+ E-readers: A Comprehensive Design Analysis Katie Heller and Caitlin Orbanek
+
E-readers: A Comprehensive Design Analysis
Katie Heller and Caitlin Orbanek
“To balance our accounts of society, we simply have to turn our exclusive attention away from humans and look also at nonhumans … Students of technology are never faced with people on the one hand and things on the other, they are faced with programs of action, sections of which are endowed to parts of humans, while other sections are entrusted to parts of nonhumans.” – Bruno Latour
+Context
E-books evolved from books: “mediums for communicating information, where information is taken to include facts, teaching material, discursive writing and fiction” (Bennett & Landoni 2).
They should be the “digital equivalent” of this medium.
E-book designs should consider the values inherent in traditional books: Legibility Portability Autonomy
+Context
E-books should also improve upon traditional books and instill new values: Literacy Participation Inclusiveness
Previously, reading was a one-way process between an active reader and a fixed text.
E-reading is truly interactive; the technology engages the individual in a variety of ways.
+The Kindle
A true mono-task reading device
Slim and lightweight
Five-function control switch and traditional keyboard
E-ink: black and white display only
One month battery life
Built in text-to-speech conversion program
Basic web browsing
+The Nook
Smaller and lighter than the Kindle
LCD color touchscreen (older versions
10 day battery life
Includes games and web browsing
Ability to “rent” and “share” e-books for 18 days at a time
Memory expansion slot
+The iPad
Multi-task device that offers e-reading capabilities
Physically larger and bulkier than other e-readers
Color touchscreen and interactive display (NO e-ink)
10 hour battery life
Advanced web browsing, games, apps, etc.
“Technologies in general … provide value suitabilities that follow from properties of the technology. That is, a given technology is more suitable for certain activities and more readily supports certain values while rendering other activities and values more difficult to realize.” – Friedman, Kahn, & Borning
+The Kindle & Values
Like the book, the Kindle values: Legibility (e-ink) Portability (lightweight
design) Autonomy (functions
independently of anything else)
Also values: Sustainability (long
battery life, low power consumption)
Participation (interactive features)
Inclusiveness (text-to-speech capability, large font capability)
Faithfulness to the original medium
Simplicity (black and white only, clean lines, high contrast)
+The Nook & Values
Like the book, the Nook values: Legibility (though limited
– no e-ink) Portability (lightweight
design) Limited autonomy
(functions independently of anything else up to 10 days)
Also values: Aesthetics (color display) Participation (interactive
features) Generosity (ability to
share and rent books) Multi-functionality
(though somewhat limited)
Flexibility (user can expand his or her device’s memory and change its batteries)
+The iPad & Values
Unlike the book, the iPad sacrifices: Some legibility (no e-ink) Some portability
(somewhat bulky) Some autonomy
(comparatively short battery life)
Also values: Aesthetics (bright color
screen, elaborate designs) Intuitiveness (touch screen,
gestures, etc.) Participation (interactive
features) Multi-functionality (apps, web
browsing, e-mail, games, social networking, etc.) This leads to “shallower,
more fragmented reading” (Schcolnik 18).
Somehow compromises the integrity of reading
+Additional E-reader Values E-readers and women:
“Men account for only 20% of fiction readers.” (NPR.org) Because e-readers are utilized primarily for pleasure reading,
they are inherently biased toward women (an emergent bias).
E-readers and the disabled: “Handicaps don’t result from disabilities alone, but from a
combination of disabilities and circumstances … changing the circumstances can often eliminate the handicap” (Perry 81).
E-readers have the potential to eliminate handicaps because they change the context in which the disabled person must function.
E-readers and digital rights management: DRM is used to prevent piracy of the books – each device has
its own format, and these formats are not compatible with other devices.
“DRM is … treating paying customers like criminals … while doing absolutely nothing to the people who acquired the same content illegally” (Griffey 8).
+Ideal E-reader Values
• iPad• Nook
• Kindle
• Books
LegibilityPortabilityAutonomy
Sustainability
Inclusiveness
Simplicity
IntuitivenessAesthetics
Participation
GenerosityFlexibilityLimited multi-
functionality
+Business Plan:
Why a new e-reader? Because all e-reader devices to date have significant value
flaws and their designers are too proud/brand-oriented/lack the resources to incorporate desirable traits from their competitors
The niche? Primarily women (this bias will be difficult to overcome) but
also men in their teens through old age; possible variation device for young children
The payoff? An entirely new tool that upholds the integrity of the
original medium while also engaging the most desirable values within existing e-reader devices
“If an ideal world is one in which technologies promote not only instrumental values such as functional efficiency, safety, reliability, and ease of use, but also the substantive social, moral and political values to which societies and their peoples subscribe, then whose who design systems have a responsibility to take these latter values as well as the former in to consideration as they work.” – Howe & Nissenbaum