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StudentResource
SubjectB-7a:
OccupationalHealthAndSafetyInAviation
Copyright 2008 Aviation Australia
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisdocumentmaybereproduced,transferred,sold,orotherwisedisposedof,withoutthewrittenpermissionofAviationAustralia.
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CONTENTS
Definitions 3
Study Resources 4
Introduction 5
OH&SResponsibilities 7.1.1-1
IdentificationandReportingofWorkPlaceHazards 7.1.2-1
SafetyPrecautionsAssociatedwithAircraftMaintenanceOperations 7.1.3-1
PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE) 7.1.4-1
EmergencyEquipment 7.1.5-1
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DEFINITIONS
Define
Todescribethenatureorbasicqualitiesof.
Tostatetheprecisemeaningof(awordorsenseofaword).
State
Specifyinwordsorwriting.
Tosetforthinwords;declare.
Identify
Toestablishtheidentityof.
List
Itemise.
Describe
Representinwordsenablinghearerorreadertoformanideaofanobjectorprocess.
Totellthefacts,details,orparticularsofsomethingverballyorinwriting.
Explain
Makeknownindetail.
Offerreasonforcauseandeffect.
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IssueB:January2008 Revision1 Page4
STUDYRESOURCES
B-7aStudentResource
AviationAustraliaLearningGuideQueenslandGovernmentDepartmentofIndustrialRelationsWebSitedetir.qld.gov.au
QueenslandGovernmentOHSWebsite
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INTRODUCTION
ThepurposeofthissubjectistogiveyouanindepthknowledgeofOccupationalHealthandSafety(OH&S)issuesrelatingtothemaintenanceenvironmentintheaviationindustry.
Oncompletionofthefollowingtopicsyouwillbeableto:
Topic 7.1.1 OH S Responsibilities
Explaintheprocedureswhenmanuallyhandlingequipmentandmaterials.
Explaintheemployerandemployeeresponsibilities,rightsandobligationswithrespecttoOH&S.
Explainthesafetyprecautionsandprocedurestobeobservedintheworkplaceenvironment.
Explainthepotentialhazardsinrelationtoimproperworkplacehousekeepingpractices.
Explainthehazardsandsafetyprecautionsassociatedwithadvancedcompositematerial.
Explaintheprocedureforwastedisposalofthevarioussubstancesencounteredintheworkplace
Topic 7.1.2 Identification and Reporting of Work Place Hazards
Explainthecausesandeffectsofaccidents.
Explainpersonalandinstitutionalresponsibilitieswithregardtobehaviour,
practicesandhygieneintheworkplaceenvironment.
Explainthemajorfunctionsofsafetycommitteesandrepresentatives.
Explainthemajordangerareasapplicabletotheworkplaceenvironment.
Illustrateconditionsthatconstituteafirehazardintheworkplaceenvironment.
Explainmaterialsafetydatasheets.
Completeaworkplacehazard/accidentreport.
Topic 7.1.3 Safety Precautions Associated with Aircraft Maintenance Operations
Explainstandardsymbolsfordangeroussituationsandsubstancesinthe
workplace.
Explainstandardsymbolsandcolourmarkingsonemergencycontrolsandotheraircraftmarkings.
Appraisethehazardsandsafetyprecautionsassociatedwithelectricity,gases,oxygen,oils,chemicals,fuelandFuelTankSafetyintheaviationmaintenanceenvironment.
Topic 7.1.4 Personal Protective Equipment
Illustratethemethodsofentryofpoisonoussubstancesintothebody.
Explainwhyjewellery,watches,metalrimmedglassesmustberemoved
beforeworkingonmechanicalandelectricalequipment.
Illustratevariouspersonalprotectiveequipmentandapplicationsasusedintheworkplace.
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Topic 7.1.5 Emergency Equipment
Explainthevarioustypesoffireextinguishersandtheirrelationshiptothedifferentclassesoffire.
Appraiseemergencyequipmentintheworkingenvironment.
Explaintheuseofemergencyequipment.
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Topic7.1.1:OH&SResponsibilitiesIssueB:January2008 Revision1 1of30
TOPIC7.1.1OH&SRESPONSIBILITIES
Introduction
Mostworkplaceaccidentsareavoidable.Ifpeopletooktimetoidentifyhazardsthatexistthereanddealwiththem,workerswouldenjoyahappierandsaferworkplace.
Thecostofworkplaceaccidentsishigh.Foreverydollarpaidoutinworkerscompensation,theemployercanpayoutmanytimesthatamountinhiddenorindirectcosts.
Thevictimsofaccidentscansuffer:
death,
disability,
pain,
lossofearnings,and
reductionofself-esteem.
Theirfamiliesoftensufferaswell.
Theworkplacemay:
loseatrainedworkerandoutput,
sufferdamagetoplantandmachinery,
incurfinesandprosecutions,and
besuedbyworkersortheirfamilies.
Resultantlossofreputationcanruinabusiness.
Thesupervisororotherworkersmay:
losevaluableproduction,
havetodoextrawork,
losetimedoingreports,and
feelresponsible.
N.P.AccidentscanalsoaffecttheStatesworkforce,andevenupsetthebalanceoftradeifexportedgoodscantbeproduced.Thecommunitypaysdearlyforworkplaceaccidents!Enforcingandobeyingthelawhelpstoreducethesecosts.
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Oncompletionofthistopic,youwillbeableto:
Topic7.1.1:OH&SResponsibilitiesIssueB:January2008 Revision1 2of30
Explaintheprocedureswhenmanuallyhandlingequipmentandmaterials.
Explaintheemployerandemployeeresponsibilities,rightsandobligationswith
respecttoOH&S. Explainthesafetyprecautionsandprocedurestobeobservedintheworkplace
environment.
Explainthepotentialhazardsinrelationtoimproperhousekeepingpractices.
Explainthehazardsandsafetyprecautionsassociatedwithadvancedcompositematerials.
Explaintheprocedureforwastedisposalofthevarioussubstancesencounteredintheworkplace.
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Manual handling
Topic7.1.1:OH&SResponsibilitiesIssueB:January2008 Revision1 3of30
Australiahasupto100000casesofoccupationalbackinjuriesayear.Forty-fivepercentoftheseinvolvefiveormoredaysoffworkandalmost10percentresultinperiodsofuptosixmonthslostfromwork.
Everyyear,over13000claimsarelodgedwithWorkCover.Compensationcostsaloneare$22million,andtotalcoststoindustryandthecommunityareseveraltimesgreater.
Poorworkplacedesign,poorworkpracticesandinadequatetrainingcausemostbackinjuries.Sincethesecausescanbecontrolled,themajorityofbackinjuriescanbeavoided.
Manualhandlingis'anyactivityrequiringtheuseofforceexertedbyapersontolift,lower,push,pull,carry,orotherwisemove,hold,orrestrainanyanimateorinanimateobject'.
Since1991,partofemployers'andworkers'obligationshasbeenthecontrolofrisksassociatedwithmanualhandlinginjuries.
TheWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct1995requiresallataworkplacetoensurethehealth
andsafetyofothers.ThepenaltyforabreachoftheWorkplaceHealthandSafetyActcausingseriousinjuryordeathisafineofupto$150000forabodycorporateor$30000and/orsixmonthsimprisonmentforanindividual.
Worker obligations
Workersshouldfollowinstructionsandactinawaythatdoesnotplacetheirownoranyotherperson'shealthandsafetyatrisk.Allworkersmustmakesurethatwhereverpossible:
methodsofworkandworkproceduresarefollowed
mechanicalaidsandanyassistivedevicesmadeavailableareused
wheremechanicalaidsaren'tprovidedorpractical,teamliftingproceduresareused manualhandlingtrainingsessionsareattendedandlearnedprinciplesareapplied
intheworkplace.
Employer obligations
Employersshouldprovideaworkplacedesignedtominimiseriskofbackinjury.Thisincludesdesignofworkorganisation,workstationlayout,plant,equipmentandcontainersusedintheworkplace.
Wheremanualhandlingcannotbedesignedoutofworkandisnecessary,employersmustprovideacombinationofthefollowingasapplicable:
mechanicalliftingdevices enoughstaffforteamliftingprocedures
trainingandsupervisionforteamlifting
adequateinformation,instruction,training
supervisiontoenableworkerstoworksafely.
Discussionsshouldbeheldbetween:
theworkerscarryingoutmanualhandlingwork,
healthandsafetyrepresentatives,and
employerstosetouttheworkplace'smanualhandlingpolicy.
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Controlofmanualhandlingrisksnotonlyreducesbackinjuries,butimprovesproductivityandefficiencyintheworkplace.
Manual handling
Manualhandlingleadstoalargenumberofindustrialaccidentsincludingstrainedbacks,damagedspinaldiscs,strainedshoulders,herniasandinjuredhandsandfeet.
Manymanualhandlinginjuriesresultinpermanentdisabilitiesandthousandsofworkdayslost.
Wheremanualhandlingmustoccur,adoptingpreferredlifting,moving,andhandlingtechniquesisstronglyrecommended.
Rhythmichumanmovementsneedtobeadoptedinmanualhandlingofmaterials.Avoidsuddenorjerkymovements.
The spine
Standingisanaturalpostureforthehumanspine.Thespineisnotsuitedtoliftingloads
whentheupperpartofthebodyisacutelybentortwistedbecauseoftheforcesputonthelowerbackregion(lumbarregion).
Whenthebackisbent,themereweightoftheupperpartofthebodyputsstressonthelumbardiscs.It'snotsurprisingthat95percentofalldiscinjuriesoccurinthethreelowestdiscswherespinalmovementandstressaregreatest.
Fig.1showstheconfigurationofthespineinastraightback,whereasFig.2showsthespineinabentback.
Ifyouliftwithabentback(Fig.2),theintervertebraldiscsarecompressedonthefrontofthebackboneandstretchedovertheback(Figs.3and5).Also,thebonesofthespinalcolumnatthebackareseparatedfromeachother.Thismeansthatextrapressureisputonthesofttissuesandcanresultinseverestrainsorruptureddiscs,asshowninFigs.4.and6.
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How much can a worker lift?
Fromastandingposition,youshouldavoidliftingofloadsoverthe16-20kgrange.Asweightincreasesfromasafeliftingloadofbetween16kgto55kg,thepercentageof:healthyadultswhocansafelylift,lowerorcarrytheweightdecreasessharply.
Mechanicalassistanceshouldbeprovidedtoreducetheriskofinjuryassociatedwiththeseheavierweights.Trainedandsupervisedteamliftingshouldbeusedwhenmechanicalassistanceisnotpractical.
