B. Johnstone Worldwide Challenges and Policy Trends in Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Accessibility of Higher Accessibility of Higher Education: challenges for Education: challenges for Transition Countries Transition Countries Moscow, June 29-30, 2004 Moscow, June 29-30, 2004
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B. Johnstone Worldwide Challenges and Policy Trends in Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Accessibility of Higher Education: challenges for Transition.
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B. Johnstone
Worldwide Challenges and Policy Trends in Higher
Education Finance and Accessibility
Accessibility of Higher Education: Accessibility of Higher Education: challenges for Transition Countrieschallenges for Transition Countries
Moscow, June 29-30, 2004Moscow, June 29-30, 2004
Bruce Johnstone State University of New York at Buffalo Professor of Higher and Comparative Education Professor of Higher and Comparative Education Director Center for Comparative and Global Director Center for Comparative and Global
Studies in EducationStudies in Education Director, International Comparative Higher Director, International Comparative Higher
Education Finance ands Accessibility ProjectEducation Finance ands Accessibility Project Former Chancellor. State University of New York Former Chancellor. State University of New York
system and President, State University of New system and President, State University of New York College at Buffalo. York College at Buffalo.
2.2. Internationally attractive / competitive programs Internationally attractive / competitive programs for studentsfor students
3.3. A national sense of satisfaction / pride by”A national sense of satisfaction / pride by” LeadersLeaders StudentsStudents facultyfaculty
2. Responsiveness / Appropriateness:
a proper mix or diversity of: Institutions by:Institutions by:
researchresearch teachingteaching
Programs:Programs: ContentContent LengthLength Standards and academic rigorStandards and academic rigor
3. Accessibility:or degree to which:
1.1. Higher education Higher education diminishesdiminishes intergenerational intergenerational transmission of privilege;transmission of privilege;
2.2. Higher education generally mirrors secondary Higher education generally mirrors secondary school demographics in terms of:school demographics in terms of:
Challenges to (Problems of) Higher Education Worldwide
1.1. AusterityAusterity
2.2. Insufficient contribution to social equityInsufficient contribution to social equity
3.3. Inadequate teaching and learningInadequate teaching and learning
4.4. Insufficient responsiveness / mix of Insufficient responsiveness / mix of institutions and programsinstitutions and programs
Challenges / Problems Worldwide …
1. Austerity1. Austerity Natural trajectory of costs exceeding that of Natural trajectory of costs exceeding that of
revenues.revenues. Resistence of universities to concepts and Resistence of universities to concepts and
practices of efficiency and productivity .practices of efficiency and productivity . Insufficient Governmental Revenue due to:Insufficient Governmental Revenue due to:a)a) Increasing difficulty of taxationIncreasing difficulty of taxationb)b) Increasing difficulty of deficit financingIncreasing difficulty of deficit financingc)c) Increasing competition / public needs.Increasing competition / public needs.
Challenges / Problems Worldwide …
2.Insufficient contribution of higher 2.Insufficient contribution of higher education to social equityeducation to social equity
Universal correlation of academic Universal correlation of academic preparedness & interest with social class (and preparedness & interest with social class (and ethnicity, etc)ethnicity, etc)
Most measures to enhance equality need to Most measures to enhance equality need to occur occur long beforelong before higher education higher education
Challenges / Problems Worldwide …
3. Inadequate teaching and learning3. Inadequate teaching and learning Tradition of academic freedom (to teach Tradition of academic freedom (to teach
poorly) poorly) Absence of universally-recognized superior Absence of universally-recognized superior
instructional methodologyinstructional methodology Perverse incentives (primacy of research)Perverse incentives (primacy of research)
Challenges / Problems Worldwide …
4. Insufficient responsiveness / mix of 4. Insufficient responsiveness / mix of institutions and programsinstitutions and programs Universal resistance of any organization to Universal resistance of any organization to
changechange Insufficient incentives on (public) institutions Insufficient incentives on (public) institutions
