Babylonian, egyptian and native american

Babylonian, Egyptian and Native American Periods 3000 BC to 601

BC

Prepared by :Norfiza bt Musa

Maisarah bt MistarNabilla bt Mohd Nasri

Deevani a/p Chandra sekaram3PISMP PBM1

BABYLONIAN

• Babylonians mathematics refers to any mathematics of the people of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the days of the early Sumerians until the beginning of the Hellenistic period

• It is named Babylonian mathematics due to the central role of Babylon as a place of study, which ceased to exist during the Hellenistic period.

• From this point, Babylonian mathematics merged with Greek and Egyptian mathematics to give rise to Hellenistic mathematics. Later under the Arab Empire, Mesopotamia, especially Baghdad, once again became an important center of study for Islamic mathematics.

• The Mathematics of this period was very practical and it was used in construction, surveying, record keeping and in the creation of calendar.

• The culture of the Babylonians reached its heights about 2500BC and in about 1700BC.

• The main information we have about civilization and mathematics of the Babylonian is their numeration system.

• The Babylonians had an advanced number system.

• Their numeration system was positional with base 60 (sexagesimal) .

• They did not have zero symbol.

• But they also cover topics which include

fractions, algebra, quadratic and cubic

equations.

• Using base 60 system, they usage of 60

seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour,

and 360 (60 x 6) degrees in a circle, as well as

the use of seconds and minutes of arc to

denote fractions of a degree.

• The Greek astronomer Ptolemy used this system from the Babylonian which is no doubt why we have minutes, seconds and degree measurement today.

Babylonian Numerals

EGYPTIAN

• They developed their own pictorical way of writing, called hieroglyphics and their numeration system was consequently very pictorical.

• Its numeration system is an example of simple grouping system.

• Surveying - using unique method which is streching rope.

• Basic units – measuring length was cubit (the distance from the persons elbow to the end of end of the middle finger.

• The Egyptian have the formulas to find the area of a circle and volume of the cube, box cylinder and some other figures.

• They had good reckoning of the calendar and knew that a solar year was approximately 365 ½ days.

• The Rhind papyrus (c. 1650 BC ) is another major Egyptian mathematical text, an instruction manual in arithmetic and geometry. In addition to giving area formulas and methods for multiplication, division and working with unit fractions, it also contains evidence of other mathematical knowledge[including composite and prime numbers; arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means ; and simplistic understandings of both the Sieve of Eratosthenes and perfect numbers theory (namely, that of the number 6)

Native American

• The native American also known as Mayan’s.

• The mayan civilization had a written a hieroglyphic

language that had been developed by 700BC.

• They have accurate solar calendar.

• The Mayan culture had developed a positional

numeration system.

• Maya numerals were a vigesimal (base-twenty)

numeral system used by the Pre-Columbian Maya

civilization.

• Example of mayan’s calendar

Thank You