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Multicellular organisms have cells that are differentiated according to their function. All the basic functions of life are the result of what happens inside the cells which make up an organism. It is these specialised cells that are responsible for the workings of the different organ systems- systems which enable us to function internally as well as respond efficiently to our environment to maximise survival.
In this unit you will see how vaccinations can be used to prevent illness in an individual. You will look at how the spread of pathogens can be reduced by immunising a large proportion of the population. You will look at the body’s response to the introduction of small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen. From this you will understand how your body’s immune system stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies. As result of this you will understand and be able to explain how if the same pathogen re-enters the body, the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection. There for allowing you to build immunity and be resistant to that specific pathogen.
Firstly, you should know about the similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells; https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z84jtv4/revision/2 When learning about health, and how our bodies are affected when we are sick, it is important to understand how our bodies are organised. The three links below go through everything you need to know about organisation in animals: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyptv9q/revision/1 https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcttv9q/revision/1 https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zqnsrwx/revision/1 Finally, you must also understand know how disease are transmitted: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcqs2nb/revision/1
B1.3, B2.1, B4.1, B5 L
Bodies are systems
2. A healthy diet contains… £ A. No fatty foods £ B. Large amounts of vitamins and minerals £ C. A balance of different foods, with the right amount of energy
3. Why does the body require the mineral iron? £ A. Iron is a mineral that allows red blood cells transport oxygen around the body. £ B. Iron is carried in the haemoglobin in red blood cells. £ C. Iron is important for the heart.
1. What does healthy mean? £ A. A person who rarely gets a disease £ B. Somebody who can exercise for a long time £ C. A person who is not ill at that moment in time
4. To remain healthy, it is essential to have bacteria living in your gut £ A. True £ B. False
5. Where are white blood cells produced? £ A. White blood cells are produced in the blood £ B. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow £ C. White blood cells are produced in the muscles
6. What is the function of white blood cells? £ A. Clotting £ B. Antibody production £ C. Oxygen transport
7. What is the function of the immune system? £ A. To protect the body from cells. £ B. To protect the body from mosquitoes. £ C. Protect the body from infection.
8. What are the different names of the types of white blood cells? £ A. White blood cells are phagocytes, lymphocytes, and memory cells. £ B. White blood cells are red blood cells, lymphocytes, and memory cells £ C. White blood cells are phagocytes, platelets, and memory cells.
9. How are drugs classified? £ A. Prescription drugs £ B. Illegal drugs £ C. Both A and B
10. Types of withdrawal symptoms caused by misuse of drugs include: £ A. Headaches, anxiety, and sweating £ B. Headaches, hopefulness, and giggles. £ C. Giggles, anxiety, and hopefulness.
If you picked A you answered correctly, Iron is an important mineral involved in the transport of oxygen to cells. If you picked B you know that iron is bound to a protein called haemoglobin. If you picked C you know that iron carries oxygen to the heart to support its function. To support your memory on the function of vitamins and minerals you should make flash cards on the necessary requirements for life (MRS GREN).
If you picked A you answered correctly, living bacteria is important in the gut to support the uptake of vitamins by the body. If you picked B you may have forgot that not all bacteria are bad.
If you answered A you picked up on the fact that white blood cells travel in the blood. If you picked B you answered correctly, identifying that white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. If you answered C you understand that white blood cells pass through all the bodies tissues.
If you picked A you were thinking of cells involved in immune responses or the types of cells that may infect the body. If you picked B you were thinking of the infection by the protist carried by mosquitoes. If you picked C you answered correctly, the main role of the immune system is to fight infection. To support in the you in remembering this you should make separate flash cards on disease caused by bacteria, viruses and protists.
If you answered A, you picked the function of platelets. If you picked B you answered correctly, identifying that white blood cells are responsible for making antibodies and fighting infection. If you picked C you picked the function of red blood cells. Draw a diagram of each of the three cells and describe how they are adapted for their functions.
If you picked A you answered correctly, you remembered the three types of white blood cell. If you picked B you were recalling that white blood cells travel in the blood. If you picked C you remembered the function of phagocytes and memory cells. To support you in the role of white cells you should draw a diagram of each one stating their action and function.
