B the TOS or POS w/ the 411 A Staff and Parent Training on Text Messaging and Cyber-Bullying Presented By: Virginia Gallup Larsen, Olweus Trainer Alexandria.

B the TOS or POS w/ the 411B the TOS or POS w/ the 411

A Staff and Parent Training on Text Messaging and A Staff and Parent Training on Text Messaging and

Cyber-BullyingCyber-Bullying

Presented By: Virginia Gallup Larsen, Olweus TrainerPresented By: Virginia Gallup Larsen, Olweus Trainer

Alexandria City Public SchoolsAlexandria City Public Schools

Internet UseInternet Use In the U.S. in 2005, In the U.S. in 2005,

• 79% of people used the Internet (compared to 79% of people used the Internet (compared to 67% in 2000).67% in 2000).

• Each person spent an average of 13.3 hours Each person spent an average of 13.3 hours online per week online per week (up from 9 hours in 2000).(up from 9 hours in 2000).

This was four years ago. What do you think the This was four years ago. What do you think the statistics are now?statistics are now?

Taken from:Taken from:Center for Digital Future Center for Digital Future Limber, Kowalski & Agatston (2008). Cyber Bullying: What is it and why should we be Limber, Kowalski & Agatston (2008). Cyber Bullying: What is it and why should we be

concerned? concerned?

Adolescents and the InternetAdolescents and the Internet

In 2005…In 2005…• 87% of adolescents (21 million) spend 87% of adolescents (21 million) spend

time online and more than 50% do so time online and more than 50% do so daily.daily.

• 75% use instant messaging; 50% do so 75% use instant messaging; 50% do so daily.daily.

• 45% have their own cell phones.45% have their own cell phones.• 33% communicate via text messaging.33% communicate via text messaging.

Taken from:Taken from:The Pew Internet and American Life Project 2005The Pew Internet and American Life Project 2005Limber, Kowalski & Agatston (2008). Cyber Bullying: What is it and why should we be Limber, Kowalski & Agatston (2008). Cyber Bullying: What is it and why should we be

concerned?concerned?

Use of Social Networking SitesUse of Social Networking Sites 55% of all U.S. youth use 55% of all U.S. youth use

on-line social-networking on-line social-networking sites (Facebook, My Space, sites (Facebook, My Space, Twitter, etc.) and 55% of Twitter, etc.) and 55% of these have created their these have created their own profilesown profiles

For girls, social-networking For girls, social-networking sites are primarily places sites are primarily places to reinforce existing to reinforce existing friendshipsfriendships

For boys, the networks also For boys, the networks also provide opportunities for provide opportunities for flirting and making new flirting and making new friends friends

Taken from:Taken from:The Pew Internet Project 2007The Pew Internet Project 2007Limber, Kowalski & Agatston (2008). Cyber Bullying: Limber, Kowalski & Agatston (2008). Cyber Bullying:

What is it and why should we be concerned?What is it and why should we be concerned?

5

What is the Olweus What is the Olweus Definition of Bullying?Definition of Bullying?““A person is bullied when he A person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he more other persons, and he or she has difficulty or she has difficulty defending himself or defending himself or herself.” herself.”

Olweus et al., 2007Olweus et al., 2007© The Olweus Bullying Prevention Group, 2007© The Olweus Bullying Prevention Group, 2007

6

““Bullying is when someone Bullying is when someone repeatedly and on purpose repeatedly and on purpose says or does mean or hurtful says or does mean or hurtful things to another person who things to another person who has a hard time defending has a hard time defending himself or herself.”himself or herself.”

In everyday language…

© The Olweus Bullying Prevention Group, 2007© The Olweus Bullying Prevention Group, 2007

What is Cyber-bullying?What is Cyber-bullying?

“ “ Bullying through email, Bullying through email, instant messaging, in a chat instant messaging, in a chat room, on a Web site, or room, on a Web site, or through digital messages or through digital messages or images sent to a cell phone. “images sent to a cell phone. “

Kowalski, Limber, and Agatston, 2008Kowalski, Limber, and Agatston, 2008

What is Cyber-bullying?What is Cyber-bullying? Cyber-bullying occurs Cyber-bullying occurs

when youth use when youth use technologies to bully technologies to bully others.others.

