BED BUGS- PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Blair Phillips May 2011 Walden University Dr. H. Rubin Environmental Health Photo courtesy of http://www.bed-bug.org/
Jan 02, 2016
BED BUGS- PREVENTION AND TREATMENTBlair PhillipsMay 2011Walden UniversityDr. H. RubinEnvironmental Health
Photo courtesy of http://www.bed-bug.org/
INTRODUCTION
Recent resurgence in bed bugs 81% increase in bed bug calls since 2000
Bed bug outbreaks continue to be the focus of many media outlets Increasing public awareness Failing to provide necessary information
Various methods proven effective for prevention and treatment Goal- Increase awareness on the issue of
bed bugs among stakeholders- hotels, colleges and universities, rental properties…etc.
OVERVIEW Background Information
History About bed bugs
Impacts on Public Health Physical
Bites Psychological Impacts
Current trends Economic
Costs Lawsuits
How to identify bed bugs & where to find them Information on prevention and treatment options
BED BUGS
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius)- are a type of blood-sucking ectoparasite
Small, flat and wingless body
Not known to transmit disease
Diverse geographic distribution
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
Photo courtesy of Dr. Harold Harlan, Armed Forces Pest Management Board Image Library- CDC
HISTORY OF BED BUGS
Documented as far back as the 17th century
Previously eradicated after WWII with use of DDT (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011).
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2011). Bedbugs. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedbugs/DS00663
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
Resurgence as a result of various conditions (CDC, 2011):
Pesticide Resistance Increased Travel Lack of Knowledge
BIOLOGY & LIFECYCLE OF THE BED BUG
Adult and Nymphal bed bugs require blood from warm-blooded hosts (CDC, 2011).
Females can lay up to 5 eggs each day (Bed-bugs.org, 2011)
Adults may live 6-12 months (Bed-bugs.org, 2011)
May go several months without food (CDC, 2011).Photo courtesy of http://www.bedbugsremovalguide.com/
Bed-Bug.org. (2011). Bed bug information. Retrieved from http://www.bed-bug.org/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
THE BITE
Attracted to carbon dioxide and warmth (Bed-bugs.org, 2011).
Bites often appear on exposed areas (CDC, 2011)
Face Neck Arms Legs
Resemble mosquito and flea bites (CDC, 2011)
Photo courtesy of http://www.bed-bug.org/
Photo courtesy of urbanentomology.tamu.edu
Bed-Bug.org. (2011). Bed bug information. Retrieved from http://www.bed-bug.org/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
IMPACTS ON PUBLIC HEALTH
Singular or multiple bites may be present (Bed-bugs.org, 2011)
Mild to severe allergic reactions from bites (CDC, 2011)
Secondary infections of the skin (CDC, 2011)
Negatively impact mental health (CDC, 2011)
Bed-Bug.org. (2011). Bed bug information. Retrieved from http://www.bed-bug.org/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
CURRENT TRENDS
Complaints increased 500% between 2000 and 2004
Increased trends in New York, Hawaii, and Ohio
Many states close behind
Bedbug.com. (2009). Bed bugs in the U.S.- the bedbug epidemic in your state. Retrieved from http://www.bedbug.com/Page-Bed-bugs-in-the-US_128.aspx
Graph courtesy of bedbug.com
CURRENT TRENDS
NY had 13,152 reports in 2009 Reports from EVERY state in the US in 2008
Graph courtesy of http://www.bed-bug.org/
Bedbug.com. (2009). Bed bugs in the U.S.- the bedbug epidemic in your state. Retrieved from http://www.bedbug.com/Page-Bed-bugs-in-the-US_128.aspx
PEST CONTROL TRENDS
67% of pest management companies have received calls to treat hotels/motels
76% of the companies said that bed bugs are the most difficult pest to remove
90% of companies have treated in homes or apartments
4 – 5% have treated in laundry mats or movie theaters
JP McHale Pest Management. (2010). Bed bug statistics in recent years. Retrieved from http://nopests.com/blog/bed-bugs/bed-bug-statistics-in-recent-years
ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Lost costs: Health care Wages Revenue Reduced productivity
High costs of treatment
Negative public opinion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
ECONOMIC COSTS- LAWSUITS
September 2009- Virginia Beach, VA. $100,000
Chicago woman sues for $20 million
Woman in Tennessee sues Rent-A-Center for $575,000
Bed-Bug.org. (2011). Bed bug information. Retrieved from http://www.bed-bug.org/
WHERE THEY HIDE Can travel up to 100 feet each night (CDC, 2011).
Transported by people traveling
Apartments, houses, shelters, hotels, airplanes, hospitals, cruise ships, trains, or dorm rooms
Mattresses, small cracks or openings, headboards, electrical outlets, or even under wallpaper (CDC, 2011).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
HOW TO IDENTIFY BED BUGS (EPA, 2011)
Look for Dark Spots Eggs and eggshells Skin shed from
growing nymphs Live bed bugs Red spots or stains
on sheets or mattress
Dogs used in detection
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2011). Pesticides: controlling pests. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/
Photos courtesy of CDC, 2011.