Repetitivemanualhandling,workerswithspecialneeds,andliftingfromunusualpositionsrequirespecialconsideration.Forexample,whileyouareseated,loadsover4.5kgshouldgenerallynotbelifted.
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How to lift low-lying objects safely
Adaptingworkplacedesignandusingmechanicalliftingaidsarethebestwaystodealwithmanualhandlingproblems.
Butwhenmanualliftingisunavoidable,itisessentialtofollowmanualhandlingprincipleswhenliftinglow-lyingobjectstoreducetheriskofbackinjury.
Step 1
Makesureyourpathoftravelisclear.
Step 2
Sizeuptheload(weight,sizeandshape).Consideryourphysicalabilitytohandleit.Ifindoubt,getassistance.Avoidtheliftingofloadsthatweighmorethan16-20kg.
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Step 3
Placeyourfeetclosetotheobjecttobelifted.
Step 4
Adoptabalancedpositionbybendingyourkneesinasemi-squattoacomfortabledegree
andgetagoodhandhold.Lifttheload,keepingitclosetothebody.Trytokeepthenaturalcurvesinyourspinewhilelifting.
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Step 5
Useyourlegmusclestolifttheloadandallowittorestinfullyextendedarms.Liftsmoothlyandrhythmically.Avoidsuddenaccelerationsorjerkymovements.
Step 6
Withtheloadcomfortableinyourhandsandarms,moveyourfeetinthedirectionoftraveldon'ttwistatyourhipsorshoulders.
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Step 7
Settingtheloaddownisjustasimportantaspickingitup.Usinglegmuscleslowertheloadbybendingyourkneesinasemi-squattoacomfortabledegree.Don'tletgooftheloaduntilitissecure.
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High risk work practices
Handlingawkwardshapes
orbigloads
Handlingweightswhichare
tooheavyandbeyondaworkerscapacity
Over-reachingwhilehandling,
i.e.liftingfrombelowmidthighoraboveshoulderheight
Handlingonunstableworksurfaceunderfoot Repetitiveand/orlongdurationofmanualhandling
Carryingobjectsaway
fromthebody
Awkwardtwistingmovementswhilehandling
Obstructedpathway
Insecuregripandpoorliftingposition,withfeettooclosetogetherwhilehandling
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Handling loads
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Youshouldalwaysmakeanassessmentoftheloadyouaretocarryandonlyliftitifitiswithinyourcapabilitiestodoso.Ifindoubt,usemechanicalaidssuchasatrolley.However,withrepetitivemanualhandling,workerswithspecialneedsorthoseliftingfromseatedor
unusualpositionsshouldhandleonlyloadsofamuchsmallercapacity.Ifyouarenotsure,askyourWH&Sofficeraboutthis.
Eventhoughmanualhandlingbackinjuriescanbeavoided,Australiastillhasover100000casesperyear,resultinginapproximately13000claimslodgedwithWorkCover.Atpresent,compensationcostsaround$22million;however,thecosttoyouandyouremployerisfargreaterintermsoftime,productivitylostandpainsuffered.Itisbesttolearnthecorrectwayoflifting.
Toavoidtheriskofcostlybackandotherinjuries:
avoidtwistingmovementsandbendingyourback
dontliftiftheweightistooheavy
checktoseeifyourpathisobstructed
dontover-reachorliftfromanunstableworksurface,and
gripcorrectly;keepyourfeettogetheranduseyourkneestolift.
Summary
Workplacehealthandsafetylegislationhasbeendevelopedtoprotectthesafetyofallemployeesintheworkplace.However,ithasbeenestablishedthatallpersonnelhavecertainresponsibilities,includingadutytonotifyandduediligence.Thisplacestheonusonallpersonneltoacceptresponsibilityfortheirownactionoraccepttheconsequences.Acceptingresponsibilityislessdebilitatingthantheconsequencesandalsomuchsafer:not
onlyareyouprotectingyourselfintheworkplace,youarealsoprotectingyourco-worker.Itisalltooeasytoinjureyourback.Itisadelicatebalanceofvertebraeheldinplacewithcartilage.Itisuptoyoutoprotectthelongtermhealthofyourback.Donotliftaboveyourcapacity,askforhelporuseappropriateequipment.
Besuretofollowthecorrectliftingtechniquestoavoidminorandmajordamagetoyourspine.
Ascanbeseenfromadvancedcomposites,theprocessofmanufacturingandexposuretosuchproductscanbeextremelyhazardoustoyourhealth.Therearemeasureswhichneedtobeimplementedinordertoprotecttheworkerfromsuchdangers.TheyincludesuchthingsasPPE,administrationcontrols,healthandhygienemeasuresandengineering
controlssuchasexhaustfansandisolationprocedures.Othermeasuresincludesymbolsandsignsintheworkplace.Thesesignsandsymbolsplayanextremelyimportantpartintheworkplacebecausetheypicturetheareasthatneedtobesigned.Thesepicturesstandoutmuchbetterthanwordsandareextremelyvisible.
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Responsibilities in the Workplace
Topic7.1.1:OH&SResponsibilitiesIssueB:January2008 Revision1 12of30
Employer
Ensuringthehealthandsafetyofworkersistheobligationoftheemployer.
Managers,supervisorsorteamcoordinatorsareresponsibleformakingsurethatyouhave:
adequatelighting
acleanandtidyworkarea
safemachinesandmaterials
safetysignsandsafetyequipment
chemicalsstoredseparately,safetyguards,standardoperating
procedures(SOPs)
jobrotation
safeworkingpracticesandfacilitiesforworkers
firstaidequipment,toiletsandwashbasins
lunchrooms
information,instructionandtraining.
Employee
Aworkerhasthefollowingobligationsataworkplace:
tocomplywiththeinstructionsgivenforworkplacehealthandsafetyattheworkplacebytheemployerorsupervisor
tousepersonalprotectiveequipmentiftheequipmentisprovidedbytheworker'semployerandtheworkerisproperlyinstructedinitsuse
nottowilfullyorrecklesslyinterferewithormisuseanythingprovidedforworkplacehealthandsafetyattheworkplace
nottowilfullyplaceatrisktheworkplacehealthandsafetyofanypersonattheworkplace
nottowilfullyinjurehimselforherself.
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Safety Precautions and Procedures to be Observed in the Workplace Environment
Topic7.1.1:OH&SResponsibilitiesIssueB:January2008 Revision1 13of30
Environment management systems
Organisationsneedtodevelopenvironmentalmanagementsystemstocoveralloftheir
activities.Thesystemshouldmeetinternationalstandards(ISO14001),andaddressenvironmentalissuesbyintegratingtheenvironmentintodailybusinessoperations.
Your general environmental duty
Whenappliedtoyourworkplace,yourgeneralenvironmentaldutyistoensurethatyoutakeallreasonableandpracticablemeasurestopreventorminimiseenvironmentaldamageresultingfromyourwork.
Howcanyoudothat?Bemoreawareandbetterinformedknowaboutyourenvironmentalresponsibilities.
Helpidentifyenvironmentalrisksandimpactsinyourwork.
Helpdevelopandimplementreasonableandcost-effectivewaystominimiseenvironmentalrisks.
Askforhelpifyouarenotsure.
Your duty to notify
Youmusttellasupervisororteamleaderimmediatelyifyoubecomeawareofanactivitythatiscausingorcouldcauseenvironmentalharm(gasleak,chemicalspill).Ifyoursupervisorisunavailable,ortakesnoaction,notifyyourseniormanager.
Duties of management
Managers,supervisorsandteamleadersmust
planandacttominimiseenvironmentalrisksandimpactsaspartofyourdailyoperationsandemergencyprocedures,and
ensuringthatyourstafffullyunderstandandarefulfillingtheirlegalduties.
Due diligence
Exercisingduediligencemeanstakingallreasonablecarebyestablishingapropersystemtopreventanenvironmentalproblemoccurring,andtakingresponsiblestepstoensuretheeffectiveoperationofthatsystem.Systemsusedtoimplementaduediligenceprogramwillhelporganisationscomplywithallenvironmentallegislation,reducelong-termcostsandimprovetheirpublicimage.
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Potential Hazards in Relation to Improper Housekeeping Practices
Topic7.1.1:OH&SResponsibilitiesIssueB:January2008 Revision1 14of30
Ways to make your workplace safer
(a) Adopt good housekeeping practices.
Goodhousekeepingwilloftenminimisehazardsbyremovingthecauseofaccidents.Somepracticesinclude:
keepingrubbishawayfromworkareas
ensuringaccesstofireextinguishersandexitsisnotobstructed
keepingpassagesandstairwaysclear
wipingupspiltoil,liquidsandgrease
cleaningupareasafterworking
usingmetalcontainersforgreasyorpaint-stainedragsorwaste
notaccumulatingwasteorscrap
keepingworkareas/benchesandmachinesuncluttered,and
notleavingloosetoolsonrunningmachineryorequipment.
(b) Attend health and safety training.
Youshouldattendalltrainingcoursesonhealthandsafetyaspectswhichaffectyou.Ifyoumissanimportantsession,makeanefforttoreceivetheinstructionanotherway,forexample,attendthenextsessionorasktoreadthenotes.
(c) Wear personal protective equipment.
NormallyofficeworkersdontneedPPEotherthanfootwearwhichcompletelycoversthefoot.However,manyoccupationswithinanyorganisationrequireoffice-basedworkerstogointothefield.Inthiscase,youwillbegivenspecificPPE.YoumustbeproperlytrainedinthePPEyouuseandknowwheretoaccessit.
(d) Keep fit and healthy.
Keepingyourselffitandmentallyalertthroughhavingagooddiet,doingregularexercise,attendingtomedicalproblemsandgettingenoughsleepwillhelptoreduceaccidentsandabsenteeismbroughtaboutbycarelessness,stressandfatigue.Heedingthefollowingadvicecanimproveyourwell-being.
Drugsandalcoholcancausedependence,withpeopleunabletodoafulldaysworkproperly.Theyarestrictlyprohibitedatwork.
Developgoodpostureatwork,whetheryouspendlongperiodsstandingorsittingatadesk.
Keepyourselfwell-groomed,cleanandneatlyattired.Observehygienicpracticessuchaswashingyourhandsregularly.Thisisparticularlyimportantforanyorganisationemployeesinvolvedwithsewagetreatment,transportormaintenance.Ensurethatyourimmunisations,suchashepatitis,areup-to-date.
