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Deployment of MicroGrids in India

Authors - V. S. K. Murthy Balijepalli, S. A. Khaparde and C. V. Dobariya

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

July 29, 2010

Session title : The Economics of Microgrids

IEEE PES General Meeting 2010 Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Outline of the Presentation

Motivation

Introduction to MicroGrid

Indian RE scenario and status of MicroGrid development

Economic issues and operational challenges

Enabling technologies for economic and efficient operation

Smart MicroGrid a pilot project

Conclusions

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Motivation


Indian RE scenario and status of operational MicroGrids


Enabling technologies- for economic and efficient operation


Conclusions

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India wants to achieve power to all by 2012. The non

electrified area is mainly rural

There are non-electrified pockets where the nearest

transmission is more than 30 km away

The Distributed Energy Resources (DER) are available in

the vicinity

The sources are seasonal and hence the power supply is

intermittent if individual resource is harnessed

A self sufficient MicroGrid utilizing coordinated multiple

resources may be feasible

The project can have great social impact and local

development

The Background

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Motivation






Conclusions

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The idea of MicroGrid was introduced by the DoE, USA,

as a distribution system with distributed energy sources

A MicroGrid apparently achieves all the advantages of

networking at mini scale

The DERs are seasonal and to ensure continuity in

supply it is essential to schedule them optimallyWhen connected to grid, a MicroGrid has to have a

capability of being good citizen to the host grid with

which it intends to exchange power

MicroGrid is a self-suff ic ient clust er of lo cal generators, loads,

and storage devices which operates for benefi ts of the owners.

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Architecture and Components of a MicroGrid

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Planning of MicroGrid

Why to consider multiple attributes?

Cost alone cannot be the criteriaQuantify the advantages like loss reduction, improved

demand not served, saving in transmission cost,

improved voltage profile etc.

Evaluation of DG configuration plans

Interval based MADM

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) based MADM

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used for finding therelative importance of all the attributes

Trade-off analysis is used for preliminary screening of

various evaluation plans

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Economic Analysis

The economic feasibility study includes calculation of

cost of energy (COE), net present cost (NPC), life cycle

cost (LCC), etc.

Various tools available for the economic analysis include

HOMER, RETScreen, etc.

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Feasibility Analysis: Connection to grid

Feasibility of MicroGrid for electrification of

Remote Area

Break-Even distance is 37 km

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Operation of MicroGrid

Stand-Alone mode of operation

Generators and loads are not affected by the grid

disturbances

Forecasting of the load will be easier for smaller network

Generators can be dispatched as per optimal power flow in

real time

MicroGrid requires comparatively larger reserve capacity

MicroGrid cannot bid in open market

Grid connected mode of operation

Cost of energy can be lowered by selling power to the gridGeneration capacity can be optimally utilized

Less reserve capacity required

Prone to higher technical risk in case of fault on the grid side

Imp ortant t ime is the transi t ion between the modes

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Control of MicroGrid

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MicroGrid Central Controller

Stand-alone mode

The MGCC ensures load generation balance andsecurity of whole system

All the time it receives generation and load information

from different MCs and LCs respectively and determines

voltage magnitude and phase angle of every generator

bus. These signals are sent to the MCs

Always tries to minimize cost at the consumer level

Grid-connected modeIt controls the power exchange with the utility grid

It takes decisions related to interconnection of MicroGrid

with the utility grid and load curtailment

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Need of Communication Technologies

Information and communication technology (ICT) will

play a major role in making the power grid intelligent

It is imperative to adopt effective communication

technologies for a modern development such as a

MicroGrid

Communication in MicroGrid

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Broad Outline of the Presentation

Motivation






Conclusions

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Indian RE Scenario

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Case studies: Status of MicroGrids

NEF-WISE scheme

Alamprabhu pathar

West Bengal project

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NEF, Japan

New Energy Foundation (NEF), Japan is a non-profit

public organization cooperated by electric powersuppliers, gas suppliers, and energy related companies

Survey, research, introduction and guidance in

promoting REs and remaining unutilized energyMicroGrid Projects in Japan

Hachinohe Project

Aichi Project

Kyotango Project

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Wise-NEF (Japan) Project at Nandurbar, Maharashtra

11 villages, 49 communities, 1958 house hold (HH)

Priority of the selection of power source for system

Hydro (pondage/run of river type)

Biomass (direct combustion/gas/bio diesel)Combined Scheme 1 (Biomass+Hydro+PVor Wind)

Combined Scheme 2 (Biomass +PV)

