B0old,ooc CIl6enb crucadcopda$ oo rorcorcocodlcorco' fiDofiMlO OilBllrlrru OCOros6m .iOl(nlerm AUAlOl (scERT), SOrOpo ce"cogcnrtdsrccd 20ao
B0old,ooc CIl6enb
crucadcopda$oo
rorcorcocodlcorco'
fiDofiMlO OilBllrlrru OCOros6m .iOl(nlerm AUAlOl (scERT), SOrOpo
ce"cogcnrtdsrccd
20ao
tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-
ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln -°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw
sshhn -[y -]q¿W-hp -amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy -Øn¬ Rm≥
A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-
hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw
sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n ]bXv\n°pw.
Prepared by :State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, KeralaWebsite : www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail : [email protected] : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869First Edition: 2010Typesetting : Computer Lab., SCERT© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
]nb hnZym¿Yn-I-tf,
Np‰p]mSpw kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰--߃ kq£va-ambn
\nco-£n-®pw hni-I-e\w sNbvXpw imkvX-]-T\w B\-
µ-I-c-amb A\p- -h-am°n am‰p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Xncn-
®-dn-™-h-cmWp \Ωƒ. imkvXw Hcp XpS¿®-bm-Wv.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ imkvX-]-T\w Hcp XpS¿-
]Inbbpw.
kzbw Nn¥n®pw hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®pw Iq´p-Im-tcm-
sSm∏w tN¿∂v A\p- -h-߃ ]¶n´pw \n߃ \n¿an-
°p∂ Adn-hmWv ]T-\sØ apt∂m´p \bn°p-∂Xv.
Adn-hns‚ \n¿am-W-L-´-Øn¬ Ht´sd tNmZy-߃
\nß-fn¬ cq]wsIm≈pw. F√m-‰n\pw DØcw In -W-
sa-∂n-√. IqSp-X¬ At\z-j-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-tS-≠Xpw
DØ-cw- I-s≠-Øm-\p≈ am¿Kw cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw
\n߃ Xs∂-. AXn\p klm-bn-°m≥ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
hpw A[ym]Icpw \n߃°v H∏-ap-≠m-hpw.
Adnhv B\-µ-am-Ip-∂Xv ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bbm-
k-cln-X-am-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nc-h[n
]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Iƒ Cu ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-
ep-≠v. imkvX-Øns‚ hgn-I-fn-eqsS Iq´p-Im-tcm-
sSm∏w IS-∂p-t]mbn ]T\w BtLm-j-am°n am‰m≥
\n߃°v Ign-b-s´.
kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,
s]m^. Fw.-F. -Jm-Z¿
Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012
]mT-]p-kvXI kanXn`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ IX
AssUz-k¿
s]m^. F-®v.-kn. ][m≥, sk‚¿ Ub-d-IvS¿, tlman `m`m sk‚¿ t^m¿ kb≥kv FUyq-t°-j≥,
Sm‰m C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v ^≠-sa‚¬ dnk¿®v (TIFR), apwss_
sNb¿am≥
tUm. ap-l-ΩZv jm^n, s]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v sIan-kvSn, Imen-°‰v bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, tImgn-t°mSv
AwK-߃
tUm. Aem-hp-±o≥. Fw, ]n≥kn∏¬ (dn´.) Kh. tImtfPv, Ftf-cn-X-´v, Imk¿tKmUv
A\n¬Ipam¿.]n.sI, F®v.-F-kv.-F., kn.F®v.Fw.F®v.Fkv., Xn√t¶cn, Xe-t»cn, IÆq¿
_m_p- ]øØv, F®v.-F-kv.-F., Pn.hn.F®v.Fkv.Fkv., ta∏øq¿, hSIc, tImgnt°mSv.
]n.Un.-t__n, F®v.-F-kv.-F., sk‚v B‚Wokv F®v.Fkv.Fkv., ]q™m¿, tIm´bw
Pn._me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, slUv (dn .), Un∏m¿ vsa‚v Hm v nkn-Ivkv, F≥.Fkv.Fkv. tImtfPv, ]¥fw, ]Ø-\w-Xn
F≥.-sI.-tKm-]m-e≥, F®v.Fkv.F (dn´.), sI.sI.-Fw.Pn.hn.F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Hm¿°mt´cn, hSIc
tUm.Fkv. taml-\≥, ^nknIvkv doU¿ & slUv (dn´.), bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtfPv, Xncph\¥]pcw
]Zo]vIpam¿.sI.hn, F®v.-F-kv.-F., aqtØSØv F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Xfn∏dºv, IÆq¿
ctajvIpam¿.Fw.sI, F®v.-F-kv.-F., ]m∏n\nt»cn ]©mbØv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., IÆq¿.
sI.Pn.kPn-Ip-am¿, F®v.-F-kv.-F., Pn.hn & F®v.Fkv.Fkv. t^m¿ tKƒkv, aW°mSv, Xncph\¥]pcw.
sk-_m-Ãy≥ eqt°mkv. Sn.sP, ske-. tKUv eIvNd¿ (dn´.), bqWnthgvkn‰n tImtfPv, Xncph\¥]pcw.
tUm.tkXp-am-[-h≥, slUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v ^nkn-Ivkv, Fkv.F≥.Pn. tImtfPv, tImgnt°mSv
sI.kptcjvIpam¿, F®v.-F-kv.-F., F.Fw. F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Xncp-a-e, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
hn.inh≥, F®v.Fkv.F, (dn´.), ]n.sI.F®v.Fkv., a∂-], ]me°mSv
Sn.sF.-D-Æn-Ir-jvW≥, slUvamÿ (dn´.), F.sI.sI.B¿.F®v.-F-kv t^m¿ t_mbvkv, tNf-∂q¿, tImgnt°mSv
A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿
tUm. B≥kn h¿Kokv, dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (^nkn-Ivkv), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn., Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
NnX-Imc-∑m¿
A`n-emjv Xncp-thmØv, F≥.-hn.‰n. (sIan-kvSn), Pn.hn.F®v.Fkv.Fkv. AtØmfn, tImgn-t°mSv
_na¬Ipam¿.Fkv, tUmbnMv So®¿, Pn.Fw.hn.F®v.Fkv.Fkv. t^m¿ t_mbvkv, sIm√w
taml≥Zmkv ]n.Fw, tUmbnMv So®¿, aqtØ-SØv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Xfn-∏-d-ºv, IÆq¿
hnZKv[kanXn
taml≥Ip-am¿. kn, sU]yq´n Ub-d-IvS¿ (dn´.), tImtf-Pn-tb‰v FUyq-t°-j≥, sIm√w
sI. ]m∏q´n, Ub-d-IvS¿, tÉv C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v F≥sskt¢m]oUnIv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
tUm. sI. kp_mjv_m_p, sU]yq´n Ub-d-IvS¿, tImtf-Pn-tb‰v FUyq-t°-j≥. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
sI. kp-tcjv_m_p, slUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v ^nkn-Ivkv, Kh. tImtfPv, aS-∏≈n
tUm. hn. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, s]m^-k¿ (dn´.), Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Hm]vt‰m- C-e-IvtSm-Wn-Ivkv,
bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v tIc-f, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
1. ]Zm¿Ykz`mhw................................................................ 07
2. anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°¬ ......................................... 17
3. ]ncn-tbm-UnIv tS_nfpw cmk-_-‘-\hpw ................. 25
4. Ne\w................................................................................. 45
5. XcwKNe\w...................................................................... 58
6. Kpcp-Xzm-I¿jWw........................................................... 65
7. ]hr-Ønbpw Du¿Phpw ]hdpw ................................. 77
`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\`mKw IV I
auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃
51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm
]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv ˛
(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-
sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb
al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-
s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-
X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb
kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kvXoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-
Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;
(N) \ΩpsS kΩnikwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-
Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]IrXym D≈
]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw
ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(P) imkvXo -b -amb Img vN -∏mSpw am\-hn -I -Xbpw, At\z -j-W-Øn\pw
]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv AIaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI;
(R) cmjvSw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v
\nc¥cw Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v ]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,
AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-
\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
foj orerrilmmreccuo
nfJ o o) fl c o oL m5 ro'r3 oo g card "j] icoromjl er] gg rd I
* taro oL aO'l oE ofJ O Or
-eJ
c o roro or mrn oo;l con p gg
"-Lr:cdLneanuE genit
pocorloS eirocormmool er;gg oLm5or;eo<,rd
oJo(o)codocolcenil
* 11."crl*"ogilersseorcecDct
a
oL5ror;mJto c'roorm:nagil a;gg ormJro;oeio8
crrloleMq orcrrrlolao;cm .r5fl o, "-Lg6orrr1
ao)cdoJ. (enLccraaccoraJ'l' org;e)
''ro ccd to eir3 gllos e ornloc6eoila @ 6rDo
o)sc o-to, LGcor&, olc(o)& olr:cdLneongso
o ern'l a e <.rd ( or co c Lo'r o cd, coq g ecn <rd, Gro G ao)c
em;acrE) oacend cnldoloracenS. o_ro"tocd rc
eano6 "gool]oacerrecen5 mro'loaccot (moea
toleoto8 cnletcrjloSeo;cm<dt Locolecolou-oeoloS "gool;oacerrecerd mrn'loacqo) cr06aot
O gc o,irroi? rol(.ac L<olc ga o"l a o sm olorlcd
PonoS "oyooorF)lalo otel6rBcolJcoc? (o.)(zc
ltOCo:elCnOlollCcnc?
