ngc Ngha.

Hnh 1.5 : Chai PET rt nng

Chai ET do cng ty Ngc Ngha sn xut c cc c tnh sau :

Chai cng cp, khng mp hoc bin dng sau khi chit rt nhit cao

Thay th hon ho cho chai thy tinh truyn thng vn nng n khi vn chuyn,

d v, km v sinh v nu lu np v ming chai c th b r st.


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Gn nh v v sinh do nguyn liu ET ca chai v olyliner ca np nha

khng c hi.

Chai sau khi s dng khng cn phi tr li cho ngi bn nn khng phi tn

tin th chai.

Trn ht, hng v ti ngon ca thc ung vn c gi nguyn thy trong thigian bo qun.

Chai trong sut nn mu sc ca thc ung hon ton t nhin, to cm gic an

ton thc phm v bt mt i vi ngi tiu dng.

Quy cch v c tnh k thut ca mt s loi chai PET chu nhit

Th Tch Chai(ml)

Trng Lng(g)

Chiu Cao(mm)

ng Knh Chn y(mm)

LoiC

Kiu DngChai

2000 64 305 107 PCO28 Dng Vung

1500 54 310 93 PCO28 Dng Trn

1000 42 275 82 PCO28 Dng Trn

500 27 207 68 PCO28 Dng Trn

250 22 179 52 PCO28 Dng Trn

200 19 140 50 PCO28 Dng Trn

Bng 1.9 : Qui cch ca mt s loi chai PET chu nhit

Mc Thng S n V c Tnh K Thut

1 Nhit chit rt oC 88

2 Thi gian ng Giy 60

3 Thi gian nm ngang Pht 60

4 Thi gian lm ngui min 20

5 Mc chu ti trng 85 oC kg > 15

6 Mc chu ti trng 20 oC kg > 20

7 Mo, Bin dng - Khng

8 khng chn khng ml > 55


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Bng 1.10 : c tnh k thut ca chai PET chu nhit

Chai s dng cho sn phm c t hng cng ty Ngc Ngha. Th tch chai 350 ml,dng trn, nhit chit rt l 90 oC.

1.6.Sn phm

Hnh 1.6 : Sn phm nc ung t hoa bp gim.

Da vo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 7041-2002 quy nh k thut ung khng cn.

Ch tiu cm quan

trong : trong sut, hon ton khng ln tp cht l.Mu sc : thm c trng, khng c mi v l.

V : c trng, hi ha, d chu, khng c mi v l.

Ch tiu ha lHm lng cht kh : 4 %pH : 5,5

Gii hn hm lng kim loi nng

9 Ht nha Homo polymer IV Dl/g 0.80


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Tn kim loi Gii hn ti a (mg/L)

Asen (As) 0,1

Ch (Pb) 0,2

Thy ngn (Hg) 0,05

Cadimi (Cd) 1

Bng 1.13 : Gii hn ca hm lng kim loi nng ca ung khng cn

Ch tiu vi sinh vt i vi sn phm ng chai

Ch tiu Gii hn ti a

Tng vi sinh vt hiu kh, s khun lc trong mt ml sn phm 102

E.coli, s vi khun trong mt ml sn phm 0

Coliforms, s khun lc trong mt ml sn phm 10

Cl.perfringens, s khun lc trong mt ml sn phm 0

Streptococci faecal, s khun lc trong mt ml sn phm 0

Tng s nm men, nm mc, s khun lc trong mt ml sn phm 10

Bng 1.14 : Ch tiu vi sinh vti vi sn phm ng chai


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CHNG 2 : QUY TRNH CNG NGH2.1.S quy trnh cng ngh

+\

Hnh 2.1 : S khi quy trnh cng ngh sn xut nc gii kht t hoa bp gim

Hoa bpgim kh

Nghin

Trch ly

Lc

Phi trn

Rt chai

Sn phm

Nc

B

Bt trlc

Bao b

Thanh trng

ng np

Cn

Syrup saccharose

Lm sch


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2.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh.

2.2.1. Lm sch

Mc ch : chun bQu trnh ra s lm sch t ct, bi bn, vi sinh vt bm trn b mt nguyn liu.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh : nguyn liu s sch v gim bt lng vi sinh vt bm trnb mt nguyn liu.

Thit b : thit b ngm ra xi ti dng bng ti.

