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BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
H THNG QUN L TA NH
1 GENERAL 1 TNG QUT
1.1 AIMS 1.1 MC TIU
Performance Chc nng General requirements: Provide control,
monitoring and management of the building services through a
networked building management system (BMS) including but not
limited to the following: - Dedicated web server and graphical
operator interface to provide access to the BMS through a
conventional web browser on any computer connected to the
internet.
- Connection and interface of distributed controllers and other
equipment.
- UDP/IP protocol in accordance with BACnet for communication
with the web server and for communication between control
modules.
- Schedules, alarms, trends, reports, logs and priorities.
- Monitoring, control and management
of the BACnet points and objects. - Software and software
development to
perform the functions. - All hardware necessary hardware. -
Selections: As documented
Yu cu tng qut: Cung cp iu khin, kim tra v qun l h thng ta nh
thng qua 1 mng li h thng qun l ta nh (BMS) bao gm nhng khng gii hn
nhng iu sau: - My ch chuyn dng vi giao
din vn hnh cung cp ng vo n BMS thng qua mt kt ni web quy c trn
bt k my tnh no c ni n internet.
- Kt ni v giao din th hin iu khin v thit b khc.
- Giao thc UDP/IP ph hp vi BACnet trong giao tip vi my ch v gia
nhng module iu khin.
- Cc k hoch, bo ng, nh
hng, bo co, ng nhp v u tin.
- Gim st, iu khin v qun l ca cc im BACnet v i tng.
- Phn mm v pht trin phn mm th hin nhng chc nng.
- Tt c nhng phn cng cn thit. - Cc s chn la: nh ti liu yu
cu. System integration Tch hp h thng - Services to be integrated
with the
BMS: none Cc dch v phi c tch hp vi BMS: none
System performance Chc nng h thng Performance: Conform to the
following minimum criteria over network connections: - Graphic
display: Display current data
on a graphic containing 20 dynamic points within 10 seconds.
- Graphic refresh: Update with current
data a graphic containing 20 dynamic points within 8 seconds and
automatically refresh every 15 seconds.
- Configuration and tuning screens: Automatically refresh within
6 seconds screens used for configuring, calibrating or tuning
points,
Chc nng: Ph hp vi tiu chun ti thiu sau y qua s kt ni h thng: -
Mn hnh ha: Mn hnh th hin
d liu hin hnh trn mt ha cha 20 im ng trong vng 10 giy.
- Bin i ha: cp nht d liu hin ti vo ha cha 20 im ng trong vng 8
giy v t ng lm mi sau mi 15 giy.
- Cu hnh v mn hnh iu chnh: t ng cp nht mn hnh trong vng 6 giy c
s dng cho cc im cu hnh, chnh nh hoc hiu chnh,
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proportional-integral-derivative (PID) loops and similar control
logic.
- Object reaction to command:
. Binary object: react within 2 seconds.
. Analog object: Begin reacting to command within 2 seconds.
- Alarm response time at the server: Annunciate an object that
goes into alarm within 15 seconds.
- Program execution frequency: Arrange
so that custom and standard applications are capable of running
once every 5 seconds. Select execution times consistent with the
process under control.
- Reporting accuracy: Report values with minimum documented
end-to-end accuracy.
mch hi tip PID v logic iu khin tng t.
- p ng ca i tng vi lnh iu khin:
. i tng nh phn: phn ng trong vng 2 giy.
. i tng tng t: bt u phn ng vi lnh iu khin trong vng 2 giy.
- Thi gian p ng bo ng ti my ch: thng bo trong vng 15 giy khi 1 i
tng i vo phm vi bo ng.
- Tn s thc hin chng trnh: sp xp nhng ng dng, tiu chun c kh nng
chy mi 5 giy 1 ln. Thi gian thc hin c chn ph hp vi qu trnh iu
khin.
- chnh xc ca bo co: thng bo
gi tr vi chnh xc u cui ghi nhn ti thiu.
Expansion provisions D tr m rng Network architecture: Provide
facilities so the system can be expandable to at least twice the
documented input and output objects.
Kin trc h thng mng: Cung cp thit b h thng c th m rng t nht gp 2
ln cc i tng vo v ra c ghi trong h s.
1.2 CROSS REFERENCES 1.2 THAM CHIU CHO
General Tng qut General: Conform to the General requirements
worksection.
Tng qut: tng thch vi chng Cc yu cu tng qut
Associated worksections Cc chng lin quan Associated
worksections: Conform to the following: - Mechanical general
requirements. - Mechanical controls - Chillers - Mechanical
electrical.
Cc chng lin quan: tng thch vi cc chng sau: - Yu cu tng qut ca
hng mc
c. - iu khin c kh - Chiller - Cp ngun cho phn c.
1.3 STANDARDS 1.3 TIU CHUN
General Building automation system protocol: BACnet to
ANSI/ASHRAE 135, including Annex J. (Referred to in this
worksection as BACnet.) LAN technology: To ISO/IEC 8802-3.
Tng qut Giao thc h thng t ng ca ta nh: BACnet theo ANSI/ASHRAE
135, bao gm Annex J. (Tham chiu n chng BACnet). K thut LAN: theo
ISO/IEC 8802-3
1.4 INTERPRETATIONS 1.4 CC NH NGHA
Abbreviations General: For the purposes of this worksection the
abbreviations given below apply: - AI: Analog input. - AO: Analog
output.
Cc ch vit tt Tng qut:Chng ny nhm gii thch nhng t vit tt bn di: -
AI : Tn hiu tng t ng vo. - AO: Tn hiu tng t ng ra.
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- AV: Analog value. - BI: Binary input. - BO: Binary output. -
BV: Binary value. - I/O: Input-output. - PID: Proportional plus
integral plus
derivative.
- AV: gi tr tn hiu tng t. - BI: tn hiu nh phn ng vo. - BO: tn
hiu nh phn ng ra. - BV: gi tr tn hiu nh phn - I/O: ng vo ng ra. -
PID : hi tip m.
Definitions General: For the purposes of this worksection the
definitions given below apply: - High level interface: Systems
transfer
information in a digital format using an open system
interface.
- Low level interface: Systems transfer information via
terminals and voltage free contacts.
Cc nh ngha Tng qut: Chng ny nhm mc ch a ra cc nh ngha ng dng bn
di: - Giao din cp cao: h thng
chuyn i thng tin dng s dng trong giao din h thng m.
