B. McBeth, "e-Mobility @ Daimler," in Electric Vehicle Integration Into Modern Power Networks, DTU, Copenhagen, 2010

e-mobility @Daimler

1Mercedes-Benz E-Mobility Concept2010-09-23 eMobility Copenhagen.ppt

Our natural resource oil is not endless


Urbanization is rapidly progressing….

1900 largest city : London 6,5 Million

2015 largest city : Tokyo 36,2 Million


…and urban mobility is leaving it’s mark


… this is leading to more and more restrictions..

London daily congestion charge: $13


… and increased, aggressive regulations…

CO2 Limit 2015 ~ 130 g CO2 /km

Target 2020 ~ 95g CO2 /km


… means that the electrification of the power train is inevitable!

7Mercedes-Benz E-Mobility Concept

Specification smart ed 2010

Range: 135 km

Top speed: 100 km/h EU

Weight: gasoline vehicle + 80 kg

Packaging: motor/1-speed gear box/power unit in rear

battery below vehicle floor.

E-motor: 30 kW constant, 45 kW Peak (30 s)

Battery: Li-Ion, 17,3 kWh useable,

35 kW constant, 55 kW Peak

Charger: single phase 3 kW onboard 120/230V

Heating/cooling: HV-PTC heater, electric Air Conditioning

27

smart Electric Drive


Mercedes-Benz A-Class E-CELL - The family electric car for urban areas

• Locally emission-free, exclusively battery-

powered electric vehicle with a range of more

than 200 kilometers NEDC (new European

driving cycle).

• Two liquid-cooled lithium-ion batteries with

36 kWh storage capacity.

• Continuous power rating 50 kW, Peak power

70kW

• Power electronics with integrated DC/DC

converter for 12-volt supply.

• First vehicle in its class to be fitted with an

intelligent charging management system

based on “Smart Charge Communication”

• THERMOTRONIC air-conditioning and pre-

start climate control via charging plug.

• Series production run of 500 units to start in

autumn 2010.


Mercedes-Benz Vito E-CELL: first factory finished van with battery-electric drive

• Electric motor, a permanent synchronous unit,

continuous output of 60 kW and a peak output of

70 kW. Maximum torque is 280 Nm.

• Battery nominal voltage of 360 volts. Total capacity

36 kWh, 32 kWh are available to power the vehicle

Range 130 km,

• On Board Charger 6.1 kW, charged at 380/400

volt mains.

• Vito E-CELL features a Smart Charge

Communication Unit (SCCU) as standard, making

intelligently controlled charging possible. This

ensures that within the defined period, the van is

charged precisely when the energy providers supply

"green" electrical power at off-peak, overnight

rates. The

• Production of a small series of 100 Vito E-CELL

2010

• 2000 units are planned from 2011



To reach these CO2-Targets all powertrain options to be realized

NEW Business Models needed


Three main challenges addressed in current EV market introductions

1. Makes EVs attractive and marketable

2. Design charging system for low cost fast charging everywhere

3. Design system for intelligent smart charging


First Challenge: Price


EVs economical*, when scale effects are achieved, especially for batteries

19,3k

ICE 2018 EV 2018

++ Battery+ Charger, E/E- ICE

+ ~60%

EV costs in 2018 are higher, but…

25ct/km

27ct/km

ICE 2018 EV 2018

++ Initial costs- - Elec vs. Gas

+ ~9%

… running costs for customer near

conventional engines

Make TCO advantage tangible for EV customers

Consequence

21.800€

13.600€

* Based upon averaged figures from recent studies: Roland Berger, BCG, McKinsey, Credit Suisse and Oliver Wyman


The lower running costs over time need to be tangible for our customers

conventional

One time costs

EV/PHEV/REX

Running Costs

Vehicle without Battery

Battery + Elec.+ EV-Services


We are offering our customers premium EV solutions from one source

• On-board-charger

• On-board-communication technology

• Charging cable

• …

• Smart Charge Communication

• Routing, Reservation Billing

• Remote Vehicle Services

• …

• Advanced Battery Services

• …

• Tailored charging solutions

• Individual vehicle electricity management

Vehicle Battery

Electricity&

Charging

EV-Services


To offer these solutions, we have developed new cooperation models

Vehicle Battery

ChargingEV-Services• Synergies with

existing „Telematic“solutions

• Routing-Services: „New Partners”