Nguyn l hot ng : nguyn liu sc ngm trong thit b, sau sc bng ti

vn chuyn n b phn phun nc. Di p lc ca nc, cht bn sc tch ra v itheo dng nc, nguyn liu sc tho ra cui bng ti.

2.2.2. Nghin

Mc ch : chun b cho qu trnh trch ly.

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu :

Vt l :di tc dng ca lc c hc, kch thc ca nguyn liu gim ng k thnh ccht mn,din tch b mt ring tng, nhit tng do xy ra ma st gia nguyn liu vi

nhau, gia nguyn liu vi a nghin.

Ha hc : xy ra cc phn ng oxy ha polyphenol, cc vitamin, ngoi ra nhit tngcng c th gy tn tht mt s cu thng.

Sinh hc : c s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

Thit b : s dng thit b nghin a.

Thng scng ngh : S vng quay ca a nghin, thi gian nghin.

Nguyn tc hot ng : nguyn liu sc a vo phu nhp liu, ng c s lm quaya nghin trong khng gian hot ng ca thit b, do s lm gim kch thc ca nguynliu n kch thc yu cu. Kch thc ca nguyn liu sau khi nghin t 10-20 mm.

2.2.3. Trch ly

Mc ch : khai thc, chit rt cc cht c trong i hoa bp gim ( anthocyanin, cc acidhu c, vitamin).


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Cc bin i trong qu trnh :

Vt l : c s khuch tn cc phn t cht tan nh anthocyanin, acid hu c, vitamin vonc, tng hm lng cht kh trong dung dch dn n nht ca dung dch tng.

Ha hc : c th xy ra cc qu trnh oxy ha anthocyanin, phn hy cc vitamin di tcdng ca nhit , bay hi mt s cht mi, xy ra phn ng maillard gia cc acid aminv ng kh.

Ha l : xy ra s ha tan ca cc cu tvo nc, c th hnh thnh cc cht keo giaprotein v polyphenol.

Sinh hc : di tc dng ca nhit , hu ht cc vi sinh vt trong nguyn liu s bcch.

Thit b : hnh trng, lm bng thp khng r, bn trong c gili hnh tr, bn ngoi

c v o gia nhit.

Thng scng ngh :

T l nguyn liu v nc : 1:10 w`5/w

Nhit ca nc : 80-90oC Thi gian trch ly : 30 pht

Nguyn tc hot ng : hoa nguyn liu qu trnh nghin sc np vo gili, ncsc bm trc tip vo thit b, sau se c gia nhit n 100 oC thc hin qutrnh trch ly. (C cnh khuy hay khng)

2.2.4. Lc

Mc ch : hon thin.

Loi b phn b cn st trong dung dch.


Cht lng sn phm tng, do tch cc tp cht v cc vi sinh vt khng c li theo cn.

C th tn tht mt t protein v cc vitamin theo cn.

Thit b : s dngthit b lc da, dng ng.B phn chnh ca thit bl cc da lc vitit din trn, mi da lc c mt h thng gi bng li. ha bn ngoi gi cph mt lp vch ngn. ha bn trong l knh dn dch lc. Ngi ta gn cc da lc lnng hnh tr to thnh h thng knh tho dch lc.

Thng scng ngh :


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Kch thc l lc : 40-120 m p sut ti a : 10 bar

Lng bt trlc s dng so vi dch trch l 1% (w/w)

Nguyn tc hot ng : huyn ph sc bm vo thit b. Cc cu t pha rn s b gi

li trn b mt vch ngn ca cc da lc. Ring pha lng schui qua vch ngn i voknh dn bn trong da lc, ri chy tp trung vng thu hi thot ra ngoi. (CNCB)

2.2.5. Phi trn

Mc ch : hon thin, tng hm lng cht kh cho sn phm.

Dch ct c phi trn vi syrup sacharose 30 % ci thin v ca sn phm.

Quy trnh chun b syrup

Hnh 2.2 Quy trnh chun b syrup sacharose

Qu trnh nu syrup ng saccharose c thc hin nh sau : [tp 2 ung]

n

Ha tan

Nu syrup

Lc

Syrup

Nc

Gia nhit


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u tin nc c bm vo trong thit bv c gia nhit n 5560oC. Cho cnhkhuy hot ng, tc cnh khuy khong 3050 vng/phtri bt u cho ng vo.Khi ng ha tan ht trong nc, tin hnh gia nhit dung dch n si. Sau dungdch ng sc i qua thit b lc khung bn tch tp cht.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh phi trn

Vt l : thay i v t trng, nht v trong ca dung dch.