- Giao din cp thp: h thng chuyn i thng tin thng qua nhng u ni v
tip im kh.
1.5 SUBMISSIONS 1.5 TRNH DUYT
Documentation Submit documentation including: - An outline
functional specification
containing a list of standard software modules used in the
system and a brief summary of function and location.
- Schedule of all input and output points
cross-referenced to the functional specification.
- For each software module: . A detailed functional
description.
Provide flow charts if necessary: . The sequence of operation. .
Decision points. . Calculations performed. . Action in the event of
a fault
condition. . Instructions for manual control. . Start-up
sequence and shutdown
sequence under normal conditions. . Start-up sequence and
shutdown
sequence under fault and power failure.
. A schedule of inputs and outputs for the module including
details of the source.
- Conventions: . Proposed naming conventions for
BACnet objects. . Proposed description properties for
BACnet objects and their formats. . Proposed non-standard
BACnet
assignments.
Ti liu k thut Trnh duyt ti liu k thut gm c: - Mt bng phc tho chc
nng cc
c tnh k thut cha trong mt bng danh sch cc phn mm tiu chun c s
dng trong h thng v mt bn tm tt chc nng v v tr.
- Lit k tt c nhng im ng vo v ra tham chiu cho vi chc nng c tnh k
thut.
- Trong mi module phn mm: . Mt chi tit c tnh k thut: a
ra biu pht trin nu cn thit. . Trnh t vn hnh. . im quyt nh. . Qu
trnh tnh ton. . nh hng trong trng hp ca
iu kin h hng. . Hng dn iu khin bng tay. . Trnh t khi ng v tt
trong
iu kin bnh thng. . Trnh t khi ng v tt trong
iu kin h hng v mt ngun. . Mt bng lit k ca ng vo v
ng ra cho module bao gm chi tit ca ngun.
- Nhng quy c: . Yu cu tn quy c cho i
tng BACnet. . Yu cu m t thuc tnh cho i
tng BACnet v dng ca n. . Yu cu chuyn i cho cc
BACnet nm ngoi tiu chun . Yu cu chuyn i theo mc
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. Proposed assignment of priority levels not assigned in
BACnet.
. Proposed conventions for network numbering.
. Proposed device object identification convention.
. Proposed convention for the use of text for the inactive and
active properties of binary objects.
. Proposed convention for the use of text for multistate
objects.
u tin c ch nh . Yu cu vic nh s mng li
theo quy c. . Cch thc quy c phi m t
c i tng. . Cch thc quy c c s dng
ch vit th hin cc i tng nh phn b tc ng hay tc ng.
. Cch thc quy c c s dng ch vit th hin cc i tng nhiu trang
thi.
Drawings Submit drawings including: - Schematic diagrams of
control,
communication and power wiring. - Interface wiring to control
system. - Network riser diagrams of wiring
between server and control panels.
Bn v Trnh duyt bn v bao gm: - S iu khin, truyn thng v
ko dy ngun. - Mt bng ko dy n h thng iu
khin. - S h thng mng thng tng ca
vic u dy gia my ch v bng iu khin.
Inspection and Test Plans (ITPs) Provide ITPs for each system
and function showing: - Function to be tested. - Test method
(including hardware
required) for on site verification of system prior to
changeover.
- List of inputs and outputs. - Acceptance criteria. - Name and
signature of person verifying
test.
K hoch kim tra v th nghim( ITPs) a ra ITPs cho mi h thng v chc
nng a ra: - Chc nng kim tra. - Phng php kim tra (bao gm
phn cng cn thit) c thc hin ti cng trng trc khi h thng c bn
giao.
- Danh sch ng vo v ng ra. - Tiu chun c tha nhn. - Tn v ch k ca
ngi thc hin
kim tra.
Manuals Submit manuals including: - Draft operators manual. -
Draft training manual.
iu khin bng tay Trnh duyt iu khin bng tay bao gm: - Vn hnh s lc
h thng bng tay. - Hun luyn vn hnh h thng s
lc.
Prototypes Submit prototypes of the following: - Graphical
symbols. - Graphical displays. - Reports. - Trend graphs.
Biu tng mu Trnh duyt cc biu tng mu nh sau: - Biu tng hnh v. - Th
hin hnh minh ha. - Thng bo. - Xu hng th.
Product data Submit product data for each hardware component
including: - Web server. - Monitors.
D liu thit b Trnh duyt d liu thit b cho mi b phn phn cng bao gm:
- My ch. - Mn hnh.
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- Keyboards. - Power supplies. - Battery backups. - Interface
equipment between server
and control panels. - Operating System software. - Operator
interface software. - Colour graphic software. - Third-party
software.
- Bn phm. - B ngun. - Pin d tr. - Giao din thit b gia my ch
v
bng iu khin. - Phn mm h thng vn hnh. - Phn mm giao din vn hnh. -
Phn mm minh ha mu. - Cc phn mm khc
Technical data Submit technical data including: - BACnet
Protocol Implementation
Conformance Statement (PICS) for each component.
D liu k thut Trnh duyt d liu k thut bao gm: - BACnet Protocol
Implementation
Conformance Statement (PICS) cho mi b phn.
Qualifications Installers: Submit evidence of successful
completion by installers and operators employed on the installation
of control system manufacturer's training for installers and
operators. Provide course outlines.
Thm nh: Ngi lp t: Ngi lp t v ngi vn hnh a ra cc cn c chng minh v
vic lp t hon thnh h thng iu khin m nh sn xut hun luyn cho nhng ngi
lp t v ngi vn hnh. V a ra cch tin hnh s lc.
2 PRODUCTS 2 SN PHM
2.1 OPERATOR INTERFACE PROPERTIES
2.1 CC C TNH GIAO TIP VI NGI VN HNH
BACnet web server General: Provide web server with demonstrated
interoperability during at least one BMA interoperability workshop.
Requirement: Conform to BACnet operator workstation (B-OWS) device
profile to BACnet Annex L. Operator access: Provide operator access
to the BMS via: - Any standard web browser connected
to the web server using a standard internet connection.
PDA and WAP phone over GPRS, 3G and wireless networks.
