“Back to the Future”

“Back to the Future”

SOL World History II: 1500 to the Present Flashcards in reverse

chronological order

• Built by Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt• Built on Nile River• Created Hydroelectricity for the country of

Egypt in the 1960’s• Flooded Nubian relics/artifacts

Aswan High Dam

• Female Prime Minister of Israel• A close ally of the United States• Fought 6 Day War, as well as Operation Wrath

of God following Munich Olympics of 1972

Golda Meir

• Partitioned from the country of Palestine following WWII by the newly formed United Nations

• Caused a great deal of animosity between Jews and Muslims

• Close ally of the United States

Israel

• Fought against South African apartheid system• Imprisoned for 27 Years• Became the first Black African President of

South Africa in 1993• “There is no easy walk for freedom anywhere”

Nelson Mandela

• Means “apartness”• Government program in South Africa to

separate the races with the white minority (Afrikaner) population holding the majority of the land and power

• Ended in 1989

Apartheid

• First president of an independent Kenya, following independence from Great Britain

• Supported the Mau Mau rebellion against the British

Jomo Kenyatta

• Former colony of France in Northern Africa• White “Settler” Colony with 2 million French

citizens “colons” who lived there• Violent fight for independence from France in

the 1960’s…ultimately won

Algeria

• Formerly named the Gold Coast, when it was a colony of Great Britain

• Gained its independence from Great Britain• Relied on cacao as its main cash crop• Led by Kwame Nkrumah• Named after a famous African civilization

Ghana

• Created by the United Nations in 1947• Promise that the members of the United

Nations would never led another genocide, like the Holocaust, happen again

• Also guaranteed self-determination

UN Declaration of Human Rights

• 1st Prime Minister of independent India• Close friend of Mohandas Gandhi• Worked to modernize India• Father of Indira Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru

• 1947: This country was divided into two separate countries with a Muslim population in the north, and a Hindu population in the south.

• Great deal of fighting as 10 million people were on the move on the subcontinent

• Still considered the most dangerous border

Partition of India (and Pakistan)

• Known as the “great soul” of India• Led movement for passive resistance• Salt March, Hunger Strikes• Greatly saddened by the partition of India• Was assassinated by a Hindu extremist who

felt he gave away too much to the Muslims

Mohandas Gandhi

• Formed in India in the late 1800’s• Mostly made up of elites (doctors,

professionals, etc.) who wanted to work diplomatically for the independence of India from Great Britain

Indian National Congress

• Leader of Communist People’s Republic of China during the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989

• Allowed limited capitalism into China

Deng Xiaoping

• Last leader of the Soviet Union• Implemented glasnost and perestroika• Only VIP from World History who is still alive

Mikhail Gorbachev

• Part of Mikhail Gorbachev’s campaign• Means economic restructuring, allowing for

some limited capitalism• Contributed to the break-up of the Soviet

Union in 1991

Perestroika

• Prime Minister of Britain in the 1980’s• Known as the “Iron Lady”• Close ally with Ronald Reagan

Margaret Thatcher

• Daughter of Nehru• Prime Minister of India• Oversaw the creation of the atomic bomb for

India (“Operation Smiling Buddha”)• Assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984

after she ordered an attack on the Sikh Golden Temple

Indira Gandhi

• Communist leader of Vietnam• Led resistance against the French and then the

United States• Leader of the Vietcong and the successful Tet

Offensive

Ho Chi Minh

• Nationalist leader of China• Supported by the United States• Took over island of Taiwan and ruled it as

Nationalist China

Chiang Kai-shek

• Idea that if the United States launched their nuclear arsenal at the USSR, the USSR would launch their nuclear arsenal at the USA

• Total end of the world

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

• Idea that if one place fell to Communism, then the other would follow

• Justified the idea of Containment, as well as frequent US involvement in Asia and Latin America during the Cold War

Domino Theory

• Conflict between the USSR and the USA• Followed the failed Bay of Pigs invasion• Stand-off between President Kennedy (USA)

and Premier Khruschev (USSR)• As a result, US promised to never invade Cuba

again and remove missiles from Turkey and USSR removed their missiles from Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Line of Division between North and South Korea, drawn by the United Nations

• North of this line = communist, South of the this line= non-communist

• North Korean invaded South Korea, UN helped South Korea push back North Koreans, who were then aided by China

• After war- border returned to same line• Ceasefire (not Peace)• Still an area of conflict today