ao; gcm)soerrigcAo8 crr'looqo selo o0)sJdoJ.
oo3 pd"nlgd g"-Lccorcan! o'oeiao aoqfl
L('o r]l) G ao)c O 5 g c et c n-t o'l ror s orojl o8 ei v'l eer 3 "
o0eroc6mJ mt o re o-il eo] cmail ?
drocnp3os crilolaemrn o
* 6C@5rDo "6100roen5l
gr:coraecngtoei torcEcLoleg;os detcDcxJ
ocao'l erumlogs;ololl,jlcrof aog.
6UC0o lGCCU6o CllCCDdro
criloo-ilal
or5c"joro psrri
mrn'loacor
cargo,5o'il geni
"151e t.t
€g1qilqgil tz
8 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
Rß-fpsS \nK-a\w
sh≈-Øn-¬ ]c-°p∂Xpt]mse ajn •mkv
]mX-Øns‚ `nØn-°p-≈n-te°p ]c-°p-
∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm-≠m-WnXv? Pe-Ønse
X∑m-X-I-fmtWm •mknse X∑m-X-
IfmtWm IqSp-X¬ ASpØv ÿnXn sNøp-
∂Xv? Jc-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn-sebpw Zmh-I-ß-fn-
sebpw X∑m-Xm-N-e-\w Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv
Fgp-Xq. FØn-t®-cm-hp∂ \nK-a\w F¥v?
Jc-]-Zm¿YsØ Zmh-I-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-
at√m. Fß-s\-bm-WnXp sNøp-∂Xv?
Cßs\ sNøp-tºmƒ Jc-h-kvXp-hns‚
KpW-ß-fn-ep-≠m-hp∂ am‰sa¥v? X∂n-cn-
°p∂ ]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh
" ' sNøpI
\n›nX BIrXn C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.
X∑m-X-Iƒ thK-Øn¬ Nen®p XpS-ßp-
∂p.
X∑m-X-Iƒ btYjvSw Fhn-tS°pw
Nen-°p-∂p.
X∑m-Xm-N-e\w Ipd-bp-∂p.
Jcw Zmh-I-am-hp-tºmgpw ZmhIw hmX-I-
am-hp-tºmgpw X∑mXm Iao-I-c-W-Øn¬
D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq. (]´nI 1.2)
]Zm¿Y-߃ NqSm-°p-tºmƒ X∑m-X-I-fpsS
Du¿Pw IqSptam? Ipd-bptam?
XWp-∏n-°p-tºmtgm?
Xmsg∏d-bp∂ am‰-ß-fn-tem-tcm-∂nepw
X∑m-X-I-fpsS Du¿P-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w
Fgp-Xq.
Jcw → ZmhIw
ZmhIw → Jcw
ZmhIw → hmXIw
Hcp •mkv sh≈-Øn¬ kv]q¨ C´v
btYjvSw Cf-°mw. CtX sh≈w ^ok-
dn¬ h®v sFkm-°nam‰n-bm¬ Cßs\ Cf-
°m≥ Ign-bptam?
F¥mhmw ImcWw?
Hcp sFkvIyq_n\v Dd-∏p≈ ]X-e-ßfp≠v.
Cu sFkvIyq_v DcpIn Pe-am-bmtem?
Pe-Øn-\p -≈Xpt]mse F√m Zmh-I-
߃°pw Hcp D]-cn-Xew D≠-t√m. Cu D]-
cn-Xew Fß-s\-bp-≠m-hp∂p?
Jcw, Zmh-Iw, hmXIw (NnXw 1.1) F∂n-
h-bnse X∑mXm NnXo-I-cWw i≤n-°pI.
]Zm¿Y-Øns‚ aq∂-h-ÿ-I-fnepw X∑m-Xm-
I-ao-I-c-W-Øn-ep≈ ]tXy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®pw
X∑mXIƒ XΩn-ep≈ AI-e-sØ-°p-dn®pw
Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°n kb≥kv Ub-dnbn¬
tN¿°q.
Jcw Zmh-I- ZmhIw hmX-I-
am-°p-tºmƒ am-°p-tºmƒ
X∑m-X-I-fpsS Ne\w
X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ AIew
X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ BI¿jWw
]´nI 1.2
`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 9
Hcp ]mX-Øn-se-SpØ Pe-Øns‚ X∑mXm
NnXoI-cWw i≤n-°q (NnXw 1.2). Nne
X∑m-XIsf Np‰p-ap≈ a‰p- X∑m-X-Iƒ
BI¿jn-°p-∂Xv NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
D]-cn-X-e-Ønse X≥am-X-I-fnepw A-Ih-
isØ X∑m-X-I-fnepw Zmh-I-Ønse a‰v
X∑m-X-Iƒ sNep-Øp∂ BI¿jW_e-
Øn¬ hyXym-k-apt≠m?
]X-e-_ew (Surface tension)
Ptem-]-cn-X-e-Øn-eqsS Nne sNdp-Po-hn-Iƒ
\S-∂p-\o-ßp-∂Xv i≤n-®n-´pt≠m? (NnXw
1.3). km[m-cWKXn-bn¬ sh≈-Øn¬ apßn-
t∏m-Ip∂ Hcp t]∏¿¢nt∏m kqNntbm Pe-
Øn¬ s]mßn -°n -S -°p∂ kµ¿`-ß-
fpt≠m?
D]-cn-X-e-Ønse X∑m-X-Iƒ°p hi-ß-fn-
te°pw Xmtg-°p-amWv BI¿j-W-_ew
apJy-ambpw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Pe-Øn\pw
a‰p Zmh-I-߃°p-sams° D]-cn-Xew
D≠m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Hcp ImcWw CXm-Wv.
Cu D]-cn-X-e-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw ]tXy-I-
X-bpt≠m?
NnXw 1.3
NnXw 1.1
NnXw 1.2Hcp •mkn¬ \ndsb sh≈w FSp-°q. CXn-
\-I-tØ°v sNdnb \mW-b-ßtfm sam´p-
kq-Nn-Itfm CSq. sh≈w Ihn-s™m-gp-
ImsX FX \mW-b-߃ CSm≥ Ign-bp-
∂p-≠v? Ptem-]-cn-Xew Db¿∂p \n¬°p-
∂pt≠m?