Dontignoremedicalproblemsthatmaybenaggingyou.Seeadoctorbeforetheyleadtootherproblems.
Maintainahealthybalancebetweenworkandyourpersonallife.Thiswillkeepyouhappieratworkandathomeandlessstressed.
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Ifyoufindworkstressfulthroughhavingtoomuchortoolittleworktodo,orbyworkbeingmonotonousorlackinginstimulation,talktosomeoneaboutit.Thismaybeasupervisor,teamleaderorcounsellor.Compensationpayoutsforstress-relatedillnessaresubstantialandcanbereducedifpeopleheedthesignsbeforeamajorproblemoccurs.
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Safety precautions and short and simple rules
Nounauthorisedaccesstoworkshopswithoutsupervision.
Nounauthoriseduseofequipment.
Wearprotectivegear.
Wearonlyclosedtoeshoes.
Nojewelleryorloosefittingclothing.
Containlonghairandbeards.
Walk-dontrun.
Ifyoudontunderstand,ASK.
Nofoodordrink.
Readallmaterialsafetydatasheetsandlabels.
Beawareofemergencyprocedures,exitsandemergencybuttons.
Readandunderstandanysafetysigns,instructionsandnotices.
Thinkbeforeyouact.
Cleanupasyouworktoavoiddangerousclutter.
Accidents associated with poor housekeeping practices
Slips,tripsandfallsfromdebrisandgreasyfloors,especiallyiflightingispoor.
Cutsandlacerationsfromprotrudingparts,storesorobjects.
Firedangerfromwasteproductsorpoorlystoredmaterials.
Healthrisksfromthedustsandfumesofhazardousmaterialsthatarebadlystoredorused.
Short and simple consequences
Youmayloseaccessprivilegestoworkshopsifyouviolateanysafetyrule,orcauseinjuryordamagetopersonsorequipment.
Safety precautions in workshops
Constructionlaboratoriesandworkshopsareplacestoexperiment,becreativeanduseskillsandtalentstoconstructmodels,furnitureandotherdesignprototypes.
However,theseactivitiesindesignanddevelopmentareoftenunpredictable.Theuseofexoticmaterials,unorthodoxuseoftoolsandequipmentandarapidchangeintheactivitiesasnewdesignideasdevelopandchange,sometimesmakeitdifficulttorespectsafetyregulations.
Safety = common sense
Stopandthinkbeforeyouact,andaskthetechnicalstaffforadvicebeforeyoustartonan
unfamiliarprocess.Theyhaveanenormousamountofknowledgeandexperiencetoguideyouinasafemannertoachieveyourideas.
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The wrong tool for the job
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Itissometimestemptingtouseavailableequipmentortoolsinawaynotoriginallyforeseenortodosomeworkforwhichtheyhavenotbeenadaptedordesigned.
Allequipmentandtoolscanbeusedtoundertakeavarietyoftasks,butifyoudontknowthelimitsorusethemtherightway,troubleisjustaroundthecorner!
Ifyouhavetheslightestdoubtaboutthesuitabilityoftheoperation,ASKadvicefromthetechnicalstaff.Theywillensurethatthenecessaryprecautionsaretakenandadequatesafetyequipmentmadeavailableoralternativeequipmentcanbeused.
Don'tthinkofthesafetyorganisationasbeingtheretostopyoufromdoinginterestingthings.Itistheretohelpyouachievesuccess.
Aswellastheworkshopwhereyouareworking,technicalstaffhaveaccesstootherresourceswithintheorganisationthatcanusuallycarryoutspecialprocessesthatcannotbehandledinworkshops.
Consult,askforadviceandhelpfromtechnicalstaffthatstheirjobandtheywanttoseehowproudyouareofthefinishedproject.
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Clean up your mess
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ItistheresponsibilityofALLworkshopuserstokeepthesurroundingworkareacleanandtidyatalltimesandnotclutteredwiththematerialsthatyouareusingforyourproject.
Areasaroundmachinesandwalkwaysarespeciallymarkedtopreventaccidents.Dontblockthemwithmaterialsorobstaclesthatmayrestrictaccessoremergencyevacuation,orsimplyclutteruptheworkingspaceandmakesafeandefficientworkingmoredifficult.
Attheendofthesession,thatmagicalSOMEONEissupposedtowaveamagicwandtocleanupthemess!Technicalstaffarenotemployedtoclean-upafteryou.Cleaningequipmentisprovidedandtimeisusuallyallocatedattheendtocleandownthebenches,machineryandsweeptheflooraroundyourworkarea.
Makingamess,whenusingaworkshop,isafactoflife.Youcantproduceamasterpiecewithoutcutting,sanding,sawingordrillingthatspecialcreation.
However,accidentsusuallyoccurwhenpeopledosillythings,areinahurryoraresurroundedbyahugepileofoffcutsthatgetinthewayofthenextstageoftheprocess.
Is it safe?
Somematerials,solutionsandsolventsareunsafewhentheymixorcomeintocontactwithothersubstances.Theymustbeusedinwell-ventilatedareasandunderfumeextractionhoods.
AnymaterialsorsolutionsthatyoubringintothelaboratoryorworkshopMUSTbeshowntothetechnicalstafftoassessifthereisanyriskintheiruseinthearea.
Technicalstaffprovidematerialsafetydatasheets(MSDS)ofthecommonmaterialsusedwithinthelaboratoryorworkshop.Beforeyoudecidetotrysomespecialtypeofmaterial,
ASKwhatsafetyhazardsmaybelikelyandwhetherspecialprecautionsandprocessesneedtobeundertaken.
Verifythatallsafetyequipmentthatyouneedforaparticularjobispresentbeforestartingtheactivity.
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When things go wrong
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Evenwhenallthesafetyprecautionsareinplace,sometimesthingsgowrongandemergencyproceduresmustbeimplemented.
Gettoknowtheworkenvironment,inparticularwheretofindthe: fireextinguisher
fireaidkit
emergencystopbuttons
telephoneandemergencynumber
emergencyexits.
A place for everything everything in its place
Laboratoriesandworkshopsareoperatedbywellorganisedtechnicalstaffwhoprovidemultiplesetsoftoolsandequipmentforyouruse.
Leavingaheapoftoolslyingaroundontheworkbenchisinvitinganaccidenttohappen.Whenyouhavefinishedusingit,putitbackintherackorcupboardforotherstouseandkeepyourworkareauncluttered.
Ifatoolisbroken,blunt,oryoubreakit,tellthetechnicalstaff;theyusuallywontbiteyourheadoff,becausethesethingshappenallthetimeasstudentsarelearningandexperimentingwithnewskills.
Ifatoolitisdamagedorunsafetouse,thenitisYOURresponsibilitytoinformthem.
Dontjustreturnittothecupboard,asthenextusercouldbeseriouslyinjured.
Safety signs
SignssurroundusineverydaylifetoinformustoGoLeft,SlowDown,Stopandamultitudeofotherinstructions.
Inworkshops,picturesafetysignsuseuniversalsymbolsto:
preventaccidents
signalhealthhazards
indicatethelocationofsafety,firstaidandfireprotectionequipment
giveclearguidanceandinstructioninemergencyprocedures
formpartofthetotalsafetyinformationsystemofthearea.
Picturesafetysignswarnofhazardsorrisksthatarepresentintheworkplaceandinformusersintheworkplacehowtoavoidthathazardorrisk,oritseffects.
Inadditiontothepicturesigns,manyindividualmachinesandprocesseshavedetailedsignsexplaining"stepbystep"instructionstousethemsafely.
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Thefollowingfigurewillassistyoutoidentifycommonsigns.
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Signs and symbols
Thesignsandsymbolsthatyouseeintheworkplacearetohelpremindyouortellyouaboutsomething.Safetysignscanbedifferenttypes:picturesonly,wordonly,bothpicturesandwords.Theyfallintofourgeneralcategories:
Informationalsignsgiveyouinformationabouttheareayouarein.Theyareusuallyrectangularordiamondshapedandcanalsobeatagsystem.
Thereareagreatnumberofinformationalsigns;theirtypeswillvaryaccordingtotheworkplace.
Prohibitionarysignstellyoumustnotdosomething.
Itisusuallyaredcirclewithalinethroughitfromthetoplefttothebottomright.
SomeotherexampleswouldbeNoeating,Noflames&Nodrinking.
Warningsignsadviseyouofpotentialhazards.Thereareavarietyofconditionswhere,bylaw,certainsignsmustbeused.
Mandatorysignstellyouwhenyoumustdosomething.
Itisforyoursafetyandcouldbealifeordeathsituation.
Thereisnosuggestionhereitisamustdoinstruction.
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Safety signs are colour coded for easy recognition
Red & black
Prohibition You must not
Yellow & black
Caution Be careful
Green & white
Emergency
Blue & white
Mandatory
You must wear this
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7.1.5 Hazards and Safety Precautions Associated with Advanced Composite
Materials.
Thistopicwilltakeyouthroughthehazardsandsafetyprecautionsassociatedwithadvancedcompositematerial.Buttodothis,youneedtoknowwhatanadvanced
compositeandacompositematerialis.
What Is A Composite Material?
Thetermcompositeisusedtodescribe2ormorematerialsthatarecombinedtoformamuchstrongerstructurethaneithermaterialbyitself.Themostsimplecompositeiscomposedof2elements:
amatrixwhichservesasabondingsubstance(glue)
areinforcingmaterial
Awidelyusedcommoncompositematerialinallwalksoflifefromsportingequipment,toboating,aircraftpartsandevenfurnitureandplaygroundequipmentisfibreglass
Thereinforcingmaterialisaglassfibreclothmaterialwhichcanbefoldedorscrunchedupjustlikeapieceofclothing.Thematrixorglueisaresincompound,inliquidform,consistingof2partswhichwhenmixedtogether,formasolidplasticcompoundaftera
curingprocess.Sowhenweimpregnateorsoaktheglassfibreclothwiththemixedresin,theendresultaftertheresinhascuredisahighstrengthreinforcedplastic.
Glass Fibre Cloth Resin
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Theconceptofcompositematerialsisnotnew.Theoldestmanmadebuildingmaterial,adobe(mudbrick),isacompositeformulae.Adobeisproducedbycombining2dissimilarcomponents(mudandstraw)toformbuildingbricks.Afterthebricksareallowedtocureinthesun,theresultingbuildingblockissubstantiallystrongerandmoredurablethaneither
oftheoriginalcomponents.ThecenturiesoldruinsoftheAnasaziIndiansinsouth-westernColorado,areproofofthedurabilityofthissimplecompositematerial.