My ch BACnet Tng qut: Cung cp my ch vi thuc tnh thao tc ni b c
th hin sut thi gian v ti thiu mt trm BMA cho vic thao tc. Yu cu: s
vn hnh ca trm BACnet (B-OWS) ph hp vi profile thit b n BACnet Annex
L. a ch: Cung cp a ch truy cp ti BMS thng qua: - Bt k h thng mng no
kt ni
vi my ch s dng s kt ni mng chun.
PDA v WAP phone ti GPRS, 3G v h thng mng khng dy.
System security Users: Provide user name and password access
system to define viewing, editing, adding and deleting privileges
in each system, application, editor and object. Logs: Automatically
log out each operator if no keyboard or mouse activity is detected.
Provide adjustable automatic log out delay. Retention: Store system
security data including operator passwords in an
H thng bo mt Ngi s dng: Cung cp tn v mt m truy cp h thng kim tra
nh ngha, bin tp, thm vo v xa b quyn trong mi h thng, ng dng, ngi
bin son v i tng. ng nhp: Ngi iu khin t ng ng xut nu khng nhn c tc
ng ca chut v bn phm. Yu cu c th iu chnh lm chm s ng xut. S ngn chn:
H thng kho d liu an ton bao gm khu lnh iu khin di dng mt m. Khu lnh
iu
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encrypted format. Operator passwords: Do not display. Access to
logs: Provide authorised operators with the facilities to view a
list of operators with system access and permissible functions they
can perform while logged in. Enable operators to: - Add operators.
- Delete operators. - Edit operator function authorisation. -
Authorise each operator function
separately.
khin: Khng th hin. Truy cp vo logs: cung cp quyn iu khin vi nhng
iu kin thun li thy mt danh sch iu khin vi a ch truy cp v nhng chc
nng dng c chng c th thc hin trong khi ng nhp. Ngi vn hnh c th: -
Thm ngi vn hnh. - Bt ngi vn hnh. - Chc nng cp quyn cho ngi vn
hnh hiu chnh. - Cp quyn cho mi ngi vn hnh
chc nng ring bit.
Graphics General: Provide graphically based operator interface
using point-and-click navigation. Requirement: Provide at least one
graphic for each of the following: - Building floor plans. -
Building elevations. - Floor plant layouts. - Plant room physical
layouts. - System detailed schematics. - Individual plant items
details. Graphics screen: Hierarchical in arrangement to enable
point and click navigation between the above screens in a logical
manner. Thermal conditions: Indicate thermal conditions on every
floor plan summary graphics using dynamic colours to represent zone
temperature relative to zone set point. Status: Provide operators
with the facilities to monitor system status, to view a summary of
the most important data for each controlled zone or piece of
equipment and to edit set points and other documented parameters.
Animation: Include animation to display different image files for
changed object status. Alarms: Indicate areas or equipment in an
alarm condition using colour or other visual indicator. Graphic
file format: Industry-standard format such as BMP, JPEG or GIF.
Web-based system graphics: Viewable on browsers compatible with
World Wide Web Consortium browser standards. Web graphic format:
Viewable on browsers either without the need for a
ha Tng qut: Cung cp nhng th lm cn c cho ngi vn hnh tc ng n giao
din qua cc im v click. Yu cu: Cung cp t nht 1 hnh v cho mi mc bn
di: - Mt bng ta nh. - cao ta nh. - Mt bng b tr. - B tr phng my. - S
chi tit ca h thng. - Chi tit phng my ring bit. Mn hnh ha: Sp xp c
th bc cho php cc im v hng nhp gia cc mn hnh trn hp logic. iu kin
nhit : Biu tm tt iu kin nhit th hin trn mi tng s dng nhng mu ng th
hin nhit tng i ca khu vc n im ci t ca khu vc. Tnh trng: Cung cp ngi
vn hnh iu kin d dng qun l tnh trng hot ng ca h thng, xem bng tm lc
nhng d liu quan trng cho mi vng iu khin hoc tng b phn ca thit b v
hiu chnh im ci t v nhng thng s c chng minh bng ti liu khc. Tnh linh
hot: Tnh linh hot c tnh n th hin nhng tp tin hnh nh khc nhau cho
vic thay i trng thai ca i tng. Bo ng: Nhng vng hoc thit b trong iu
kin bo ng c th hin bng cch s dng mu sc hoc cht ch th trc quan khc.
Tp tin dng hnh nh: dng tiu chun k ngh nh BMP, JPEG hoc GIF. H thng
ha mng c bn: c th tm thy trn nhng mng tng thch vi trnh duyt chun
Word Wide Web Consortium. nh dng ha web: c th xem c bng cc trnh
duyt web m
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plug-in or with widely available, no-cost plug-ins. Tools:
Provide graphically based tools and documentation to enable editing
of system graphics, to create graphics and to integrate graphics
into the system. Arrange to permit the operator to add analog and
binary values, dynamic text, static text and animation files to a
background graphic using a mouse. Graphics library: Provide a
complete library of standard building services equipment graphics
in file formats compatible with graphics generation tools. New
library objects: Provide tools to enable the operator to create new
graphic library objects based on standard dwg and dxf CAD file
formats.
khng cn cc plug-in hoc cc plug-in ph bin, khng tr tin. Nhng cng
c: Cung cp nhng dng c sinh ng c bn v nhng ti liu kim chng c th bin
tp h thng ha, to ha v kt hp ha thnh h thng. Sp xp cho php ngi vn
hnh thm nhng gi tr lin tc v nh phn, vn bn ng, vn bn c nh v nhng ti
liu linh hot thnh mt nn tng ha s dng chut. Th vin ha: Cung cp mt th
vin hon chnh nhng tiu chun ngnh xy dng thit b ha trong nhng dng ti
liu tng thch vi nhng cng c ca nhng th h ha. Nhng i tng ca th vin
mi: cung cp nhng cng c cho php ngi vn hnh to nhng i tng mi trong th
vin ha da trn nhng dng ti liu tiu chun dwg v dxf CAD.
Object properties Display: Provide operators with the facilities
to display at any time the properties of all devices on the BACnet
network and to adjust operating properties and parameters such as
set points, PID gains, on and off controls and sensor calibration.
Properties: Display object properties by object type, physical
location and building system, and by menu, graphically or through
custom programs. Change of value reporting: Provide to update real
time graphic displays. Modifications: Support the following for
modification by an authorised operator: - Time of day
functionality. - Backup and restoration of any device
on the network. Establishment or termination of a connection to
any device on the network.