Ptem -] -cn -X -e -Øns‚ NnXo -I -cWw
kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ hc-bv°q.
10 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
Hcp tªUv hfsc i≤-tbmsS Ptem-
]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ hbv°q. F¥mWv \nco-
£-Ww?
tªUn\v Np‰p-ap≈ Ptem-]-cn-Xew
i≤n-°q. Fß-s\-bmWv Ptem-]-cn-
Xew hen-®p-sI-´nb Hcp ]mS-t]mse
]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv? ZmhI D]-cn-X-e-
Øns‚ X∑m-Xm-Xe NnXo-I-c-W-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hni-Zo -I -cn -
°mtam?
Zmh-I-Øns‚ D]cnXe-Ønse X∑m-X-
Iƒ hi-ß-fn-te°pw AI-tØ°pw amXw
BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv D]-cn-Xew
Cem-kvXn-I-amb (elastic) Hcp ]mS-t]mse
]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv. CXn\p Imc-W-amb
_ew ]X-e-_ew F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Zmh-I-sØ-°mƒ kmµX IqSp-X-ep≈ Jc-
h-kvXp-°ƒ km[m-c-W-bmbn AXn¬ apßn-
t∏m-hp-I-bmWp ]Xn-hv. F∂m¬ Jc-h-kvXp-
hns‚ BIrXnbn¬ hyXymkw hcpØn B
hkvXp-hns‚ `mcØn\p Xpeyw `mcw Zmh-
IsØ ]pd¥≈p∂ cq]-Øn-em -°n -
bmtem? At∏mƒ hkvXp Zmh-I-Øn¬
s]mßn-°n-S -°pw. Ccpºp sIm≠p≈
I∏epw a‰pw Pe-Øn¬ s]mßn-°n-S-°p-∂Xv
Cß-s\-bmWv. F∂m¬ sam´p-kq-Nnbpw
tªUp-sam-s°tbm?
sam´p-kq-Nntbm tªtUm t]∏¿¢nt∏m
Ptem-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ s]mßn°n-S-°p-∂-
Xns\ Fßs\ hni-Zo -I -cn -°mw?
]Xe_e-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Nn¥n-
®p-t\m-°q.
Ae°pw tkm∏pw
Ae-°p-tºmƒ, hkvX-ß-fn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-
®n-cn-°p∂ Agp°v CfIn Pe-Øn¬ ebn-
°p-Itbm Pe-tØm-sSm∏w Hgp-In-t∏m-hp-
Itbm BWv sNøp-∂-Xv. FÆ-a-b-ap≈
Agp-°m-sW-¶n¬ sh≈wsIm≠v B
`mKw \\bn-√. B `mKsØ Agp°v
hkvX-Øn¬ \n∂v hn´p-t]m-hp-Ibpan√.
tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ CXp ]cn-l-cn-
°mw. tkm∏ns‚ X∑m-X-bn¬ sh≈-
Øn¬ ebn-°p∂ Hc-Khpw (t]mfm¿)
FÆ-bn¬ ebn-°p∂ as‰m-cp AKhpw
(t\m¨t]m-fm¿) D≠v. t\m¨t]m-fm¿
AKw FÆ-bn¬ ]th-in®v AXns\
sNdp-Xp-≈n- (droplets) Ifm°n hnL-Sn-∏n-
°p-∂Xp sIm≠mWv Agp°v Cf-In-t∏m-
cp-∂-Xv. Agp°p \oßm≥ th≠ as‰mcp
kml-Ncyw hkvX-Øns‚ \qen-g-Isf
Pew \∂mbn \\-bv°pI F∂-Xm-Wv.
Pe-X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ BI¿jW
_ew Ipd-®m¬ CXp km[y-am-hpw.
sh≈-Øn¬ \∂mbn tkm∏p-I-e-°nb
tijw Ptem -] -cn -X -e -Øn¬ tªUv
hbv°q.
tªUv apßn-t∏m-Ip -∂-sX-¥p-sIm-
≠mWv?
tkm∏p-e-bn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Pe-Øns‚ ]X-
e-_ew Ipd-bp-∂p F∂t√ CXp kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xv?
hkvX-߃ Igp-Im≥ tkm∏p-]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xn¬ ]X-e-_-e-Øn\v kzm[o-\-
apt≠m?
Rß-fpsS Is≠-ج
sh≈-Øns‚ t\¿Ø ]mS-bp-≠m°n Nne
]co-£-W-߃ sNømw.
hÆw Ipd™ c≠p sNdnb sNºp-I-ºn-
Iƒ tIm´¨\qep-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v NnX-
Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xp t]mse Xq°n-bn-Sp-I.
(NnXw 1.4) CXv tkm∏ns‚ KmV-em-b\n
bn¬ ap°n-b-tijw kmh-[m\w Db¿Øq.
F¥mWp \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv?
\qep-Iƒ ASp-tØ°p h∂v ]mS-bpsS
]X-e-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Ww Ipd-bp-∂Xv
`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 11
F¥mWp \nco-£Ww?
NnXw 1.4
F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw? GXp _e-amWv
\qep-Isf hen-®-Sp-∏n-°p-∂Xv?
as‰mcp ]co-£Ww sNøq.
Hcp teml-h-f-b-Øn-tem hÆw Ipd™
πmÃnIv hf-bntem NnX-Øn-te-Xp-t]mse,
(NnXw 1.5) a[y-`m-KØp \n∂p amdn -
\n¬°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ Aev]w Ab®v Hcp
tIm´¨ \q¬ sI´n\n¿Øq. hf tkm∏p-
sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n-b-tijw kmh-[m\w
Db¿Øq. hf-bn¬ samØw Hcp hrØm-Imc
tkm∏p]mS e`n-®nt√? C\n, hfbv°pw
\qen-\p-an-S-bn¬ hnkvXmcw IqSnb `mKØv
s]≥kn¬ ap\-sIm≠p IpØn tkm∏p]mS
s]m´n°q.
NnXw 1.5 (c)
hf ho≠pw tkm∏psh≈-Øn¬ ap°n ]mS-
bp -≠m°q. C\n tkm∏p]mS -bpsS
hnkvXmcw Ipd™ mKw s]m´n-®pt\m-°q.
F¥p \nco£n®p?
\q¬ GXp `mK-tØ°v hen-®-Sp-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-
sa∂v NnXw 1.5 (c) ¬ hc-®p-tN¿°q.
]X-e-_ew ]X-e-sØ Npcp-ßmt\m,
hnI-kn-°mt\m t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?
]X-e-_ew aqew Zmh-I-Øns‚ ]X-
e-hn-kvXo¿Ww IqSp-I-bmtWm Ipd-bp-
I-bmtWm sNøpI?
NnXw 1.5 (a), (b)
12 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
NnXw 1.6
GsX-¶nepw Hcp Xp≈nsb kmh-[m\w
DuXn c≠m-a-tØXn\-Sp-tØ°v ASp-∏n-°q.
c≠v Xp≈n-Ifpw tN¿∂v H∂m-bnØo¿-
∂nt√? F¥m-Wn-Xn\p ImcWw?
sa¿°p -dn°v ]Icw Pe-Øp -≈n -Iƒ
Bbmepw Cßs\ Hcp -an®p tN¿∂p
\n¬°p-at√m.
Htc-bn\w X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-
W-_-e-amWv sImlo-j≥ (cohesion).sImlo-j≥ _e-amWv ck-Øp-≈n-Iƒ
H∂ptN¿∂p \n¬°m≥ Imc-Ww. sImlo-
j≥ _ew Xs∂-bt√ ]X-e-_-e-Øn\pw
ImcWw? N¿®sNøq.
•mkv]Xew Ncn-®p-]n-Sn-®m¬ ck-Øp-≈n-
Iƒ Dcp≠p \oßp-∂pt≠m? •mkvtπ-‰n\v
apI-fn¬ Pe-Øp-≈n-Iƒ hogvØn-bmtem?