Technologies can Technologies can include:include:• Text messagingText messaging• Internet sites (You Internet sites (You

Tube, etc.)Tube, etc.)• Cell PhonesCell Phones• Social Networking Social Networking

(Facebook, Twitter, My (Facebook, Twitter, My Space, etc.)Space, etc.)

Cyber-bullyingCyber-bullying

As with “traditional” As with “traditional” bullying, cyber-bullying, cyber-bullying also bullying also involves indirect involves indirect bullying such as bullying such as spreading rumors, spreading rumors, gossiping, and gossiping, and verbal taunts or verbal taunts or attacks.attacks.

Cyber-bullyingCyber-bullying

There are 3 similar There are 3 similar characteristics that characteristics that cyber-bullying shares cyber-bullying shares with traditional forms with traditional forms of bullying:of bullying:

AggressivenessAggressiveness Power ImbalancesPower Imbalances RepetitivenessRepetitivenessKowalski, Limber, and Agatston 2008Kowalski, Limber, and Agatston 2008

Cyber-bullyingCyber-bullying There are 5 different characteristics:There are 5 different characteristics:

• AnonymityAnonymity Unfortunately, the target may not even know the perpetratorUnfortunately, the target may not even know the perpetrator

• Accessibility Accessibility Prevalence of information and lack of accessibility to identityPrevalence of information and lack of accessibility to identity

• Punitive fearsPunitive fears Children and adolescents are less likely to tell an adult about Children and adolescents are less likely to tell an adult about

Cyber-bullying for fear of having their cell phones or computers Cyber-bullying for fear of having their cell phones or computers taken away (or their use restricted/monitored).taken away (or their use restricted/monitored).

• Bystanders are less empowered and less likely to interveneBystanders are less empowered and less likely to intervene• DisinhibitionDisinhibition

There are social-emotional and environmental impacts. There are social-emotional and environmental impacts.

There are also sometimes legal consequences. There are also sometimes legal consequences.

Kowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008Kowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008

Common Forms of Cyber-bullyingCommon Forms of Cyber-bullying

HarassmentHarassment DenigrationDenigration FlamingFlaming ImpersonationImpersonation Outing and Outing and

TrickeryTrickery Cyber StalkingCyber Stalking


HarassmentHarassment

Repeatedly sending offensive, Repeatedly sending offensive, rude, and insulting messagesrude, and insulting messages


DenigrationDenigration

Distributing information about Distributing information about another that is derogatory and another that is derogatory and untrueuntrue

Posting the information on a Web Posting the information on a Web page or sending it via email, text, or page or sending it via email, text, or instant messaginginstant messaging

Posting or sending digitally altered Posting or sending digitally altered photos of someonephotos of someoneKowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008Kowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008

FlamingFlaming

Online “fighting” using electronic Online “fighting” using electronic messages or pictures with angry, messages or pictures with angry, vulgar languagevulgar language

Often posted for others to seeOften posted for others to see


ImpersonationImpersonation

Breaking into an email account or Breaking into an email account or creating a false profile and sending creating a false profile and sending or posting vicious or embarrassing or posting vicious or embarrassing material.material.


Outing and TrickeryOuting and Trickery

Sharing someone’s secrets or Sharing someone’s secrets or embarrassing informationembarrassing information

Tricking someone into revealing Tricking someone into revealing secrets or embarrassing information secrets or embarrassing information and forwarding the information to and forwarding the information to others.others.


Cyber StalkingCyber Stalking

Repeatedly sending messages that Repeatedly sending messages that include threats of harm or that are include threats of harm or that are highly intimidatinghighly intimidating

Engaging in other online activities Engaging in other online activities that make a person afraid for his or that make a person afraid for his or her safetyher safety


How Do We Prepare Ourselves?How Do We Prepare Ourselves?

We are knowledgeable about the Olweus We are knowledgeable about the Olweus program and Bullying Prevention program and Bullying Prevention Interventions… but how many of us stand Interventions… but how many of us stand on the other side of the digital divide?on the other side of the digital divide?