38th Parallel

• Built in 1961• Divided former capital of Germany• Torn down in 1989• Guards were ordered to “shoot to kill”

Berlin Wall

• Organization formed following WWII• Replaced League of Nations• Has its own Peace-Keeping Force

United Nations

• Phrase coined by Churchill• Figurative divide in Europe between capitalism

and communism• Between Eastern and Western Europe

Iron Curtain

• US joined alliance following WWII• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATO

• Idea that nuclear arsenal will intimidate other countries and keep us safe from attack

Deterrence

• Truman’s Policy against communism• Don’t let it spread any further• Justification for US involvement in Korea and

Vietnam

Containment

• Court for former Nazi leaders• Sentenced to death- hanged and then bodies

were cremated in ovens at Dachau

Nuremberg Trials

• 2 main superpowers following WWII

USA vs. USSR

• 2 ethnic groups fighting in Rwanda• Genocide in April 1994• “cut down the tall trees”

Hutus and Tutsis

• Leader of Khmer Rouge in Cambodia• “Killing Fields”• Closed borders and outlawed money• Died of a heart attack before he could be tried

for War Crimes

Pol Pot

• Genocide during WWI• Deportation of Christians by Turks• 2 million died

Armenians

• Hitler’s “Master Race”• Blond Haired/ Blue- Eyed

Aryans

• Systematic and purposeful destruction of a group of people

• Ex: Holocaust

Genocide

• Leader of Japan • Forced to renounce his divinity as part of

terms of unconditional surrender at end of WWII

Emperor Hirohito

• Leader of the Nazi Party• Took over Germany• Anti-Semitism• Orchestrated the Holocaust, which he called

the “final solution”

Hitler

• Prime Minister of England during WWII• Inspired British during the Battle of Britain• Coined the phrase “Iron Curtain”

Winston Churchill

• US extended money and credit to recovering countries in Europe to try and make them capitalistic and encourage democracies

Marshall Plan

• US President during much of WWII• Orchestrated the New Deal to try and bring

the United States out of the Great Depression

President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

• August 6th, 1945• 1st Atomic bomb dropped by the United States

on this Japanese City

Hiroshima

• December 7th, 1941• Japanese attack on Hawaiian naval base• FDR called it “a date which will live in infamy”

Pearl Harbor

• Hitler violated his treaty with Stalin and invaded Russia

• The Nazi’s were ultimately defeated at this conflict

Battle of Stalingrad

• German aerial attack on London and other cities

• 1940• “Keep Calm and Carry On”

Battle of Britain

• German invasion of this country officially began WWII

• The secret Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact, agreed to divide up this country between Germany and USSR

Poland

• Meeting between Hitler and Chamberlain• Hitler would maintain control of Sudetenland• Example of appeasement (giving into an

aggressor to maintain peace)• Chamberlain returned to Britain and

proclaimed there would be “Peace in our Time”

Munich Conference

• To give into an aggressor to maintain peace• Example: Munich Conference

Appeasement

• Japanese General• In charge of attack on Pearl Harbor• Executed following WWII

Hideki Tojo

• Mussolini invaded Ethiopia to try and restore the glory of _____________

• Capital of Italy• Last area to join in the unification of Italy

(Papal States)

Rome

• Extreme Nationalism• Implemented in Italy by Mussolini

Fascism

• Stalin’s plan for silencing anybody he perceived to be a threat

• Millions in the USSR were sent to Siberian labor camps or killed

Great Purge

• Term for discrimination against Jews• Hitler applied this in Germany

Anti-Semitism

• Stalin’s plan to consolidate former land-holdings into huge areas, run by 10-20 families

Collectivization of Farms

• Stalin’s quota system for increased production

5 Year Plans

• October 29th, 1929• “Black Tuesday”• In the United States, but had global

ramifications• Beginning of the Great Depression

Stock Market Crash

• Tax on foreign goods• Attempt to make Americas “buy American”• Foreign governments then taxed American

goods, decreasing US exports

Tariffs

• Set up following WWI to rule former territories of Ottoman Empire in Middle East

• Middle East was outraged and felt this was just neo-colonialism on the part of Europe

Mandates

• Mandates of Great Britain following WWI• Organized by the League of Nations

Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq

• Mandates of France following WWI• Set up by the League of Nations

Lebanon and Syria

• Leader of USSR following Lenin• 5 Year Plans• The Great Purge• “Man of Steel”