Rß-fpsS \nco-£Ww:
•mkns‚ X∑m-X-I-fpw Pe-X∑m-X-Ifpw
XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-W-_-e-am-Wt√m sh≈-
Øp-≈n-Iƒ •mkn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-°m≥ Imc-W-
am-Ip-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ Hcp ]Zm¿Y-Øns‚
X∑m-X-Ifpw as‰m-∂ns‚ X∑m-X-Ifpw
XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-W_e-amWv AUvlo-
j≥ (adhesion).
Hcp •mkvss…Uv FSpØv AXns‚ ]Ip-
Xn-tbmfw `mKw Hcp _o°-dnse sh≈-
Øn¬ ap°n-∏n-Sn-°q. •mkvss…Uv ]pd-sØ-
SpØv XpS-®-tijw CtX-t]mse sa¿°p-dn-
bn¬ ap°n-hbv-°q.
henb Xp≈n-I-fm-hp-tºmƒ Ah ]c-
°m≥ mcw Fßs\ Imc-W-am-Ip∂p?
sNdnb Xp≈n-I-fm-hp-tºmtgm?
NnXw 1.7
(.............................)
•mkv ss…Uv
(.............................)
Pe-Øp-≈n-Ifpw ]X-e-_-ehpw
Pe-Øn-s‚bpw a‰p Zmh-I-ßfp-sSbpw
sNdp-Xp-≈n-Iƒ°v tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wt√m
D≈Xv? X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-
W-_ew Xmc-X-tay\ IqSn-b-Xn-\m¬ ASp-
Ø-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ X∑m-X-I-fmWv Zmh-
I-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. Pe-Øp-≈n-bpsS ]X-e-
Ønse IWn-I-Iƒ D]-cn-Xe hnkvXo¿-
Ww ]c-am-h[n Ipd-™ co-Xn-bn¬ Iao-
I-cn-°m≥ ian-°p∂p. CXns‚ ^e-am-
bmWv Ah D]-cn -X-e-hn -kvXo¿Ww
G‰hpw Ipd-bv°m-\p-X-Ip∂ tKmfm-IrXn
]m]n-°p-∂Xv.
Hcp •mkvtπ-‰n¬ Hcp sNdnb Xp≈n ckw
(sa¿°p-dn) hogvØq (sa¿°pdn ico-c-Øn\p
tZmj-I -c -am -b -Xn -\m¬ i≤-tbmsS
ssIImcyw sNø-Ww). AXn\p sXm´-Sp-
Ømbn Hcn-S-Øp-Xs∂ c≠p Xp≈n IqSn
hogvØpI. AXn-\-SpØv GXm\pw Xp≈n-
Iƒ Hcp-an®v hogvØpI (NnXw 1.6). Xp≈n-
I-fpsS BIr-Xnbn¬ F¥p hyXym-k-amWp
ImWp-∂-Xv?
`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 13
sImlo-j≥ IqSp-Xepw sImlo-j≥ Ipdhpw
AUvlo-j≥ Ipdhpw AUvlo-j≥ IqSp-Xepw
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
]´nI 1.3
NnX-Øn¬ (NnXw 1.7) \nß-fpsS \nco-
£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Zmh-I-߃
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.
GXp kµ¿`-Øn-emWv Zmh-I-Ønse
sImlo-j≥ _ew •mkv ]X-e-hp-am-
bp≈ AUv-loj≥ _esØ-°mƒ IqSn-
bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
Rß-fpsS \nK-a\w
\nK-a-\-Øn\p ImcWw
Nne kµ¿ -ß-ƒ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.
$ tNºn-e-bn¬ sh≈w hogvØp-∂p.
$ hml-\-Øns‚ •mkv ag-bØv \\-bp∂p.
$ FÆ-]p -c≠ ]mXw sh≈-Øn¬
ap°p∂p.
$ •mkvtπ-‰n\p apI-fn¬ sa¿°pdn
hogvØp∂p.
$ hmIvkvt]∏¿ sh≈-Øn¬ ap°p-∂p.
$ ]pØ≥ IpS-bn¬ ag-sh≈w hogp∂p.
$ Hcmƒ ag \\-bp∂p.
Cu kµ¿`-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv A\p-
tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ ]´n-I-bn¬ (]´nI
1.3) Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q.
F√m Zmh-I-ß-fnepw sImlo-j≥_ew
Hcpt]mse-bmtWm? Hcp •mkvtπ-‰n¬ Hcp
Xp≈n-hoXw Pew, asÆÆ-, sa¿°pdn
F∂nh hogvØn ]cn-tim-[n-°q. \nco-
£Ww kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-°q.
sImlo-j≥: hyXykvX Zmh-I-ß-fn¬
X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-cm -
I¿jW e-am-bmWv sImlo-j≥ _ew
D≠m-Ip -∂-Xv . CXv X∑m- X-m`mcw,
kz`mhw XpSßn H∂n-e-[nIw LS-I--ßsf
Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. t]mfm¿ kz`m-h-ap≈
X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ sImlo-j≥
_ew ka-`m-c-ap≈ t]mfm¿ A√mØ
X∑m-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈Xnt\-°mƒ IqSp-
X-em-bn-cn-°pw.
Nne kµ¿`-߃ t\m°q.
$ \\™ •mkvtπ‰p-Iƒ Hcp-an®v Aa¿-
Øn-b-tijw hnS¿Øn th¿s]-Sp-Øm≥
ian-°p-∂p.
$ Ab-bn¬ Xq°nb \\™ t]mfn--ÿ
hkvX-`m-K-߃ ]c-kv]cw H´n-∏n-Sn-
°p∂p.
$ \\® IS-emkv Nph-cn¬ H´p-∂p.
$ FÆ-bn¬ ap°nb IS-em-kn¬ sNdp-]m-
Wn-Iƒ H´n-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p.
CØcw A\p-`-h-߃ \nß-fpsS i≤-
bn¬s∏´n -´pt≠m? CXns‚ Imc -W-
sas¥∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°mtam? AUvlo-j≥,
sImlo-j≥ _e߃ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂
IqSp-X¬ kµ¿`-߃ \¬Imtam?
$
tIin-IXzw (capillarity)
Nne u≠≥ t]\-I-fn¬ ajn-bn¬ apßpw-
hn[w t\cnb Ipg-ep-Iƒ (capillary tubes)\n∫n-t\mSp tN¿Øp LSn-∏n-®Xv i≤n-®n-
14 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
Hcp _o°-dn¬ \ndw Ie¿Ønb sh≈w
FSp-°p-I. CXn-\-I-tØ°v hfsc sNdnb
Zzmc-ap≈ Hcp •mkvIpg¬ XmgvØn t\m°q.
R߃ \nco-£n-®-Xv
F¥mhmw CXn\p ImcWw?
Ipg-en-\-IsØ Pe-Øn\p `mc-ap-≠m-
hnt√?
GXp _e-amWv CXns\ Db¿Øn-
\n¿Øp-∂Xv?
Ipg-en-\-IsØ Zmh-I-Øns‚ mcw IqSn-
bm¬ CtX Db¿®-bp-≠m-Iptam?
NnXw 1.8
hyXykvX hymk-ap≈ •mkvSyq-_p-Iƒ
sh≈-Øn¬ Cd-°n-h®v tIinI Db¿®
]cn-tim-[n-°q. Ipg-ens‚ AI-h-isØ
hymkw (hÆw) IqSp-tºmƒ AXn-\-IØv
Ib-dp∂ Zmh-I-Øns‚ mcw IqSptam Ipd-
bptam?
Xmsg X∂n -cn -°p∂ NnX-ß-fn¬
(NnXw 1.9) GsXms°bmWv \nß-fpsS
\nco-£-WsØ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂Xv?
Ipg-ens‚ hÆw IqSp-tºmƒ tIinI
Db¿® .....................