If you picked A you know that doctors prescribe medicinal drugs. If you picked B you know that illegal drugs are drugs that are not prescribed by the doctor and can cause harm to the body. If you picked C you answered correctly as prescription drugs and illegal drugs are the two classification of drug. You can make flash cards of each type and list examples.
If you picked A you answered correctly, you identified the main physiological and psychological effects of drug misuse. If you picked B you identified the physiological effect of a headache from the misuse of drugs. If you picked C you identified the psychological effect of anxiety as a result of the misuse of drugs.
If you answered A you were probably thinking that too much fat in your diet can be bad for you. However, fat is important for a balanced diet, make a pie chart of the nutrients required for a healthy diet. If you answered B, you understand the importance of vitamins and mineral, but our bodies cannot store them for long, so we don’t need too much. If you answered C, you correctly identified that a variety of different foods is vital to be healthy.
If you answered A, you identified a person with who is most likely fit and has a good immune system. If you answered B, you have identified someone who is physically fit, explain the difference between health and physical fitness. If you answered C you correctly identified a healthy person.
A
C
A
C
B
B
A
A
C X
C X
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxcmk2p/revision/1, click on ‘glossary’
Knowledge Organiser
Preventing and treating disease: Glossary
Word Definition A
Vaccine A preparation of an inactive or dead form of a pathogen given by injection or nasal spray
Antibody Protein normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen, which it neutralises, thus producing an immune response
Antigen Proteins found on the surface of pathogens Immunity When the body is protected from a pathogen as it has already
encountered it and can therefore produce antibodies against it, rapidly. Immune system The body’s defence against pathogens
Antibacterial chemicals Chemicals produced by plants as a defence mechanism; the amount produced will increase if the plant is under attack
Antibiotics Examples include penicillin; medicines that work inside the body to kill the bacterial pathogen
Penicillin An antibiotic, isolated from Penicillium mould, discovered by Alexander Flemming
Agar A nutrient gel placed in a dish upon which bacteria are grown in a lab Culture The growing of bacteria in a lab Digitalis The heart drug extracted from foxgloves
Aspirin Painkiller derived from willow bark
Efficacy How effective a drug is at preventing or curing the disease Toxicity To know of any potential side effects from a drug that might harm people
Dosage Amount of drug given to a patient
Clinical trial Process during which a new drug is tested on patients and healthy individuals
Double blind trials A drug trial where neither doctors nor patients know whether the patient has received the test drug or the placebo
Placebo A treatment that does not contain a drug
Lymphocyte White blood cells that produce antibodies and antitoxins to destroy pathogens
(H) Hybridoma cells Cells made from combining tumour cells with lymphocytes, to give cells that can produce antibodies and divide
(H) Monoclonal antibodies Antibodies made from cells that are cloned from one cell that are specific to one binding site on an antigen. They are used in medicine to treat cancer, and in research.
Lesson 1: Vaccination
Top tip: Try to remember that antibodies do not stay at high levels in your body forever. It is the ability of your white blood cells to produce the right antibodies quickly if you are re-infected by a disease.
Vaccination: People are vaccinated for 2 reasons. One is to prevent the spread of an infection through a population. The more people are vaccinated against a pathogen, the less likely it will pass onto another person (Measles as an examples). The second reason is to save lives as the elderly cannot defend themselves due to weaker immune systems, so they are vaccinated to prevent them from getting the infection all together. Vaccines contain dead, inactive or weakened forms of the pathogen that they are creating immunity for. Being immune means not being able to catch a disease because you have antibodies in your blood to fight it. White blood cells in your body create antibodies for a specific infection. They do this by identifying the marker (antigen) of a bacterium and create antibodies to fight that bacterial infection. However, this only occurs after you have already gotten the infection and takes time to happen (why you become unwell for a few days). It also only has the marker for that pathogen you were infected with. These antibodies exist in your blood stream for up to 6 years before they stop being made unless you come across the same pathogen again, in which case they last for about another 6 years. A vaccination is a dead, inactive or weakened form of the pathogen which your body can destroy easily without becoming ill or too ill allowing your body to make antibodies to fend of the infecting pathogen if it attacks. If that pathogen does attack it will be destroyed quickly without you showing any or much signs of the symptoms of that pathogen. An antibody is a chemical that is released by your white blood cells and is part of your specific defenses. They are created to destroy specific pathogens. Antigens are found on the outside membrane of a pathogen which antibodies attach too. An antibody must be a specific shape as the antigen too attach to it in order to destroy it. Vaccine: a dead or weakened version of a disease. Your body can make antibodies without becoming infected. White blood cells produce antibodies that attach themselves to the markers on the bacteria. The antibodies have to be the right shape to match the antigens on the microbe.
