Bab 2 Incident Prevention-1

**Understand the concepts of incident2.1.1 Define incidents2.1.2 Define accidents2.2 Understand principle of incidents prevention2.2.1 Explain principle of incidents prevention2.3 Recognize causes of incident2.3.1 Classify the types of incident2.3.2 Determine three model of accident theorya. Heinrichs Theoryb. Multiple Causation Theoryc. Bird Loss Causation Model2.3.3 Discover the three basic causes of incidenta. Basic causesb. Indirect causesc. Direct causes2.4 Understand incidents prevention costs2.4.1 List the design costs2.4.2 List the operational costs2.4.3 List safe guarding of the future costs2.5 Know accident prevention programme2.5.1 State management commitment in accident prevention2.5.2 Develop the accident prevention planning2.5.3 Determine the accident prevention training

*An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events.That occurs through a combination of causes.

Which result in :Physical harm ( injury, ill-health or disease ) to an individualDamage to propertyA near missAny combination of these effects.

*LegalHuman rightBusiness

*Accident prevention is an essential part of good management and of good workmanship.Management and workers must fully cooperate.Top management must take the lead in organising safety.There must be definite and known safety policy in workplace.The organisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy must exist.The best available knowledge and method must be applied.

*Cause immediate injury or damage to equipment or propertya forklift dropping a load Someone falling off a ladder.

Occur over an extended periodHearing loss Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals.

*Domino Theory Loss causation modelMulti causality Accident Model

*Introduced by Herbert W.Heinrich ( 1930 ).Injury from an accident is the result of a series of events that is dependent on each other.

Injuries are caused by accidents Accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe condition. Unsafe acts and unsafe condition are caused by the faults of person. Faults of person are caused by a personal flaw such as violent temper, nervousness or ignorance. The injured worker s ancestry and social environment.InjuriesaccidentsHazardpersonancestry

*Refers to the facts that there may be more that one cause to any accident.

Example: Someone who had tripping accident over a piece of wood lying on a floor in a dark walkway.Cause A( poor lighting )Cause B( Not look where going )Cause C( Wood in walkway )Accident ( Trip)

*Introduced by Frank E. Bird ( 1970 ).Revised Heinrich Domino.Blaming management

Lack of ControlBasic causesImmediate causesIncidentsLossThreshold LimitInadequate sysInadequate StandInadequate CompliancePersonal factorsJob/syt factorsSubstandard act/practiceSubst. ConditioEventunintended harm orDamage

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*Insured : RM 1uninsured : RM 8~36Accident Cost Iceberg

*i ) Design cost: Installing machine guard to protect workerii) Operational cost : Running a Safety Department ( training, PPE )iii) Planning and consequence- limiting costSafeguarding the future, cost for environmental sampling, safety audit.

*All injuries and occupational illness are preventableManagement is directly responsible for doing thisSafety is condition of employmentTraining is requiredSafety audit and inspection must be carried out.Deficiencies must be corrected All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated.Safety away from work is as important as safety at work.Accident prevention is cost effective; the highest cost is human suffering.Employees must be actively involved.