Challenge #2: Low cost, fast charging everywhere


Not everyone can charge at home and overnight

93% of Berlin residents do not have a privately owned garage

USA: New family homes without a Garage, 1971; 20%, 2009; 4%


Different than in the USA, most smart customers in Germany do not have own private parking space

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

smart

Primary

Car

smart

Second

Car

MB A/B

Primary

Car

MB A/B

Second

Car

MB total

Primary

Car

MB total

Second

Car

28%48% 56% 70% 53% 83%*

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%*100% 96% 100%

smart

Second

Car

MB total

Primary

Car

MB total

Second

Car

public parkingStreet parking

rented parking spaceRented garageOwn parking spaceOwn garage


Charging infrastructure must be oriented on regional mobility norms….

NYC ROME


…. but also needs to be low cost and aesthetically pleasing


30 Minuten

1 Stunde

6 Stunden

2-3 kW

43 kW

22 kW

Charge times are major draw back for EVs. Intelligent solutions solve this problem.


For high charging power some of the charging components may be shifted to the infrastructure to contain vehicle cost and weight

DC

DC

DC

AC

On-board AC

On-board regulated DC

Off-board regulated DC

Interface between

vehicle and

infrastructure

Typical block diagram for EV charging (Ubatt < Upeak)

(PFC)


The need for load management on distribution transformer level heavily depends on the grid architecture

Type B: 100 – 127 V single phase and 200 to 254 V dual phase (split phase transformers)

Type Y: 220 – 240 V single phase and 380 to 415V three phase (three phase transformers)


Small pole mounted

transformer

ca. 20 kW

ca. 3 - 5 homes

per transformer

Larger substation

transformer

660 kW

ca. 150 homes

per transformer

While Type Y countries can more easily absorb a growing number of EVs, Type B countries may have to upgrade transformers more quickly

Typical transformer Japan

(Type B)

Typical transformer Germany

(Type Y)

• Even one or two vehicles with high power

chargers (>6 kW) can overload a transformer

• As number of households is low, the risk that all

households charge at the same time is high

• Transformer can easily absorb some vehicles

charging at high power levels without overload

• As the number of households is high, the risk

that all households charge at the same time is

low


Grid operators in Type B countries prefer dedicated fast charging to avoid a need of widespread transformer upgrades

Japan (Type B)

AC up to 6kW

• Single phase AC charging mainly at home

and company parking lots

• Small number of DC charge spots as

safety net (peace of mind for customer)

DC > 7 – 100 kW

Germany (Type Y)

AC up to 43kW

• Single/three phase AC charging at home

• Three phase AC charging in public

• DC charging at filling stations for range

extension (<5% of total energy demand)

DC > 50kW

On or off-board

regulation of

voltage TBD

or


Over night, at work

95% in 6h

•Own garage

•Curbside

•Employee parking

Standard•Highway filling stations •Curbside •Shopping mall

•Gym

•Grandma's house

Wait at spot

� 80% in 10 min.

Wait at spot

� 30 km in 10 min.

While shopping

� 50% in 30 min.

No better option

available

Emergency "Range extension"OpportunityMinimal

•1 Phase 3kW (16A) 7kW (32A) 14kW (64A)

•3 Phase 11kw (16A) 22kW (32A) 43kW (63A)

Different solutions for similar use cases on different continents

High power

IEC 62196-2 Type 1 CHAdeMO

SAE J1772

IEC 62196-2 Type 2 AC

IEC 62196-2 Type 2 DC

JP

US

EU/China

Como AC/DC Type 2

Combo AC/DC Type 1

Two inlets required

DC AC


Current Status Charging Connectors

Type1 and Type 2 charging connectors will be offered depending on the AC situation in the different markets.

1-phase (households): Type 1 connector preferred

3-phase (households): Type 2 connector preferred

mixed

Type 1: 1-phase

Type 2: 1- to

3-phase

Standardization in IEC 62196-2

31Mercedes-Benz E-Mobility Concept

Setting the right standards now creates a benefit for all players and helps optimize our own activities

Commitment of OEMs, utilities and

suppliers for one connector standard

• One connector design for world-wide typical

voltage and amp levels

• Charge capability up to 43kW

• Low cost, robust connector design,

with redundant safety levels

• Locking of connector for safety and theft

• Support of digital communication between

vehicle and charging spot

Daimler driving standardization


Wall mounted charge

spot for home charging

Pole charge spot

for public charging

Power

• 1 or 3 phase / 16 to 32A for home charging

(depending on household service connection)

• 3 phase 32 or 63A for public charging

Protection

• Fuse

• GFCI (ground fault)

• Ground wire detection

• PWM max. power signal

Communication

• Powerline communication to vehicle

• GSM/UMTS communication to infrastructure

IEC618651

Mode 3

Low cost, fast charging, intelligent charging system installed in Berlin

Berlin charge station map







Challenge #3: Intelligent communication between the vehicle and the grid

Hur är vädret?