F¥mhmw ImcWw?
tIinI Db¿®bpw tIinI XmgvNbpw
sNdn-b-hnShpI-fn-eq-sSbpw hÆw Ipd™
Ipg-ep-I-fn-eqsSbpw `qKp-cp-Xzm-I¿j-W-
Øns\Xncmbn Hcp ZmhIw Db-cp-∂-
Xns\ tIinI Db¿® F∂mWp ]d-bp-
∂Xv. Zmh-I-Øns‚ Cu kz`m-hsØ
tIin-IXzw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬
sImlo-j≥ IqSnb sa¿°pdn t]mep≈
Zmh-I-߃ •mkv Ipg-ep-I-fn¬ tIinI
XmgvN ImWn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.
´pt≠m? CØcw t]\-Iƒ sIm≠v Nph-cn-
sem- n® Hcp IS-em-kn¬ t]mepw \n∫v apI-
fn-te°v ]nSn®v Fgp-Xm-\m-hpw. ChnsS ajn
Fß-s\-bmWv apI-fn-te-°p-b¿∂-Xv? mcw
ImcWw AXv Xmtg°p htc-≠-Xt√? qKp-
cp-Xzm-I¿j-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn ZmhIw apI-
fn-te-°p-b-cp∂ at‰-sX-¶nepw kµ¿`-ß-
fpt≠m?
IgpInhrØn-bm-°nb tijw \∂mbn
XpS® c≠v •mkvss…Up-Iƒ FSp-°p-I.
Ch Hcp-an®v tN¿Øp-h® tijw Cu
ss…Up-Iƒ Aev]w ajn-tN¿Ø sh≈-
Øn¬ ]Ip-Xn- m-K-tØmfw XmgvØn-h-bv°q.
ss…Up-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS Pew apI-fn-te-°p-
b-cp-∂pt≠m?
as‰mcp ]co-£Ww sNbvXp t\m°q
`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 15
tNm°v
asÆÆ
NnXw 1.9
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
imkvX-ta-f-bn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°-s∏´ Hcp
tNm°p-hnf°v ]co-£Ww t\m°q? (NnXw
1.10).
NnXw 1.10
Cu ]co-£Ww \n߃°pw sNømtam?
tNm°n-\-IsØ sNdpkpjn-c-߃ asÆÆ
Db-cp-∂-Xn\v Fß-s\-bmWp klm-bn-®n-
´p-≠m-hpI? CXpXs∂-bm-hptam km[m-cW
asÆÆhnf-°nepw (Xncn-hn-f-°v) kw`-hn--
°p-∂Xv?
sk√p-temkpw tIm´Wpw
kky-i-cocw \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ][m-\-
ambpw sk√p -temkv \mcp -Iƒ
sIm≠mWv. tIm´¨ \mcp-Ifpw t]∏-dp-
sams° sk√p-tem-kns‚ At\Iw sNdp-
\m -cp -Iƒ tN¿∂-Xm -Wv . CØcw
]Zm¿Yßfnse sk√p-temkv \mcp-
Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ AXn-kq-£va-amb Ht´sd
kpjn-c-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. tIm´¨
hkvX-Øns‚ arZpXzØn\v Imc-W-an-
XmWv.
tIm´¨ XpWn-Iƒ sh≈w H∏n-sb-Sp-°p-
∂Xpw CXp-t]m-se-bm-hptam?
Rß-fpsS Dulw
at‰-sXms° kµ¿`-ß-fn-emWv \mw
tIinI Db¿® ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂Xv?
$
Hcp ]h¿Ø\w sNøq
\∂mbn DW-ßnb a¨I-´-bpsS Hcp
IjWw sNdp-X-cn-I-fm-°nbpw as‰mcp
IjWw \∂mbn s]mSn®pw c≠v •mkvv
Syq_p -I -fn -embn \nd®v FSp -°p -I.
•mkvSyq_p-I-fpsS HcKw Hcp tIm´¨-
XpWn-sIm≠v aqSn-s°-´p-I. Hcp S^n¬
16 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
aqt∂m \mtem sk‚o-ao-‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬
sh≈-sa-SpØ tijw •mkvSyq_p-IfpsS
aqSn-s°- nb mKw AXn¬ Cd°nhbv°pI.
Aev]-k-abw Ign™v \nco-£n-°p-I.
IqSp-X¬ Db-c-Øn-te°v sh≈w Ib-dn-
bXv GXn-emWv ?
a¨
I´ \
∂mb
n s]
mSn-®
Xv
a¨
I´ s
Ndp-X
-cn-I
-fm-°
n-bX
v
Pew
NnXw 1.11
GXn-emWv aÆn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ tIinI
Ipg-ep-Iƒ°v hÆw Ipd-™n-cn-°pI?
th\¬ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv ]dºv Inf-
bv°p-∂Xns\ CXp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-
s∏-SpØmw? \n߃ \S-Ønb ]co-£-
W߃ hni-I-e-\w sNbvXp Is≠Øq.
Iym]n-√dn Syq_v LSn-∏n® ajn-t∏-\-Iƒ
sIm≠v \n∫v apI-fn-te°p ]nSn®pw kpK-
aambn Fgp-Xm≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v
a\- n-em-bn-t√.
\nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ hnhn[ Xcw aÆp-
I-fn¬ GXn-emWv tIin-IXzw aqew Pew
IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂p-h-cm≥ km[yX? ]co-
£Ww \SØn Is≠-Øn-°qtS?
th\-en¬ _mjv]o-I-cWw aqew aÆn¬
\n∂p Pew \jvS-s∏-Sp -∂Xv Fß-s\--
sbms° XS-bm-\m-hp-sa∂v At\z-jn-®-
dn™v \n¿tZi-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°q. I¿j-I-
cp-ambn Btem-Nn®v \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ IqSn
]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-at√m.
tIin-I-Xz-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬
PohnXkµ¿`-߃ Is≠Øn Ipdn-°q.
`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 17
tIc-fo-b¿°v ][m\w Acn `£Wam-W-
t√m. sImbvØp-Im-e-am-bm¬ F√m I¿j-
I-cp-sSbpw ho´pap‰sØ Hcp ]Xn-hp Zriy-
amWv apI-fnse NnXØnep-≈Xv. I‰
saXn®- -tijw s\√v Im‰-Øn-Sp-∂Xv F¥n-
\mWv? I‰ saXn-®m¬ In´p∂ s\√n¬
[mcmfw ]Xn-cp-≠m-hp-at√m. CXp Im‰-Øn-
Sp-tºmƒ F¥mWp kw -hn-°p-∂Xv? F¥p-
sIm≠v?
s\√p -Ip -Øn -bm¬ Acnbpw XhnSpw
Ie¿∂m--Wt√m e`n-°p-I. CsX-ß-s\-
bmWp th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
\ntXym-]-tbmKhkvXp-°fn¬ ]eXpw ]e
]Zm¿Y-߃ tN¿∂v anin-X-cq-]-Øn-et√
e`n-°m-dp-≈Xv?
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv anin-X-ß-fpsS ]tXy-
IXIƒ?
CXp Is≠-Øm≥ \ap°v Hcp ]h¿Ø\w
sNbvXpt\m°mw.
anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°¬2
]´nI 2.1
Cu anin-Xw th¿Xn-cn -°m≥ G‰hpw
]mtbm-KnIamb am¿Kw F¥mhmw?
ssN\m Unjn¬ Hcp Sokv]q¨ hoXw Ccp-
ºp-s]m-Snbpw kƒ^¿ s]mSnbpw FSp-
°pI. \∂mbn Ie¿Øp-I. se≥kn-eqsS
\nco-£n-°q. Ccp-ºns‚ IdpØXcn-Ifpw
kƒ^-dns‚ a™-s∏m-Snbpw ImWp-
∂pt≠m?