PV or Wind (with battery)

Stage DemandWatts/HH

No ofHH

Peakdemand (kW)

SupplyHrs/day

kWh/yr

1 (current) 74 2000 150 4 2,19,000

2 (initial) 100 2000 200 24 7,30,000

3 (future) 250 2000 200 24 18,25,000

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Pilot Demonstration Project with Combined RE

Source Capacity

(kW)

Cost (INR) Life

(yr)

Annual

Energy

(kWh)

PV (SHS) 153 5,31,15,965 20 2,19,757

Hydro

(run-of-river)

106 1,17,47,576 35 215,368

Biomass 100 40,00,000 20 3,32,379

Wind 250 1,12,50,000 20 2,87,079

Hydro

(run-of-river)

106 1,17,47,576 35 215,368

Hydro(pondage)

286 9,41,56,367 35 15,31,145

Biomass 100 40,00,000 20 3,32,379

Wind 250 1,12,50,000 20 2,87,079

STAGE-1

STAGE-2

STAGE-3

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Outline of Demonstration Plan

Leading body

WISE jointed with partners (IIT, NEF)

Schedule

2008 : preparation for startup of project

2009 : FS study (preparation of DPR)

2010 : construction of model plant

2011 : O&M/management of plant

2012 : transfer facilities to community

Al bh P h Mi G id N k

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Alamprabhu Pathar MicroGrid Network

P d Mi G id D il

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Proposed MicroGrid Details

Analysis in the year of 2006

Resource Identified:

Biomass and Bagasse: 2400 kW

Wind: 14250 kW

Natural gas: 500 kW

Demand: 8900 kW (Electrical) 15000 kW (Thermal)

Reserve capacity: 1900 kW

Cost of Energy: Rs. 3.6 per kWh

S I l d Mi G id W B l

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Sagar Island MicroGrid: West Bengal

Stand-alone and location specific REs can optimally

harness by concept of MicroGridAgencies Involved:

MNRE

Indo-Canadian Environment Facility (ICEF)

Consumers: 1500

Technologies:

Solar 250 kW

Diesel 400 kW

Wind-Diesel (proposed)

Tariff

Residential and Commercial Rs 5.00 per kWh

Industrial Rs. 5.50 per kWh

B d O li f h P i

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Motivation






Conclusions

Mi G id I

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MicroGrid Issues

Main Issues Optimal technology

investment

- Optimal mix ofrenewable

Utilization of some uniqueaspects

- Local control of powerquality and reliability

- Societal perspective

Relationship withdistribution system

Emerging Issues Joint optimization of

demand and Supply

Joint optimization of heatand electric supply

Focus on quality andreliability

Metering arrangements

Connection charges

Tariff mechanisms

I di C di i

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Indian Conditions

Financial concerns, Environmental benefits and cost

recovery

Rural electrification

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects

RE tariff

Generation based incentivesRE obligations and Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)

Incentives and Subsidies

State government: Energy Development Agencies

Central government: MNRE

Ownership and regulations

Different DGs in the MicroGrid can have different owners

Consumer driven electricity system

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Motivation






Conclusions

E bli t h l i

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Enabling technologies

Low cost technologies Lowered Initial Investment

Advanced Fischer Tropsch Synthesis

Waste Heat Generators

Energy storage technologies and storage integration

Virtual power plants (VPPs)

Standards development

smart switches, relays and sensors

Information and communication technologiesRobust DER- coordination architectures

Self managing

Self healing

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Motivation






Conclusions

S t Mi G id

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Smart MicroGrids

Smart MicroGrids

SmartGrids at low scaleTo create perfect power system

Distributed generation and storage

Co-generation

Redundancy, implies better reliability

Consumer controlA project in India

Developer- Valence Energy Group

At Palm Meadows, a 330 premium home neighborhood

MicroGrid solution will include Smart home technology

An extensive smart meter platform - connects 83kW of solar

power generation and 2MW of diesel generation

Offers power conditioning and demand response

Br d O tlin f th Pr nt ti n

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Motivation






Conclusion

Concl sion

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Conclusion

Stand-alone and location specific REs can optimally

harness by concept of MicroGrid using optimalscheduling of generators

Franchisee model can be adopted for Operation and

maintenance (O&M) of a MicroGrid

A MicroGrid will be of great Socio-Economic benefit by

providing electricity to remote and un-electrified areas

Key considerations for success of MicroGrid

Safe and dependable communication infrastructure

Control strategies

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Thank you!Email: [email protected]
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