B4 We Can Intervene, We Need B4 We Can Intervene, We Need the 411the 411

Today’s workshop is meant to provide you with Today’s workshop is meant to provide you with sample scenarios that you can take back to sample scenarios that you can take back to teachers, staff and parents. This exercise will teachers, staff and parents. This exercise will allow you to begin to practice decoding the cyber-allow you to begin to practice decoding the cyber-language that is second nature for our kids. language that is second nature for our kids.

Take A Few Minutes….Take A Few Minutes….

If you have not If you have not already done already done so…. so….

decode the decode the conversations conversations you have been you have been provided.provided.

Conversation 1:Conversation 1:

2GTBT09: Hey QT! ;)2GTBT09: Hey QT! ;) EMOHART4EVA: ZUP?EMOHART4EVA: ZUP? 2GTBT09: NMH….U?2GTBT09: NMH….U? EMOHART4EVA: Z. ZZZZZEMOHART4EVA: Z. ZZZZZ 2GTBT08: LOL. Me2. TCOY.2GTBT08: LOL. Me2. TCOY. EMOHART4EVA: GNSD. XOXO.EMOHART4EVA: GNSD. XOXO.

Conversation 2:Conversation 2:

BRATZ99: Hey! BAY! R U there?BRATZ99: Hey! BAY! R U there? Lil1: Yea. WB!Lil1: Yea. WB! BRATZ99: IK! MOS. :-0BRATZ99: IK! MOS. :-0 BRATZ99: So…SK8RBOI is her B/FBRATZ99: So…SK8RBOI is her B/F Lil1: AYS?!?!?Lil1: AYS?!?!? BRATZ99: Yea! Im LMHO.BRATZ99: Yea! Im LMHO. BRATZ99: :-0 GG. MOS. OMG! BRATZ99: :-0 GG. MOS. OMG!

Conversation 3:Conversation 3: HOTCHIX: 20?HOTCHIX: 20? TDTM2009: A/S/L?TDTM2009: A/S/L? HOTCHIX: Home. DIKU?HOTCHIX: Home. DIKU? TDTM2009: Yea. LMIRL.TDTM2009: Yea. LMIRL. HOTCHIX: NW.HOTCHIX: NW. TDTM2009: LOL. OK. KEYA QT.TDTM2009: LOL. OK. KEYA QT. HOTCHIX: LD.HOTCHIX: LD.

Conversation 4Conversation 4

4202NTE: ?4u4202NTE: ?4u MTFBWU: W@MTFBWU: W@ 4202NTE: WDYK@ W/end?4202NTE: WDYK@ W/end? MTFBWU: PRT@801 AFAIKMTFBWU: PRT@801 AFAIK 4202NTE: CUL.4202NTE: CUL. MTFBWU: OO.MTFBWU: OO.

A Closer Look At Cyber-BullyingA Closer Look At Cyber-Bullying

Some facts about Cyber-bullyingSome facts about Cyber-bullying Prevalence of Cyber-Bullying:Prevalence of Cyber-Bullying:

• Studies vary based upon the data gathering Studies vary based upon the data gathering techniques.techniques.

• The Pew Internet Survey found that almost 1/3 The Pew Internet Survey found that almost 1/3 of adolescents had experienced cyber-bullying of adolescents had experienced cyber-bullying (Lenhart, 2007). (Lenhart, 2007).

• Kowalski and Limber (2007) found that 22% of Kowalski and Limber (2007) found that 22% of middle school students had been involved in middle school students had been involved in some form of cyber-bullying (either the victim or some form of cyber-bullying (either the victim or perpetrator). perpetrator).

The implications of the studies suggest that as our The implications of the studies suggest that as our children’s access to technology increases, their children’s access to technology increases, their experiences with cyber-bullying will also increase.experiences with cyber-bullying will also increase.

(Adapted from (Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)2008)

What forms of cyber-bullying most What forms of cyber-bullying most commonly occur?commonly occur?

