B Human African Trypanosomiasis. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is commonly known as sleeping sickness.

bHuman African

Trypanosomiasis

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is commonly known as sleeping sickness

HAT proceeds rapidly from lethargy through coma to death

HAT is caused by a parastic protozoan

HAT is spread by the tsetse flyor through contaminated blood

Life Cycle

There are two Types of HAT

• Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

• Acute -- can cause death in weeks or months

• Trypanosomoa brucei gambiense

• Chronic --lasts years

The two types of HAT affect

different partsof Africa

The major risk Factor I, once again… exposure to these little bugs!

100% Fatal if left untreated

cardiac failure or from the infection itself

Past epidemics have left their mark on Africa.

Blood Smears can be used todiagnose HAT

Cerebrospinal Fluid Tests can also be used.

• Look for presence of trypanosomes• High levels of CSP protein and WBCs

Complete Blood Count (CBC) are another test used.

• Look for high levels of immunoglobulin protein M

• Anemia• High levels of White blood cells

Melarsoprol used to be the most common treatment.

• Arsenic based• Kills 5% of patients

“Like fire in the veins”

Eflornithine had less side effects butwas far too costly and inconvenient

• 1 hour infusions, every 6 hours for 2 weeks• $655

Nifurtimox-Eflornithine Combination Therapy (NECT) is the first new treatment in 25 years

• On WHO’s Essential Drugs List (2009)• $330

NECT has considerably less side effects.

• 86% Experienced Side effect• 37.9% Mild

• 54.7% Moderate

Work to find new treatments is being done right here in North Carolina

“it will be the first new, orally active treatment for sleeping sickness in the past 30 years”

Currently, the PATTEC is attempting to eradicate HAT.

Resources• "About Us." Open Positions. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://www.scynexis.com/about-us/life-at-scynexis/open-positions/>.• "Www.africa-union.org." Www.africa-union.org. African Union, Feb. 2007. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/index/archive_February_2007.htm>.• Alirol, E., D. Shrumpf, JA Heradi, C. De Patoul, M. Quere, and F. Chappuis. "Result Filters."National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 12 Oct.

2012. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23074318>.• "Children's Health." Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis. Encyclopedia of Children's Health, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Cerebrospinal-Fluid-CSF-

Analysis.html>.• "DPDx - Trypanosomiasis, African." DPDx - Trypanosomiasis, African. Centers For Disease Control, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.

<http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/TrypanosomiasisAfrican.htm>.• "Improved Treatment for Sleeping Sickness Now Available." Doctors Without Borders. Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiave, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.

<http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4029>.• Leslie, Mitch. "Hitting Sleeping Sickness Where It Lives." - ScienceNOW. ScienceNOW, 28 June 2011. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.

<http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/06/hitting-sleeping-sickness-where-.html>.• Moore, Anne. "Chapter 3Infectious Diseases Related To Travel." Trypanosomiasis, African (Human African Trypanosomiasis, African Sleeping Sickness). Centers For Disease

Control, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/trypanosomiasis-african-human-african-trypanosomiasis-african-sleeping-sickness.htm>.

• N.p., n.d. Web. <http://drugline.org/img/ail/3204_3227_2.jpg>.• N.p., n.d. Web. <http://wiki-images.enotes.com/thumb/0/02/Melarsoprol.png/280px-Melarsoprol.png>.• Odero, Randy O. "African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)Â Workup." African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) Workup. Medscape, 11 Jan. 2012. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.

<http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228613-workup>.• "Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign - PATTEC | African Union."Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign - PATTEC | African

Union. African Union, Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://au.int/en/dp/rea/RO/PATTEC>.• "Parasite Museum." Trypanosome. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://www.parasitemuseum.com/trypanosome/>.• "Seattle BioMed." African Sleeping Sickness. Seattle Biomed, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://www.seattlebiomed.org/disease/african-sleeping-sickness>.• "Sleeping Sickness." Sleeping Sickness. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 18 Nov. 0000. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002338/>.• "Tarangire." Tarangire. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://www.marlaine.com/personal/africa/Tanz/tarangir.htm>.• "Trypanosomiasis, Human African (sleeping Sickness)." WHO. World Health Organization, Oct. 2012. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.

<http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/>.• "Tsetse Fly (insect)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/607699/tsetse-fly>.• "WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases - African Trypanosomiasis." WHO. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012.

<http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/CSR_ISR_2000_1tryps/en/index.html>.• McCann, Peter M., and Anthony E. Pegg. "Ornithine Decarboxylase as an Enzyme Target for Therapy." Science Direct. N.p., n.d. Web.

<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016372589290032U>.