Click on the link below to see how Edward Jenner discovered vaccination. http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/edward-jenner-the-discovery-of-smallpox-vaccine/2456.html Click on the following link to discover the meaning of herd immunity https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8fkmsg/revision/2
Q1) What are the 2 reasons people are vaccinated?
Q2.) What is inside of a vaccine?
Q3.) What does “immune” mean?
Q4.) How are antibodies created?
Q5.) How long does an antibody stay in your bloodstream for?
Q6.) What occurs if someone is infected by the same pathogen after being vaccinated?
Q7.) Compare and contrast what antibodies and antigens are?
1. a) Which definition best suits the function of an antibody?
£ A. An antibody is a protein that is produced by a white blood cell. £ B. An antibody is produced as a response to an antigen. £ C. Antibodies are proteins produces by white blood cells in response to antigens to
neutralise them.
1. b) Which definition describes an antigen?
£ A. A protein found on the surface of a pathogen. £ B. A protein found on the surface of all living cells. £ C. A specific protein attacked in an immune response.
1. c) Which definition describes a vaccine?
£ A. A preparation containing a pathogen that given by injection or nasal spray to produce an immune response.
£ B. A preparation of antibodies given by injection or nasal spray to make you immune to a specific pathogen.
£ C. A preparation of an inactive or dead form of a pathogen given by injection or nasal spray.
For question 1(a): If you answered A you picked up on the fact that white blood cells produce antibodies. If you picked B you picked up that antibodies are produced by white blood cells as a response to antigens on pathogens. If you picked C you answered correctly, identifying that white blood cells are antibodies to neutralise antigens on pathogens. For question 1(b): If you answered A, you answered correctly as antigens are proteins found on the surface of antigens. If you answered B you picked up on antigens being present on all living cells however in this topic, we are focussing on them in the context of them being on pathogens. I f you picked C you picked up on the fact that antigens are specific to pathogen. For question 1(c): If you answered A you picked up on the fact vaccines are administered through injection or nasal spray. If you picked B you picked up on antibodies being a part of the body’s immune response. If you picked C you answered correctly as a vaccine contains a dead or inactive form of a pathogen. To improve further visit the link to read about vaccinations. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxcmk2p/revision/1 https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxcmk2p/revision/2
Lesson 2: Antibiotics and painkillers
Antibiotics and painkillers
An antibiotic is a drug that cures bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body. An example of an antibiotic is Penicillin. Painkillers are not antibiotics as they do not kill infective bacteria, they only treat the symptoms of the disease.
Antibiotics kill bacteria however they can only kill a specific bacterium. Therefore, there are hundreds of different antibiotics as they are all treated to specific bacterial infections, which there are hundreds of. We say antibiotics are specific to bacteria.
It is becoming more and more difficult to create new antibiotics as bacterium are becoming resistant to old ones. This is for 2 reasons; the first is that most of the time when people take antibiotics, they do not need them as their bodies will make antibodies to fight the disease. If any bacterium survives the antibiotics, they will adapt and become resistant to it. Another reason is that when antibiotics are prescribed to people, they usually stop taking them once their symptoms have disappeared instead of using them until they have been told to stop. This means any bacteria that have not been killed will mutate and become resistant to that drug. MRSA is an example of a drug that was once simple to kill with antibiotics but is now far more difficult to kill as it has become resistant to most antibiotics. Painkillers: A teenager has pain in her ear because she has a bacterial ear infection. She takes paracetamol and it stops hurting but once the drug has worn off the pain will return as the bacteria are still there. Painkillers are drugs that get rid of symptoms but don’t kill the pathogens if they are causing the problem. Revision alert! Viruses reproduce inside your cells and then cause them to burst open. It is hard to create a drug that kills the viruses without damaging your cells and tissues.
For more information on antibiotics and painkillers, click on the link below. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8fkmsg/revision/3
Top tip: Try not to confuse antiseptics, antibiotics and antibodies. Antiseptics kill pathogens in the environment. Antibiotics kill bacteria in the body. Antibodies are made by white blood cells to destroy bacteria or viruses in the body.