Adobe
What Is An Advanced Composite Material?
Astechnologyinaircrafthasdeveloped,sohasthetechnologyinthematerialsthattheyaremadefrom.Tomakeanaircraftflyfaster,higherandlonger,weneedtoreduceit'soverallweightwhilestillmaintainingairframestrength.Theuseofexpensive,highperformanceresinsystemsandhighstrength,high-stiffnessfibrereinforcementinsteadofmetalalloystructure,hasallowedthistohappenduetotheirsuperiorstrengthtoweight
ratio.ThemuchstrongerandstifferfibresofBoron,Graphite(Carbon)andKevlarhavegivencompositematerialsstructuralpropertiessuperiorinseveralwaystothemetalalloystheyhavereplaced.ThetermAdvancedappliestothesecomposites.
Boron fibre Graphite (Carbon) fibre Kevlar
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Where Are Advanced Composites Used?
AdvancedCompositesareusedextensivelyonmilitaryandcommercialaircraft.Flightcontrols,landinggeardoors,skins,panels,antennaeandradarcovers,arejustafewexamplesofwhereadvancedcompositescanbeusedonaircrafttoreducetheweight
whilemaintainingarequiredstrength.
TheHorizontalStabilizeronaF-14TomcatFighteraircraftisconstructedfromBoronEpoxycompositematerial.Byusingboronepoxyinplaceofametalalloyequivalent,aweightsavingof19%wasmade.
TheBoeing737usesapproximately1500poundsofcompositematerial,providingaweightsavingofapproximately600poundsor29%,whencomparedtoconventionalsheetmetalconstruction.
TheSikorskyS-76helicopterairframeisconstructedfromapproximately60%ofcompositematerial.Thishadmadea30%weightsavingcomparedtoametalalloyequivalent.
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Advanced Composite Hazards
Therearespecifichazardsinvolvedwithadvancedcompositematerials,whethertheybeduringoraftermanufacture.Youhaven'tlearntaboutcompositemanufactureasyet,andindeedmaynotdependingonwhichtradestreamyoutake.Youstillneedtobeawareof
thehazardsassociatedwithitasyoumaybecomeexposedtoitwhileothertradesmeninyourworkplacecarryitout.Youalsoneedtobeawareofthepotentialhealthandmaintenancehazardsthatadvancedcompositespresent.
Hazards during manufacture
Duringmanufacturethereare4thingsthatcanpresentahazard:
thematrixorresinsystem
thereinforcingorfibrematerial
thesolventorcleaningcompound
dusts
Matrix or Resin Hazards
Thereareanumberofdifferentkindsofresinsusedinadvancedcompositesmanufacturewhichpresentsimilarhazards.Ifyoutreatthemallthesameyouwillbeleftinnodoubttheproblemstheycancause.
Uncuredresinscanpresentasignificantdermalexposurehazard.Inmanyworkplaces,manualhandlingresultsinpotentialskinexposure.Thiscanresultinskinirritation,rashesandsubsequentdermatitisifcontactisprolonged.Skinsensitizationtotheresinscanalsodevelop,andmayrequireachangeofworkassignment.
Exposuretovapoursemittedfromresinsmaycauseirritationoftheeyes,nose,throatand
respiratorytract.Irritationmaybesevereenoughtocausebronchitisandpulmonaryedema.Ifexposureisprolonged,respiratorysensitisation(anallergic,asthmatictypereaction)mayoccur.
Therehasbeensomeanalysiscarriedouttosuggestthatsomeelementscontainedincertainresinsmaycausereversiblelivertoxicityanddamagetotheretinawhenabsorbedthroughingestionandinhalation.Theyarealsoclassifiedasasuspecthumancarcinogen.
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Reinforcing Fibre Hazards
Mostofthereinforcingmaterialsusedinindustryhavethepotentialtocauseeye,skin,andupperrespiratorytractirritation,asaresultofthemechanical-irritantpropertiesofthefibres.Skinrashesarecommonwithfibrecontact.
Carbon-fibremaybeassociatedwithanincreasedriskofskincancer.
Solvents
Likeresins,thereareanumberofdifferentkindsofsolventsusedinadvancedcompositesmanufacturewhichpresentsimilarhazards.Ifyoutreatthemallthesameyouwillbeleftinnodoubttheproblemstheycancause.
Manyofthesolventsusedinadvancedcompositeprocessesarevolatileandflammable.Mostareskinandeyeirritants,andsomemaybereadilyabsorbedthroughtheskin.They
maycauseeye,nose,andthroatirritation,andprolongedcontactwiththeliquidmayresultindefattingoftheskinandresultantdermatitis.Inhighconcentrations,narcosisisproduced,withsymptomsofheadache,nausea,light-headedness,vomiting,dizziness,poorcoordinationandunconsciousness.Somesolventshavetheabilitytodepressthecentralnervoussystem.
TechnicalliteratureincludingMSDSsfromthesolventsuppliershouldbeconsultedaboutanychemicalsusedwithadvancedcomposites.
Dusts
Dustsmaybegeneratedinseveralwaysinadvancedcompositeprocesses.Themostcommondust-generatingprocessesaremachiningandfinishingofcuredpartsandrepairofdamagedparts.Muchofthedustgeneratedintheseprocessescanbeveryfineand
canbereadilyinhaled.Dustsmaycauseirritationoftheeyes,nose,throatandrespiratorytract.Irritationmaybesevereenoughtocausebronchitisandpulmonaryedema.Ifexposureisprolonged,respiratorysensitisation(anallergic,asthmatictypereaction)mayoccur.Contactwiththeskinmaycauseskinirritation,rashesandsubsequentdermatitisifcontactisprolonged.
Moredustisusuallygeneratedinfinishingandrepairprocesses,sincelargesurfaceareasareinvolved.Grinding,routingandsandingarefrequentlyusedmethodsinbothprocesses.Therepairprocessmayrequiretheuseofabrasiveblasting,aswellassanding,toremoveexistingpaintorcoatings.Ingredientsofthepaintorcoatingbeingremoved,suchasleadorchromates,mayalsobeofconcern.Therepairprocessmayalsorequirecuttingorsawingtoremovethedamagedpartarea,andbothmaygenerate
significantamountsofairbornedust.
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Advanced Composites Component Hazards
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Therearehazardsassociatedwithcompositeaircraftcomponentsthatyouneedtobeawareofwhenworkingonandaroundthesetypes.
Hereisanexampleofhowdelicatecompositecomponentscanbe.Youareworkingonanaircraftanddropatoolonametalalloypanel.Theresultisasmalldentwhichis2thousandthsofaninchdeep.Theprobableoutcomewouldbethatthedamagewouldbeclassedasnegligible,andwouldremainasiswithoutrepair.
Whileworkingonthatsameaircraft,youdropthatsametoolonacompositepanel.Thesizeofthedentisalsothesame.Asyoudon'twanttogetintotroublefordamagingthepanel,youthinkthatthedamagewillbe"O.K.",soyoudon'ttellyoursupervisoraboutit.Butbecauseofthedelicatenatureofcomposites,theextentofthedamagedoesn'tstopthere,eventhoughitisallyoucansee.
Thesuddenimpactofthetoolhasalsocrackedtheresinbetweenthefibreplyswhichgreatlyreducesthestrengthofthepanel.Theaircraftgoesflyingandthepanelbreaksoff
inflightandhitstheverticalstabilator.Theaircraftonlyjustmakesitback,andisfoundtoneedanewstabilatorandofcourseanewpanelatacostofover$100000.Aninvestigationislaunchedintotheincidentwhichfindsthatitwasallcausedbyyoudroppingyourtoolonthecompositepanel.
Themoraltothisexampleistobeextracarefulwhileworkingaroundaircraft.Ifyoucausesomedamage,reportittoyoursupervisornomatterhowsmallyoumaythinkitis.Ifyouhadreportedthisdamagewhenithappened,itwouldhavebeenfullyinvestigatedandrepairedatafractionofthecost,andyouwouldmorethanlikelyhavegottenapatonthebackfornotkeepingittoyourself.
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Precautions
Goodworkplacecontrolsareessentialincontrollingexposuretoprocessmaterials.Manyofthematerials,particularlytheresinsandfibres,presentapotentialdermalexposurehazard.Manyofthesolventsandsomeoftheresinspresentapotentialinhalationhazard.
Somematerialspresentbothadermalandinhalationhazard.Ingestionmaybeapotentialexposurehazard,butusuallyinvolvespoorpersonalhygieneorcontaminationofeatingfacilities.
Keepingthisinmind,whenworkingwithoraroundcompositemanufactureorrepairprocesses,alwayskeepyourhealthattheforefrontofyourmind.Ifyoucansmelltheresins,solventsorgenerateddustwaste,itmeansthatitisgettingintoyoursystem.YoumusteitherwearyourPersonalProtectiveEquipmentorvacatetheareauntilallairbornecontaminateshavedissipated.Thesecontaminatesmaynotaffectyouimmediately,butitismorethanlikelythatyouwillsufferhealthproblemsinthefuture.
MostAdvancedCompositemanufactureandrepairprocedures(especiallytheonesthatinvolvegrinding,routingandmachiningandtheuseofsolvents)shouldbeperformed
underanextractionunit.Whereitisnotpracticaltodothis,theprocedureshouldbeperformedinawellventilatedareaatatimewhenthefewestemployeesarepresent.
Grinding composites under an Sanding composites outside
extraction unit. in a well ventilated area.
Ifyouareunsureofthehazardsthataparticularsubstancepresents,requestfromyouremployerorOH&SrepresentativeacopyoftheMaterialSafetyDataSheets.Thesewilltellyouexactlywhathazardsareassociatedwiththesubstance,andwhatprecautionsyouneedtotake.
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Waste disposal
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Thehazardsassociatedwiththeproductmayalsoapplytothewaste.Thereforeitisimportanttodisposeofanywasteinanappropriateandsafemanner.
Itemsthatrequiredisposalincludethefollowing: allsubstancescollectedasspillsorleaks
containersthathavebeenemptiedafteraleakorspill,includingbrokenbags,fibre-boarddrums,andanyobjectssuchaspalletsthatmayhaveabsorbedthespillage
heavilycontaminatedequipmentandclothing
surplusorredundantproduct
non-returnablecontainersthatcontainresidue.
Methods of disposal
Thelocalwastedisposalauthorityshouldbeconsultedonthesuitabilityoftheproposedmethodofdisposal.