I’m ready to

charge!?

Es mucho

viento!


“Plug and Charge” � no coins, no credit cards, payment and billing is automatic

Welcome! Battery is full at

4.32 p.m.

I have an electricity

contract.Standardized

communication


All cars can charge at all

charge points worldwide!

Why global standardization is needed…


Daytime Tariffs

1. Charge now!

2. End of Charge 6:00

(economically optimized)

Nighttime Tariffs

5:00 p.m. 11:00 p.m.

11:00 p.m. 6:00 a.m.

Wait

Two options for charging: Charge now or economically optimized charging


Smart Charging connectivity options

Public charging

GSMGSM

3

2Private charging

1

PLC

PLC

PLC/DSL/GSM

PLC/DSL


Optimized

Charging

Automatic

Payment

and Billing

Value

Added

Services

• Grid and energy mix (green) optimized charging

• Improve battery life through intelligent charging

• “Plug and charge”

• Customer defined “End of Charge”, to maximize vehicle

availability

• System oriented on well-known mobile phone functionality

• Simple contract with electricity supplier

• Automatic billing

• “Roaming”

• Safe and private payment through public/private Key security

• Mobile access to important vehicle parameters (State-of-

Charge, range, charging profile)

• Online tracking of contract/payment information

Three primary functionalities of smart charge communication


Vehicle data.:

• contract ID

• private/public key

utility2 …utility3charging unit utility1connect charge cord

connect charging unit (TCP) and encrypt connection (SSL/TLS)

charging session initialization (Session-ID)

Determine clearing

house (billing URI)

1

2

4

5

8

determine account

provided energy

is charged to

9

6service discovery (billing options, add. services)

lock charging cord10

charging

power delivery (optimized charging profile)12

13cyclically validate consumed energy

finalize charging process, unlock cord14 send charging bill

15

7power discovery (amount of energy, charging time,

contract id, pricing table)

transfer initial meter information11

charging

establish network connection (HomePlug, Ethernet, IP)

3discover charging unit within network

TO BE S

TANDARDIZED W

ORLDWID

E

Communication protocols to be shared freely within all projects to be further developed and optimized


Application Layer: Message Sequence

Identification Request/Response

Service Discovery Request/Response

Power Discovery Request/Response

Line Lock Request/Response

Metering Status Request/Response

Metering Receipt Request/Response

Power Delivery Request/Response

Metering Status Request/Response

Metering Receipt Request/Response

Power Delivery Request/Response

Line Lock Request/Response

Initialization

Loop: Charge

End


Application Layer: Message Contents

SmartCharge

Comm. Unit

(SCCU)

Electronic Vehicle

Supply

Equipment (EVSE)

Identification (EVSE, Meter)

Status (EVSE, Meter)

Encryption

Signature (EVSE, Meter)

Line Current

Grid Voltage

Tariff information

Currency

Meter Reading

Additional Services

Time + Time Zone

Departure Time

Protocol version

Session Id

Vehicle Id (Not VIN)

Vehicle status

Signature

Charge Profile (End of Charge,

Energy Amount, Charge

Power)

Contract (id, key, signature)

Energy provider

Selected Tariff

Meter receipt

Encryption


Charger Battery, BMS

ClusterFleaBoxHomePlug

1.0 +Turbo

Utility

specific

Interface

Ethernet

Interface

HomePlug

1.0 + Turbo

Interface

Meter

ECU

Ground wire

detectionRCD

+ contactor

Utility

Utility

Internet

OBU

Motor,

Inverter

Power

Data

Power + Data

SmartCharge communication pathway for Berlin system


Technical concept for first pilot projects in Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, UK, US …

• HomePlug 1.0 turbo communication interface between vehicle

and charge spot

• 3G connection between vehicle and Daimler

• Same TCP/IP based communication protocol between vehicle and charge

spot / control center for all pilot projects

• Country/utility specific interface between charge spot and utility

(charge spot as gateway)

• Implementation in dedicated ECU

with CAN interface


Automatic payment based on contract ID stored in the vehicle, easiest customer oriented solution (Mobile Phone concept)

Electricity

contract vehicle

servic

e provid

er

After plug-in at an intelligent charge spot the contract-ID is sent to

the service provider for authentication

Establish network connection

Provide contract data

Start charging

Contract data is part of the contract with the service provider.