Joseph Stalin

• Leader of Bolsheviks• Inspired by Marxism• Snuck back into Russia by Germans in a sealed

boxcar• After Bolshevik Revolution, led Russia

V.I. Lenin

• October 1918• Overthrow of the Provisional Government by

Lenin and Trotsky and the Red Guard• Signed separate peace treaty with Germany to

get Russia out of WWI

Bolshevik Revolution

• “Strange Monk”• Infiltrated Russian High Society• Close advisor to Alexandra and her

hemophiliac son, Alexei• Assassinated

Rasputin

• Last Romanov leader of Russia• Led Russia during WWI• Forced to abdicate the throne, later executed

(along with entire family) by the Bolsheviks

Tsar Nicholas II

• 1905• Conflict over control of a Peninsula in East Asia• Russia lost, great embarrassment of Russia,

Nicholas II lost support

Russo-Japanese War

• Wilson’s 14th Point• Organization to mediate conflict to try and

avoid war• United States was NOT a member (US senate

didn’t ratify the Treaty of Versailles)

League of Nations

• Germany was forced to accept blame for WWI• One of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles• Caused a lot of resentment in Germany,

because Germans felt they were just helping their ally Austria-Hungary, and didn’t start WWI themselves

War Guilt Clause

• Ended WWI• Punished Germany• Set up Mandates in the former Ottoman

Empire• In many ways, led to WWII

Treaty of Versailles

• Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico• Asked Mexico to invade US and regain Texas

and American Southwest• Provoked US to enter WWI

Zimmerman Note

• Passenger Cruise Ship sunk by German U-boats

• 128 Americans died• Pushed US towards entering WWI

Lusitania

• Dominant method of fighting on Western Front during WWI

• Stalemate• Fought over “no man’s land”

Trench Warfare

• Assassinate with wife Sophia by Gavrillo Princip

• Spark that began WWI• Killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• 4 MAIN causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

• “society of Harmonious Fists”• Rid China of “foreign devils” (Christians)• Also against Qing Dynasty• 1898-1900

Boxer Rebellion

• Commodore of US Navy• Forced Japan to open its borders to trade with

United States

Matthew Perry

• Built in Egypt to connect the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea

• Controlled by Great Britain until nationalized by Nasser in the 1960’s

Suez Canal

• Held 1884-1885• Carved up the Continent of Africa• 2 Rules:• -can’t claim land already controlled by another

European country• -control the “natives”

Berlin Conference

• Area where a country HAS to trade with another country

• Formerly called enclaves• Example: China

Sphere of Influence

• Country’s government directly controlled by it’s “mother country”

• For economic benefit of the Mother Country

Colonies

• Industrialized countries’ quest for cheap raw materials and markets for their goods

• Occurred in Africa and Asia

Imperialism

• Prime Minister of Prussia• Instrumental in the unification of Germany• Realpolitik• Blood and Iron

Otto von Bismarck

• Army of Giuseppe Garibaldi• Helped liberate Southern Italy• Helped in Unification of Italy

Red Shirts

• Co-author of Communist Manifesto (with Frederich Engels)

• Believed capitalism resulted in unequal distribution of wealth

• Worker’s revolt to socialism to communism

Karl Marx

• Economic system in the United States• Free Market Economy• Limited government involvement

Capitalism

• Key tool of unions• Negotiate on behalf of its members for

wages/working conditions, etc.

Collective Bargaining

• The right to vote• Movement for the right to vote for women-

most countries granted after WWI• US 19th Amendment (1920)

Suffrage

• Organizations for workers• Represented the workers in negotiations with

companies• Most potent weapon= strikes

Unions

• Favorite group to be employed by many factories

• Paid ½ of woman’s wages• Eventually led to compulsory elementary

education

Child Labor

• Unregulated factories• Disposal of bi-products of industries• Damaging to environment

Pollution

• The movement to live in cities • Greatly increased during the Industrial

Revolution• Overcrowding

Urbanization

• Invented the steam engine• Unit of measurement named after him• Steam engine originally pumped water out of

mines

James Watt

• Created to make a stronger steel process• Steel used to build during 2nd Industrial

Revolution

Bessemer Process

• Discovered germs and bacteria• Process to heat liquids (like milk) to kill off

bacteria

Pasteur

• Created by Edward Jenner• Injection of less potent strain to build

immunity in body

Smallpox Vaccination

• Invented by Eli Whitney• Removed seeds• Led to an increased reliance on slavery in the

