b Structure of Life Subcellularcellularlevelsjao 120213070835 Phpapp02

8/2/2019 b Structure of Life Subcellularcellularlevelsjao 120213070835 Phpapp02

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The Structure of Life:Sub-cellular &

Cellular Levels


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Lecture Content

Life at the Sub-cellular Level

Matter: The Atom

Energy

Inorganic and Organic Molecules

The Cell

Cell Theory

Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes & EndosymbioticTheory

Structure of the Eukaryotic Cell


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Matter has mass and occupies

space; it is composed of atoms

John Daltons atomictheory +Niels Bohrsatomic model

Elementsare moreSpecific types of atoms

(pure subs. made of the same atoms)

Quark Model!Neutrinos, Positrons,

Photons, Leptons,Gluons, Quarks,

Gravitons!!!

Matter


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Atoms- smallest unit of matter

Neutron

Proton

Electron

Atomic number- number of protons

Mass number- proton plus neutron

Isotopes- same no. of protons but differentno. of neutrons


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When atoms combine

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

Hydrogen bond


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How atoms combine

COVALENT BOND Sharing of a pair valence electrons

Constitute a molecule

Electronegativity- attraction of an atom for theelectrons of a covalent bond

NON POLAR COVALENT BOND- electrons areshared equally

H2, O2 POLAR COVALENT BOND- electrons are not

shared equally


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Hydrogen bonding

One of the weakest bonds

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oneelectronegative atom is also attracted to anotherelectronegative atom


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What makes up life?

CHON- 96% of living matter

P, S, Ca, K 4%

CELL -70-90% WATER

ORGANIC MATTER- biomolecules


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Composition of the cell

Water- inorganic

Organic compounds

formed by the actions of living things; and/or have a carbon backbone with some exemptions

like CO2


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Macromolecules of life

A. Nucleic Acids

B. Proteins

C. CarbohydratesD. Lipids


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Organic molecules such as the biomoleculesare essential to life

Carbohydrates Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids


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Pre-cell theory:Microscopy led to thediscovery of minute

organisms.

I can seeminiscule

motilethings!

I shall call eachcompartment in cork

as a CELL!

Leeuwenhoekthe Dutch

Hooke theBrit (not the

Captain)


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Animals

are madeup of cells.

Plants are

made upof cells.

Omnis cellulae cellula

Cell theoryproponents

Rudolf Virchow


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The cell theorystates:

1. All organisms are composed of one or morecells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure andfunction in organisms.

3. All cells come only from other cells.


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4. Cells contain hereditary material through

Which characteristics are passed on from

Parent cell to daughter cell.


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Nucleus &membrane-

boundorganelles:Animals,Plants,

Fungi,ProtistsNo true

nucleus &membrane-

boundorganelles:

Monerans

EukaryoteVersus

Prokaryote


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1. DNA2. Plasma membrane3. Cytoplasm4. Ribosomes


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Endosymbiotic theory suggests engulfed

prokaryotes provided hosts with advantagesassociated with specialized metabolic activities.

Endosymbiotic Theory


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Endosymbiosis in pop culture

Parasite Eve

Novel by Hideaki Sena thatwas made into a movie &video game

An assembly of

mitochondria in a consciouslife form (Eve) plot to takeover the world


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Structure of theEukaryotic Cell:Animal

Encircled organelles are exclusively found in animal cells

S f h


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30Encircled organelles are exclusively found in plant cells

Structure of theEukaryotic Cell:Plant


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Typical Parts of theEukaryotic Cell

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Ribosome

Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes

Membrane-bound Organelles Mitochondrion

Chloroplast


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Singer & Nicolsons Fluid-Mosaic Model

Fluid: lipid bilayer; Mosaic: integrated proteins & other molecules


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Nucleus and nuclear envelope

Function: storage of hereditary material; protein synthesis; cell division


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Ribosomes

Protein synthesis occursat tiny organelles calledribosomes.

Ribosomes can be found

alone in the cytoplasm, ingroups calledpolyribosomes, orattached to theendoplasmic reticulum.

Function: siteof protein synthesis


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The endoplasmic reticulum

Rough ERis studded with ribosomes and is the site ofprotein synthesis and processing.

Smooth ERlacks ribosomes and is the site of synthesisof phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into

vesicles, among other functions.

G l i A t


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Golgi Apparatus

Function: packages & distributessynthesized molecules within the cell

Discovered by

Camillo Golgi (19thcentury) Italiandoctor

Flattened stacks of

membrane(cisternae) Receiving end: cis

Releasing end:trans


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Membrane vesicles form bybudding off from a membrane.


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Mit h d i


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Mitochondrion

Function: Cellular Respiration (Aerobic ATP production)

Chloroplast


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Chloroplast

Function: Carbohydrate synthesis in photosynthetic organisms

Centriole


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Centriole

Centriolesare short cylinders

with a 9 + 0 pattern ofmicrotubule triplets.

Function: Cellular division & structural support of cilia/ flagella

b Structure of Life Subcellularcellularlevelsjao 120213070835 Phpapp02

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