Ha hc : xy ra phn ng maillard.

Ha l : tng hm lng cht kh, to ng nht cho sn phm.

Thit b : thit b c hnh trng, lm bng thp khng r c cnh khuy, c v o gianhit.

Thng scng ngh :

T l phi trn gia syrup v dch tricsh ly l 1: 3

Tc cnh khuy Nhit phi trn nhit phng

Nguyn tc hot ng :syrup c bm vo thit b. Tip theo, cho cnh khuy hot

ng, ln lt b sung thm dung dch hoa bp gim trch ly v ph gia. S khuy

trn c thc hin cho n khi thu c mt hn hp ng nht.

Sau cng, ngi ta s ly mu syrup thnh phm tin hnh kim tra nh gi mt

s ch tiu cht lng. Trong nhm ch tiu ha l, quan trng nht l nng chtkh, gi tr pH hoc chua.

2.2.6. Thanh trng

Mc ch : bo qun.


Vt l : c sthay i v th tch, khi lng, t trng (nc bc hi), nhit ca dung

dch.

Ha hc : di tc dng ca nhit c th xy ra cc phn ng lm thay i, mu, mica sn phm, cc vitamin c th b phn hy, ch yu l vitamin C.

Sinh hc : vi sinh vt bc ch, tiu dit.


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Thit b : thit b thanh trng dng bn mng. Thit b gm nhng tm bn c t stnhau. dy cc tm bng rt mng v trn b mt ca chng c cc rnh li lm. Khighp cc tm bn li vi nhau s to nn ng dn vo v ra cho thc phm v cht tinhit.

Thng scng ngh :

Nhit : 100 oC Thi gian thanh trng 10-15 pht

Nguyn tc hot ng :

2.2.7. Rt chai, ng np:

Mc ch : hon thin v bo qun.

Dch tr sc chit rt nng 90

o

C vo chai PET chu nhit, sau tin hnh ngkn np. Qu trnh bit rt c thc hin trong t v trng.

Cc bin i : hu nh khng c bin i no ng k.

Thit b : dy chuyn chit rt tng.


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CHNG 3:

TNH CN BNG VT CHT

Nng sut ca phn xng : 90 tn/nm

T chc sn xut

Tng sngy trong nm : 365 ngy

S ngy ngh ch nht : 48 ngy

S ngy ngh tt : 4 ngy

S ngy ngh l : 4 ngy

S ngy ngh do s c : 2 ngy

Ngh bo tr my mc : 7 ngy

Tng s ngy ngh : 65 ngy

Tng s ngy lm vic : 300 ngy

Mi ngy lm 2 ca, nng sut mi ca l 150 kg/ca

3.1.Tn tht trong cc qu trnh

Bng 3.1: Tn tht trong cc qu trnh

STT Qu trnh Tn tht1 Qu trnh lm sch, % khi lng nguyn liu ban u 12 Qu trnh nghin, % khi lng nguyn liu sau lm sch 0,2

3 Qu trnh trch ly, % khi lng sau nghin 504 Qu trnh lc , % th tch dch sau trch ly 0,15 Qu trnh lm ngui, % th tch dch sau lc 0,16 Qu trnh phi trn,% th tch dch sau lm ngui 0,17 Qu trnh thanh trng, % th tch dch sau phi trn 0,18 Qu trnh rt chai, ng np, % th tch dch sau thanh trng 0,01


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3.2.Tnh cn bng vt cht

Tnh cho 100 kg nguyn liu

3.2.1.Qu trnh lm sch

m ban u = m sau lm sch +m hh/lm sch

m sau lm sch =m ban u m hh/lm sch

m sau lm sch = 100 1/100*100

m sau lm sch = 99 kg

3.2.2.Qu trnh nghin

Nghin

Hoa sau lm sch


Hao ht

m hh/nghin = 0.2% m lm sch

Hoa sau nghin

m sau nghin = 98,8 kg

Lm sch

Hoa ban u

m ban u = 100 kg

Nguyn liu sau lm sch


Hao ht

m hh/lm sch =1% m hoa ban u


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m sau lm sch = m sau nghin +m hh/nghin

m sau nghin =m ban u m hh/nghin

m sau nghin = 100 0.2/100*99


3.2.3.Qu trnh trch ly

Khi lng cht chit thu c

m sau nghin = m cht chit + m hh/trch ly

m cht chit = m nghinm hh/trch ly

m cht chit = 98,850/100*98,8

m cht chit = 49,40 kg

Khi lng dch trch thu c sau qu trnh trch ly :

m sau trch ly = m nc + m cht chit

m sau trch ly = m sau nghin*10 + m cht chit

m sau trch ly = 98,8*10 + 49,40

Trch ly

Khi lng dch sau trch ly

m sau trch ly = 1037,40 kg

Hao ht

m hh/trch ly = 50 % m sau nghin

Nc

m nc = 10m sau nghin

Hoa sau nghin



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m sau trch ly = 1037,4 kg

Th tch dch trch l :