METHODS OF PREVENTION
Inspect any used furniture for bed bugs
Use covers for mattress and box-springs
Reduce additional clutter
Utilize luggage racks
Clean bedding with each new occupant
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2011). Pesticides: controlling pests. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/
MATTRESS ENCASEMENTS
Proactive use Protect beds Salvage used beds Significant method of control Tested and designed for bugs
Ex. BugLock® encasement Cheaper alternative
Bed Bug Central. (2011). Bed bugs 101 information every should know about bed bugs. Retrieved from http://www.bedbugcentral.com/bedbugs101/topic.cfm/mattress-and-box-spring-encasements
TREATMENT OPTIONS
1. Integrated Pest Management
2. Non-Chemical Treatments
3. Chemical Treatments
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2011). Pesticides: controlling pests. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) (EPA, 2011)
1. Set levels to determine when control measures must be employed.
2. Monitor and identify the bed bugs so that suitable pesticides are used in a varying situations.
3. Prevention- employing necessary actions to ensure bed bugs do not become an issue
4. Management- Determining effective and efficient control methods in each situation
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2011). Pesticides: controlling pests. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/
IPM WITH BED BUGS (EPA, 2011)
Inspections/monitoring Correct identification Accurate case records Appropriate cleaning methods Sealing cracks Correct use of pesticides Increased awareness among the public
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2011). Pesticides: controlling pests. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/
POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR TREATMENT FAILURE
All bed bugs not detected
Proper prevention not taken
Proper treatment methods not taken
Pesticide applied incorrectly
Pesticide resistance
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2011). Pesticides: controlling pests. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/
PROPER DISPOSAL OF INFESTED ITEMS
Encase or seal any disposed items Heavy sheeting or shrink
wrap Disposal bags
Inspect travel route for potential bed bugs/eggs that may have fallen off in disposal process
Label potentially infested items
Bed Bug Central. (2011). Bed bugs 101 information every should know about bed bugs. Retrieved from http://www.bedbugcentral.com/bedbugs101/topic.cfm/mattress-and-box-spring-encasements
ADDITIONAL TIPS (EPA, 2011)
Never use a pesticide intended for outdoor use inside (EPA,2011)
Using the correct pesticide is key in bed bug elimination (EPA,2011)
Check the label to verify it includes bed bugs on the list of pests that are effectively treated (EPA,2011)
Follow all directions on the labels Bed bug tasks forces (bedbug.com, 2009)
Bedbug.com. (2009). Bed bugs in the U.S.- the bedbug epidemic in your state. Retrieved from http://www.bedbug.com/Page-Bed-bugs-in-the-US_128.aspx
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2011). Pesticides: controlling pests. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROL
Local public health departments lack resources
Blame game Increased resistance and limited treatment
options Pesticide misuse Outbreaks create panic among the
community
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
CONCLUSION
Bed bug infestation has seen dramatic increase since 2000, reflective of increased traveling, pesticide resistance, and lack of public awareness.
Public health impacts include physical, emotional, and financial consequences.
Integrated Pest Management establishes strategies for appropriate prevention and treatment to effectively decrease bed bug populations and thus minimize their impact on public health.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES FOR INFORMATION
1. Bed bug regional contacts: http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/bedbugs_reg_contacts.html
2. EPA Bed bug search tool- useful in determining which product would meet your needs:
http://cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/bedbug/
3. Hotel Bed Bug Safety Sheet http://public.health.oregon.gov/HealthyEnvironments/Recreation/PoolsLodging/Documents/bedbughotel.pdf
4. Orkin Bed Bugs: Facts, Identification & Control- useful in determining which treatment method is necessary for different infested areas: http://www.orkin.com/other/bed-bugs/
5. Networx Pest Control Services- useful in finding local exterminating companies and free service quotes: http://exterminators.networx.com/?se=a9161&YWZmaWxpYXRlX2lkPTkxNjE=
REFERENCESBedbug.com. (2009). Bed bugs in the U.S.- the bedbug epidemic in your
state. Retrieved from http://www.bedbug.com/Page-Bed-bugs-in-the-US_128.aspx
Bed-Bug.org. (2011). Bed bug information. Retrieved from http://www.bed-bug.org/
Bed Bug Central. (2011). Bed bugs 101 information every should know about bed bugs. Retrieved from http://www.bedbugcentral.com/bedbugs101/topic.cfm/mattress-and-box-spring-encasements
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2011). Joint statement on red bug control in the United States from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/publications/bed_bugs_cdc-epa_statement.htm
JP McHale Pest Management. (2010). Bed bug statistics in recent years. Retrieved from http://nopests.com/blog/bed-bugs/bed-bug-statistics-in-recent-years
REFERENCES
Mayo Clinic. (2011). Bed bugs. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedbugs/DS00663
Orkin, L.L.C. (2011). Bed bugs: facts, identification, & control. Retrieved from http://www.orkin.com/other/bed-bugs/
United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. (2011). Pesticides: controlling pests. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/bedbugs/