Azuma and Lifebox Report - ARCHITECTUREarchitecturetesta.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/1/0/101028422/... · 2018. 8. 28. · 4.3 Application of my Proposed Lifebox Summary Bibliography Page

Azuma and Lifebox ReportTechnology and Environment 1

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Project 3

Name: Alessio Luca Testa

Candidate Number: N067931

CONTENTSIntroductionPhase 1: Solar Geometry

1.1 Principles1.2 Analysis of Azuma House1.3 Application of my Proposed Lifebox

Phase 2: Passive Solar Gain and Shading2.1 Principles2.2 Analysis of Azuma House2.3 Application of my Proposed Lifebox

Phase 3: Daylight3.1 Principles3.2 Analysis of Azuma House3.3 Application of my Proposed Lifebox

Phase 4: Passive Cooling4.1 Principles4.2 Analysis of Azuma House 4.3 Application of my Proposed Lifebox

SummaryBibliography

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INTRODUCTION

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In this project we are required to describe and critically analyses Azuma Houseand our Life box, which were developed in Design Studio.

Concentrating on describing and analysing:• Solar Geometry• Passive Solar gain & shading• Daylighting• Passive cooling

This report will document drawings, pictures and models to demonstrate andappreciate the design principles for thermal and sound insulation, and controlover lighting and air movement within buildings.

Drawings will demonstrate construction techniques and processes linked withbuilding materials and their characteristics, including environmental, health andsafety, and fire risk considerations.

Linking the project to design studio’s I will be integrating knowledge learnedfrom this module and utilising those skills with the design made in design studio.

PHASE 1: SOLAR GEOMETRY

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SOLAR GEOMETRY1.1 Principles:

What causes the season?

Fig. 1 states the relative tilt of earth during four seasons. In the illustrations the earth is tilted23.45⁰ on its axis during each complete revolution around the sun.

When the north pole is closest to the sun, Earth receives direct rays of the sun from 23.45⁰north latitude. This is the summer solstice, which happens on the June 21st

Half way between the summer solstice and winter solstice (21st March and 21st September),known as equinox. On September 21st it is known as the Fall Equinox and on March 21st it isknown as the Spring Equinox. This is where direct sun rays are not achieved.

When the north pole is pointing away from the sun and the sun is closest to 23.45⁰ southlatitude, the Tropic of Capricorn will receive more sunlight than East Tropic of Cancer due to itbeing tilted away from the sun. This is known as winter solstice, which happens on the 21st

December.

Since the earths tilt causes the sun’s rays to only fall perpendicular to the earth’s atmospherebetween the Topic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, these areas will receive more solarradiation than other parts of the globe.

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Key wordsSummer Solstice- When the north pole is closest to the sun (21st June)Equinox- Halfway between summer solstice and winter solstice (21st March and 21st

September)Winter Solstice- when the north pole is pointing away from the sun (21st December)

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

SOLAR GEOMETRY

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1.1 Principles:

Describe the summer solstice, winter solstice and equinox

Summer Solstice- When the north pole is closest to the sun (21st June)

Equinox- Halfway between summer solstice and winter solstice (21st March and 21st

September)

Winter Solstice- when the north pole is pointing away from the sun (21st December)

Fig. 1 shows the angel that the sun’s rays hit earth.

Fig. 2 shows the angles of solar incident radiation Upon earth. As the earth rotates around the sun, the direct rays that are hitting earth travel from 23.45⁰ north, crossing the equator, then move to 23.45⁰ south, then through the equator again and arriving back at 23.45⁰ north.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2 (J.Harrell,1982)

Key wordsSummer Solstice- When the north pole is closest to the sun (21st June)Equinox- Halfway between summer solstice and winter solstice (21st March and21st September)Winter Solstice- when the north pole is pointing away from the sun (21st

December)

SOLAR GEOMETRY

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1.2 Analysis of Azuma House:

Using the Stereographic Sun path Diagram with a latitude of 34N, the altitude and azimuth were calculated for the sun in Oska, Japan.

June 21st 8am Altitude 37⁰Azimuth 85⁰

12pm Altitude 80⁰Azimuth 180⁰


December 21st 8am Altitude 9⁰Azimuth 126⁰



A Stereographic Sun path Diagram will state how the site or building will be impacted by the sun during a given period of time.

