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Fig. 1 人間,チンパンジー,マカクザルにおける背側および腹側経路MRIの拡散強調画像法による結果をもとにした,人間,チンパンジー,マカクザルにおける背側および腹側経路の概略図。人間では,弓状束を中心とした背側経路が腹側経路より発達していることに加え,下前頭回,下側頭回および中側頭回までより広範に投射しており,チンパンジーやマカクザルの背側・腹側経路とは本質的に異なっている。〔略語〕AS:弓状溝,CS:中心溝,IFS:下前頭溝,IPS:頭頂間溝,PrCS:中心前溝,PS:主溝,STS:上側頭溝Rilling JK, Glasser MF, Preuss TM, Ma X, Zhao T, et al: The evolution of the arcuate fasciculus revealed with comparative DTI. Nat Neurosci 11:426-428, 2008より改変して転載
Fig. 2 前頭連合野のブロードマン領野と主な連合線維A:前頭連合野のブロードマン領野。B:拡散強調画像法を用いて可視化された,前頭連合野と他の脳領域を連絡する主な連合線維。C:弓状束の細分類。Cataniらはブローカ野(前頭連合野の一部)とウェルニッケ野(側頭連合野の一部)を連絡する⽛long segment⽜(赤),ゲシュヴィンド野(頭頂連合野の一部)とブローカ野を連絡する⽛anterior segment⽜(緑),ウェルニッケ野とゲシュヴィンド野を連絡する⽛posterior segment⽜(黄)の 3つに分類している。A,BはCatani M, Dell’Acqua F, Bizzi A, Forkel SJ, Williams SC, et al: Beyond cortical localization in clinico-anatomical correlation. Cortex 48:1262-1287, 2012より改変して転載CはCatani M, Jones DK, ffytche DH: Perisylvian language networks of the human brain. Ann Neurol 57: 8-16, 2005より改変して転載
Fig. 6 文法処理に選択的な活動を示したふたつの領域と機能的・解剖学的な結合A:統辞構造の複雑さに選択的な活動を示した脳領域。B:動的因果モデル(dynamic causal modelling)による左下前頭回と左縁上回の情報の流れ。文の木構造に関する情報が下前頭回に入力され,さらに左下前頭回から左縁上回へと情報がトップダウンで伝達されるモデルが最適であった。C:拡散強調画像法による左下前頭回と左縁上回の解剖学的結合。この結合は,左弓状束/上縦束の一部であると考えられる。Ohta S, Fukui N, Sakai KL: Syntactic computation in the human brain: the degree of merger as a key factor. PLOS ONE 8: e56230, 1-16, 2013より改変して転載
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BRAIN and NERVE 68 (11): 1283-1290, 2016 Topics
TitleLanguage Functions in the Frontal Association Area― Brain Mechanisms That Create Language
AuthorsKayako Yamamotoa,b), Kuniyoshi L. Sakaia)*
a) Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku,Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; b) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science*E-mail: [email protected]
AbstractBroca’s area is known to be critically involved in language processing for more than 150 years. Recent neuroimaging techniques,including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion MRI, enabled the subdivision of Broca’s area based on bothfunctional and anatomical aspects. Networks among the frontal association areas, especially the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG),and other cortical regions in the temporal/parietal association areas, are also important for language-related informationprocessing. Here, we review how neuroimaging studies, combined with research paradigms based on theoretical linguistics, havecontributed to clarifying the critical roles of the left IFG in syntactic processing and those of language-related networks, includingcortical and cerebellar regions.
Key words: language; syntax; left inferior frontal gyrus; cortical structures; functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI);diffusion weighted imaging