Thuc tnh ca i tng Cch hin th: cung cp nhng iu kin thun li cho
ngi vn hnh bt c lc no thuc tnh ca tt c nhng thit b trn h thng mng
BACnet v iu chnh nhng thuc tnh diu khin v nhng thng s nh im ci t,
PID gain, m v tt iu khin v s xc nh cm bin. Thuc tnh: thuc tnh ca i
tng c th hin theo kiu i tng, v tr t nhin v h thng ca ta nh, v bi
menu, bng biu hoc thng qua nhng chng trnh quen thuc. Thay i gi tr
thng bo: cung cp cp nht thi gian thc th hin ha. S thay i: h tr nhng
mc sau cho s thay i bng cch cp quyn cho ngi vn hnh: - Thi gian thc
hin cng vic trong
ngy. - Bn sao hoc bn phc hi ca bt
k thit b no trn h thng mng. S thnh lp hoc kt thc ca mt s kt ni n
bt k thit b no trn h thng mng.
Operating schedules General: Provide activities in the BACnet
operating schedules. Viewing: Provide operators with the facilities
to: - View and modify scheduled operating
hours of each schedulable piece of equipment on a weekly or
monthly calendar-based graphical schedule
K hoch vn hnh Tng qut:cung cp nhng hot ng trn BACnet v k hoch vn
hnh. S kim tra: cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin thun li : - Xem
xt v hiu chnh thi gian vn
hnh c ghi trong mi k hoch mi phn ca thit b hng tun hoc hng thng
th hin biu k hoch
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display. - Select and adjust each schedule and
time period and to simultaneously schedule related
equipment.
Exceptions display: Clearly show exception schedules and
holidays on the schedule display.
da trn lch cng tc. - La chn v iu chnh mi k
hoch v thi gian ca tng giai on v k hoch ng thi lin quan n thit
b.
Th hin ngoi l: Trnh by r rng nhng mc lc ngoi l v nhng ngy ngh c
th hin trn bng k hoch.
Alarms General: Provide documented alarms using BACnet alarm
services. Viewing: Provide operators with the facilities to view
system alarms and changes of state chronologically or by user
defined category, to acknowledge and delete alarms and to archive
closed alarms to the web server hard disk. Remote workstations:
Provide facilities to display alarms on remote workstations.
Status: Configure input and status objects to alarm on departing
from and on returning to normal state. Provide facilities to enable
or disable each alarm and to configure alarm limits, alarm limit
differentials, alarm states and alarm reactions for each system
object. Configure and enable alarm points. Alarm messages: Use an
English language descriptor without acronyms or mnemonics to
describe alarm source, location and nature. Alarm reactions:
Provide operators with the facilities to configure the actions of
the web server on receipt of each alarm. As a minimum, provide the
workstation or web server with facilities to log, print, start
programs, display messages, send e-mail, pager messages, send page
and audibly annunciate. Linking: Link alarms of specific priorities
to respective graphic screen. Provide each alarm annunciation with
a link to a related graphic so the graphic can be manually called
up with the alarm status indicated on the graphics. Alarm reports:
Provide intrinsic reporting when considered sufficient to meet the
functional requirements. Inhibiting transmission: Provide
authorised operators at any workstation
Bo ng: Tng qut: Cung cp nhng bo ng c kim chng bng cch s dng h
thng bo ng BACnet. S kim tra: Cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin
thun li kim tra h thng bo ng v thay i trng thi theo thi gian hoc do
ngi s dng nh ngha theo loi, chp nhn hoc xa b nhng bo ng v lu tr
nhng bo ng ni b n cng my ch. Nhng tram tng i tch bit: cung cp nhng
iu kin thun li th hin th nhng bo ng trn nhng trm tng i tch bit.
Trng thi: nh cu hnh d liu vo v trng thi i tng n b bo ng ri khi v iu
chnh tr li trng thi bnh thng. Cung cp nhng iu kin thun li cho mi b
bo ng c th hoc khng th v nh cu hnh nhng gii hn bo ng, gii hn bo ng
khc nhau, trng thi bo ng v nhng phn ng li bo ng cho mi i tng h
thng. nh cu hnh v nhng im bo ng c th. Thng ip bo ng: s dng ngn ng l
ting Anh miu t hoc nhng thut nh miu t ngun bo ng, v tr v trng thi t
nhin. Phn ng li bo ng: cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin thun li
nh hnh nhng tc ng ca my ch trc mi bo ng. mc ti thiu, cung cp cho
trm tng i hoc my ch nhng iu kin d dng log, in n, khi ng chng trnh,
th hin thng ip, gi e-mail, gi tin nhn, gi vn bn v cng b r rng. Lin
kt: lin kt nhng bo ng ng vi nhng quyn u tin ring bit tng thch vi mn
hnh ha. Cung cp mi bo ng ng vi mt lin kt ti mn hnh ha, m n c th tc
ng sang trng thi tay, khi trng thi bo ng c th hin trn mn hnh ha.
Nhng bo co bo ng: Vic ghi chp trung thc c kh nng nh gi a ra nhng
chc nng yu cu . Ngn chn s lan truyn: Cp quyn cho ngi vn hnh bt k
trm vn hnh no nhng iu kin thun li
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with the facilities to temporarily inhibit the transmission of
event or alarm notifications.
tm thi ngn chn nhng tnh hung hoc trng hp bo ng.
Trends General: To be BACnet trend objects. Graphs: Provide
trend graphs for BACnet objects. Viewing: Provide operators with
the facilities to view a trend graph of each trended point and to
edit graph configuration to display a specific time period or data
range. Enable operator to create custom trend graphs to display on
the same page data from multiple trended points. Configuration:
Provide operators with the facilities to configure trend sample or
change of value (COV) interval, start time and stop time for each
system data object and able to retrieve data for use in
spreadsheets and standard database programs. Arrange controllers to
sample and store trend data and to archive data to the hard
disk.