Key wordsAzimuth Lines - Azimuth angles run around the edge of the diagram.Altitude Lines - Altitude angles are represented as concentric circular dotted linesthat run

Fig. 1

From this I will be able to get an understanding where the sunwill be at what time during a specified season.

SOLAR GEOMETRY

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Predict Sun Beams representing the sun at midday in June and December.

Ground floor plan of Azuma House

June 12:00- During June the sunlight is predicted to primarily strike the entrance of Azumahouse at an altitude of 80⁰. This will enable light to enter the south of the building; theentrance.

June 12:00- Light will also enter the courtyard. Therefore, triggering light either side of thebridge on the ground floor.

Fig.1 shows the dominate light south of the building and further light in the courtyard.

December 12.00- In December sunlight is still predicted to be achieved south of the building.However, due to an altitude of 32⁰ there is predicted to be no other light penetrating thebuilding.

Fig. 2 illustrated the Ground floor plan of Azuma house, showing the prediction of onlyreceiving sunlight south of the building.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2


SOLAR GEOMETRY

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Predict Sun Beams representing the sun at midday in June and December.

Section through the Internal window to bedroom 1

June 12:00- During June sunlight is predicted to be achieved in two areas of the Bedroom. Onebeing through the skyline and the other through the courtyard. The altitude of the sun in thesummer is 80⁰, meaning that the Bedroom will remain a shaded area protected from the sun.

Fig.1 shows the areas predicted where the sun will beam into the room, at a scale of 1:50.

December 12:00- In December the altitude will be 32⁰, allowing more sunlight in to theBedroom due to a lower angle. This will be beneficial during the winter as the sunlight will beable to keep the Bedroom warm. This time however, its predicted that less sunlight will bereached through the skyline.

Fig.2 demonstrates the sunlight being achieved during the winter solstice at midday throughthe internal window to bedroom 1.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2


SOLAR GEOMETRY

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Analysis of the site and the internal lighting conditions of Azuma House.

June 21st at 8:0012:0016:00

December 21st at 8:0012:0016:00

Key wordsHelidon- Apparatus that is used to measure visually the amount of sunlight beingpenetrated during a specific time in the year.

Fig. 1 June 21st 8:00 Fig. 2 June 21st 12:00 Fig. 3 June 21st 16:00

Fig. 4 December 21st 8:00 Fig. 5 December 21st 12:00 Fig. 6 December 21st 16:00

The images above shows images taken from the helidon, capturing the sunlight at the stated times.

SOLAR GEOMETRY

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Analysis of the site and the internal lighting conditions of Azuma House.

My predications states that:

Key wordsHelidon- Apparatus that is used to measure visually the amount of sunlight beingpenetrated during a specific time in the year.

Fig. 2 June 21st 12:00

Fig. 1 June 21st 12:00

Fig. 3 December 21st 12:00

Fig. 4 December 21st 12:00

In June at 12:00 sunlight would strike, onthe ground floor, missing the backbedroom and striking the south face ofthe Azuma house. These predictionswere correct, however, I imagined thesouth of the building to have been struckmore by the light.

In December at 12:00, my prediction thatit would hit the south face of the buildingwas correct. I was also correct in statingthat light would shine within Bedroom 1of Azuma house.

SOLAR GEOMETRY

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1.3 Application to your proposed Lifebox:

Location of Lifebox and why? What is the orientation of your Lifebox.

The location of my Lifebox is Ila Codájas, Brazil. The reason for this is due to myclient Ernesto Neto, being a native Brazilian, who adores nature.

Brazil is warm country south of the equator meaning it will have more hours ofsunlight. This will mean that the building will be able to benefit from sun and‘free’ heat and light that it produces.

This will also benefit the environment, as it will mean environmental impactswill be reduced, along with CO2 emission.

The orientation of the life box is NNE. This will mean that the Studio will beNorth facing, meaning it will be able to achieve consistent light throughout theday.

It will also mean that the building will be able to benefit from a lot ofsunlight both in the morning and at night.

Fig.2 shows a zoomed in transition of the site location. Showing treesthat could be used as shading during the hot climate.

Key wordsOrientation - the position of a building in relation to an east-west axis.Helidon- Apparatus that is used to measure visually the amount of sunlight beingpenetrated during a specific time in the year.

Fig. 1 NNE Sign

Fig. 2 Site

SOLAR GEOMETRY

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1.3 Application to my proposed Lifebox:

Helidon images:

June 21st at 6:3012:0017:30

December 21st at 5:3012:0018:30

Key wordsOrientation - the position of a building in relation to an east-west axis.Helidon- Apparatus that is used to measure visually the amount of sunlight beingpenetrated during a specific time in the year.