Xmsg ]´n-I-bn¬ (]´nI 2.1) Ccp-ºn-s‚bpw
kƒ^-dns‚bpw Nne KpW-߃ \¬In-bn-
cn-°p-∂p.
Ccpºv kƒ^¿
kmµX IqSp-X¬ Ipdhv
Im¥n-IX Im¥n-I-amWv Im¥n-I-a√
Pe-Øn¬ Aen-bp-∂n√ Aen-bp-∂n√
18 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
LS-I-ß-fpsS KpW-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-
s∏SpØn Nn¥n-°q.
a‰p am¿K-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°mtam?
Cu anin-X-Ønse Ccpºps]mSn-bp-sSbpw
kƒ^¿ s]mSn-bp-sSbpw Afhv hyXym-k-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw Ah th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ CtX
am¿K-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mtam? F¥p-sIm-
≠mWv CXp km[n-°p-∂Xv?
C\n, So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xmsg ]d-
bp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ IqSn sNbvXv, \nco-
£Ww tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
Ccp-ºn-s‚bpw kƒ -dn-s‚bpw Aev]w
aninXw Hcp sSÃvSyq_n¬ FSpØv
t\¿∏n® ssltUm-t¢m-dnIv BknUv
(HCl) tN¿°p-I. D≠m-Ip∂ hmXIw
]cn-tim-[n-°q. sSÃvSyq_ns‚ ASn-h-
iØv F¥p- Im-Wp-∂p? GXp LS-I-
amWv BknUpambn ]h¿Øn-®Xv?
ka-hmIyw Fgp-Xq.
Cu aninXw thsdmcp sSÃvSyq_n¬
Aev]w FSp-Øv, Ipd®p Im¿_¨ ssU
kƒ-ss^Uv ZmhIw Hgn-°q. sSÃvSyq_v
sNdp-Xmbn Ipep-°q. F¥p \nco -
£n°p∂p? F¥p-sIm≠v?
ta¬ sNbvX ]co-£-W-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ N¿®
sNøq.
Hcp anin-X-Øn¬ G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv
FX ]Zm¿Y-߃ D≠m-IWw?
]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS Afhv FX-bmhmw?
Ie-cp -tºmƒ LS-I-ß-fpsS cmk/
`uXnIKpW-߃ amdp-∂pt≠m?
aninX\n¿amWw cmk-am-‰ -amtWm
`uXn-I-am-‰-amtWm?
\nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øq.
]co-£-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® anin-X-Ønse
LS-I-߃ Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-h-bm-W-t√m.
Jchpw Zmh-Ihpw tN¿Øp≠m-°nb anin-
X-am-Wt√m D∏p-sh-≈w. GsXms° `uXn-
Im-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ ]Zm¿Y-߃ sIm≠v anin-
X-ß-fp-≠m°mw? IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃
Is≠Øn ]´n-I-bn¬ tN¿°q.
anin-X-Øns‚DZm-l-c-W-߃
Xcw
Jc-]-Zm¿Y-߃ aÆv, ......, ......
tN¿∂Xv
Jchpw Zmh-Ihpw D∏p-sh-≈w, ......, ......
tN¿∂Xv
Zmh-I-߃ tN¿∂Xv ......, ......, ......
hmX-I-߃ tN¿∂Xv ......, ......, ......
............................................. .....................................
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nc-h[n anin-X-߃
\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw ssIImcyw sNøp-
∂p-≠v. ]e kµ¿ -ß-fnepw Ch-bnse LS-
I-߃ \ap°p th¿Xn-cn-t°≠n hcm-dp-≠v.
Nne kµ¿`-߃ t\m°q.
$ Nmb-bn¬ \n∂v Nmb-®≠n am‰p-∂p.
$ Acn-bnse I√pw s\√pw am‰p-∂p.
N¿®-bn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ kµ¿`-߃ enÃv-
sN-øq. Hmtcm kµ¿`-Ønepw Fßs\
th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw GXp KpWsØ
ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn th¿Xn-cn -°p-∂p-
sh∂pw ]´n-I-s∏-SpØn (]´nI 2.3) kb≥kv
Ub-dn-bn¬ tN¿°q.
NnXw 2.1
]´nI 2.2
`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 19
LS-I-ß-fpsS KpW-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bmWv anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-
sX∂p a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. C\n \ap°v
anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ a‰p Nne coXn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
Ie-ßnb Pe-Øn¬ \n∂v PewFßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°mw
Nmb Acn-°p∂ Acn∏ D]-tbm-Kn®v
Ie-ßnb Pew Acn-®m¬ Pew th¿Xn-
cn™p In´ptam?
Acn∏pIS-em-kp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mtem?
kµ¿`w coXn ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb KpWw
Nmb Acn-°¬ IW-ß-fpsS hen-∏-hy-Xymkw
Acn-bnse I√pw s\√pw ssIsIm≠p s]dp-°¬ \ndw, hen∏w
D∏p-sh≈w _mjv]o-I-cn-°¬ (h‰n-°¬) _mjv]o-I-cWkz`mhw
Nfn-sh≈w ˛ ˛
Ccpºv + aW¬ ˛ ˛
]©-kmc + aW¬ ˛, ˛, ˛ ˛
]´nI 2.3
NnXw 2.2
NnX-Ønse k÷o-I-cWw Xbm-dm°n aÆp
Ie-°nb Pew, tNm°p-s]mSn Ie-°nb
Pew F∂nhbn¬ \n∂v Acn°¬
(filtration) hgn Pew th¿Xn-cn®p t\m°q.
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv ^n¬´¿t]∏¿ D]-
tbm-Kn®v Pew th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-
™Xv?
Hcp LSIw ^n¬´¿t]∏-dn¬ Xßn
\n¬°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?
IWn-I-I-fpsS hen-∏-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn
Nn¥n®pt\m°q. \nK-a\w kb≥kv Ub-dn-
bn¬ Fgp-Xq.
D∏p-em-b-\n-bn¬ \n∂v D∏pw Pehpw
th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ CtX am¿Kw kzo-I-cn-
°mtam? F¥p-sIm-≠v?
D∏psh≈-Ønse LS-I-߃th¿Xn-cn-°¬
D∏p-em-b-\n -bn¬ \n∂v D∏pw Pehpw
Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw?
kqcyXm]w D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn IS¬
sh≈w h‰n-®mWv D∏p-≠m-°p-∂-sX∂v
\n߃°-dn-bm-a-t√m.
NqSp-X-´p-tºmƒ Pe-Øn\v F¥p kw`--
hn-°p∂p?
F¥p-sIm≠v D∏v Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p?
_mjv]-ambn t]mIp∂ Pew tiJ-cn-
°m≥ am¿K-apt≠m?
sXfn™Pew
^n¬´¿t]∏¿
•mkvtdmUv
aÆp-I-e-°nbPew
20 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
CØcw anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Hcp
k÷o-I-c-W-Øns‚ NnXw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-
∂Xp t\m°q (NnXw 2.3).
XΩn¬ Ie-cp∂ c≠p Zmh-I-ßsfth¿Xn-cn-°¬
GX-f-hn-se-Sp-Ømepw XΩn¬ Ie-cp∂
c≠p Zmh-I-ß-fmWv Ak-t‰mWpw Pehpw.
Pe-Øns‚ Xnf-\ne 1000C BWv. Ak-
t‰m-Wn-t‚Xv 560C bpw. Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩn-
ep≈ henb hy-X-ymkw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn
Cu aninXw th¿Xn -cn -°p∂ coXn
t\m°mw. NnXw 2.4 t\m°q. ^vfmkvIn¬
Hcp sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-
®-t√m. aninXw NqSm-°n-bm¬ GXp LS-I-
am-bn-cn°pw BZyw Xnf®p _mjv]amhpI?
F¥p-sIm≠v? Cu _mjv]-Øn¬ \n∂v B
LSIw hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? N¿®
sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
ASnbpcp≠ vfmkvIn¬ aninXw (D∏p-sh-
≈w) FSpØp Xnf-∏n-°p∂p.