V dch trch ly = 1037,4/1,001 = 1036 L (vi dch trch 1,001 kg/L)

3.2.4.Qu trnh lc

`

V sau trch ly = V sau lc + V hh/lc

V sau lc = V sau trch ly V hh/lc

V sau lc = 1036 1036 *0,001

V sau lc = 1035 L

Lng Bentonite s dng l :

m bentonite = 0,01*1037,4 = 10,374 kg

3.2.5. Phi trn

LcHao ht

V hh/lc = 0.1 % V sau trch ly

Th tch dch sau lc

V sau lc = 1036 L

Th tch dch sau trch ly

V sau trch ly = 1036 L


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S dng syrup 30% phi trn vi dch sau lm ngui, vi t l gia syrup vdch trch ly l 1 : 3 (v/v)

Th tch syrup phi trn l :

V syrup = V sau lc /3

V syrup = 1035/3 345 L

Gi s tn tht khi syrup i qua lc khung bn l 0,1%, vy lng syrup cn

chun b l

V syrup = 345 + 345*0,001 = 345,35 L

Khi lng saccharose s dng nu syrup l

m saccharose = 345,35*0,3*1,57 = 162,65kg

Lng nc cn nu surup l

V nc = 345,35*0,7 = 241,6 L

Khi lng kali sorbate s dng

m kali sorbate = 10350,0011,369 = 1,41 kg

vi 1,369 l khi lng ring ca kali sorbate

Th tch dch thu c sau qu trnh phi trn

Phi trnHao ht

V hh/phi trn = 0.1 % V sau l

Syrup 30%

V syrup = V sau lc/3

Th tch dch sau phi trn

V sau phi trn = 1380 L

Th tch dch sau lc

V sau lc = 1035 L

Kali sorbat

V kali sorbat = V sau lc*1/1000


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V sau phi trn = V sau lc+ V kali sorbate + V syrup V hh/phi trn

V sau phi trn = 1035 + 1035*0,001 + 345,35 10350,001

V sau phi trn = 1380,35 L

3.2.6.Qu trnh thanh trng

V sau phi trn = V sau thanh trng + V hh/thanh trng

V sau thanh trng = V sau phi trn V hh/thanh trng

V sau thanh trng = 1380,35 1380,350,001 = 1378,62 L

3.2.7.Qu trnh rt chai

Rt chai

Hao ht

V hh/rt chai = 0.01 % V sau thanh trng

Th tch dch sau rt chai

V sau rt chai = 1378,48 L

Th tch dch sau thanh trng

V sau thanh trng = 1378,62 L

Rt chaiHao ht

V hh/thanh trng = 0.1 % V phi trn




V phi trn = 1380,35 L


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V sau thanh trng = V sau rt chai + V hh/rt chai

V sau rt chai = V sau thanh trng V hh/rt chai

V sau rt chai = 1378,62 1378,620,0001 = 1378,48 L

3.3.Tnh cho 100 L sn phm

3.3.1.Qu trnh rt chai

V sau thanh trng = V sau rt chai + V hh/rt chai

V sau thanh trng = 100 + 0,001V sau thanh trng


3.3.2.Qu trnh thanh trng

Rt chaiHao ht

V hh/rt chai = 0.01 % V sau thanh trng

Th tch dch sau rt chai

V sau rt chai = 100 L




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V sau phi trn = V sau thanh trng + V hh/thanh trng

V sau phi trn = 100,1 + 0,001V sau lc


3.3.3.Qu trnh phi trn

V sau phi trn = V sau lm ngui + V kali sorbate + V syrup V hh/phi trn

V sau lc = V sau phi trn V kali sorbate V syrup V hh/phi trn

Phi trnHao ht

V hh/phi trn = 0.1 % V sau l

Syrup 30%

V syrup = V sau lc/3



Th tch dch sau lc

V sau lc = 75,23 L

Kali sorbat

V kali sorbat = V sau lc1/1000

Rt chaiHao ht

V hh/thanh trng = 0.1 % V sau phi trn




V sau lc = 100,2 L


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V sau lc = 100,3 0,0001V sau lc V sau lc/3 + 0,0001V sau lc