Fig. 1 June 21st 8:00 Fig. 2 June 21st 12:00 Fig. 3 June 21st 16:00

Fig. 4 December 21st 6:30 Fig. 5 December

21st 12:00

Fig. 6 December

21st 16:00

Fig. 7 13S Sunpath

Fig. 7 13S Sunpath

From taking my exterior model to thehelidon I was able to identify a shape thatwould best fit the main areas of thebuilding; the studio and kitchen/dinningroom.

Finding the best orientation for the Lifeboxis very important, especially when wantingto capture the scenery and keep aconstantly naturally lit house.

PHASE 2: PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN AND SHADING

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PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN AND SHADING

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2.1 Principles:

Passive Solar Gain

Passive solar gain can be defined as ‘A system that collects, stores, and redistributes solarenergy without the use of fans, pumps or complex controllers.’ (Lechner, 2009)

Passive solar gain is where energy from the sun in the form of heat is collected, stored andreleased for use in heating a building (Harrell, 1982). In simple terms passive solar gain is thecapturing of natural heat.

The benefits of passive solar gain is that it reduces heating and cooling energy bill, thereforereduces cost, and acts to help save the environment. Coordinating with keeping CO2 levelslow.

Designing to accommodate passive solar gain can mean that the amount of energy used byeach household can be reduced significantly, making homes much more sustainable, thushelping preserve our non renewable sources. Therefore, designing in this manner is veryimportant.

There are three different types of Passive solar gain:• Direct Gain• Trombe wall• Sunspace

Key wordsPassive Solar Gain- refers to the increase in temperature in a space, object orstructure that results from solar radiation.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN AND SHADING2.1 Principles:

The Three main types of Passive Solar Gain

Direct Gain

Direct gain is where solar radiation is trapped within a confined room. Direct gain works bestwith south facing windows as it is able to capture strong amounts of light. What's mostimportant are the thermal mass inside the building that absorbs the solar radiation during theday (energy storage element). This becomes most effective at night, where heat is released toreplace the cold air.

Clerestory Windows are used to further ensure efficiency to rooms that are north facing.Putting in south facing clerestory means that a higher quality of light can be achieved.

Skylights are similar to clerestory windows, in that it allows more light further into thebuilding. However, it isn’t as efficient because the gap it provides for light to enter is smaller.

Fig. 4

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 1

Fig. 5

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Trombe Wall

A trombe wall is a thermal mass wall (usually 30cm) that gets hot during the day, absorbingheat and during the night with enough mass can act as a radiant heater thought the night,ensuring comfort.

It is used when the suns heat is available rather than the light. As the solid material it is madefrom can store heat for its night time use.

Parapet Trombe wall

This is simply a smaller version of the tromba wall, working in the same effect as a normaltromba wall, however absorbing less due to having less mass. This means that it does not workas effectively as a trombe wall, but it does offer the client to view out of a window whilstbenefiting from the parapet trombe wall.

Key wordsTrombe wall- Thermal mass wall that is situated to absorb heat and lightParapet Trombe wall- A smaller version of the trombe wall.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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Sunspace

‘A sunspace is simply a room or area that is designed to collect heat for the main part of a building’ (Lechner, 2009)

During the day time the sunspace collects heat through thermal mass which is carried to the main section of the building through doors walls and vents.

At night everything is closed to enclose the heat in the main part of the building to keep it warm. Thermal mass keeps the building comfortable and the sunspace from becoming cold.

A problem with sunpace technique is that it can easily over heat especially if it a south facing window. To overcome the sunspace from becoming to hot, vents can be accommodated to ensure sufficient ventilation. Another method that this problem can be resolved is through external shading.

Key wordsSunspace- A room that is simply design to obtain heat collected from the sun.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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Description of the different types of external shading devices

OverhangOverhand on south facing windows is one of the most effective ways of shading. It reducesthe amount of light being able to enter the house. This would be most effective in a hotclimate country where shading within the house is required at all times. During summersolstice it would shade the house and in the winter solstice it would be able to heat the house.This is shown by Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

Horizontal Louvers

Horizontal louvers can create the same effect, not working as well as the overhang due to itreducing the solar rays from the sun. Meaning that less shading is created. In areas such asEurope this may be a good system to use as temperatures can vary.