GXmWv _mjv]o-I-cn-°pI? Dt∏m
Petam?
_mjv]w I≠≥k-dn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-
tºmƒ kmµo-I-cn®v tiJ-cW ^vfmkvIn-
te°v Hgp-Ip-∂p.
ASn-bp-cp≠ ^vfmkvIn¬ Ah-ti-jn-
°p∂ ]Zm¿Yw GXmWv?
tkzZ\w (distillation) F∂mWv Cu
]Inb Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
km[m-cW IpSn-sh-≈-Øn¬ ]e eh-W-
ßfpw tN¿∂n-cn-°pw. Ahsb tkz-Z\w
hgn \o°w sNbvXmWv IpØn-h-bv]n\pw
tÃmtdPv _m‰-dn-I-fnepw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-
\p≈ UnÃn¬Uv hm´¿ \n¿an-°p-∂Xv.
Hcp LSIw _mjv]oI-cW-io-e-ap-≈Xpw
at‰Xp _mjv]oI-cW-ioew C√mØ-Xp-
amb anin-X-ß-fn-emWv Cu coXn ]tbm-
Kn-°p-∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-
Øq.
NnXw 2.3
sX¿tam-ao-‰¿
I≠≥k¿
Pew
kmµo-I-cn®Pew
D∏p-em-b\nvfmkvIv
Pew
NnXw 2.4
sX¿tam-ao-‰¿
Ak-t‰m v+
PewaninXw
Pew
vfmkvIv
I≠≥k¿
Ak-t‰m¨
LS-I-Zm-h-I-ß-fpsS Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩn¬
]I-S-amb A¥c-ap-s≠-¶n¬ amXta Cu
coXn ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-Iq. amX-a-√, NqSm-°p-
tºmƒ Ah hnL-Sn-°p-I-bp-a-cp-Xv. Cu coXn-
bn-ep≈ th¿Xn-cn-°-en-s\bpw tkzZ\w
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
LSI Zmh-I-ß-fpsS Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩn¬
t\cnb A¥cw amXta D≈p-sh-¶n¬,
Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°mw?
`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 21
FY-t\mfpw saY-t\mfpw ]c-kv]cw Ie-
cp∂ Zmh-I-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bpsS Xnf-\n-eIƒ
XΩn¬ sNdnb hyXym-kta D≈q. Cu anin-
XsØ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ NnXw 2.5 ¬ ImWn-
®n-cn-°p∂ D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.
^vfmkvIn¬ tiJ-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. anin-
X-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ LS-I-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬
Ahbpw Xnf -\nebpsS Ia -Øn¬
th¿Xncn°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu coXnsb
AwinItkzZ\w (fractional distillation)F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Xnf -\n -e -I -fn¬ A[nIw hyXymkw
C√mØ ZmhI ssltUm Im¿_-Wp-I-
fpsS anin-X-amWv IqtUm-bn¬. ta¬kqNn-
∏n® coXn-bn-emWv CXnse LS-I-ßfmb
s]tSmƒ, Uok¬, asÆ-Æ apX-em-bh
th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
hmbp-hn¬ \n∂p hyXykvXLS-I-߃ Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw?
cmk-hf \n¿am-W-Øn¬ Atam-Wnb Hcp
][m\ Akw-kvIrX]Zm¿Y-amWv. Atam-
Wnb BI-s´, ss\S-P\pw sslU-P\pw
tN¿Øm-Wp \n¿an--°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\m-h-iy-
amb ss\S-P≥ hmbphn¬ \n∂p th¿Xn-
cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.
hmbp-hnse LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Nne
hnh-c-߃ ]´n-I- 2.4¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
HmIvkn-P≥ B¿K¨ ss\S-P≥
Xnf-\ne -1830C -1860C -1960C
Afhv (%) 20.9 0.9 78.1
]´nI 2.4
_1820C bn¬ HmIvkn-P≥ GX-h-ÿ-bn-
emWv?
_1840C bntem?
Xnf-\ne G‰hpw IqSnb LS-ItaXv?
NnXw 2.5
sX¿tam-ao-‰¿
I≠≥k¿
saY-t\mƒ
Pew
^mIvjt\-‰nMv
tImfw
saY-t\mƒ+
FY-t\mƒaninXw
Pew
anin-X-Øns‚ _mjv]w ^mIvjt\-‰nMv
tImf -Øn -eqsS IS -∂p -t]m -Ip -tºmƒ
Bh¿Øn-®p≈ Zho-I-c-Whpw _mjv]o-I-
c-Whpw aptJ\ Xnf-\ne Ipd™ saY-
t\mƒ ^mIvj-t\-‰nMv tImf-Øn-\-I-Øp-
\n∂v BZyw _mjv]-cq-]-Øn¬ I≠≥k-
dn-te°v ]th-in-°p-Ibpw AhnsS h®p
XWpØv Zmh-I -ambn tImWn -°¬
vfmkvIn¬ tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
CXn-\ptijw Xnf-\ne Aev]w IqSnb FY-
t\mƒ CtX t]mse-Øs∂ as‰mcp
hmbpD∂X a¿Z-Øn¬XWp-∏n-°p∂p
_1980C
^mIvj-t\-‰nMvtImf-Øn¬
kmh-[m\w NqSm-Im≥ A\p-h-Zn-
°p-∂p.
Zho-I-cn®hmbp
ss\S-P≥ _ 1960C
B¿K¨ _ 1860C
HmIvkn-P≥ _ 1830C
^vtfm UbKw 2.1
22 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
IdpØ ajn-bnse LS-I-߃th¿Xn-cn-°mtam?
\mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ajn sh≈-Øn¬
ebn-°p∂ Hcp Xcw NmbamWv.
Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNbvXpt\m°q.
Hcp ssN\m-Un-jn¬ Aev]w IdpØ ajn-
sbSpØv NqSm-°p-I. (\√-Xp-t]mse NqSm-
°nb aW-en¬ Unjv h®mepw aXn-bmhpw).
_mjv]w t]mIp-∂Xp ImWmtam? _mjv]o-
I-cWw \n∂m¬ Unjv FSpØp am‰p-I.
_mjv]-am-bXv GXp ]Zm¿Y-am-bn -
cn°pw?
Unjn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Ah-ti-jn-°p-
∂pt≠m?
ajn ip≤-]-Zm¿Y-amtWm? anin-X-
amtWm? F¥mWv \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\w?
IdpØ ajn-bn¬ Hcp \nd-amtWm?]e \nd-ß-fpt≠m?
GI-tZiw 1 C©v hoXnbpw 6 C©v \ofhp-
ap≈ Acn-∏p-I-S-emkv FSp-°p-I. AXns‚
Hc-‰-Øp-\n∂v GI-tZiw 1 C©v hn´v Hcp
Xp≈n IdpØ ajn (kvsI®v t]\-bn¬
\nt∂m ^u≠≥ t]\-bn¬ \nt∂m) C‰n-
°p-I. Hcp an\n‰v DW-ßm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°q.
G‰hpw Ipd-™tXm?
Cu hmX-I-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ ]In-b-
bpsS ^vtfm UbKw t\m°q. (^vtfm
UbKw 2.1)
GXp hmX-I -am -bn -cn°pw BZyw
XWpØv Zmh-I-am-hpI?
Zmh-I-an-in-X-Øn¬ \n∂v GXp LS-I-
am-bn-cn°pw BZyw _mjv]o-I-cn-°pI?
^mIvjt\‰nMv tImf-Øn¬ G‰hpw
BZyw e`n-°p∂ LSIw GXv? CXv
GXh-ÿbnem-bn-cn°pw ˛ Jcw, Zmh-
Iw, hmXIw?
G‰hpw HSp-hn-embn GXp LSIw? GXp
`uXn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬?
\nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-
bn¬ Ipdn-®p- h-bv°q.
hym -h -km -bnI ]m[m -\ -y -ap≈ Nne
coXnIfmWv CXp-hsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-Xv.