American South

Cotton Gin

• Invention of James Hargreaves• Could produce thread 6x faster• Named after his daughter

Spinning Jenny

• M&M’s• 2 Major Goals of Imperialism

Markets and Materials

• Early form of capitalism• Division of labor to produce goods• Product travelled from house to house

Cottage Industry

• Fencing off of lad by wealthy landholders• Poor farmers displaced to urban centers • Allowed for scientific farming and

experimentation

Enclosure Movement

• Began in England in 1750• Began with textiles• Using machines and factories to make cheap

manufactured goods

Industrial Revolution

• 1823 by US President• US in charge of Western Hemisphere• Any attempt of European countries to reclaim

Americas= personal attack on USA

Monroe Doctrine

• Born on Iberian Peninsula• Had highest positions in New World• Ex: Viceroys• Resented by Creoles

Peninsulaires

• Part of Castas• Mixed European and African descent• Born in the Americas

Mulattos

• Part of Castas• Mixed European and Indian ancestry• Born in the Americas

Mestizos

• Part of castas system• European descent, born in the Americas• Inspired by Enlightenment• Led Revolutions in Latin America

Creoles

• Spanish plantations• Replaced the encomiendas• Utilized slave labor• In Latin America

Hacienda

• Liberal movements against conservative governments in Hungary, Czech Republic

• Violently put down• “Song of Angry Men”

Revolutions of 1848

• 1815• Series of meetings held in Austria• Led by Klemens von Metternich• Restructure Europe following Napoleon

Congress of Vienna

• Goal of Klemens von Metternich• Each European country was equal • Overturned with the Unification of Germany in

1870

Balance of Power

• System of Laws• Organized Roman Law in France

Napoleonic Code

• French general• Took control of France with a coup d’etat in

1799• Extended French territory through Europe• Defeated at Waterloo 1815

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Grant of land and indigenous laborers from King of Spain

• Extremely harsh• De las Casas helped to end them• Replaced by African slavery

Encomienda

• “The Liberator”• Creole who led independence movements in

Latin America against Spain• Presided over Gran Columbia

Simon Bolivar

• Former slave• Led independence of Haiti (St. Domingue)• Died in a French prison

Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Novel written by Cervantes• Delusional old man who fought windmills• Man of La Mancha• “To dream the impossible dream…”

Don Quixote

• Composer of Classical Music• Eccentric• Music for fun and entertainment

Mozart

• Composer of Baroque Music• Felt music glorified God• Songs for the pipe organ

Bach

• King of France during the French Revolution• Married to Marie Antoinette• Executed by guillotine

Louis XVI

• Took control of France as head of the Committee of Public Safety

• Outlawed Christianity• Calendar changed to 3 10 weeks (so people

would forget when Sundays were)

Maximilien Robespierre

• Time of fear and mass executions in France• Under Robespierre• 40,000 French citizens killed

Reign of Terror

• French execution device• “Great Equalizer”• “National Razor”• Reign of Terror

Guillotine

• July 14th, 1789• Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution• Parisians obtaining gunpowder

Storming of the Bastille

• 1776• Penned by Thomas Jefferson• Inspired by the Enlightenment• “men are endowed by their creator, with

certain inalienable rights, amongst these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

Declaration of Independence

• Accept peoples different beliefs

Religious Tolerance

• Title of Rousseau’s Book• Agreement between government and the

people

Social Contract

• Montesquieu’s idea• Power was a check to power• United States= 3 branches of government

Separation of Powers

• Natural Rights of John Locke• Inspired Thomas Jefferson

Life, Liberty, Property

• Sea Monster• Title of Thomas Hobbe’s book• Government needs to be strong, like a sea

monster

Leviathan

• Applied reason to society and politics• Inspired revolutions

Enlightenment

• Agreed to by William and Mary in 1689• Extended protection to Englishmen

English Bill of Rights

• 1st Constitutional Monarchs of England• Took over after James II• Bill of Rights• Virginia College

William and Mary

• Transition of power between James II and William and Mary

• Also known as “bloodless”

Glorious Revolution

• When Charles II took over as King of England• “king that brought back partying”

Restoration

• Puritan• Leader of England• Outlawed singing, dancing, theatre as “sinful”

Oliver Cromwell

• Main goal of Peter the Great• Make Russia more like Europe

Westernization

• The “Sun King” of France• “L’etat, c’est moi”… “I am the state”• Built Versailles as a symbol of his royal power• Absolute Monarch

Louis XIV