Of those who had been cyber bullied,Of those who had been cyber bullied,• 68% said they were teased in a hurtful 68% said they were teased in a hurtful

wayway• 53% said someone told lies and/or 53% said someone told lies and/or

spread rumors about themspread rumors about them• 35% said someone used their name to 35% said someone used their name to

pick on otherspick on others

Kowalski and Limber 2007Kowalski and Limber 2007

Warning Signs of Cyber-BullyingWarning Signs of Cyber-Bullying Appears Upset After Viewing a Text Appears Upset After Viewing a Text

Message or EmailMessage or Email Appears Upset After Using the Computer Appears Upset After Using the Computer

or Being Onlineor Being Online Experiences a Drop in Grades or a Decline Experiences a Drop in Grades or a Decline

in Academic Performancein Academic Performance Withdraws From or Shows a Lack of Withdraws From or Shows a Lack of

Interest In Social ActivitiesInterest In Social Activities Avoids School or has excessive absencesAvoids School or has excessive absences Appears Sad, Moody, or AnxiousAppears Sad, Moody, or Anxious

(Adapted from (Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)

How Does Cyber-Bullying Affect Students, How Does Cyber-Bullying Affect Students, Schools and Communities?Schools and Communities?

As with “traditional” bullying, targets are As with “traditional” bullying, targets are likely to experience low self-esteem, likely to experience low self-esteem, anxiety and depression (Olweus 1978; anxiety and depression (Olweus 1978; Rigby and Slee, 1993). Suicidal thoughts Rigby and Slee, 1993). Suicidal thoughts are also more likely (Rigby, 1997).are also more likely (Rigby, 1997).

Health concerns such as stomach aches, Health concerns such as stomach aches, headaches, fatigue and sleeping headaches, fatigue and sleeping difficulties are also noted (Fekkes et al. difficulties are also noted (Fekkes et al. 2004).2004).

Academic failure, absenteeism, lower Academic failure, absenteeism, lower grades are common among cyber-bullying grades are common among cyber-bullying targets (Arseneault et al. 2006; Eisenberg targets (Arseneault et al. 2006; Eisenberg et al. 2003; Rigby 1997).et al. 2003; Rigby 1997).

(Adapted from (Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)

How Does Cyber-Bullying Affect How Does Cyber-Bullying Affect Students, Schools and Communities?Students, Schools and Communities?

Many altercations at school begin Many altercations at school begin with incidents that happen outside of with incidents that happen outside of the school day, such as those that the school day, such as those that start with:start with:

• Comments on social-networking sitesComments on social-networking sites• Text messagesText messages• Instant messages and emailsInstant messages and emails


How Does Cyber-Bullying Affect How Does Cyber-Bullying Affect Students, Schools and Communities?Students, Schools and Communities?

SCHOOL SAFETYSCHOOL SAFETY

““Youth who reported being Youth who reported being targeted by Internet targeted by Internet harassment were 8 harassment were 8 times more likely than times more likely than all other youth to report all other youth to report carrying a weapon to carrying a weapon to school in the past 30 school in the past 30 days.”days.”

Ybarra et al. 2007Ybarra et al. 2007

How About Those Who Cyber-Bully?How About Those Who Cyber-Bully?

Those who bully, Those who bully, especially those especially those who are bully-who are bully-victims, are victims, are especially at-risk for especially at-risk for the mental health, the mental health, academic and social academic and social risks described risks described previously. previously.

Adapted from Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)

How can schools prevent Cyber-How can schools prevent Cyber-bullying?bullying?

School DistrictsSchool Districts Schools Schools EducatorsEducators ParentsParents CommunitiesCommunities

School Districts Need:School Districts Need:

An effective anti-bullying policy that An effective anti-bullying policy that specifically prohibits cyber-bullyingspecifically prohibits cyber-bullying

An acceptable use of technology An acceptable use of technology policy that specifically prohibits policy that specifically prohibits cyber-bullyingcyber-bullying

Implementation of a research-based Implementation of a research-based bullying prevention program to teach bullying prevention program to teach lessons about cyber-bullyinglessons about cyber-bullyingKowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008Kowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008

What Should Teachers Do If They Know Of Or What Should Teachers Do If They Know Of Or

Suspect Cyber-Bullying is Occurring?Suspect Cyber-Bullying is Occurring? Advise Students to Save and Print All Evidence of Advise Students to Save and Print All Evidence of

Cyber-BullyingCyber-Bullying The Student Should Inform an Adult At Home and The Student Should Inform an Adult At Home and

an Adult at School (It is likely to be an adult at an Adult at School (It is likely to be an adult at school, however, because students are afraid of school, however, because students are afraid of losing their cell phone or computer).losing their cell phone or computer).