XΩn¬ Ie-cmØ c≠p Zmh-I-ßfpsSanin-Xw Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw?
asÆ-Æbpw sh≈hpw Ie¿∂p-sh-∂n-cn-°-
s´. Fß-s\ th¿Xn-cn°mw? Hcp Ip∏n-bn¬
Ipd®p asÆ-Æbpw sh≈hpw FSpØv
\∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. tijw A\-°msX
hbv°q. F¥p-Im-Wmw? F¥m-Wn-Xn\p
ImcWw?
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ anin-XsØ th¿Xn-cn-
°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ k÷o-I-c-W-amWv
NnX-Øn¬. NnXw 2.6 t\m°q.
GXp Zmh-I-amWv ASn-`m-KØv tiJ-cn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?
F¥p--sIm-≠mWv asÆÆ sh≈-Øn\v
apI-fn-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
ASn-bn-ep≈ sh≈w Fßs\ \o°w
sNømw?
]c-kv]cw Ie-cp∂ Zmh-I-ß-fm-sW-
¶ntem?
NnXw 2.6
sh≈w
sk∏-td-‰nMv^W¬
`uXn-I-im-kvX-߃ 23
NnXw 2.7
•mkv Pm¿
Pew
^n¬´¿t]∏¿
ajn-Øp≈n
•mkv tdmUv
^n¬´¿t]∏¿
Hcp Pmdn¬ sh≈-sa-Sp-°p-I. ajn-Øp≈n
Pe-\n-c-∏n\p sXm´p-ap-I-fn¬ hcp∂ coXn-
bn¬ (Nn-X-Ønse t]mse) ^n¬´¿
t]∏¿ Pm-dn¬ XmgvØnhbv°p-I (NnXw
2.7).
Pew ^n¬´¿t]∏-dn-eqsS Db-cp-tºmƒ
kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-°q. \nß-fpsS \nco-
£Ww kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xq.
^n¬´¿ t]∏-dn¬ hyXykvX \nd-߃
]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?
t]∏-dn-eqsS \nd-߃ Db¿∂ph-cp-∂-
Xn\p Imc-W-sa-¥m-bn-cn°mw?
A[n-tim-jWw (Adsorption)
tIm´¨, kvt]m©v XpS-ßnb Nne
]Zm¿Y-߃ Zmh-I-ß-sfbpw a‰pw AXn-
\p-≈n-te°v BKn-cWw (absorption)sNøm-dp-≠t√m. Nne ]Zm¿Y-߃ a‰p
Nne ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS IWn-I-Isf Ah-
bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ amXw ]nSn®p
\n¿Øm-dp-≠v. A[n-tim-jWw (adsorp-tion) F∂mWv Cu ]Xn-`mkw Adn-b-
s∏ -Sp -∂-X v . KymkvamkvIp -I -fnse
Im¿_¨ (Nm¿t°mƒ) Xcn-Iƒ hnj-
hm-X-I-ßsf hmbp-hn¬ \n∂p am‰p-
∂Xpw hm´¿^n¬ -dp-I-fnse Nm¿t°mƒ
\nd-ap≈ ]Zm¿Y-ß-sfbpw Zp¿K-‘-ap≈
hkvXp-°-sfbpw Pe-Øn¬ \n∂p am‰p-
∂Xpw Cß-s\-bm-Wv. Nph-cn¬ s]mSn-
]n-Sn-°p-∂Xpw A[n-tim-jWw aqe-am-Wv.
Hcp ]Zm¿Y-Øn-\p-ta¬ \S-°p∂ A[n-
tim-j-W-Øns‚ \nc°v A[n-tim-j-W-
t]∏¿ ¢n∏v
Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ hkvXp-hns‚ kz`m-
hsØ Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. anin-X-ß-
fpsS A[n-tim-jW thf-bn¬ AXnse
Nne LS-I-߃ \∂mbn A[n-tim-
jWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p Nne LS-I-
߃ AX-tØmfw A[n-tim-jWw
sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
ajnbn¬ AS-ßnb Nmb-߃ km[m-c-W-
bmbn ct≠m AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem \nd-ß-
fpsS anin-X-am-Wv. Pe-Øn\v t]∏-dn-eqsS
tIinI Db¿® kw`-hn-°p∂p. A[n-tim-
jWw Ipd™ LSIw t]∏-dn-eqsS thK-
Øn¬ Db-cp-∂p. A[n-tim-jWw IqSn-bh
kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Db-cp-∂p. Cßs\ \nd-
߃ th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu coXn BZyw
]tbm-Kn-®Xv \ndap≈ ]Zm¿Y߃ th¿Xn-
cn-°m\mb-Xp-sIm-≠v, CXns\ tImam-t‰m-
Km^n (chromatography) F∂p hnfn-®p.
Htc emb-I-Øn¬ Aen-bp∂ eo\-ßsf
th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv
tImam-t‰m-Km-^n. Cu coXn-bpsS D]tbm-
K-߃ t\m°q.
$ Nmb-ß-fn¬ \n∂p LSI-߃ th¿Xn-
cn-°m≥
$ c‡-Øn¬ Ie¿∂ acp-∂p-Iƒ th¿Xn-
cn-®-dn-bm≥
anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \nXy
Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp kµ¿`w t\m°q.
ssXcn¬ \n∂p shÆ
ssXcp IS™v shÆ FSp-°p-∂Xv \n߃
I≠n-cn-°p-a-t√m. IS-bp-tºmƒ shÆ-bpsS
IWn-I-Iƒ sXdn®v th¿Xn -cn -bp -∂p.
kmµX Ipd™ Ch ssXcn\p apI-fn¬
s]mßn-°n-S-°p-∂p.
LS-I-ß-fpsS `mc-h-y-X-ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ CØcw anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-
cn-°m≥ sk≥Sn-^yqPv F∂ D]-I-cWw
(NnXw 2.8(a)) ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
Cu coXn ]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Nne kµ¿`-
߃ t\m°q.
24 `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃
Hcp kwbp-‡-Ønse LS-I-߃th¿Xn-cn-°m\mhptam?
anin-X-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw Hcp `uXnI
am‰-am-sW∂v t\ctØ a\ n-em-°n-bt√m.
kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw cmk-am-‰-
amWv. aqe-I-߃ \n›nX A\p-]m-X-Øn¬
cmk-]-c-ambn kwtbm-Pn-®mWv kwbp-‡-
߃ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ A\p-tbm-
Py-amb cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°p hnt[-b-am-
°n-bmte kwbp-‡-ßfnse aqe-I-߃
th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n°q.
Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ßfpw
cmk-kq-X-ßfpw t\m°q.
sa¿°p-dnIv HmIvsskUv ˛ HgO
Im¬kyw HmIvsskUv - ˛ CaO
c≠pw teml HmIvssk-Up-I-fm-Wt√m.
HgO NqSm-°n-bm¬ Hg bpw O2bpambn
th¿Xn-cn-bpw. F∂m¬ CaO NqSm-°n-bm¬
hnL-Sn-°p∂n√.
Hmtcm kwbp-‡-Øns‚bpw kz`m-h-Øn-\-
\p-k-cn®v ]tXyIw coXn-I-fmWv kwbp-‡-
ßfnse LSI߃ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ah-
ew-_n-°m-dp≈-Xv.
Db¿∂ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-
fpsS XpS¿]T-\-Øn-eqsS CØcw coXn-Iƒ
\n߃°p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
NnXw 2.8(b)
NnXw 2.8(a)
$ ]men¬ \n∂v Iow th¿Xn-cn-°m≥
$ ¢n\n-°¬ em_n¬ c‡-tIm-i-߃
th¿Xn-cn-°m≥
$ ]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬ Ah-£n-]vX-߃
th¿Xn-cn-°m≥.
anin-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Nne coXn-Iƒ
\n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.