V sau lc = 75,23 L

3.3.4.Qu trnh lc

V sau trch ly = V sau lc + V hh/lc

V sau trch ly = 75,23 + 0,001*V sau trch ly

V sau trch = 75,23 L

3.3.5.Qu trnh trch ly

LcHao ht

V hh/lc = 0.1 % V sau trch ly

Th tch dch sau lc

V sau lc = 75,23 L

Th tch dch sau trch ly

V sau trch ly = 100,3 L


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m sau trch ly = V sau trch ly*1,001 = 75,3 kg

m sau nghin = m sau trch ly + m hh/trch ly m nc

m sau nghin = 75,3 + 0,5* m sau nghin 10 * m sau nghin


3.3.6.Qu trnh nghin

m sau lm sch = m sau nghin +m hh/nghin

Nghin

Hoa sau lm sch

m sau lm sch = 7,17 kg

Hao ht

m hh/nghin = 0.2% m saulm sch

Hoa sau nghin


Trch ly


m sau trch ly = 75,3 L

Hao ht

m hh/trch ly = 50 % m sau nghin

Nc

m nc = 10 * m sau nghin

Hoa sau nghin



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m sau lm sch = 7,17+0,002*m sau lm sch


3.3.7.Qu trnh lm sch

m ban u = m sau lm sch +m hh/lm sch

m ban u = 7,18+0,01* m ban u

m ban u = 7,25 kg

Lm sch

Hoa ban u

m ban u = 7,39 kg

Nguyn liu sau lm sch


Hao ht

m hh/lm sch =1% m ban u


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3.4.Tnh cn bng vt cht theo nng sut phn xng.

Bng 3.2 : lng nguyn liu, bn thnh phm, sn phm trong 1 nm sn xut.

STTNguyn liu, bn thnh phm,

sn phm n v

Gi tr

1 ca 1 nm

1 Hoa ban u Kg 150 90000

2 Hoa sau lm sch Kg 148,5 89100

3 Hoa sau nghin Kg 148,2 88920

4Nc m3 1536 1106,5

Dch sau trch ly m3 1,554 932,4

5Dch sau lc m3 1,552 931,5

Bentonite Kg 15,56 9336

6

Syrup m3 0,507 304,2

Kali sorbate Kg 2,08 1253

Dch sau phi trn m3 2,061 1236,6

7 Dch sau thanh trng m3 2,059 1235,4

8Dch sau rt chai m3 2,057 1234,1

Chai Ci 5902 3542714


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CHNG 4 : CHN THIT B4.1.Chn thit b chnh.

4.1.1. Chn thit b lm sch

Lng nguyn liu dng trong 1 ca : 150 kgMy lm vic 45 pht/caNng sut yu cu ca my l : 150/0,5 = 300 kg/hHiu sut my = 70%Nng sut thc ca my l : 333/0,7 = 428 kg/hChn thit b lm sch ca hng Shanghai Beyond

- Model GQXJ-2- Nng sut 500 kg/h- Kch thc 3000*800*1200 mm

- Cng sut 2,2 kW

4.1.2. Chn thit b nghin

Lng nguyn liu dng trong mt ca : 148,5 kgMy lm vic 45 pht/ca.Nng sut yu cu ca my l : 148,5/0,75 = 198 kg/giHiu sut my = 70%Nng sut thc ca my l : 198/0,8 = 247,5 kg/hChn thit b nghin a ca hng JINZHU

Model PSJ-125 Nng sut 250 kg/gi

Cng sut 2.2 kW Kch thc 7505001000 mm

4.1.3. Chn thit b trch ly

Lng nguyn liu dng trong mt ca l 148,2 kgLng nc dng trong mt ca l 1482 L

H s cha y ca thit b l 70%.Th tch thc ca thit b l 1482/0,7 = 2117 LChn thit b trch ly ca hng Shanghai BeyondTh tch ca thit b 2500 L