Minatare louver Screen

Similar to horizontal louvers however on a smaller scale, they work in the same way howeverdue to a larger sum of smaller louvers more shadowing can be provided, blocking out toomuch sun and keeping the building comfortably warm. This would work best in areas such asthe south of Europe where climate during the summer solstice is very warm.

Trees are another external type of shading used to keep a building cool.

Key wordsOverhang- Extension of the ceiling creating shadingHorizontal Louvers- Protruding pieces that block too much sun.Minatare louver screen- Same as horizontal louvers but on a smaller scale.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

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Describe and illustrate how different types of materials effect solar gain and shading.

Solar gain

Concrete is a very good material when it come to solar gain in a hot country. This is becauseduring the day it is able to absorb the heat from outside, keeping the rooms inside cool.However, during the night it effectively releases the heat keeping the house warm at night. Inareas such as Dubai where there are no clouds during the night to reflect the heat towards tothe buildings, a material like concrete is very beneficial.

Another material that performs well during solar gain are high performance insulation and glazing, as they aid to capture the heat, keeping it within the building.

Shading

Glazing (reflective glass) is one of the most effective ways of shading a building through the choice of a arterial. The reflective glass acts accordingly ensuring that only a certain percentage of light enters the building.

As mentioned under solar gain, concrete works effectively in keeping the house cool.

Both materials considered good at solar gain and shading. Concrete and glass

Key wordsSolar gain- refers to the increase in temperature in a space, object or structurethat results from solar radiation.

Shading- Area where the sun cannot get to.

Fig. 1

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PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN AND SHADING2.2 Analysis of Azuma House.

Analysis of Azuma house in terms of passive solar gain and shading

Ground floor plan

From the ground floor plans on cannot appreciate the difficulty Azuma house has on taking in light due to the surrounding buildings. However, it has been bettered by choice of materials.The materials that Azuma house are built from are primarily concrete and glass. Of which are both materials that are effective during passive solar gain and shading.

In terms of direct sunlight, Azuma house only really achieves this from 11.30am – 13.00pmbefore it is once again shaded from the surrounding buildings. However, due to the concrete itis built from. The hours that it does receive direct sunlight it is able to absorb it and slowlyrelease it during cold and shaded evenings.Glass also works well as it is able to act as a green house storing heat for longer periods (energy storage element).

Wind plays a huge part with passive solar gain, as it helps warm air travel through the building. In Osaka, primary wind comes from east. Fig. 2 shows my adaptation that could benefit the wind, directing it through the building. Penetrating warm air through the building.

Reflection from surrounding buildings could help with the passive solar gain of Azuma house.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

This should be atrombe wall meaningthat it could absorbheat for the coolevening.



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PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN AND SHADING2.2 Analysis of Azuma House

Analysis of Azuma house in terms of passive solar gain and shading

Section Drawings

From the section drawings it is clear where the sun comes at 12:00 PM in June and December.

In June at 12:00 PM where average temperatures in Japan reach 27⁰C there is a lot of shadingbeing provided, meaning that living areas are kept cool and at a reasonably comfortabletemperature.Due to the altitude of 80⁰ there are a lot of areas within the building that are shaded. Thebedroom doors and walls are made from glass. This means they act as sun collector system,like a greenhouse taking in solar rays.

In December at 12:00 PM where average temperature in Japan reach 5 ⁰C there are more sunrays that penetrate the bedrooms. Despite this the ground floor receives no sun, which meansthat it will remain cold. The altitude of the winter solstice at 12.00PM is 32⁰ giving a lowerprofile warming up the bedrooms and leaving the rest of the house in shading. This thereforemeans that the ground floor would not be as comfortable as it is in the summer.

To resolve the problem reflecting should take place to help achieve less shading on the groundfloor.



Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN AND SHADING2.3 Application to my Proposed Lifebox:

How are you going to design your Lifebox for passive solar gain?

Ernesto Neto’s Lifebox will be designed for passive solar gain mainly through direct solar gainas this is the best method to warm the building up.

The building will be designed in a modernist style, with ceiling windows to integrate theoutside and the inside. Therefore, with these large windows the Lifebox will be able to attractlarge sums of passive solar. This will ensure that the Lifebox is warm, meaning it will need lessenergy to warm the building up in the evenings.

A consideration of the materials that the life box could be made from to scale is important, asmaterials such as glass and concrete absorb heat well, trapping it within a space for longperiods of time.