Nhng xu hng Tng qut: Nhng i tng c xu hng tr thnh BACnet. Nhng
biu : Cung cp nhng biu khuynh hng cho i tng BACnet. Kim tra: Cung
cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin thun li xem xt gin xu hng ca mi im xu
hng v sp xp bin dng ca gin th hin trong mt khong thi gian ring bit
hoc phm vi d liu. Ngi vn hnh c th to gin xu hng trn nhng trang d
liu ging nhau t nhiu im xu hng. Cu hnh: Cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng
iu kin thun li nh hnh mu xu hng hoc thi gian thay i gi tr (COV),
thi gian khi u v thi gian kt thc cho mi h thng d liu i tng v c nng
lc khi phc li d liu chop ngi s dng trong bng tnh v nhng chng trnh c
s d liu tiu chun. Ngi iu khin sp xp mu v lu tr d liu xu hng v lu tr
d liu n cng.
Reports General: Provide operators with the facilities to: - Run
preconfigured reports, to view
report results and to customise report configuration to show
data of interest.
- Select, modify, create and print reports
and logs. - Store report data in a format accessible
by standard spreadsheet and word processing programs.
- Display reports in pdf or Microsoft
Excel format within the web browser. Standard reports: Provide
the following reports of system objects and current values filtered
by: - object type, or - status (in alarm, locked, normal), or -
equipment, or - geographic location, or - a combination of filter
criteria. Alarm summary including current alarms and closed alarms:
Retain closed alarms records for an adjustable period.
Nhng bo co Tng qut: Cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin thun li :
- Trc khi nh hnh cc bo co, cn
xem xt cc kt qu v yu cu ring ca bo co nhm nh dng vic th hin d
liu c lin quan.
- La chn, hiu chnh, to v in nhng thng bo v logs.
- Lu tr d liu thng bo trong mt dng s dng c bi bng tnh tiu chun v
nhng chng trnh x l tin bo.
- Th hin nhng thng bo di dng pdf hoc Microsoft Excel bn trong h
thng mng.
Bo co tiu chun: Cung cp nhng bo co di y ca cc i tng h thng v cc
gi tr lc hin hnh bi: - Kiu i tng, hoc - Trng thi (trong lc bo ng,
kha,
bnh thng), hoc - Thit b, hoc - V tr a l, hoc - Phi hp cc lc
chun. Tm lc bo ng bao gm nhng bo ng hin hnh v nhng bo ng kn: gi li
nhng bo ng kn v ghi li cho mt giai on c th thay i
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Custom reports: Provide operators with the facilities to create
custom reports that retrieve data, including archived trend data,
from the system, that analyse data using common algebraic
calculations and that present results in tabular or graphical
format. Launch reports from the operator interface.
c. Nhng thng bo quen thuc : Cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin d
dng to nhng thng bo quen thuc ly li d liu, bao gm lu tr d liu xu
hng, t h thng, phn tch d liu s dng s tnh ton i s thng thng v a ra
nhng kt qu trn dng bng tnh hoc th.Nhng thng bo khi u t giao din ngi
vn hnh.
Logs General: Provide BACnet logs for the following to a
database or text file and retain data for an adjustable period: -
Alarm History. - Trend Data. Provide operators with the
facilities to select trends to be logged. - Operator Activity
including date and
time stamp logged activity: As a minimum log: . Operator log-in
and log-out. . Control parameter change. . Schedule changes.
. Alarm acknowledgment and
deletion.
Logs Tng qut: Cung cp vic log vo BACnet nhng iu di y lm c s d
liu hoc ti liu vn bn v gi li d liu c thi gian iu chnh: - Lch s bo
ng. - D liu khuynh hng.Cung cp cho
ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin thun li log v la chn xu hng ph hp.
- Phm vi hot ng ca ngi vn hnh gm ngy v thi gian log, cng nh s ln
log ti thiu: . Ngi vn hnh log vo v log ra. . Thay i cc tham s diu
khin. . Nhng thay i lch trnh cho h
thng. . Tip nhn cc cnh bo v gii
quyt.
Server operating system Operating system: Microsoft Windows.
Functionality: Provide the following functionality to authorised
operators as an integral part of the operator interface via tools
available from the web browser: - System configuration. - Automatic
system database
configuration: Automatically store on hard disk a copy of the
current system database, including controller firmware and
software. Automatically update stored database with each system
configuration or controller firmware or software change.
- Controller memory download: Provide
operators with the facilities to download memory from the system
database to each controller.
- Online help: Provide context-sensitive
online help for each tool to assist operators in operating and
editing the system.
H iu hnh ca my ch H iu hnh: Microsoft Windows. Chc nng: Cung cp
nhng chc nng sau y ti ngi vn hnh nh l mt phn tt yu ca giao din vn
hnh thng qua nhng cng c c th s dng c t h thng mng. - Cu hnh h thng.
- Cu trc c s d liu ca h thng
c t ng: t ng lu tr trn a cng bn sao ca c s d liu hin hnh, bao gm
nhng chng trnh c s v phn mm ca ngi iu khin. Nhng c s d liu c t ng
cp nht lu tr vi mi cu hnh ca h thng hoc nhng chng trnh c s v phn mm
m ngi iu khin thay i.
- Ti xung b nh b iu khin: cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin
thun li ti xung b nh t kho d liu h thng n mi b iu khin.
- Tr gip trc tuyn: Cung cp vic tr gip trc tuyn cho nhng tnh hung
cn c x l gip ngi iu khin trong lc hot ng
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- System diagnostics: Automatically
monitor controller and I/O point operation. Annunciate
controller failure and I/O point locking (manual overriding to a
fixed value).
v sp xp h thng. - Chn on h thng: iu khin hin
th t ng v vn hnh im I/O. Thng bo li iu khin v kha im I/O (sa gi
tr bng tay trc tip)
Control system hardware General: Provide operators with the
facilities to view controller status, to restat (reboot) each
controller and to download new control software to each
controller.
Phn cng h thng iu khin Tng qut: Cung cp cho ngi vn hnh vi nhng
iu kin thun li xem c trng thi b iu khin, khi ng li mi b iu khin v
ti xung phn mm iu khin mi ti mi b iu khin.
Priorities General: Allocate processes command priorities in
accordance with the standard BACnet assignments and with priority
levels. Adjustment: Provide operators with the facilities modify
priorities.
Nhng quyn u tin Tng qut: Ch nh quy trnh thc hin nhng lnh u tin
ph hp vi tiu chun BACnet v vi mc u tin. S iu chnh: cung cp cho ngi
iu khin nhng iu kin thun li hiu chnh nhng quyn u tin.
Time synchronisation General: If controllers and equipment have
real-time clocks use the BACnet Time Synchronisation service.
