B l joshi education diversity in up

Educational Diversity in Uttar Pradesh:A Social Group and Regional Analysis

Abusaleh Shariff, Brij Lal Joshi Amit Sharma and Veerpal Sandhu

Presented in a conference on ‘Education and Health: Special Focus on UP’

Organized by Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh

October 25-26, 2013Authors’ respective affiliation: US-India Policy Institute, Washington DC; Centre for Research and Debates in Development Policy New Delhi National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

• UP Highly Diverse in terms of its people, economy, occupations, artisanship, trade, geography and culture

• UP: 16.5 % of India’s Population census 2011• UP: 26.7 % of Indian Muslim Population• UP: 37 million Muslim Population• UP: 18.5% of state population are Muslims

Educational Diversity by SRCs and Regions of Uttar Pradesh

Analyzed NSSO - years 2004-05 and 2009-10

Highlights Educational diversity by

SRCs

Unique Regional Diversity in Education The Socio Religious Community categorization are based on the methodology provided by the

Prime Minister’s High Level (Sachar) Committee - 2006

Education Differentials according to Socio-Religious

Categories

Literacy by SRCs in UP- 2009-10 and Growth Rates (GRs)

Muslims Literacy just about the level of SCs/STs combined • Literacy in fact declined for Urban Muslim general and STs GRs largest for SCs followed by the OBCs (Muslims) both R & U

Highest Achievers – High Hindus : Urban 93% - Rural 80%

Least - SCs/STs & Muslims

Five year Reference Period: literacy increased in rural but stagnated in urban areas

Matric (15-18 years)Level Education in UP by SRCs 2009-10 and GRs

Muslims levels of Matric are lower than the SCs and the STs in both rural and urban area in 2009-10 With in the Muslims the OBCs show a relatively higher growth rate and the Muslim General have in fact shown negative growth in rural areas

Variation in Matric education is far higher High Caste Hindus have large advantage

H-OBCs and the SCs are catching up Relative proportions decline for Muslims as levels of education increases Shares in matric for Muslims OBCs and Muslims General is least and far too low

Higher Education Levels (ages 19-25 yrs) in UP by SRCs- 2009-10 and GRs

Higher Level Education in UP is highly discriminatory

Huge differentials for SRCs and for Urban – Rural areas

The SRC differentials in Urban areas are by-far the worst

Achievers are High Casts - both in urban and rural areas

The H-OBCs and SCs have better access to Higher Education after the High Caste

Muslims have the least levels of higher education compared to all other SRCs in both urban and rural areas Muslims fall below the levels of the SCs/STs The GRs for M-OBCs are better than the Muslim-General In fact there is a negative GR for Muslim-General in Urban areas

Regional Diversity in Metric Level Education

Two Types of RegionsContagious Geographic | Group of Districts with specified

Share of MuslimsContagious Geographic Regions:

% Muslims Western UP 45.4 Eastern UP 36.1 Central UP 14.8 Budelkhand 1.9

Group of Districts with specified Share of Muslims Districts With %ge Muslims No. of Districts G1 >40 % 3 G2 30-40% 7 G3 20-30% 10 G4 10-20% 33 G5 < 10 % 17

Geographic Regions: Shares in Matric by SRCs in UP, 2009-10

Central, East and Bundelkhand are highly iniquitous regions of UP

H-High Castes have advantage in all regions

H-OBCs are second best except in West. Their level in Central UP is outstanding

Higher education is out of reach for Muslims in all regions especially in East and Central Muslims - slight edge over the SCs/STs in West

SCs/STs least in Central and Bundelkhand

Special Regions based on proportion of MuslimsMatric Level Differentials by SRCs in UP, 2009-10

Muslim proportions are better in G2 only (7 distracts) more research needed to find out the reasons for better levels of Muslim education. Proximity to Delhi, and agriculturally rich?

Muslims worst than all SRCs in G1, G3 and G4 Muslims population and

their share in matric is lowest in G1 although their share in population is above 40%. Too specific to these districts (Bijnoor, Muradabad, Rampur) – Remember Polio!

Better metric for Muslims in G2 but then too low in other regions. : Bareilly, Meerut, JP Nagar, Muzfarnagar, Saharanpur, Balrampur, Bahriach.

Share of OBCs low in G1 and G2 but very good in G3 and G4 and G5 districts

Educational Diversity in UP compared to the All India

Scenario

Percentage Change at different levels of Education by SRCs in Uttar Pradesh – 2004-5 to 2009-10

Other minorities mostly Sikhs some Christens has shown large (22%) increase in literacy in rural areas. Urban Muslim-general literacy declined by 1.1%. Matric : Rural M-OBCs have done better. Matric : Muslims in Urban done better | SCs/STs in urban areas doing good. But Hindu-High Caste recorded negative GR (a higher levels)

Levels above Matric healthy growth amongst the SCs/STs, H-OBCs and Hindu-General.

Muslims worst affected, especially non-OBC Muslims have negative growth in Urban areas no growth in rural areas

Over all Literacy 7+ increased in rural by8% and urban by 3.5%

Percentage Change at different levels of Education by SRCs

in India – 2004-5 to 2009-10 Non-OBC Muslims have recorded negative growth rates in higher education (19 to 25 yrs and 22 to 35 yrs) in urban areas and small growth in rural areas.

Muslim OBCs show a positive growth but no where comparable with the positive growth rates recorded for the SCs/STs, H-OBCs and H-General categories

Literacy 7+ increase in rural by 6.9% and in urban 2.8% in India

Highest GRs noticed at matric level education for all communities especially the SCs/STs in both rural and urban areas.