entrepreneurship & cost-sharing)entrepreneurship & cost-sharing) Means-tested grants and available loansMeans-tested grants and available loans Sector diversification Sector diversification Enhancement of institutional autonomyEnhancement of institutional autonomy Encouragement of private sector Encouragement of private sector Measures to enhance accountabilityMeasures to enhance accountability Enhancement of middle & secondary participationEnhancement of middle & secondary participation
Special Challenges for Russia & Other Transitional Countries
1. Inefficiency: high per-student costs1. Inefficiency: high per-student costs
2. Extreme limitations on government revenue2. Extreme limitations on government revenue
3. Extreme Resistence to “cost Sharing”3. Extreme Resistence to “cost Sharing”
5. Tendency to perpetuate or even to 5. Tendency to perpetuate or even to exacerbate inequalities exacerbate inequalities
6. Corruption6. Corruption
Special Challenges Russia & Transitional …
1. Inefficiency: high per-student costs1. Inefficiency: high per-student costs Traditionally low student-faculty ratios Traditionally low student-faculty ratios Inefficient size of institutionsInefficient size of institutions
Special Challenges Russia & Transitional …
2. Limitations on Governmental Revenue2. Limitations on Governmental Revenue Loss of traditional form of taxationLoss of traditional form of taxation Lack of tax compliance cultureLack of tax compliance culture Lack of market value of taxable Lack of market value of taxable
propertyproperty Lack of inexpensive governmental Lack of inexpensive governmental
access to private capital access to private capital
Special Challenges Russia & Transitional …
3. Resistence to Universal “Cost-3. Resistence to Universal “Cost-Sharing” (tuition fees) Sharing” (tuition fees) Traditional European resistenceTraditional European resistence Public expectation of entitlementsPublic expectation of entitlements Constitutional / Framework Law Constitutional / Framework Law
ConstraintConstraint Easy compromise with “dual tuition fees”Easy compromise with “dual tuition fees”
May May relieverelieve nationalnational / / systemsystem financial financial problemproblem
May May exacerbateexacerbate institutionalinstitutional financial financial problemproblem
Special Challenges Russia & Transitional …
5. Higher Education’s perpetuation of 5. Higher Education’s perpetuation of inequalityinequality
Official refusal to recognize problem Official refusal to recognize problem Tradition of “equity by single example”Tradition of “equity by single example” De facto cost-sharing De facto cost-sharing withoutwithout::
Effective means-tested assistanceEffective means-tested assistance Generally available loansGenerally available loans
Special Challenges Russia & Transitional …
6. Corruption6. Corruption Extreme impoverishment of institutions Extreme impoverishment of institutions
& individuals& individuals Unformed or unclear rules / guidelinesUnformed or unclear rules / guidelines Tradition of deviation from “official” Tradition of deviation from “official”
rulesrules
Some Issues and Questions for this Conference
1.1. Russia and most European Transitional Russia and most European Transitional Countries already have de facto cost-Countries already have de facto cost-sharing in “dual track” tuition fees:sharing in “dual track” tuition fees:
How can this revenue be made more How can this revenue be made more substantial and predictable to benefit the substantial and predictable to benefit the institutions?institutions?
How can the inevitable “cost-sharing” be How can the inevitable “cost-sharing” be made equitable and less of a barrier to made equitable and less of a barrier to accessibility?accessibility?
Some Issues and Questions …
2. Considering the goal of 2. Considering the goal of increasing increasing accessibilityaccessibility—with special attention to —with special attention to rural, low income, and ethnically & rural, low income, and ethnically & linguistically minority youth:linguistically minority youth: How can How can universitiesuniversities help -- with little or no help -- with little or no
additional money?additional money? How can How can governmentgovernment help --also with little or help --also with little or
no additional money)?no additional money)?
Some Issues and Questions …
3. Considering: (a) the higher educational austerity 3. Considering: (a) the higher educational austerity that today exists, (b) the great unlikelihood of that today exists, (b) the great unlikelihood of substantial additional governmental revenue; and substantial additional governmental revenue; and (3) the limitations on non-governmental revenue:(3) the limitations on non-governmental revenue: How can How can institutionsinstitutions themselves, through themselves, through
measures of efficiency, contribute more than measures of efficiency, contribute more than they already have to the needed additional (a) they already have to the needed additional (a) qualityquality and (b) and (b) accessibilityaccessibility? ?