For more information on antibiotic resistance, click below. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8fkmsg/revision/4
Q1) What is an antibiotic? Give an example
Q2.) Do antibiotics kill viruses?
Q3.) What is a painkiller?
Q4.) Why can an antibiotic that is designed to kill a bacterium that infects the ear, not be able to kill a bacterium that is affecting your foot?
Q5.) What is antibiotic resistance?
Q6.) Why does antibiotic resistance occur?
Q7.) Name a bacterial disease that is now more resistant then when it was first discovered?
Use the information in the box to evaluate whether farmers should be allowed to use antibiotics in the animal feed. (6 marks)
For
1.
2. 3. Against
1.
2. 3.
Conclusion
1. a) Which definition describes an antibiotic?
£ A. Medicines that kill pathogens in the body. £ B. Medicines that kill specific bacteria. £ C. Medicines that work inside the body to kill the bacterial pathogen
1. b) Which definition describes a painkiller?
£ A. A drug that can stop the hurting but cure the cause. £ B. A drug that is derived from plants or trees. £ C. A drug that cures the disease.
1. c) Antibiotics kill all pathogens.
£ A. True £ B. False
For question 1(a): If you answered A you picked up on the fact antibiotics are used to kill pathogens. If you picked B you picked up on the fact that antibiotics neutralise bacterial diseases. If you picked C you answered correctly, identifying that antibiotics work to kill bacteria inside the body. For question 1(b): If you answered A, you answered correctly as painkillers stop the pain (hurting) however they do not cure the infection. If you answered B you picked up on the fact that painkillers are derived from plants and trees, but the question asked what they do. I f you picked C you picked up on the fact that painkillers may be taken during an infection however they do not neutralise it. For question 1(c): If you answered A you picked up on the fact that antibiotics are used to treat infections. If you picked B you answered correctly as antibiotics only kill bacterial infections. To improve further visit the link to read about antibiotics and painkillers. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxcmk2p/revision/3
Lesson 3: Discovering drugs
Drugs from plants Certain drugs can be extracted from natural sources and have been known about for a long time. For example, willow bark was used by the ancient Greeks to help cure fevers and pains. It was later discovered that the active ingredient was salicylic acid. This was modified by chemists into the substance we call aspirin, which is less irritating to the stomach than salicylic acid. Another example is the heart drug, digitalis which is extracted from foxgloves. Drugs from microorganisms Penicillin had been discovered during the 19th century, but it was Alexander Fleming who first realised its great importance in 1928. During World War I, he noticed that antiseptics seemed unable to prevent infection, particularly in deep wounds. He decided to try to find something that could kill the bacteria which caused infections like septicaemia.
Penicillin was discovered almost by accident. Returning from holiday, Fleming removed the tops from some old petri dishes and noticed that the bacteria he had grown were being killed by a mould - penicillin. He used the word antibiotic to describe penicillin.
For more information on the discovery of penicillin, click on the link below. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBlI1p9q6xc
The discovery of penicillin – did Fleming just get lucky?
In 1928 Alexander Fleming was growing some bacteria on agar plates. He went on holiday and returned to find that some of his agar plates had been contaminated with mould named Penicillium. Here is an image of what Alexander Fleming might have seen.
Use the picture above to answer the following questions:
1. What did Fleming notice about the bacteria colonies near the Penicillium? 2. What did this suggest about the Penicillium? 3. How can we tell from the picture that the antibiotic was a chemical that could diffuse through the
agar? 4. Why was the antibiotic named penicillin? 5. Fleming grew this Penicillium in some liquid culture. It proved lethal for other bacteria. What
important information did this tell him? 6. Describe and explain what the agar plate would have looked like if the bacteria were resistant to
penicillin.
1. a) Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillium was an antibiotic?
£ A. True £ B. False
1. b) What is penicillin prescribed for?
£ A. As an antibiotic to kill pathogens. £ B. As an antibiotic to kill bacterial infections. £ C. As an antiseptic to kill pathogens.
1. c) Why are aspirin and digitalis not called synthetic drug?
£ A. Because they are obtained from plants and trees. £ B. They are made by humans in laboratories. £ C. They are not made by machines in laboratories.