Thesuppliersoftheproductsmayalsoprovideadvice.
Job knowledge and training
Allpersonnelworkingwithchemicalsmustbefamiliarwiththehazardsofsuchchemicals.TheyshouldhaveanunderstandingofMSDSforthechemicalsbeingstoredandbefamiliarwiththeactionstobetakenincaseofpoisoningbythesechemicals.
Operatorsneedtobetrainedindealingwithspillageandfirefighting,andshouldbefamiliarwiththerequirementforprotectiveequipmentandclothingfortheseoperations.
Otheremployeesshould,asaminimum,beawareoftherelevanthandlinghazards,including
fireriskandsymptomsofpoisoning,andhaveknowledgeoftheactionrequiredinanemergency.
Allpeopleusingchemicalsoremployedatstorageareashouldreceivetrainingappropriatetotheirdutiesandresponsibilities,whichshouldinclude:
Thenatureoftheworkandsafeuseofequipment.
Thepropertiesofandhazardassociatedwiththesubstancesbeingkeptforuse.
Thelocationoffirstaidequipmentandfireprotectionequipment.
Thecorrectuseofpersonalprotectiveequipment,itscareandmaintenance,andactionstobetakeninvariousemergencies,includingspillsandfire.
N.P.Regularsimulatedemergencyexercises,includingfiredrillsandspillage-handlingproceduresshouldbeincludedinthetraining.Suchexercisesshouldbeconductedatleastannually.
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Topic7.1.2:IdentificationandReportingofWorkplaceHazardsIssueB:January2008 Revision1 1of26
TOPIC7.1.2IDENTIFICATIONANDREPORTINGOFWORKPLACEHAZARDS
Introduction to Identification and Reporting of Workplace Hazards
Mostworkplaceaccidentsareavoidable.Ifpeopletooktimetoidentifyhazardsthatexist
thereanddealwiththem,workerswouldenjoyahappierandsaferworkplace.
Howdoyouknowifsomethinginyourworkplaceisahazard?Hazardsaredangersatwork.
Youmighthaveahazardtodowithnoise,machineryandequipment,electricity,manual
handling,hazardoussubstances,workinginconfinedspaces,workinginthesun,workingin
publicplaces.Thistopicwilllookatsomeoftheseareas.
Oncompletionofthistopic,youwillbeableto:
Explainthecausesandeffectsofaccidents.
Explainpersonalandinstitutionalresponsibilitieswithregardtobehaviour,practices
andhygieneintheworkplace.
Explainthemajorfunctionsofsafetycommitteesandrepresentatives.
Explainthemajordangerareasapplicabletotheworkplaceenvironment.
Illustrateconditionsthatconstituteafirehazardintheworkplaceenvironment.
ExplainMaterialSafetyDataSheets.
Createaworkplacehazard/accidentreport.
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Causes and Effects of Accidents
Topic7.1.2:IdentificationandReportingofWorkplaceHazardsIssueB:January2008 Revision1 2of26
Althoughtherearemanydefinitionsofamishap,wechosethisoneasastartingpoint:A
mishapisanyunplannedorunintentionalevent,nomatterhowserious,thatstopsor
interruptsyourworkandresultsinpersonnelinjuryand/orpropertydamage.Therearethreebasicelementsofamishap:
1. Anunplannedorunintentionalevent.
2. Workstops.
3. Injuryorpropertydamage
Hereisanexamplethatillustratesthethreebasicelementsofamishap:
Youretryingtoloosenalargenutwithawrench.Thenutisrustedtight.Asyouapplyextra
pressuretothewrench,thewrenchslips.
Youstaggerbackwardandstrikeyourheadonastanchionbehindyou.
Inthisexample,therewerethreedistincthappenings:
1. Thewrenchslipped.
2.
Youstaggeredbackward.
3. Youhityourheadonastanchionbehindyou.
Thisexamplefitsthedefinitionofamishap.Itwasunexpected;itinterruptedyourwork;and,
asyouwouldagree,youmadecontactthatcausedpersonalinjuryorpropertydamage.
Mishapsareapain!Thisisespeciallytruewhen,afteramishaphasoccurred,youlookbackandsayIfonlyIandfinishwithahad,hadnotordidnot.
Withthatinmind,itsimportantforyoutounderstandthatyouareboththenumberone
causeandthenumberonecureformishaps.
Weknowyouwanttodothebestjobyoucan.Youdbetterstartrightnow!
However,doyouassociatesafestwithbest?Ifnot,twofactsthatformthebasisofmishap
preventionare:
1. Mishapsarecaused.
2.
Theonlywaytostopthemistopreventoreliminatethecauses.
Themoreyouknowaboutthecausesofmishaps,thebetterequippedyouwillbetoprevent
them.
Apracticaldefinitionofamishapcauseisanythingandeverythingthatcontributedtothe
mishap.
Themostcommoncausesofmishapsare:
1. You,and
2.
Yourenvironment.
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Theycouldinclude:
1.
Yourunsafeactionsortheunsafeactionsofyourco-workers.
2. Animpairedphysicalormentalconditionofthepeoplewhocausedorinfluenced
theunsafeactions.
3. Anydefectiveorotherwiseunsafetools,equipment,machines,materials,buildings,
compartments,orotheraspectsoftheworkenvironment.
Atleasttwoofeverythreeworkplaceaccidentsarecausedbyeitheraworkersfailuretodo
(ornottodo)something,oraworkertakingshortcutswhenperformingatask.Wecallthis
human error.Inotherwords,YOU causemostofyourownmishaps.
Thefollowingaresomeofthemanyfactorsthatcanleadyoutomishaps:
1. Inadequatetrainingandlackofjobexperience.
2.
Inadequateoroutdatedproceduresintechnicalpublications.
3. Inadequatepostingorlistingofthesafetyprecautionsyoushouldobservewhen
performingatask.
4. Behaviouralfactors,especiallynegativetypesofmotivation.
5.
Medicallyrelatedfactorsthatreduceyourabilitytoworksafely.
6. Communicationproblemscausedbyabreakdowninpassing,receiving,or
understandinginformation.
7. Poorlydesignedequipment,suchasimproperlyplacedcontrols.
Mostaccidentsarepreventable.However,throughignoranceormisunderstanding,thereisa
commonbeliefthattheyaretheinevitableresultofunchangeablecircumstancesorfate.
Thisbeliefisuntrue,becauseitfailstoconsiderthebasiclawofcauseandeffecttowhich
accidentsaresubject.Inotherwords,accidentsdonotoccurwithoutacause:most
accidentsarethedirectresultofsomedeviationfromprescribedsafeoperatingprocedures.
Onepurposeofsafetyrulesistoremindtheindividualofthedangersinherentinthework.
Trainingintheobservanceofsafetyprecautionscanbeinstrumentalinavoidingpreventable
accidentsandinmaintainingaworkenvironmentwhichisconducivetoaccident-free
operation.Operatingproceduresandworkmethodsadoptedwithhazardpreventionasa
specificcriteriondonotexposepersonnelnecessarilytoinjuryoroccupationalhealth
hazards.Accidentswhichareabouttohappencanbepreventedifthecauseisdetectedand
appropriateremedialactionistaken.
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Inadequate or outdated procedures
Inadequate training and experience
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Manymishapsoccurbecauseofinadequatetrainingandlackofjobexperience.Youmay
findyourselfassignedataskthatisclearlybeyondyourskilllevel.Thismaybebecauseof
anoperationalrequirementoranemergencythatrequirespromptaction.Oryoursupervisormaynotbeawareofyourlimitations.
Thesesituationsmaycauseyoutomisreadinstructions,takeshortcuts,ormakeothererrors
thatcouldresultinamishap.Also,yourchancesofamishapincreasewhenyouarenot
awareofthehazardsassociatedwithaparticulartask.Itsthislackofawarenessthatcan
keepyoufromtakingthenecessaryprecautions.
InsimpleEnglish:
1. DONTTAKESHORTCUTS.
4.1. ASKFORHELP.
Ifyouthinkataskistoohazardous,itprobablyis.Andbeforeyouattempttodoit,seek
guidanceandbecomefamiliarwithitsassociatedhazards.
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
Whenamishapoccurs,examinetheproceduresyoufollowedjustbeforethemishap.They
maybeinerrorortheymaynotprovideenoughdetailedhow-toinformation.Orperhaps
thetechnicalmanualwasnotupdatedwhenapieceofequipmentwasupgradedorreplaced.
Asaresult,youcouldinadvertentlybeusingthewrongproceduresforaparticulartask.If
thisisthecase,taketheinitiativetocompletetherequiredpaperworktoupdatethetechnical
manual.
Inadequate safety precautions
Youmust beawareofthesafetyprecautionsassociatedwiththejobortaskyouare
performing.Theymusteitherbepostedinyourworkareaorlistedinthetechnicalmanual
youreusing.Iftheyarentavailable,youcouldbeattemptingsomethinghazardousandnot
evenknowit.MakesureyoureadALLapplicableprecautions.Evenifyouhaveperformed
thetaskbeforeandarefamiliarwithit,itspossiblethatneworrevisedprecautionsexist.
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Behavioural Factors that Cause Mishaps
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Yourbehaviourismuchmorecomplexthantheequipmentyouoperateandmaintain.
Equipment,regardlessofhowitsdesignedandpowered,ispredictableinitsresponseto
certaincuesorsignals.Ifapieceofequipmentquitsworking,youcanisolatethefaulttoaspecificpartwiththeuseoftestequipmentandschematics.Thisisnttrueforyou.Your
behaviourwhileperformingataskisbasedonacombinationoffactorsthatcomesfromyour
uniqueexperiences,knowledge,attitudeandmotivation.
Eachoftheabovefactorscanaffectyourbehaviourregardingsafety.Behaviourthatleadsto
amishapisusuallycausedbyundesirableattitudesandmotivations.
Attitudes
Attitudesarecomplexmentalstatesthataffectyourreactiontowardsomeobject,event,or
stateofaffairs.Theycauseyoutoformopinionsandactincertainpredictableways,some
favourableandothersunfavourable.
Attitudesthatdonotsupportsafebehaviourhampermishapprevention.Andtheycanalso
causemishaps.
Motivations
Motivationsareincentivesforspecificacts.Yourbehaviourisbasedonyourmotivation,and
yourmotivationisshapedbyyourattitudes.Ensuringthatyouhavepositivemotivations
towardjobsafetyisclearlyaverycomplexproblem.Itscomplicatedbecauseyoudonot
simplyreacttothebasicneedsofcomfort,security,affiliationandself-fulfilment.Your
motivationsonandoffthejobarealsogreatlyaffectedbytheattitudes,feeling,tensionsand
emotionsoftheworldaroundyou.