Cng sut 2.2 kW Tc cnh khuy 200 vng/pht

Model BYDG-1.5


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Kch thc 2550*1180 mm

4.1.4. Chn thit b lc

Lng dung dch i vo thit b lc l 1554 LThit b lm vic 45 pht/ca.Nng sut cn thit ca thit b : 1554/0,7 = 2072 L/hHiu sut ca thit b = 70%Nng sut thc ca thit b : 2072/0,7 = 2960 L/hChn thit b lc a ca hng Hunan Kome Light

Nng sut ca thit b l 3000 L/h Model HCKF-3000 Cng sut 1.75 kW

Kch thc 1400*800*1300

4.1.5. Chn thit b nu syrup

Lng syrup cn chun b l 507 LH s cha y ca thit b l 70%Nng sut ca thit b l 507/0,7 = 724,2 LChn thit b ca hng Zhejiang

Model OEM

Nng sut 350 L/h Cng sut 0,55kW Kch thc 8001600 mm

4.1.6. Chn thit b lc khung bn

Lng syrup vo thit b lc khung bn l 724,2 LChn thit b ca hng

Model X40/630-30U

Nng sut 1000 L/h Cng sut 2,5 kW Kch thc 24658901380 mm

4.1.7. Chn thit b phi trn

Lng dung dch i vo thit b phi trn l 2060 L
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Thit b lm vic 45 pht/caNng sut yu cu l 20600,75 = 2747 L/ hH s cha y ca thit b l 70%Nng sut thc ca thit b 2747/0,7 = 3924 L/hChn thit b phi trn ca hng Zhejiang DayuCha sa hng

Model LP-4000- Nng sut 4000 L/ gi- Cng sut 1,5 kW- Kch thc 18003600 mm- Tc cnh khuy 18-200 vng/pht

4.1.8. Chn thit b thanh trng

Th tch dung dch i vo thit b thanh trng trong 1 ca l 2070 L

Thit b lm vic 15 phtNng sut cn thit ca thit b l 2070/0,25 = 8280 L/hChn thit b thanh trng bn mng ca hng Kingpak

Nng sut 10000 L/h chn li Cng sut 9,1 kW

Kch thc 8005901600 mm

Khi lng 380 kg

4.1.9. Chn thit bng chai

Th tch dung dch vo thit b chit rt l 2067 LSlng chai trong mt ca l 5902 ciChn thit b rt chai tng, t hng cng ty in My V Thit B Cng nghip

Model CGF-18-18-6 Nng sut 6000 chai/h Cng sut 3,3 kW

Kch thc 246017202650
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Bng 4.1 : La chn thit b chnh

STT Tn thit b Model Hng SXNngsut

Cngsut(kW)

Kch thc(mm)

1 Lm sch GQXJ-2ShanghaiBeyond

500 kg/h 2,23000 x 800 x

1200

2 Nghin PSJ-125 Jinzhu 250 kg/h 2,2750 x 500 x

1000

3 Trch ly BYDG-1.5ShanghaiBeyond

2500 L 2,2 2550 x 1180

4 Lc aLGL-5.6 Hunan

KomeLight

3000 L/h 1.75 800 x 1300

5 Nu syrup Model MT -1 Hangzhou 1000 L/h 4 1200 x 2200

6Lc khung

bnX40/630-30U Zhengzhou 1000 L/h 1

1465 x 890x1380

7 hi trn YF-3000L YuFeng3000 L/h

1,5 1,41 x 2

8 Thanh trng Kingpak Kingpak10000

L/h9,1

2850 x 1600 x1510

9 Rt chai CGF-18-18-6

Hydan 6000chai/h

3,3 346017202650

4.2.Chn thit b ph

4.2.1. Chn bn cha trung gian

a) Chn bn cha dch sau qu trnh lc v thanh trng

Thit b lm bng thp khng r, hnh tr.Th tch dch tr 800 LH s cha y ca thit b 80%Th tch cn thit l 800/0,8 1000 LChn bn c kch thc D = 1 m ; H = 1,4 m

b) Chn bn cha syrup sau qu trnh lc
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Thit b lm bng thp khng r.Th tch syrup vo thit b 510 LH s cha y ca thit b 70%Th tch cn thit l 510/0,7 728 LChn bn c kch thc D = 1 m ; H = 1 m

4.2.2. Chn bm

Cng sut ca bm c tnh theo cng thc sau

Trong :G : lu lng dng dch tr (kg/s)

H : ct p ca bm (m) : Chn H = 1,1 mG : gia tc trng trng m/s2, g = 9,8 m/s2 : hiu sut ca bm, chn = 75 %

a) Bm dch chit tthit b trch ly sang thit b lc, bn cha dch sau lcsang thit b phi trn