A more important question is referring to the shading of the building. This is due to it beinglocated in brazil where there are a lot of hours of sunlight. Thus, I believe that passive solargain is less important than shading the building.

The main area of shading comes from the north face and the west and east of the middlesection



Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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PASSIVE SOLAR GAIN AND SHADING2.3 Application to my Proposed Lifebox:

Where are the various spaces located for solar gain?

When designing the Lifebox solar gain and daylight were the main objectives. This is becauseErnesto Neto, the client, adores natural light and natural ideas. Thus, designing somethingthat was able to be energy efficient and which had a minimal impact on the environmentwould be important.

To achieve this the Lifebox consists of direct gain from many areas around the building. Fig. 2shows with arrows the main areas where direct light will trigger the Lifebox. Brazil is a hotclimate country, therefore not my absorbing will be needed. Giving reason for not including atrombe wall. Despite the benefits of a trombe wall, having a trombe wall in the Lifebox ofErnesto Neto would have blocked the flow that the building has designed to do.

Will your Lifebox require external shading devices?

Surrounding the Lifebox will be evergreen trees keeping the south face of the Lifebox coolboth in summer and winter.For the north face of the building, a overhang has been integrated in the design to minimalizethe light entering the bedroom.

Trees

Key wordsSolar gain- refers to the increase in temperature in a space,object or structure that results from solar radiation.


Fig. 1

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Fig. 4

PHASE 3: DAYLIGHT

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DAYLIGHT

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3.1 Principles:

Why we design for daylight?

Daylight is sourced from the sun which is a free and reliable type of lighting. It is available to usduring the day every day, with relevance to sunrise and sunset.

It is environmentally friendly and can save 40% of energy. Therefore, designing toaccommodate daylight throughout the day is very important. Not only does it save energybenefiting the world, it also would save the consumer meaning that the value of the propertywould be increased.

Without daylight in architecture, there would be no atmosphere within a building, no shadowsadding affect. Making the property characterless.

In terms of health, sunlight provides our skin with vitamin D, enabling our bones to absorbcalcium, easily ensuring that our bones are healthy (NHS,2016).

Natural daylight allows use toperform activities, such as workingat a desk.

Key wordsDaylight- Is simply the light produced by the sun during the day.

Fig. 1

DAYLIGHT

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3.1 Principles:

Different sources of daylight

There are many different sources of daylight. Most common would be directsunlight, captured directly from the sun into the building. Linked with directsunlight clear skys are another source of daylight.

Sun rays that are reflected of the ground can at times be a good source of daylight. This can particularly be the case if one lived by the coast where sunreflection on the sea would give sufficient daylight.

As well as ground surfaces that reflect, buildings also reflect. This is morecommon with glass building .

From an overcast daylight can be produced providing sun into the building. Inthe agreed UK overcast is 5000 lux.


Fig. 1

Fig. 2

DAYLIGHT

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3.1 Principles:

Daylight Factor

Daylight factor is used to calculate the effectiveness of a design, measuring the amount ofdaylight internally. It is determined by the ratio of indoor and outdoor illumination and ismeasured using an artificial sky.

Below is how to calculate daylight factor:

In the UK it has been agreed that standard overcast sky is 5000 lux.

Below is how to calculate daylight factor in the UK:#

Fig. 1 shows the artificial sky which is initially used to calculate the indoor illumination.

Fig. 1


Daylight factor- Used to calculate quantity of sun in a percentage.

DAYLIGHT

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3.1 Principles:

When to use the artificial sky?

The artificial sky is a piece of apparatus that measures and identify quantity of light within ascale model. It would be used during that later stages of modelling (closer to a final model), asit shows whether rooms receive a lot of light.

In comparison the artificial sky does not measure direct sunlight.

When to use the helidon?

The helidon is a piece of apparatus used to identify the quality of direct sunlight on a scalemodel. It is a sufficient visual check that can be used to identify main areas of light on abuilding and areas that may not receive and light.

During designing/ early stages of model making the helidon would be a good apparatus touse. As it would quickly replicate the sun identifying in which orientation to position a building,and opening for windows to allow efficient light to come in effectively. It is also a fairlyaccurate way of seeing if light work in and around the context.

Key wordsHelidon- Apparatuses used to visual measure quality of sun.

Artificial Sky- Apparatuses used to measure quantity of sun.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

DAYLIGHT

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3.1 Principles:

Summaries and illustrate the basic strategies for daylight

Basic daylight strategies include:

• Orientation is key. For example a studio would not want to be placed south facing because of the overheating the room could have.