Automatically synchronise system clocks daily from an
operator-designated controller via the internetwork. Automatically
adjust for local daylight saving and standard time.
Thi gian ng b ha Tng qut: Nu ngi iu khin v thit b c ng h thi
gian thc s dng dch v thi gian ng b ha BACnet. T ng ng b ha h thng
ng h hng ngy t 1 mch iu khin c ch nh r thng qua h thng mng. T ng iu
chnh thi gian a phng v thi gian chun.
2.2 HARDWARE 2.2 PHN CNG
General Web server and workstations: Conform to Data &
Telecommunications..
Tng qut My ch v nhng trm vn hnh: ph hp vi cc thnh phn ca h thng
IT ta nh.
Gateways General: Provide gateways to non-BACnet digital
controllers
Cng giao tip Tng qut: Cung cp nhng cng giao tip n nhng b iu khin
k thut s non- BACnet.
Routers General: Provide BACnet routers as necessary to achieve
the documented performance and functionality.
Nhng b nh tuyn Tng qut: Cung cp nhng b nh tuyn BACnet khi cn
thit t c hiu sut v chc nng c nu ra.
2.3 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 2.3 KIN TRC H THNG MNG
System requirement General: Provide communications using a
telecommunications network of fibre and copper circuits.
Nhu cu ca h thng Tng qut: Cung cp thng tin s dng mng vin thng
bng cp quang v mch ng.
Network protocol Web server and control network backbone: To
ISO/IEC 8802-3 (Ethernet) Data Link/Physcal layer protocol and to
BACnet/IP, ASHRAE/ANSI 135 and BACnet Annex J.
Giao thc h thng mng My ch web v trc chnh mng iu khin: Theo giao
thc lp d liu/ lp vt l ISO/IEC 8802-3 (Ethernet) v theo BACnet/IP,
ASHRAE/ANSI 135 v BACnet Annex J.
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Speed: 100 Mb/sec. Tc : 100 Mb/giy System communication General:
Provide communication services over the BACnet communications
network that results in operator interface and value passing that
is transparent to the internet architecture as follows: - Provide
facilities to enable an operator
interface device connected to any one controller on the BACnet
communication network to interface with all other controllers as if
that interface were directly connected to the other controllers.
Make data, status information, reports, system software, custom
programs, etc. for all controllers available for viewing and
editing from any one controller on the BACnet communication
network.
- Make all database values (e.g. objects,
software variables, custom program variables) of any one
controller readable by any other controller on the BACnet
communication network. Automatically perform value passing by a
controller when a reference to an object name not located in that
controller is entered into the controller's database. Perform
inter-network value passing without the need for operator installed
software to set up any communication services.
- Make all objects and object properties
easily viewed and shared on a system wide basis.
H thng truyn thng Tng qut: Cung cp dch v truyn thng qua h thng
mng truyn thng BACnet m kt qu trong giao din vn hnh v gi tr ngu
nhin m trong sut n kin trc mng nh sau: - Cung cp nhng iu kin thun
li
c th kt ni giao din vn hnh n bt k b iu khin no trn h thng mng
truyn thng BACnet n giao din vi tt c nhng b iu khin khc nh l nu
giao din c kt ni trc tip vi nhng b iu khin khc. Cu to d liu, tnh
trng thng tin, nhng bo co, phm mm h thng, nhng chng trnh quen thuc,
cho nhng b iu khin c kh nng kim tra v sp xp d liu t bt k mt b iu
khin no trn h thng mng truyn thng BACnet.
- To tt c gi tr ca c s d liu ( i tng, bin phn mm, cc bin chng
trnh ty chn) ca bt k b iu khin no c th c bi bt k b iu khin khc trn
h thng mng vin thng BACnet. T ng thc hin nhng tr ngu nhin bi mt b
iu khin khi tham chiu ti tn mt i tng khng c xc nh trong b iu khin
th ng nhp vo trong c s d liu ca b iu khin. Thc hin nhng gi tr ngu
nhin bn trong ni b mng ngoi tr cn cho ngi vn hnh ci t v thit lp bt
k dch v vin thng.
- To tt c cc i tng v cc thuc tnh ca i tng c d dng xem xt v c
chia s trn h thng.
2.4 DATA SHARING 2.4 CHIA S D LIU
General General: Provide object properties to be shared across
the system. Data values: Make binary and analog data values from
any networked device available for concurrent use in real time.
Selected sampling rates to match the system response. Monitoring:
Provide operators with the facilities to monitor the value of any
property, including required properties, supported optional
properties and proprietary extensions of every object of every
networked device at the operator interface. Modification of values:
Provide for
Tng qut Tng qut: Cung cp nhng thuc tnh ca i tng chia s ton h
thng. Gi tr d liu: to nhng gi tr nh phn v gi tr tng t t bt c ng mng
c sn ng vi thi gian thc. N c chn lm mu nh gi kt qu cho h thng. Kim
tra: Cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin thun li cho vic xem xt cc
gi tr , bao gm yu cu nhng thuc tnh v h tr ca cc thuc tnh v nhng
thuc tnh m rng cho mi i tng ca mng a n giao din ca ngi vn hnh. Hiu
chnh gi tr: Cho php hiu chnh
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modification of operating set points and parameters available
via BACnet services.
cc gi tr ci t v tham s mc nh trong qu trnh vn hnh thng qua h
thng BACnet.
Analog objects Change of value: Provide all analog objects with
the capability of using the Change of Value reporting mechanism and
the COV_Increment property writable using BACnet services.
i tng lin tc S thay i gi tr:Cung cp cho tt c nhng i tng lin tc
kh nng s dng c ch bo co thay i gi tr v ghi li thuc tnh gia tng ca s
thay i gi tr bng cch s dng dch v BACnet.
Binary objects Text: Conform to the respective worksection or,
if not defined, to the text convention proposed in Submissions.
Change_Of_State_Count properties: Writable for reset purposes.
Elapsed_Active_Time and Time_Of_Active_Time_Reset properties:
Implement for all systems incorporating run time requirements as
nominated in the respective worksection.
i tng nh phn Vn bn: Lm cho ph hp vi tng chng ring bit hoc, nu
khng c nh r, i vi vn bn hi ngh c a ra trong trnh duyt. Thay i trng
thi c tnh m c: c th c vit cho mc ch xc lp li. Thi gian hot ng tri
qua v thi gian ca thi gian hot ng xc lp li nhng c tnh: thc thi cho
tt c nhng h thng kt hp cht ch thi gian hot ng yu cu c ch nh trong
tng chng ring bit.