For question 1(a): If you answered A you answered correctly as Alexander Flemming discovered the mould Penicillium killed bacteria. If you picked B you may have been thinking about the discovery having been made in a petri dish and not in the body. For question 1(b): If you answered A, you know that antibiotics kill pathogens however they are specific to bacterial infections. If you answered B you answered correctly as penicillin only kills bacterial infections. If you picked C you may have been thinking about the discovery having been made in a petri dish and not in the body. For question 1(c): If you answered A, you answered correctly as they are natural plant-based drugs. If you picked B you may have been thinking of the production of drugs by pharmacists in laboratories. If you picked C you may have been thinking of the technology used to in laboratories that manufacture drugs. To improve further visit the link to read about the discovery of drugs. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxcmk2p/revision/5
Lesson 4: Developing drugs
New drugs need to be tested and trialled before doctors prescribe them and patients take them.
Why do we test drugs?
Efficacy i.e. does it work?
Toxicity i.e. is it going to kill you? Is it going to give you side effects?
Dosage i.e. how much do you need to take?
It costs around £1,700,000,000 to bring a new medicine into your doctors surgery.
The 2 main stages of careful testing are:
• Pre-Clinical Trials
These happen in a laboratory and the drug is tested on: Cells, tissues and live animals
• Clinical Trials
Only drugs that pass the pre-clinical trials move onto this stage. There are 3 main parts to this stage:
• Phase I –healthy volunteers take a low dosage of the drug.
• Phase II – a small number of patients with the disease the drug is trying to treat take the drug.
• Phase III – a large number of patients with the disease take the drug.
For more information on the development of drugs, click on the link below. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8fkmsg/revision/10 https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpn9q6f/revision/2
A drug to cure all diseases!
Imagine scientists have isolated a new drug from a plant which they think could cure every disease in the whole world.
You must create a programme for how this drug will be tested.
Your programme must include:
• The important reasons why we test drugs.
• The names of the two main stages of testing
• A description of what it is being tested on and why at each stage.
• Use and explain the following keywords: double-blind, placebo, toxicity, efficacy, dosage. You may wish to refer back the glossary page at the start of this booklet.
Self assess -
You have named the three main reasons for testing
You have named the two main stages of testing (trials)
You have given a description of what is being tested on at each stage? An explanation of why each stage is carried out?
An explanation of all the key words?
A description about how a double-blind trial works AND why it is used?
1. a) Why do we test drugs?
£ A. To test if they work, don’t have dangerous side effects and to determine the correct dose. £ B. To test they work, are not dangerous and can’t harm you. £ C. To check there are no dangerous side-effects and to determine the correct dose.
1, b) Preclinical trials are conducted on…
£ A. cells, animals, humans £ B. cells, tissues and healthy humans £ C. cells, tissues and animals
1. c) Clinical trials have 3 stages.
£ A. True £ B. False
For question 1(a): If you answered A you answered correctly as we test for efficacy, toxicity, and dosage. If you picked B you know that’s efficacy and dosage are tested for. If you picked C you know toxicity and dosage are tested for. For question 1(b): If you answered A, you are aware that cells and animals are tested on in preclinical trials. If you picked B you know cells and tissues are tested on in preclinical trials. If you picked C you answered correctly as cells, tissues and animals are tested on during preclinical trials. For question 1(c): If you picked A you answered correctly as it is true that clinical trials have three stages. If you picked B you may have been thinking of more steps involved during each stage. To improve further visit the link to read about developing drugs: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxcmk2p/revision/6
Lesson 5: Monoclonal Antibodies (Biology)
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells. The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body. They are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody. The lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell. The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody. Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody. A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified. Some examples of uses include:
• for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests
• in laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens
• in research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye
• to treat some diseases: for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
For more flash cards on monoclonal antibodies click below: https://quizlet.com/gb/516721870/gcse-9-1-biology-aqa- monoclonal-antibodies-flash-cards/?utm_source=Google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=10827435287&utm_content=112861474732&utm_term=&matchtype=b&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI3a_RiZu-
Lesson 5: Monoclonal Antibodies (Biology)
Pregnancy tests rely on monoclonal antibodies which bind to a hormone (HCG) which is made in the early stages of pregnancy. Tiny amounts of the hormone are passed out of the body in the urine. This is what is picked up by the monoclonal antibodies in the pregnancy test.