• The amount of sky that can be seen- A room will appear gloomy is more than 50% of the working plane is beyond the line. (tech 1 lecture, 2016)

• The sizing of windows- Large sized windows will be able to capture more daylight meaning that the room will be filled with light.

• Roof lights- Including a overhead opening can mean that lighting can provide 2.5 times as much daylight than a single window in a wall.


Daylight factor- Used to calculate quantity of sun in a percentage.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

DAYLIGHT

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Quantity of daylight and Daylight Factor

Readings taken from the artificial sky:

Ground Floor Courtyard 430 LuxKitchen 40 LuxLiving 40 Lux

First Floor Courtyard 5060 LuxBedroom 1 230 LuxBedroom 2 230 Lux

Daylight FactorGround Floor Courtyard 8.6%

Kitchen 0.8%Living 0.8%

First Floor Courtyard 101%Bedroom 1 4.6%Bedroom 2 4.6%

What do these figures mean?It is clear that the kitchen especially does not get enough light, whilst the bedrooms perhapsget too much light. A solution to this could be swapping these rooms and having an upside-down house.

Key wordsAzimuth - Azimuth angles run around the edge of the diagram.Altitude Angle - Altitude angles are represented as concentric circular dotted linesthat run

Fig. 1

DAYLIGHT

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Quality of daylight in Azuma house

The quality of light at Azumahouse is sufficient on the firstfloor. However, the quality of lighton the ground floor is poor andrequires a lot of artificial light.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6 Fig. 7

DAYLIGHT

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3.3 Application to my proposed Lifebox :

What effect do different openings have upon the quality and quantity of the interior light?

Different opening can be very effective or very costly, meaning that spaces lose light.

Window opening that provide the best opportunity for natural daylight. From the Lifebox areading that was lower than expected was for the thinking room. Getting a daylight calculationof 1.3%. This is extremely low, and due having a smaller window opening the quantity of lightwasn’t that effective.

The idea of the thinking room was for my client to look out of a window which was there tofocus on something specifically. A larger opening would have meant that more light wouldhave been able to enter the thinking room, being effective in improving the quality andquantity of the interior light.

Externally, I feel having a lower kitchen window would have allowed for more light during thesummer where a fairly large shadow was created, reducing the quality of light. However,during the summer, a warm period in Brazil; averaging at 27⁰C, a slight shadow would be goodto keep the building cool.

Key wordsDaylight- Is simply the light produced by the sun duringthe day.

Daylight factor- Used to calculate quantity of sun in apercentage.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

DAYLIGHT

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3.3 Application to my proposed Lifebox :

What basic daylighting strategies are you using?

Being made primarily from glass, I aim to ensure light from all angles within the Lifebox; bothduring in the morning and the afternoon. Fig. 1 – Fig. 3 show the sunlight on the helidon inDecember from 6:30am – 6.30PM. From the images the quality of light looks good, it couldhave perhaps done with a saw-tooth in the lounge to add better light.Methods such as solar panels have been included to ensure that the building is as emissionfree as possible.

Daylighting factor- Studio 11. 9% Kitchen 6.4% Lounge and Entrance 1.6%Thinking room 1.3% Bedroom 4.1% Sky Dome 60.6%

These figures show that the quantity of light throughout the building is sufficient, especially inthe studio where he will be spending most of his time.

What atmosphere are you trying to create?

The atmosphere that is trying to be created is an open planned well light Lifebox, sufficient forentertainment and many friends to gather. I also wanted to create strange shadows, replicatingthe stretching work of Ernesto Neto, Fig. 5 and Fig.6 best illustrate this.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4Fig. 5Fig. 7 Fig. 6

PHASE 4: PASSIVE COOLING

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PASSIVE COOLING

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4.1 Principles:

Why and when is passive cooling required?

Passive cooling is a system used to achieve thermal comfort during the summer or in a tropicalarea.

Passive is defined as a natural, non mechanical system that doesn’t use energy.

Passive cooling enables energy to be saved, thus helping the environment. An example whereis does this, is by eliminating air conditioning which is an artificial way of cooling a room,therefore uses energy.

By achieving passive cooling it allows for the consumer to operate in that building comfortably.This is due to achieving a optimum temperature that is suited for humans; 21-22⁰C .

Passive cooling is achieved through four main elements; cooling with ventilation, radiantcooling, evaporative cooling and earth cooling.