Thefollowingaresomeundesirablemotivationsthatcanleadyoutomishapsinthe
workplace:
Motivationtosavetimeandeffort
Motivationtomaintainpersonalcomfort
Motivationtogainapprovalandattractattention
Motivationtoexpressresentment
Medical factors that cause mishaps
Medicalfactorssuchasillness,physicalimpairment,alcoholabuse,fatigue,andmotion
sickness,cancausemishaps.Thesefactorsarefrequentlyassociatedwitheitherahigh
tempoofoperationsthatpreventsproperrestandnourishmentorwitheventscarriedover
fromarecentreturnfromleaveorliberty.
Illness
Yourabilitytoworksafelyissometimesaffectedbyillnessorthesideeffectsofmedicine.
Temporaryillnesseslikecolds,flu,dizziness,heatstressandnauseacanweakenyour
physicalabilities.Theycaneitherreduceyourstrength,staminaandcoordination,ordisrupt
yourconcentration,mentalalertness,memoryandreasoningability.Thesesideeffectsofmedication,suchasdrowsiness,sluggishnessandlackofcoordination,
cansometimesleadtomishaps.
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Physical impairments
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Anypre-existingphysicalimpairment,suchasalowerbackinjury,aslippeddisc,orahernia,
maymakeyoumoresusceptibletomishaps.Mishapscanalsostemfromvisualandhearing
defects.Commonvisualproblemsincludecolourblindness,faultydepthperception,farsightednessandnearsightedness.Hearingdefectscausemishapsiftheypreventyou
fromhearinginstructionsorawarningsignal.
Alcohol abuse
Somepeoplethinkalcoholisastimulant.Nothingisfartherfromthetruth.Alcoholisa
chemicaldepressant.Itactsasageneralanaestheticforthepartsofthebrainthatsuppress,
control,andinhibitthoughts,feelings,andactions.Alcoholtypicallyimpairsyourjudgment,
givesyouunrealisticconfidence,slowsyourcoordination,anddegradesyourperformance.
Theseeffectsarepresentwhetheryoufeelthemornot.Itstheseeffectsthatcausetherisk-
takingtypeofbehaviourthatcanleadyoutounsafeactsthatcausemishaps.
Fatigue
Fatigueisnotanall-or-nothingfactor.Itbeginswhenyoustartatask,anditincreasesas
youcontinuetoperformthetask.Atsomepointduringthetask,fatiguecanbecomegreat
enoughtoimpairyourperformance.Itcandecreaseyourworkoutput,changeyourattitude,
andreduceyourmotivationtoobservesafetyprecautions.Butlongbeforethishappens,
fatiguewilldecreaseyourawarenessandreflexactions.Atthispointmishapscanoccur.
Thefollowingaresomesymptomsoffatigue:
Lowerqualityofperformance
Irritability
Impatience
Forgetfulness
Confusion
Ahighernumberoferrors
Thefollowingaresomefrequentcausesoffatigue:
Hardwork,longhoursandlackofsleep
Environmentalstress,suchasheat,cold,noise
Inadequatelighting,andvibration
Boredomandmonotony
Achangeinroutine
Suppose,forexample,youreaccustomedtoworkingdaysandsleepingnights.Ifyouswitch
toworkingnightsandsleepingdays,youwillprobablyexperiencefatigue.
Theresultsoffatiguevaryfrompersontoperson,butfatiguealwaysreducesyourmental
alertness,increasingthechancesofamishapoccurring.
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Communication problems that cause mishaps
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Mishapscanoccurwhenthereisabreakdowninthepassing,receivingorunderstandingof
information.Themostcommoncommunicationproblemismisunderstandingthemessage
beingsenttoyou.Yourbrainreactstowhatitthinksithears,notnecessarilywhatithears.
Mishapscanalsostemfromlanguagebarriers.Youcantunderstandamessageifthe
personsendingthemessagedoesntspeakclearlyenough.
Equipment design factors that cause mishaps
Poorlydesignedequipmentandimproperlyplacedcontrolscancausemishaps.Controls
thatcantbereachedquicklyandeasily,emergencycontrolsprotectedbycumbersome
interlocks,anddisplaysthataredifficulttoreadareexamplesofdesignproblemsthatcan
causemishaps.
Mishap prevention
Whyismishappreventionnecessary?Theaviationbusinessisdeadlyserious.Its
conductedbyprofessionals,restrictedtolimitedresources,andallowsno roomforerror.
Mishapsproduceerrors.Therefore,whenmishapsarereduced,errorisreduced,and
readinessisimproved.
Theaviationindustryalsoconsidersyour safetytobeasimportantasproductivity.Unlike
mostcivilianbusinesseswhosesafetyeffortsaredirectedatreducingon-the-jobmishaps,
aviationindustrymishappreventioneffortsgiveyoucompletecoverage,bothonandoffthe
job,regardlessofyourdutystatus,location,ormission.
Mishappreventionisavitalpartofyourjob.Bypreventingmishaps,youavoidinjuryto
yourselfanddamagetoyourequipment.Whenyouthinkofmishaps,youprobablythinkofdeaths.Butin2000,aboardshipsandsubmarinesandashore,foreverydeath,therewere
mishapsthatresultedinequipmentdamageorpersonalinjury.
Mishappreventionistheprocessofeliminatingmishap-producingcauses.Thegoalofthe
aviationindustrysmishappreventionprogramistopreventmishapsfromoccurringor,once
theyhaveoccurred,topreventthemfromrecurring.Theaviationindustrysmishap
preventionprogramconsistsofactivitiesdirectedtoeliminate
(1)unsafeactsofpersonsand
(2)unsafemechanical,physical,orchemicalworkingconditions.
Thebestwaytopreventmishapsistoeliminatethefactorsthatleadtomishaps.Thiscan
involveanything,fromaminuteofextraeffortbyyouthatcostsnothing,tolengthyplanning
andworkbymanypeopleatconsiderablecost.Italldependsonthenatureoftheunsafe
condition.
Theauthoritytocorrectanunsafeconditionmayinvolveanylevelofthechainofcommand.
Thefollowingfouravenuesareavailabletoyou.
Ordercorrectionwhereauthoritypermits.Ifyouhavetheauthoritytodoso,dont
delayorderingunsafeconditionscorrected.Delaymeansexposureofotherpeople
totheunsafecondition.Ifyoureuncertainaboutthebestcorrectionmethod,talktoyoursupervisorimmediately.
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Reportconditionstohigherauthority.Ifyoudonthavetheauthoritytocorrectthe
unsafeconditions,thenpromptlyreportthehazardousorpotentiallyhazardous
conditionstoyoursupervisor.Bereadytooffersomesuggestionsabouthowto
correcttheunsafecondition.Yourideasmayhelptospeedthecorrection.
Correcttheproblematthesource.Dontstopwithjustcorrectingtheunsafe
condition.Finditssourceandbeginyourcorrectiveactionsthere.Ifyouhavethe
authoritytocorrecttheproblematthesource,thendoso.Iftheprobleminvolves
people,thenpointouttheunsafeconditionandcorrecttheworkerscausingit.Hold
on-the-spottrainingifneeded.Ifyoudont,youreinvitingrepetitionoftheunsafe
practice.
Taketemporaryprecautions.Youmayneedtodelaycorrectinganunsafecondition
becauseofashortageoffunds,personnel,orequipment.Ifthishappens,take
whatevertemporaryprecautionsyouneedtoprotectbothyourselfandyourco-
workersfromtheunsafeconditionuntilitcanbecorrected.Theseprecautionsmay
includesecuringthehazardousareas,disconnectingpowersources,posting
warningsigns,andgivingverbalwarningtoworkers.
Whateverprecautionsarenecessary,takethempromptlytoreducetheexposureofany
hazardousconditiontoallpersonnel.
Remember
Accidentsintheworkplacecausemillionsofdollarstobepaidoutincompensation,notto
mentionthegriefandpaintheycancause,especiallyinseverecases.Itistherefore
extremelyimportantthatpersonnelaretrainedcorrectlyandareawareoftheir
responsibilitieswithregardtothemselvesandco-workers.
Up-to-dateprocessesneedtobeinplaceatalltimes,andsafetyprecautionsmustbe
highlightedtoworkersandclearlyvisibleintheworkplacetoavoidunnecessaryaccidents.
Behaviourrelatedtoaccidentsintheworkplaceisusuallyrelatedtopoorattitudesand
motivation.Thisiswhyemployersshouldalwaysensurethewellbeingoftheworker.A
happyworkerisusuallyasafeworker.
However,accidentscanbepreventedbytakingaproactiveapproachreportingdangerous
situationsorfaultymachineryintheworkplace,andacceptingresponsibilityforit.Thereis
nopointinsaying,Someoneelsewillfixit.Thismaybethecauseofanaccidentinvolving
yourselfand/oraco-worker,soreportit.
Thisiswhywehavesafetycommitteesandrepresentativesintheworkplace,toencourage
safeworkingpracticesandprovideachannelforyoutoreportanyfaults,etc.whetheritbeto
yourrepresentativeoronahazardreportformorboth.
YouneedtotakeIMMEDIATE correctiveaction.Thisisespeciallytrueinsituationsthatpose
animmediatehazardtolifeorhealth.Dontdelaybecauseyoumaynothavetheauthorityto
correctsuchanunsafecondition.Inemergencies,YOUHAVEIT!Justbesureyoudontput
yourselforothersindangerofbeinghurt.AndifyoucantSAFELYcorrecttheproblem,
informyoursupervisoraboutitimmediately.
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Health and hygiene
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Itisimportantthatyouthinkabouttheeffectofwhatyoudoathomeandintheworkplace
andhowitaffectsyourhealth.
Thegeneralhygieneprinciplesyouusefromdaytodayathomeareagoodstarttokeepingyousafeinyourworkplace.
Atworktherearehazards,includingbiologicalhazards.Youneedtoidentifythosehazards
andlearnhowtolookafteryourselfinyourworkday.
CompliancewiththeWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct1995meansthattherisksofinjuryat
allworkplacesneedtobeidentified,assessedandcontrolled.
Regulationsprohibitexposuretoariskorprescribewaystominimiseexposuretoa
risk.
Advisorystandardsstatewaystomanageexposuretoriskscommontoindustry.