Diagnosis of disease - monoclonal antibodies can be made which bind to specific antigens on blood clots or on cancer cells. The monoclonal antibodies can also carry markers which make it easy for doctors to see where they have built up. This allows doctors to detect problems before they seriously affect a person's health. For example, the blood test for prostate cancer uses monoclonal antibodies to bind to prostrate-specific antigens.
Treatment of disease - monoclonal antibodies can be used to carry drugs to specific tissues. Because they bind to the antigens in a tumour, for example, they can be used to take drugs or radioactive substances directly to the cancer cells.
For more videos on monoclonal antibodies click below: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/targeted-cancer-drugs/types/monoclonal-antibodies#collapse-9283-301483764 monoclonal-antibodies-flash-
Q1. Monoclonal antibodies are used to measure the levels of hormones in the blood. Pregnant women produce the hormone HCG. HCG is excreted in urine. Figure 1 shows four pregnancy test strips.
Figure 1
(a) Which test strip shows a negative test result?
Tick one box.
A B C D (1)
(b) Monoclonal antibodies are used for pregnancy testing. Give one other use of monoclonal antibodies.
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(c) Figure 2 shows the parts of a pregnancy test strip. The pregnancy test strip will show a positive test result when a woman is pregnant.
Answers
(a) A 1
(b) any one from: • identify / locate specific molecules / other hormones • locate blood clots • diagnose / treat some cancers
1
(c) (as) urine passes through reaction zone 1
HCG hormone binds to the mobile HCG antibody (in the reaction zone) 1
(passes up the stick) HCG hormone binds to the immobilised HCG antibodies in the results zone 1
(the other) antibodies which do not attach to HCG 1
bind to antibodies in control zone 1
blue dye appears in both control and results zones (to show positive result) 1
Explain how the pregnancy test strip works to show a positive result.
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1. a) Which definition best describes monoclonal antibodies?
£ A. An antibody that is made from cells that are cloned from one cell that are that are specific binding site on an antigen.
£ B. An antibody that is made from clones that are specific binding site on an antigen.
£ C. Antibodies that are that are specific binding site on an antigen.
1. b) What is the purpose of hybridoma cells?
£ A. They are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody.
£ B. They produce the same antibody which can then be purified.
£ C. They are cloned.
1. c) How are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnosing disease?
£ A. Monoclonal antibodies attach to cancer cells.
£ B. Monoclonal antibodies attach to specific antigens.
£ C. The monoclonal antibodies can carry markers which make it easy for doctors to see where they have built up in cases of cancer cells.
For question 1(a): If you picked A you answered correctly as you picked up on the fact that they are cloned from one cell. If you picked B you picked up the information about monoclonal antibodies being ‘cloned’ and being specific to a binding site on an antigen. If you picked C you picked up the information about monoclonal antibodies being specific to a binding site on an antigen. For question 1(b): If you answered A, you answered correctly as antigens are proteins found on the surface of antigens. If you answered B you picked up on antigens being present on all living cells however in this topic, we are focussing on them in the context of them being on pathogens. I f you picked C you picked up on the fact that antigens are specific to pathogen. For question 1(c): If you answered A you picked up on the fact tat monoclonal antibodies can attach to specific antigens on a cancer cell. If you picked B you picked up on monoclonal antibodies attaching to antigens. If you picked C you answered correctly as monoclonal antibodies can carry markers which make it easy for doctors to see where they have built up in cases of cancer cells To improve further visit the link to read and create your own flashcards on monoclonal antibodies. https://quizlet.com/gb/516721870/gcse-9-1-biology-aqa-
1) Which definition best suits the function of an antibody? £ A. An antibody is a protein that is produced by a white blood cell. £ B. An antibody is produced as a response to an antigen. £ C. Antibodies are proteins produces by white blood cells in response to antigens to neutralise them. 2) Which definition describes an antigen? £ A. A protein found on the surface of a pathogen. £ B. A protein found on the surface of all living cells. £ C. A specific protein attacked in an immune response. 3) Which definition describes a vaccine? £ A. A preparation containing a pathogen that given by injection or nasal spray to produce an immune response.