Lng dch sau trch ly l 1554 kgThi gian bm 10 phtLu lng dch cn bm l

G = 1554*60/10 = 9330 kg/h = 2,592 kg/sCng sut cn thit ca bm l :

Chn bm c cng sut 40 kW.

b) Bm dch tthit b phi trn sang thit b thanh trng, bn cha dch sauthanh trng sang thit b rt chai

Khi lng dch trch ly i vo thit b lc l 2061*1,001 2063 kg

Thi gian bm 10 phtLu lng dch cn bm lG = 2063*60/10 = 12378 kg/h = 3,43 kg/sCng sut cn thit ca bm l :


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c) Bm dch tthit b nu syrup sang thit b lc khung bn, tthit b lckhung bn sang bn cha syrup

Khi lng syrup i vo thit b lc khung bn l 606,3 kgThi gian bm 30 phtLu lng dch cn bm lG = 606,3*60/30 = 1212,6 kg/h = 0,336 kg/sCng sut cn thit ca bm l :



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CHNG 5: TNH NNG LNG5.1.Tnh hi

Cng thc tnh nhit lng cn cho qu trnh gia nhit :

Trong :

m : khi lng

C : nhit dung ring ca nc kJ/kgoC : bin thin nhit oC

Nc ca phn xng c nhit l 30oC

Cng thc tnh lng nhit cnt thit cho qu trnh gi nhit :

Trong :

G : khi lng (kg) T : thi gian trch ly (gi)

r : nhit ha hi ca nc 90o

C (kJ/kg) q : lng nc bc hi trong 1 gi.

5.1.1. Nhit lng cn cung cp cho thit b trch ly

Nhit lng cn cung cp gia nhit nc t 30oC ln 100oC l :

Q1 = 9880*4,18*(90-30) = 2500*103 kJ

Nhit lng cn cung cp gi nhit trong 30 pht l :

Q1 = G * T * r * 0,02

Trong :

G : lng nc vo, 9880 kg.

T : thi gian trch ly, 30 pht.


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r : nhit ha hi ca nc 90 oC, 2284 kJ/kg 0,02 : lng nc bc hi trong 1 gi.

Q1 = 9880 * 0,5 * 2284 * 0,02 = 226000 kJ

Gi s tn tht nhit trong qu trnh gi nhit l 5%Q1 = 226000

* 0,05 = 11300 kJ

Q1 = Q1 +Q1 +Q1 = 2500000 + 226000+11300 = 2737000,3 kJ

5.1.2. Nhit cung cp cho thit b nu syrup.

Nhit dung ring ca dung dch ng l :

C = 4190(25147,542*80) * 0,3 = 3616 J/kg.= 3,616 kJ/kg.

Nhit lng cn cung cp gia nhit cho thit b nu syrup l :

Q2 = 1212 * 3,16 * (80-30) = 191496 kJ

Nhit lng cn cung cp gi nhit trong 30 pht l :

Q2 = 1212 * 1/2 * 2195 * 0,02 = 26603 kJ

Nhit cn cung cp cho thit b nu syrup l :

Q2 = Q2 + Q2 = 191496 + 26603 = 218099 kJ

5.1.3. Nhit cung cp cho thit b thanh trng

Sau qu trnh phi trn, nhit ca dung dch s vo khong 300C.

Lng dch cn thanh trng: 4122 * 1,061 = 4373 kg

Nhit dung ring ca dung dch :

C = 4190 (25147.542*90)*0.15 = 3914 J/kg.=3.914 kJ/kg.

Nhit lng cn cung cp gia nhit cho dung dch t 300C ln 900C:

Q3= 4303,71* 3,914*(90-30) = 1010683 kJ

Nhit lng cn cung cp thanh trng trong 10 pht:

Q3= 4303,71*(1/6)*2260*0.05= 788077 kJ

Nhit lng cn cung cp cho thit b thanh trng l :


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Q3 = Q3+Q3 = 1010683 + 788077 = 1798760 kJ

Vy nhit lng cung cp trong mt ngy sn xut l :

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = (2737000,3 + 218099 + 1798760)/0,95 = 5004062,42 kJ

Gi s tn tht nhit l 5%.