Out of service Out Of Service property: Required.
Ngoi hng mc Thuc tnh ngoi hng mc: yu cu
Calendar objects General: If a device provides scheduling
capability provide also at least one Calendar object with a
capacity of at least 10 entries. Provide operators with the
facilities to view the Calendar object and make modifications from
any operator interface.
Lch Tng qut: Nu mt thit b cung cp kh nng lch trnh cng nh t nht
mt i tng lch trnh vi kh nng t nht 10 ng. Cung cp tng i c kh nng xem
lch trnh v hiu chnh t bt k giao din tng i.
Loop objects General: Provide the system with the capability of
incorporating loop objects. Loop objects will not be required in
the initial installation.
i tng lp Tng qut: Cung cp cho h thng kh nng kt hp cht ch nhng i
tng lp.i tng lp s khng c quy nh trong s ci t ban u.
Multistate objects Text: Conform to the respective worksection
or, if not defined, to the text convention proposed in Submissions.
Change_Of_State_Count properties: Writable for reset purposes.
i tng nhiu trng thi Tng qut: Lm cho ph hp vi tng chng ring bit
hoc, nu khng c nh r, i vi vn bn hi ngh c a ra trong trnh duyt. Thay
i trng thi c tnh m c: c th c vit cho mc ch xc lp li.
Schedule objects General: Provide operators with the facilities
modify schedule objects from any operator interface.
Bng lit k nhng i tng Tng qut: Cung cp cho ngi iu khin nhng iu
kin d dng hiu chnh bng lit k nhng i tng t bt k giao din iu khin
no.
Dynamic object creation General Provide operators with the
facilities to dynamically create averaging, calendar, event
enrolment, group, notification class, schedule and trend log
objects from any operator interface.
S to thnh i tng ng Tng qut: Cung cp cho ngi vn hnh nhng iu kin
thun li linh hot to mc trung bnh, bng biu, s vic kt np, nhm, khai
bo lp, bng biu v khuynh hng log i tng t bt k giao din iu khin
no.
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Maintenance system General: Provide data sharing with the
maintenance system including: - Signalling of regular
maintenance
required based on hours run or time since last service.
- Integration with the equipment data
reports and maintenance manuals. - Signalling of breakdown or
fault
requiring remedial action against the specific plant item so
that work order can be generated.
- Maintenance of a record for each item monitored and
controlled. Provide output sufficient to permit generation of work
orders for the respective item.
H thng bo tr Tng qut: Cung cp vic chia s d liu vi h thng bo tr
bao gm: - Tn hiu cn thit cho vic bo tr
thng thng da trn s gi hot ng hoc thi gian k t ln bo dng trc.
- Tng hp nhng bo co d liu thit b v nhng ti liu hng dn bo tr.
- Tn hiu ca vic h hng hoc li cn n hot ng sa cha da vo tng mc
thit b ring bit v th m th t cng vic c th c to ra.
- Bo qun h s lu tr cho mi mc gim st v iu khin. Cung cp quyn a ra
cho php to ra th t cng vic cho tng mc ring bit.
High level interface General: Provide high level interface to
the functions and systems.
Giao din cp cao Tng qut: Cung cp giao din cp cao n nhng chc nng
v h thng.
Low level interface General: Provide low level interface to
monitoring points on equipment.
Giao din cp thp Tng qut: Cung cp giao din cp thp n nhng im kim
tra trn thit b.
3 EXECUTION 3 S TH HIN
3.1 PROGRAMMING 3.1 LP TRNH
Operator interface Standard Graphics: Provide dynamically
updating point information on graphics as documented. Show on each
equipment graphic related input and output points and relevant
calculated points. Interface software: Provide operator interface
software and functions including but not limited to: operating
system software, operator interface database and third-party
software installation and integration required for successful
operator interface operation.
Giao din iu khin ha chun:cung cp vic cp nht linh ng nhng im tn
hiu trn ha nh c cp trong ti liu. Th hin trn mi ha thit b mi lin h
nhng im d liu vo v ra v c lin quan ca nhng im tnh ton. Giao din phn
mm: cung cp cho ngi iu khin bao gm giao din phn mm v nhng chc nng
nhng khng gii hn vi: phn mm h iu hnh h thng, c s d liu giao din iu
khin, s ci t phn mm ca bn th ba v s tch hp cn n cho ngi iu khin
thao tc thnh cng trn giao din.
3.2 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 3.2 PHT TRIN PHN MM
Test facilities Provide each software module or logical set of
modules with a Test Mode (set by internal flag), software Test
Module or similar means which permits simulation of all inputs both
digital and analogue and visual representation of module
outputs.
Nhng iu kin kim tra Cung cp cho mi mun phn mm hoc thit lp lgic
ca nhng mun vi mt ch kim tra (thit lp bng c hiu bn trong), mun kim
tra phn mm hoc cch thc tng t chng cho php m phng tt c d liu vo c gi
tr nh phn v lin tc v miu t trc quan nhng mun d liu ng ra.
Inspection and test plans Nhng k hoch kim tra v th
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For each software function in the control system produce, as
part of the software development phase, an Inspection and Test Plan
for testing the correct operation of the function. Identify, in the
detailed Inspection and Test Plans, the criteria declaring the
performance of software module or group of modules. Design the
detailed test cases to test every alternative path through a module
and to exercise all boundary conditions for values i.e. maximum and
minimum cases and all extreme conditions that could ever be
presented to the module.
nghim i vi mi chc nng phn mm a ra trong h thng iu khin, c xem l
giai on pht trin phn mm, mt k hoch kim tra v th nghim cho s th
nghim ca chc nng thao tc trc tip. Nhn bit, trong nhng k hoch kim
tra v th nghim chi tit, tiu chun cng b thc hin ca tng mun hoc nhm
mun phn mm. cng kim tra chi tit nhng trng hp kim tra mi s la chn ng
dn thng qua mt mun v s dng tt c nhng iu kin bin cho nhng gi tr i.e.
trng hp ln nht v nh nht v tt c nhng iu kin rt xa m c th lun a ti
mun.