All vehicles are delivered with a predefined data set.

Contract data set:

• contract-ID (e.g. DE-AA-12345-P)

• contract public key (e.g. IIDFDCCAn2gAwIB… ca. 90 char.)

• contract private key

Vehicle Electricity Contract


Personalized access to vehicle while charging

http://ed.smart.com http://ed.smart.comhttp://ed.smart.com


Joint Working Group

„Vehicle to Grid

Smart Charge

Communication“

IECISO

TC22

ISO/IEC agreement concerning the

work of ISO/TC22 „Road Vehicles“

in the electro technical field

(DocNr. ISO/TC22 N1646/E)

IEC/TC69

SC3

SC21

Steering Committee: Chairmen of IEC/TC69 and SC3/WG1, SC21 of

TC22

Joint ISO/IEC Vehicle2Grid Communication Interface


TechnologiesLayer

1 Physical

2 Data Link

3 Network

4 Transport

5 Session

6 Presentation

7 Application

SmartChargeSmartCharge CommunicationCommunication

• Payment & billing IDs and transactions

• Anti theft, tamper detection• Pricing categories

• Energy demand & response info (local limits, optional grid load levels, …)

• Vehicle charge status & setup• Additional provider info (location, etc.)

• SmartEnergy profile integration

• Reliable transmission• Secure & protect customer data

• Directly send data to customer

• Use available industry standards• Seamlessly integrate into public charge

spots and SmartHome infrastructure• Grounding circuit continuity monitoring

and diagnostics

WirelessWired

PWMPWM

• SML transport layer

• Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP & UDP) incl. security protocols

• New standard

• Smart Meter Language (SML)

• Common Information Model (CIM)

• Zigbee / HomePlug Smart Energy Profile 2.0

• New standard

Data Communication Requirements

Open standards for Smart Charge Communication


•Daimler and RWE combine capabilities to push electric mobility and enable emission free driving especially in urban areas

•Develop and test the interaction of “electrical driving” and “recharging and billing” in an intelligent overall system

•100+ battery electric vehicles from smart and Mercedes-Benz, including service; RWE provides an initial 500 public/private recharging stations for “fueling up” and billing, including an intelligent infrastructure

•Development started, first common testing in spring 2009. Customer operation in Berlin started end of 2009; a further rollout is planned

E-mobility project in Berlin to prepare the infrastructure

Berlin Highlights


• Leading market presence for smart and A-/B-Class in Italy drives demand for electric vehicle versions

• 100+ Mercedes-Benz/smart EVs in Rome, Pisa and Milan from 2010

• Electricity certified by Renewable Energy Certificate System (RECS),

• Enel leading worldwide in the implementation of “Smart grid” technology, with 32 million installed digital electric meters

• 90% of Italian households limited to 3kW, making

vehicle-grid intelligence a market prerequisite.

• Technology and standards developed for Berlinpilot also to be used in Italy

E-mobility concept to be repeated in Italy

Italy

Italy Highlights


View of entire eco-system needed for successful market launch

• Optimized home recharging

• Set charging parametersand monitor state of charge

• Heat and power cogeneration

• Infotainment

• Load leveling

• (Green) Power generation

• Metering, clearing and billing

• Charging at work, recreation, shopping…(incl. roaming)

• Business2Business(shop & charge)

• Position Information and theft protection

• Communication and control through internet

• Vehicle and Battery Diagnostics

• Software update

• Maintenance planning

Thank you for your attention !

0 g/mileCO2

≈≈≈≈ 4 s0 - 60 mph

880 NmTorque

392 kWPower

B. McBeth, "e-Mobility @ Daimler," in Electric Vehicle Integration Into Modern Power Networks, DTU, Copenhagen, 2010

Documents

makes evs

design charging

phase ac charging

design system

low cost

service provider

mobility concept2010

23 emobility