Industrycodesofpracticestatewaystomanageexposuretoriskstypicalinapart
ofindustry.
Wherethereisnoregulation,standardorcode,youmustexerciseduediligence.
Employersshouldprovide:
Adocumentedworkplacehealthandsafetypolicywhichhasguidelinesforinfection
controlwhenworkersandfirstaidpersonnelareexposedtotheriskofinfection
Up-to-dateinstructionaboutappropriatesafeworkpractices
Ongoingtrainingandsupervision
Personalprotectiveclothingandequipmentwhererequired
Aneffectivesystemofinjuryandillnessreportingandfollow-up
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Keeping fit and healthy
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Keepingyourselffitandmentallyalertthroughhavingagooddiet,doingregularexercise,
attendingtomedicalproblemsandgettingenoughsleepwillhelptoreduceaccidentsand
absenteeismbroughtaboutbycarelessness,stressandfatigue.
Heedingthefollowingadvicecanimproveyourwellbeing.Drugsandalcoholcancause
dependence,withpeopleunabletodoafulldaysworkproperly.Employeesmustinform
theiremployeriftheyaretakinganymedicationthatmayimpairtheirabilitytodotasks.
Developgoodpostureatwork,whetheryouspendlongperiodsstandingorsittingat
adesk.
Keepyourselfwell-groomed,cleanandneatlyattired.
Observehygienicpracticessuchaswashingyourhandsregularly.Thisis
particularlyimportantforaerospacetechnologiesemployeesinvolvedwithsewage
treatment,transportormaintenance.Ensurethatyourimmunisations,suchas
hepatitis,areup-to-date.
Dontignoremedicalproblemsthatmaybenaggingyou.Seeadoctorbeforethey
leadtootherproblems.
Maintainahealthybalancebetweenworkandyourpersonallife.Thiswillkeepyou
happieratworkandathomeandlessstressed.
Ifyoufindworkstressfulthroughhavingtoomuchortoolittleworktodo,orbywork
beingmonotonousorlackinginstimulation,talktosomeoneaboutit.Thismaybea
supervisor,teamleaderorcounsellor.Compensationpayoutsforstress-relatedillnessaresubstantial,andcanbereducedifpeopleheedthesignsbeforea
breakdownoccurs.
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Occupational Health and Safety (OH S)
CompliancewithOccupationalHealthandSafety(OH&S)Actmeansthatrisksofinjuryatall
workplacesneedtobeidentified,assessedandcontrolled.
Regulations-prohibitexposuretoariskorprescribewaystominimiseexposureto
arisk
Advisorystandards-statewaystomanageexposuretoriskscommontoindustry
Industrycodesofpractice-statewaystomanageexposuretoriskstypicalinapart
ofindustry
Wherethereisnoregulation,standardorcode,youmustexerciseduediligence.
OH&SActisgovernedbytheAustralianCommonwealthGovernmentwitheachStateandTerritoryestablishedlocalHealthandSafetyCommittee.
InQueenslandOH&SisregulatedbytheStateGovernmentunderTheQueenslandWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct1995(WH&S)
Health and Safety Officers/Committee Members
WhoisyourWorkplaceHealthandSafetyOfficerandcommitteemember?
Whatdotheydo?
Helpfixsafetyproblems.
Knowthesafetylaw.
Theyarepartofoccupationalhealthandsafetycommitteemeetingswithmanagers,
supervisorsorteamcoordinators.
Investigateincidents.
Your WHS Officer is.
Health and safety representatives
WhoisyourWorkplaceHealthandSafetyRepresentative(WHS)rep?
Whatdotheydo?
Gotosafetytraining.
Helpfixsafetyproblems.
Knowthesafetylaw.
Theyarepartofoccupationalhealthandsafetycommitteemeetingswithmanagers
andsupervisorsorteamcoordinators.
Thelawgivestheoccupationalhealthandsafetyrepresentativepowertoraise
safetyproblemswithyouremployer.
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Youroccupationalhealthandsafetyrepresentativecancommunicatewithmanagersand
supervisorsorteamcoordinatorsabouthealthandsafetyproblems.This is called
consultation.
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Consultationisabouteveryonehavingthechancetotalkabouthowtofixsafetyproblemsintheworkplace.
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Consultation can happen through:
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Workgroupandteammeetings
Occupationalhealthandsafetycommitteemeetings
Discussionswithsupervisorsorteamcoordinators
Discussionswithyoursupervisororteamcoordinatorandthehealthandsafety
representative
Workplaceauditsandinspections
Your WHS representative is.
Workplace health and safety committees
Healthandsafetycommitteesaremadeupofworkersandemployerswhomeettodiscuss
health,safetyandwelfareintheworkplace.
Healthandsafetycommitteesassistindevelopinghealthandsafetypolicies,andconsult
withtheemployeronchangestopoliciesorprocedures.
Atleasthalfofthecommitteemembersmustbeworkers.
Thecommitteemustmeetatleastonceeverythreemonths.
Membersofthecommitteewhorepresentworkersareelectedbytheworkers.Theyare
usuallyhealthandsafetyrepresentatives.
Ifyoursupervisor,teamcoordinatororhealthandsafetyrepresentativecannotfixasafety
problem,itshouldgotothecommitteetobediscussed.
Remember
UndertheWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct,bothemployersandemployeeshaveobligations
withregardtoensuringpeopleshealthandsafetyintheworkplace.
Standards,regulationsorindustrycodesofpracticeareinplacetohelpreducetheincidence
ofworkplaceaccidents.UndertheAct,penaltieswillbeincurredforbreaches.
Employersmustinstructworkersinsafetymeasuresandemploymeasurestoensurethesafetyofanyoneinorneartheworkplace.Onewaytoensurethishappensistoimplement
safetycommittees.Thisiswhythemajorityofindustrieshavesafetyofficersandcommittee
membersinplace.
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Employeeshaveadutytoconductthemselvesinamannerthatwillnotharmthemselvesor
others,tocarryoutcertainsafetymeasuresandtouseprotectiveclothingandequipment
provided.Theymustbeconstantlyonthelookoutforhazardsandnotifyemployersof
problems.Traininginstandardworkandemergencyproceduressuchasevacuationsisthe
bestwaytokeeptheworkplaceaccident-free.
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Section36oftheWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct1995tellsyouwhatyouhavetodoto
worksafely.
DANGER AREAS
Introduction to Noise
Noiseisprobablythemostunderestimatedhazardintheworkplace.Workersrunsomerisk
ofpermanentnoiseinducedhearinglosswhenexposedtohighlevelsofnoiseintheir
workday.
Theeffectofnoiseonthehumanbodyhasbeenlongdocumented.Therearebasicallytwo
typesofhearingloss.
Thefirstisassociatedwiththeouterormiddleear,withsometypeofdamageoccurringto
theeardrumorbonesofthemiddleear.
Thesecondisassociatedwithdamagetothenervesandcellsoftheinnerearwhichconvert
vibrationstomessagestothebrain.
Hearinglosscanhappenoveralongperiodoftime,inwhichtheworkerdoesnotrealisethe
lossisoccurring.
Noiseisamajorhazard.Itcandamageyourhearingandaffectyourhealthinmanyways.Forexample,itcancause:
Headaches
Constantringingintheears
Stress
Highbloodpressure
Increasedheartrate
Noisecanreachunacceptablyhighlevels.Irreparabledamagetohearingcanbecausedbyexposuretoloudnoiseforshortperiodsoftimeorlowernoiselevelsforextendedperiods.
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How the ear works
Soundwavesintheairareconvertedbytheearintoimpulses,whichtravelintheauditory
nervetothebrain,wheretheyareperceivedassound.
Theouterearcanalconductsthesoundwavestotheeardrum(1),ontheinnersideofwhich
threesmallbones(2)amplifythevibrationandconductthemtotheorganofhearinginthe
innerear(3).Nerveendingsinthecochlea(4)transmitthevibrationasimpulsesthroughthe
auditorynerve(5)tothebrain(6).
EXAMPLES OF PLANT NOISE
Source Noise Level
One centrifuge at one metre 87.9 dBA 1.7 x daily dose
Centrifuge hydraulic pumps 78.9 dBA
Basin 3 4 Dry Well 90.6 dBA 4.2.6 x daily dose
Motor Room Floor 85.9 dBA 1.5 x daily dose
Pump Room Floor 94.2 dBA 7.6 x daily dose
Motor Room Lift 86.4 dBA 1.5 x daily dose
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EXAMPLES OF NOISE EFFECT ON PEOPLE
Effect on People Sound level in dBA Sound Source
Highly Injurious 140
130
120
Pain Threshold
Jet Engine
Rivet Hammer
Injurious 110
100
85
80
Chainsaw
Sheet-metal workshop
General standard in Aust
for 8 hours
Heavy traffic
Irritating 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Normal conversation
Low conversation
Quiet radio music
Whispering
Quiet urban room
Rustling leaves
Hearing threshold
Considerthechartsandtheirrelationtotheworkplace.
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Dealing with noise in the workplace
Noise control
Gettingridofnoisecompletelyisimpossible.Whatwecandointheworkplaceisreducethe
noiseemissionsandprotectourselvesfromwhatremains.
Onceanoiseproblemisdiscovered,actionneedstobetakentogetridofortocontrolit.
Remembertousethehierarchyofcontrolwhendealingwithnoise.
Hierarchy of control
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Personal protective equipment
Workerswhoareexposedtounacceptablelevelsofnoisewillbeprovidedwithsuitablework
instructionsandPPEtoreducetheirexposuretoharmfullevels.Ifyouhaveanyconcerns,
contactyoursupervisororWorkplaceHealthandSafetyOfficer.
Afterassessingnoiselevels,youshouldselectappropriatehearingprotection,suchas
earplugsorearmuffs.Acomfortablefitisanimportantconsiderationwhenchoosinghearing
protection.
AllapprovedhearingprotectionshouldcomplywithAS1270;hearingconservationprograms,
ifapplicable,shouldbebasedonAS1269.
Summary of noise
Whathappensifthenoiselevelismeasuredanditistoohigh?
Rememberthedifferentwaysofcontrollinghazards.Usethehierarchyofcontrol.
Machinery and equipment
Checkyourplantandmachineryregularly,possiblyusingachecklist,sothatitwillstayin
safeworkingorder.Iffaultsarediscovered,donotusethemachine.Putinareporttohave
itservicedimmediately.
Takecarewhenworkingwithmovingvehicles,forexample,trucksandcranes,ornearpower
lines.