B. A preparation of antibodies given by injection or nasal spray to make you immune to a 4) Which definition describes an antibiotic? £ A. Medicines that kill pathogens in the body. £ B. Medicines that kill specific bacteria. £ C. A drug that cures the disease. Medicines that work inside the body to kill the bacterial pathogen 5) Which definition describes a painkiller? £ A. A drug that can stop the hurting but cure the cause. £ B. A drug that is derived from plants or trees. £ C. A drug that cures the disease. 6) Antibiotics kill all pathogens. £ A. True £ B. False £ 7) Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillium was an antibiotic?
A. True B. False
8) What is penicillin prescribed for?
A. As an antibiotic to kill pathogens. B. As an antibiotic to kill bacterial infections. C. As an antiseptic to kill pathogens.
9) Why are aspirin and digitalis not called synthetic drug?
A. Because they are obtained from plants and trees. B. They are made by humans in laboratories. C. They are not made by machines in laboratories.
10) Why do we test drugs?
A. To test if they work, don’t have dangerous side effects and to determine the correct dose. B. To test they work, are not dangerous and can’t harm you. C. To check there are no dangerous side-effects and to determine the correct dose.
11) Preclinical trials are conducted on… £ A. cells, animals, humans £ B. cells, tissues and healthy humans £ C. cells, tissues and animals 12) Clinical trials have 3 stages. £ A. True £ B. False
Mastery Quiz 25marks
Q13. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases.
(a) The graph shows the percentage of children under 5 years old who died from infectious diseases, in the UK, in four different years.
(i) Between 1750 and 1850 vaccinations were also developed. What is in a vaccine?
Tick (✔"#) one box.
large amounts of dead pathogens
large amounts of live pathogens
small amounts of dead pathogens
(1)
(ii) The advances in medicine had an effect on death rate.
Describe the effect these advances had between 1750 and 1850.
To gain full marks you should include data from the graph above.
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(b) Antibiotics were developed in the 1940s. Antibiotics kill bacteria.
(i) Which one of the following is an antibiotic?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
cholesterol penicillin thalidomide (1)
(ii) The use of antibiotics has not reduced the death rate due to all diseases to zero.
Suggest two reasons why.
1. ____________________________________________________________
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2. ____________________________________________________________
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(c) In school laboratories, bacteria should be grown at a maximum temperature of 25 °C.
Give one reason why companies testing new antibiotics grow bacteria at 37 °C.
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Q14. Polio is a disease caused by a virus. In the UK, children are given polio vaccine to protect them against the disease.
(a) In the sentences below, draw a ring around the correct words in each box.
(i) It is difficult to kill the polio virus inside the body
because the virus is not affected by drugs lives inside cells produces antitoxins
(1)
(ii) The vaccine contains an active infective inactive
form of the polio virus.
(1)
(iii) The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to
produce antibiotics antibodies drugs
which destroy the virus.
(1)
(b) The graph shows the number of cases of polio in the UK between 1948 and 1968.
(i) In which year was the number of cases of polio highest?
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(ii) Polio vaccination was first used in the UK in 1955.
How many years did it take for the number of cases of polio to fall to zero?
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(iii) There have been no cases of polio in the UK for many years. But children are still vaccinated against the disease.
Suggest one reason for this.
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Q15. (a) List A gives the names of three stages in trialling a new drug.
List B gives information about the three stages.
Draw a line from each stage in List A to the correct information in List B.
List A Stage
List B Information
Used to find if the drug is toxic
Tests on humans including a placebo
The first stage in the clinical trials
of the drug
Tests on humans using
very small quantities of
the drug
Used to find the optimum dose of the drug
Tests on animals
Used to prove that the drug is effective on humans
(3)
(b) Read the passage.
Daily coffee dose delays development of Alzheimer’s in humans.
Alzheimer’s is a brain disease that causes memory loss in elderly people. Scientists studied 56 mice that had been genetically engineered to develop Alzheimer’s.
Before treatment all the mice did badly in memory tests.
Half the mice were given a daily dose of caffeine in their drinking water. The dose was equivalent to the amount of caffeine in six cups of coffee for a human.
The other mice were given ordinary water.
After two months, the caffeine-drinking mice did better in memory tests than the mice drinking ordinary water.
The headline for the passage is not justified.
Explain why as fully as possible.
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