5.1.4. Chn ni hi

Lng hi nc cn dng cho phn xng trong mt ngy l :

Trong

i : enthanpy ca nc 100oC

Lng hi nc cn cho phn xng trong mt gil :

Dn = Dn/18 = 103 kg/h

Chn ni hi loi 150 kg/h.

5.2.TNH NC

Chn nc trong sn xut l ngun nc sinh hot do thnh ph cung cp.

5.2.1. Lng nc dng lm sch

Th tch ca thit b lm sch

Vls = 3*0,8*1,2 = 2,44 m3

Nc dng lm sch bao gm nc ngm nguyn liu v nc t cc vi phun.

Lng nc lm sch bng 50% th tch thit b

N1 = Vls * 0,5 = 2,44*0,5 = 1220 L

5.2.2. Lng nc sdng trong thit b trch ly


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N2 = 2964 L

5.2.3. Lng nc dng nu syrup

N3 = 724 L

5.2.4. Lng nc dng ra chai

Ra 1 chai cn 0,35 L nc, ra 11804 chai cn :

N4 = 4132 L

Lng nc dng trong cc cng on sn xut

Nsx = N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 = 1220 + 2964 + 724 + 4132 = 9040 L

5.2.5. Lng nc dng v sinh thit b, ng ng, nh xng

Lng nc dng v sinh thit b sau mi ca

Ntb = 0,15*Nsx = 1356 L

Lng nc dng vsinh ng ng, nh xng

Nnx = 0,2*Nsx = 1808 L

Lng nc s dng trong mt ngy sn xut

N = Nsx + Nnx + Ntb = 9040 + 1356 + 1808 = 12204 L =12,204 m3

Chn b cha nc c th tch l 15 m3 , s dng cho mt ngy sn xut.

5.3.TNH IN

in s dng trong phn xng gm c 2 loi in ng lc . in chiu sng.

5.3.1. Tnh in ng lc


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Bng 5.1 : Cng sut ca thit b.

STT Tn thit b Cng sut (kW) S lng

1 Lm sch 2,2 1

2 Nghin 2,2 1

3 Trch ly 2,2 1

4 Lc a 1.75 1

5 Nu syrup 4 1

6 Lc khung bn 1 1

7 hi trn 1,5 1

8 Thanh trng 9,1 1

9 Rt chai 3,3 110 Bm 37,25 3

11 Bm 50 2

12 Bm 5 2

T bng trn ta tnh c in vn hnh ca thit b l 129,5 kW.

Cng sut tnh ton :

Pttl = k * Pl = 0,6 * 129,5 = 77,7 kW

vi k l h s s dng khng ng thi.

5.3.2. in chiu sng

Ly bng 10% in vn hnh thit b

Pcs = 0,1 * Pl = 0,1 * 129,5 = 12,95 kW

Cng sut tnh ton :

Pttcs = 0,8 * 12,95 = 10,36 kW

vi k l h s s dng khng ng thi

5.3.3. Tnh lng in tiu th hng thng

in vn hnh thit b


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Tdl = Pttdl * T1 * T2 = 77,7 * 18 * 30 = 41958 kW

in chiu sng

Tcs = Pttcs * T1 * T2 = 10,36 * 18 * 30 = 5594,4 kW

vi :

T1 : s gitrong mt ngy.

T2 : s ngy trong mt thng.

Tn tht trn ng dy gi s l 5%

Vy tng lng in tiu th trong mt thng l:

T = (T1 + T2) * 1,05 = (41958 + 5594,4) * 1,05 = 51356,92 kW


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KT LUNHin nay hoa bp gim nc ta ch yu l xut khu di dng hoa th, y l tn tht

khng nh cho ngnh nng nghip nc ta. Mt khc, cc sn phm nc ung t hoa bpgim ch yu vn c sn xut quy m thcng v khng ng k. Vic cng nghip ha snphm nc ung t hoa bp gim s gip cho thtrng nc gii kht trnn phong ph hn,gip cho ngi tiu dng c thm la chn. Bn cnh ngoi tnh gii kht, sn phm ncung t hoa bp gim cn c tc dng bo v sc khe cho ngi tiu dng.

Nhn xt vphn xng

u im

Quy trnh cng nghtng i n gin.

Thit b vn hnh n gin.

p ng c cc nhu cu v nguyn liu, ph gia v sn phm.

Nhc im

Hu ht l thit b nhp tnc ngoi, do yu cu v vn tng i ln.

Vic s dng bao b PET vn cha thn thin vi mi trng.

Tnh tng ha cha cao.

bài làm chính

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