Theuseofhighvisibilityclothingmaybeusefulintheseareas.
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Electricity
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Thehumanbodymakesanexcellentconductorofelectricity,soitisimportantthatsafework
processesareadoptedwhenyouuseelectricity.
Electricalhazardsmaybedueto:
Crackedorfaultyinsulation
Overheatingequipment
Dampconditions
Ways to ensure safety around electricity include the following:
Wearcorrectclothing,suchasnon-conductivefootwearandremovemetalwatches,
jewelleryandbeltswithmetalbuckles.
Keeppowercordsawayfromheatandwater.Protectandrunyourpowercordsatheightswheretheywontbedamaged,forexample,awayfromsharpobjectsand
traffic.
Haveearthleakagedevicesinstalledsothatcurrentiscutimmediatelyifpoweris
shortcircuited.
Woodenorfibreglassladdersarebestusedwhenyouareworkingnearpowerlines
orperformingelectricalwork,astheyarenon-conductive.
Attendtofaultytoolsandequipmentbyhavingthemcheckedregularly,andensure
thatcordsarenotfrayed.
Turnoffallpowersourcesafteruse.
Hazardous substances
Ifyouhandlehazardoussubstances,makesureyouareawareofthespecialregulations
whichapplytohazardoussubstances.
Employersmusttrainworkerstousehazardoussubstancesproperlywhenitispartoftheir
job.
Aworkersprimaryprotectionisthelabel.Storagecontainersofhazardoussubstancesmust
becorrectlylabelledinEnglish,butdontassumeallpeoplecanreadandunderstandthelabels.Discussitwiththepersonindetailbeforeuseorstorage.
Checkfrequentlythatstoragecontainersarenotdamagedorhavenotdeterioratedovertime.
UsersmustalsobereferredtotherelevantMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS).
LocatetheMSDSinyourworkplace.Thesesheetsprovideinformationabout:
Thedangersinvolvedinusingchemicalsandsubstances
Precautionsforuse
Healtheffectsandrelevantfirstaidprocedures
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Working in the sun
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Manyaircraftmaintenanceemployeescarryouttheirdailyworkinfullsunshine.Workingin
thesunwithoutadequateprotectioncancausedehydration,headaches,sunstrokeandskin
cancers.
To reduce the effects of the sun, you can:
Drinkwaterorkeepupyourfluidintake
Wearabroad-brimmedhat
Applyatleast15+sunscreen
Wearlong-sleeved,close-weaveshirtsandtrousers
Wearneckprotectorsunderhardhats,and
Avoidworkingunprotectedforlongperiodsbetween11amand3pm.
Ifyoufindahazardatworkyoumusttellyoursupervisor/teamcoordinator.
Safety representative
Afteryouhavetoldyouroccupationalhealthandsafetyrepresentativeandyourteam
coordinatororsupervisorthattheremightbeaprobleminyourworkarea,theywillneedto
comeandhavealook.
Recognising Fire Hazards
Inordertounderstandhowfireextinguisherswork,youfirstneedtoknowalittlebitabout
fire.Fourthingsmustbepresentatthesametimeinordertoproducefire:
Enoughoxygentosustaincombustion,
Enoughheattoraisethematerialtoitsignitiontemperature,
Somesortoffuelorcombustiblematerial,and
Thechemical,exothermicreactionthatisfire.
Oxygen,heat,andfuelarefrequentlyreferredtoasthe"firetriangle."Addinthefourthelement,thechemicalreaction,andyouactuallyhaveafire"tetrahedron."Theimportantthingtorememberis:takeanyofthesefourthingsaway,andyouwillnothaveafireorthefirewillbeextinguished.
Essentially,fireextinguishersputoutfirebytakingawayoneormoreelementsofthefiretriangle/tetrahedron.
Firesafety,atitsmostbasic,isbasedupontheprincipleofkeepingfuelsourcesandignition
sourcesseparate.
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Industrialfirescanbecausedbyavarietyof
hazards,includingunprotectedorfaultyequipment,unsafestorageofcombustible
materials,inadequateventilation,failureto
followestablishedsafetyguidelines(suchas
smokinginrestrictedareas),inattention,
humanerror,andarson.Fortunately,mostof
thesefirehazardscanberecognised(and
corrected)byknowingyourcompany'ssafety
proceduresandkeepingalerttopotentially
dangeroussituations.
Majorcausesareelectricalfaultsandcarelesslydiscardedsmokingmaterials.
Sincemostfirescanbeavoided,firepreventionshouldbeacommonobjectivethroughoutall
levelsoforganisations
Firesafetybecomeseveryone'sjobataworksite.Employersshouldtrainworkersaboutfirehazardsintheworkplaceandaboutwhattodoinafireemergency.Thisplanshouldoutlinetheassignmentsofkeypersonnelintheeventofafireandprovideanevacuationplanforworkersonthesite.
Regulationsdefinecertainfiresafetymeasuressuchasensuringmeansfordetectingandfightingfire,escapingfromworkplacesintheeventofafireandrequiringemployerstoincludefirehazardsintheirriskassessments.
Thebasicrequirementofmostregulationsisthatallpremisesmeetingcertainspecifiedcriteriamusthaveavalidfirecertificate.Firecertificatesareissuedbythefireauthorities.
Regulationsdefinecertainfiresafetymeasuressuchasensuringmeansfordetectingandfightingfire,escapingfromworkplacesintheeventofafireandrequiringemployerstoincludefirehazardsintheirriskassessments.
Thebasicrequirementofmostregulationsisthatallpremisesmeetingcertainspecifiedcriteriamusthaveavalidfirecertificate.Firecertificatesareissuedbythefireauthorities.
Managing Fire Safety
Firesafetymanagementshouldincludeconsiderationofthefollowing:
Maintainingsecurityprocedures&preventingstorageofcombustiblematerialsnexttobuildings
Storage&useofHighlyflammablesubstances(egsolvents&solventbasedproducts)&oxidisingagents(eg.halogenationmaterials)
Eliminationofignitionsources(egsparks,heat&nakedflames)
Managementofdustextractors&dustcollectionsystems
Maintenanceofclearescaperoutes&exitdoors
Managementofwaste&rubbish
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Provisionofinformation&training
Provision&maintenanceofappropriateequipmentegdetectors,alarms,emergencylighting&extinguishers
Appointmentoffiremarshals Developmentofemergencyprocedures&practicedrills
Arrangementsforraisinganalarm&contactingtheemergencyservices
Fire Risk Assessment
Afireriskassessmentwillhelpdeterminethechancesofafireoccurringandthedangersfromfirethatyourworkplaceposesforthepeoplewhouseit.Theassessmentmethodmayfollowthesameapproachasthatusedingeneralhealthandsafetyriskassessments.
Forfireriskassessmentstherearefivestepsthatneedtobetaken:-
Identifypotentialfirehazardsintheworkplace(egcombustiblematerials,sourcesof
ignition).
Decidewhomightbeindangerintheeventofafire(egemployees,visitors,contractors,vulnerablepersons).
Evaluatetherisksarisingfromthefirehazardsandcarryoutnecessaryimprovements.
Recordyourfindingsandanyactionstakenandcommunicatetoyouremployees.
Keeptheassessmentunderreviewandreviseitasnecessary.
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Identify Fire Hazards:Forafiretooccuritneedssourcesofheat&fuel.Ifthesehazardscanbekeptapart,removedorreduced,thentheriskstopeopleandbusinessareminimised.Inordertodothisyoumustfirstidentifyfirehazardsinyourworkplace.
Topic7.1.2:IdentificationandReportingofWorkplaceHazardsIssueB:January2008 Revision1 23of26
IdentifyAnyCombustibles:Thesecanbedividedintotwomaingroups;combustiblefuels
suchaspaper,woodcardboardetc;andhighlycombustiblefuelssuchasthinners,solvents,polyurethanefoametc.
IdentifyAnySourcesofHeat:Allworkplacescontainheat/ignitionsources;somewillbeobvioussuchascookingequipmentoropenflameheatingorprocesses.Othersmaybelessobvioussuchasheatfromchemicalprocessesorelectricalequipment.
IdentifyAnyUnsafeActs:Personsundertakingunsafeactssuchassmokingnexttocombustiblematerialsetc.
IdentifyAnyUnsafeConditions:Thesearehazardsthatmayassistafirtospreadintheworkplace,egiftherearelargeareasofhardboardorpolystyrenetilesetc,oropenstairsorshaftsthatcancausefiretospreadquickly,trappingpeopleandinvolvingthewholebuilding.
Identify Location Persons who are at Significant Risk:
Considertherisktoanypeoplewhomaybepresent.Inmanyinstances&particularlyformostsmallworkplacestherisk(s)identifiedwillnotbesignificant,&specificmeasuresforpersonsinthiscategorywillnotberequired.Therewill,however,besomeoccasionswhencertainpeoplewillbeespeciallyatriskfromfire,becauseoftheirspecificrole,disability,locationortheworkplaceactivity.Youneedtoconsidermatterscarefullyif:
Visitorsorcontractorsarepresentonsite.
Personsaredisabledegphysically,visually,mentallyetc
Peopleareunabletoreactquickly.
Personsareisolatedorawayfromsurfacelevel.Youmustconsiderallpersons;askquestionsinparticularofvisitorstoyourwork-place,notalldisabilitiesareobvious.Youneedtoputspecialprovisionsinplace.
Reduce Evaluate Risks Determine if Existing Arrangements are Adequate, or Need
Improvement.
Ifthebuildinghasbeenbuilt&maintainedinaccordancewithbuildingregulations&itisbeingputtoitsdesigneduse,itislikelythatthemeansofescapeprovisionswillbeadequate,oryouwillbeabletodecidewhatisrequiredinrelationtotherisk.Havingidentifiedthehazards,youneedtoreducethechanceofafireoccurring&spreading,therebyminimisingorremovingthechanceofharmtopersonsintheworkplaceby:-
Removingthehazardaltogether;
Reducingthehazardtothepointwherethereislittleornorisk;
Replacingtheexistinghazardwithasaferalternative;
Segregatingthehazardfromtheworkplace;
Developingapreventionpolicyandculturetoensurehazardsdonotoccurintheworkplace.Thisshouldbeadynamicassessment,involvingpreplanningifintroducingnewprocessesorworkingpractices,andappropriatecontrolmeasuresputinplace.
Themeasuresmentionedshouldbestraightforwardusingbasiccommonsense,havingthe
additionalbenefitsofbusinesscontinuitybymanagingrisks.
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