3.3 SOFTWARE OWNERSHIP AND ACCESS
3.3 QUYN S HU V TRUY CP PHN MM
Ownership: At the date of Practical Completion transfer
ownership of all software and supporting documentation produced
under this contract to the Principal. Licences - Operator interface
and related software:
Unlimited licences. - Other software: A minimum of three
(3) concurrent licences.
Quyn s hu: Vo ngy hon thnh thc t chuyn giao quyn s hu ca tt c
nhng phn mm v nhng ti liu h tr di y cho ngi ng u. Nhng iu cho php:
- Giao din vn hnh v phn mm
lin quan: cho php khng hn ch. - Phn mm khc: cho php tn ti ti
thiu l 3.
3.4 PRE-COMPLETION TESTS KIM TRA SAU KHI HON THNH
Software testing General: Test all software using inbuilt test
modules and connected to test panel. Test against the documented
functions to simulate all normal and fault conditions.
Kim tra phn mm Tng qut: kim tra tt c nhng phn mm dang s dng kim
tra nhng mdun v kt ni n bng th nghim. S kim tra da vo nhng chc nng
sn c m phng tt c nhng iu kin bnh thng v iu kin c li.
System testing Scope: Test every point, function and system.
Provide all hardware and software required for the testing process.
Records: Submit results of testing on Inspection and Test Plans and
certify correct operation of all aspects of the Functional
Specification.
Kim tra h thng Phm vi: Kim tra mi im, chc nng v h thng. Cung cp
tt c nhng phn cng v phn mm cn thit cho qu trnh th nghim. H s: a ra
kt qu ca vic kim tra v k hoch kim tra v chng nhn tt c nhng kha cnh
chi tit k thut thuc v chc nng.
System performance General: Test system performance using
manufacturer's recommended hardware and software for web server and
web browser.
S thc hin h thng Tng qut: Kim tra s thc hin h thng bng cch s dng
nhng phn cng v phn mm do nh sn xut ngh cho my ch web v trnh duyt
web.
3.5 COMPLETION 3.4 HON THNH
Training General Provide training to enable operators to
accomplish the following
Hun luyn Tng qut: ngh o to ngi iu khin c th hon thnh nhng
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objectives: - Proficiently operate the system. - Understand
automatic control system
architecture and configuration. - Understand automatic control
system
components. - Understand system operation, including
automatic control system, control and optimising routines
(algorithms).
- Operate workstation and peripherals. - Log on and off system.
- Access graphics, point reports and logs. - Adjust and change
system set points,
time schedules and holiday schedules. - Recognise common HVAC
system
malfunctions by observing system graphics, trend graphs and
other system tools.
- Understand system drawings and
Operation and Maintenance manual. - Understand job layout and
location of
control components. - Access data from automatic control
system controllers. - Create and change system graphics. -
Create, delete and modify alarms,
including configuring alarm reactions. - Create, delete and
modify point trend
logs (graphs) and multi-point trend graphs.
- Configure and run reports. - Add, remove and modify
system's
physical points. - Add operator interface stations. - Add a new
controller to system. - Maintain software and prepare
backups. - Interface with job-specific, third-party
operator software. - Add new users and understand
password security procedures. Divide presentation of objectives
into three sessions. Participants will attend one
mc tiu sau: - iu khin thnh tho h thng. - Hiu c kin trc v cu hnh
ca
h thng iu khin t ng. - Hiu c thnh phn ca h thng
iu khin t ng. - Hiu c s hot ng ca h
thng, bao gm h thng iu khin t ng, iu khin v thut ton ti u.
- Hot ng ca trm cng tc v thit b ngoi vi.
- ng nhp v ng xut h thng. - Truy cp ha, im bo co v
logs. - iu chnh v thay i nhng im
thit lp h thng, thi gian biu v thi gian ngh.
- Nhn bit c nhng s c thng gp ca h thng HVAC bng cch quan st ha h
thng, khuynh hng th v nhng h thng cng c khc.
- Hiu nhng bn v ca h thng v ti liu hng dn vn hnh v bo tr.
- Hiu sp xp cng vic v v tr ca nhng thnh phn iu khin.
- Truy cp d liu t mch iu khin h thng iu khin t ng.
- To v thay i ha h thng. - To, xa b v hiu chnh nhng bo
ng, k c vic nh cu hnh cho nhng phn ng li bo ng.
- To, xa b v hiu chnh nhng im khuynh hng log v nhiu im khuynh
hng th.
- nh cu hnh v chy nhng bo co.
- Thm vo, loi b v hiu chnh nhng im vt l ca h thng.
- Thm nhng trm giao din iu khin.
- Thm mt mch iu khin mi cho h thng.
- Phn mm duy tr v nhng bn sao d tr.
- Giao din vi cng vic c th, phn mm ngi iu hnh bn th ba.
- Thm vo nhng user mi v hiu c mt khu bo mt.
Phn chia s trnh by ca nhng mc tiu thnh 3 bui hp. Ngi tham d c th
ch tm vo mt bui hp hoc nhiu hn, ty thuc vo mc kin
-
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The English language version prevails. u tin ting Anh khi c
tranh ci.
Centrepoint Page 17 of 17 of B32 18 September 2007
or more of sessions, depending on knowledge level required. -
Day-to-day operators. - Advanced operators. - System managers and
administrators. Materials: Provide course outline and training
materials. Provide one copy of training material per student.
Hardware: Perform classroom training using a network of working
controllers, representative of installed hardware.
thc mong mun. - Ngi iu khin hng ngy. - Ngi iu khin cao cp. -
Nhng ngi qun l h thng v
nhng qun tr vin. Ti liu: Cung cp cng v ti liu hun luyn. Cung cp
cho mi hc vin 1 bng sao ti liu o to. Phn cng: Thc hin kha hun luyn
s dng mt h thng mng iu khin, i din cho phn cng c lp t.
Repeat training Operator training: In addition to the above,
provide on-site operator training during the defects liability
period. Number and duration of training sessions: Provide training
sessions of at least 4 hours at 3 month intervals (a total of 4
sessions).
Hun luyn li Hun luyn tng i: thm vo trn, cung cp hun luyn tng i
ti cng trng trong thi gian x l cc khuyt im. S ln v thi gian cc kha
hun luyn: Cung cp cc kha hun luyn t nht 4 gi cch nhau 3 thng ( tng
cng 4 kha)