Some Forms of Cyber-Bullying are Illegal and May Some Forms of Cyber-Bullying are Illegal and May Require the Involvement of Law Enforcement. Require the Involvement of Law Enforcement. These Include Communications Involving: death These Include Communications Involving: death threats, extortion, intimidation, or threats based threats, extortion, intimidation, or threats based upon race, religion, gender or sexual orientation; or upon race, religion, gender or sexual orientation; or if there is evidence of sexual exploitation.if there is evidence of sexual exploitation.

Adapted from Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)

Weekly MeetingsWeekly Meetings Incorporating Cyber-Incorporating Cyber-

Bullying Lessons in Bullying Lessons in weekly meetings is an weekly meetings is an excellent way of excellent way of addressing student addressing student concerns, the concerns, the prevalence of cyber-prevalence of cyber-bullying and offering bullying and offering strategies for strategies for diminishing the diminishing the prevalence of these prevalence of these bullying incidents. bullying incidents.

Adapted from Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)Agatston, 2008)

Resources from Hazelden Resources from Hazelden Publishing Publishing

Olweus Bullying Prevention ProgramOlweus Bullying Prevention Program• Teacher Guide, DVD and CD-ROMTeacher Guide, DVD and CD-ROM• Schoolwide Guide, DVD and CD-ROMSchoolwide Guide, DVD and CD-ROM

Cyber Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum Cyber Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12for Grades 6-12

Cyber Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum Cyber Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 3-5for Grades 3-5Kowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008Kowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008

The Cyber Bullying curriculum is The Cyber Bullying curriculum is designed todesigned to

Educate students about bullying and Educate students about bullying and cyber-bullyingcyber-bullying

Prevent cyber-bullying through activities Prevent cyber-bullying through activities and discussions about appropriate online and discussions about appropriate online etiquette, empathy, and ethicsetiquette, empathy, and ethics

Empower bystanders to prevent or Empower bystanders to prevent or intervene in cyber-bullying situationsintervene in cyber-bullying situations

Encourage parent/guardian and child Encourage parent/guardian and child communicationcommunicationKowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008Kowalski, Limber and Agatston 2008

Sample Weekly MeetingSample Weekly Meeting

The Text Messagin

gGame

Adapted from Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)(Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)

The Text Messaging GameThe Text Messaging Game

We have discussed the negative We have discussed the negative effects of cyber-bullying, now let’s effects of cyber-bullying, now let’s discuss some positive uses of cyber-discuss some positive uses of cyber-technology.technology.

We know that text messaging has its We know that text messaging has its own language. There are own language. There are abbreviations for everything!abbreviations for everything!


The Text Messaging GameThe Text Messaging Game There are abbreviations There are abbreviations

for insults, put-downs, for insults, put-downs, and even swear words. and even swear words. You may even know You may even know more negative more negative abbreviations than abbreviations than positive abbreviations!positive abbreviations!

How many abbreviations How many abbreviations do you know? do you know?

Adapted from Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)

The Text Messaging GameThe Text Messaging Game Today’s challenge is Today’s challenge is

to come up with new, to come up with new, more positive text more positive text abbreviations that abbreviations that you can use in your you can use in your own messages. own messages.

Adapted from Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)

The Text Messaging GameThe Text Messaging Game

Each small group will be challenged to Each small group will be challenged to come up with new, positive text come up with new, positive text abbreviations.abbreviations.• See if you can create at least ten.See if you can create at least ten.

I will collect your ideas at the end of class.I will collect your ideas at the end of class. We will then publish the class (or school) We will then publish the class (or school)

list to hand out to everyone. list to hand out to everyone. This way, you can use our new This way, you can use our new

abbreviations when you are texting one abbreviations when you are texting one another. another.


The Text Messaging GameThe Text Messaging Game Each peer leader will write down Each peer leader will write down

the new abbreviations on the left the new abbreviations on the left hand column of their sheet and hand column of their sheet and their meanings in the right hand their meanings in the right hand column.column.

EXAMPLE:ULG2D means: “You look EXAMPLE:ULG2D means: “You look good today.”good today.”

Adapted from Adapted from Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12 (Limber, Kowalski, and Agatston, 2008)Agatston, 2008)

The Text Messaging GameThe Text Messaging Game Allow Approximately 10-15 Allow Approximately 10-15

minutes for the groups to minutes for the groups to work.work.

When the groups have When the groups have finished, have the peer leaders finished, have the peer leaders share some of their groups’ share some of their groups’ new abbreviations, as time new abbreviations, as time permits.permits.

Collect the sheets and Collect the sheets and combine the new words into combine the new words into one list to give to students one list to give to students during the next session.during the next session.

Encourage students to use Encourage students to use these new positive these new positive abbreviations when text abbreviations when text messaging each other. messaging each other.


The Text Messaging GameThe Text Messaging Game Teacher Tip: Teacher Tip: For a quick game, have For a quick game, have

the groups exchange lists or give out the groups exchange lists or give out the whole list generated by all of the the whole list generated by all of the groups without including the meanings groups without including the meanings and invite students to try to figure out and invite students to try to figure out what the new abbreviations mean. what the new abbreviations mean. Follow up this guessing game by giving Follow up this guessing game by giving the students a complete list with all of the students a complete list with all of the meanings.the meanings.


Some Final NotesSome Final Notes Other forms of cyber-Other forms of cyber-

bullying and inappropriate bullying and inappropriate use of technology:use of technology:• SextingSexting• Youtube: Fights, Youtube: Fights,

Bullying, and Drama Bullying, and Drama Reenactments that Reenactments that further spread rumors further spread rumors and gossipand gossip

• Facebook: False Facebook: False accounts, groups, accounts, groups, quizzes, and predators. quizzes, and predators.

ResourcesResources The material and information on Cyber-The material and information on Cyber-

Bullying was adapted from:Limber, Susan Bullying was adapted from:Limber, Susan P., Robin M. Kowalski and Patricia W. P., Robin M. Kowalski and Patricia W. Agatston. 2008. Agatston. 2008. Cyber-Bullying: A Cyber-Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6-12. . Center City, MN: Hazelden.Center City, MN: Hazelden.

Additional resources have been adapted Additional resources have been adapted from Olweus Bullying Prevention Materials, from Olweus Bullying Prevention Materials, including the Olweus Bullying Prevention including the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program Manual, The Olweus Schoolwide Program Manual, The Olweus Schoolwide Guide and the Olweus Teacher Guide Guide and the Olweus Teacher Guide (Hazelden).(Hazelden).

ResourcesResources• Additional Studies and Resources Cited from Additional Studies and Resources Cited from Cyber-Bullying:Cyber-Bullying:

Arseneault, Louise, Elizabeth Walsh, Kali Trzesniewski, Rhiannon Newcombe, Ashalom Caspi, and Terrie E. Moffitt (2006). Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: A nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics 118: 130-38.

Eisenberg, Marla E. Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, and Cheryl Perry. 2003. Peer harassment, school connectedness, and academic achievement. Journal of School Health 73:311-16.

Fekkes, Minne, Frans I.M. Pijpers, and S. Pauline Verloove-VanHorick. 2004. Bullying behavior and associations with psychosomatic complaints and depression in victims. Journal of Pediatrics 144: 17-22.

Kowalski, Robin M. and Susan P. Limber. 2007. Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health 41:S22-S30.

Lenhart, Amanda. 2007. Cyberbullying and online teens, from www.pewinternet.org

Olweus, Dan. 1978. Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Hoboken,NJ: John Wiley.

Rigby, Ken and Phillip T. Slee. 1993. Dimensions of interpersonal relations among Australian school children and their implications for psychological well-being. Journal of Social Psychology. 133:33-42.

Rigby, Ken. 1997. Bullying in schools: And what to do about it. Briston, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Contact InformationContact Information

Virginia Gallup Larsen, Virginia Gallup Larsen, School Psychologist and Olweus TrainerSchool Psychologist and Olweus Trainer

Alexandria City Public SchoolsAlexandria City Public Schools

[email protected]@acps.k12.va.us

(703) 933-6308(703) 933-6308

B the TOS or POS w/ the 411 A Staff and Parent Training on Text Messaging and Cyber-Bullying Presented By: Virginia Gallup Larsen, Olweus Trainer Alexandria.

Documents

cyber bullying

traditional bullying

cyber bullying

cyberbullying shares

indirect bullying

traditional forms of

olweus definition of

internet use