Key wordsPassive cooling- focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building toimprove thermal comfort

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

PASSIVE COOLING

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4.1 Principles:

One page illustration summary of the four main types of passive cooling

Earth Cooling

Evaporative Cooling Cooling with Ventilation

Radiant Cooling

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

PASSIVE COOLING

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4.1 Principles:

Single sided ventilation

Single sided ventilation occurs when the windows can only be opened on oneside of the room. The amount of fresh air that is able to come in the room islimited by single sided ventilation. It is clear that the room should not exceed2.5 times the height of the room, as it will mean that the ventilation would notwork as good if it exceed those requirements.

Through this system fresh air is directly getting into the interior space fromdoors and windows, while the indoor hot air is discharged from the exteriorwall openings.


Single sided ventilation-where air is ventilated in a small area through oneopening.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

PASSIVE COOLING

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4.1 Principles:

Cross ventilation

Cross ventilation occurs when there are windows in two or more walls cancreate cross-ventilation of the room.

The ventilation is powered primarily by the wind, which creates differences inwind pressure on the faces of the walls in which the window openings arefound.

Cress ventilation can be used effectively when the depth of the room is up to 5times the clear height of the room. (Awbi,1991)


Cross ventilation-where air is ventilated in a larger area through two or moreopenings.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

PASSIVE COOLING

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4.1 Principles:

Stack ventilation

Stack ventilation occurs when there is a height difference between windowsmeaning that there is something between them, for example a roof window.

This type of ventilation is driven from warm air rising to the top creating apressure difference which drives the ventilation. In other words the stackeffects are caused by temperature differences between the inside and outsidebuildings. When the indoor temperature is higher than the outdoor, warm airwill rise and exit and be replaced by cooler air from below.

The best way in which this work is when the prevailing wind is behind thedriving of the pressure of the natural ventilation.


Stack ventilation-where air is ventilated in a large area through roof openings.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

PASSIVE COOLING

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Analysis of Azuma House in terms of passive cooling

Ground Floor and First Floor Plans

Main winds come from East and the South West direction. Currently the house operates withall three methods of ventilations.

The bathroom operates with single sided ventilation, however the wind that reaches thebathroom weaker, meaning that on low wind days ventilation in the bathroom is poor. This is aparticular problem as the bathroom should be well ventilated to avoid bad odours being smeltin the kitchen.

From the front an side windows stack ventilation takes place, as once again weak strands ofwind pass through the house and escaping via the courtyard. If the lounge door were shut,ventilation would escape via the south east window through cross ventilation.

On the first floor both stack ventilation and cross ventilation can take place, with a weakamount of wind.

To improve the wind issue windows could have been placed in the circles to ensure strongerand predominant ventilation.Consideration of the East movement of wind could have helped guide better ventilation in thebuilding. Ensuring the ground floor was well ventilated through both cross and stackventilation.

Fig. 1


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Section AA

From the section it is clear to identify the stack ventilation method used at Azuma House. Thecourtyard ensures that the building is well ventilated and that a constant flow of fresh air iscirculating the building.

The kitchen receives single sided ventilation or when the door is open, is ventilated throughstack ventilation. This is a better method, especially for the functionality and purpose of thekitchen. Japanese's culture and cooking should be considered, realising that ventilation is keyto get rid of nasty smells.

The difficulty with ventilating Azuma house is due to the surrounding buildings blockingprevailing winds. This can be clearly seen by Fig. 2

However, to ensure better ventilations features such as half ceiling walls could have beenconsidered, especially for the kitchen.

Another improvement in ventilation could have been to increase the height of the exteriorwall located in the red circle marked on Fig. 1. By increasing the height of the exterior wallventilation for the prevailing wind would be guided into the building. Alternatively the couldhave been done with an angle in the green circle, guiding ventilation in the courtyard.

K

Fig. 1

Fig. 2


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4.3 Application to my proposed Lifebox:


In terms of wind this location receives 1 Knot of wind from the South East direction. Thiswould not be sufficient enough to keep the building completely cool.

The main method my Lifebox will be ventilated is by cross ventilation. As I believe that this is avery effective way of ensuring that the building is well ventilated. Much better than one sidedventilation.

Another way in which the south face of my building will be cooled passively, is through thesurrounding of the building; trees. These trees will keep the ground cool during the summerand winter as the trees are evergreen.

When designing the building I ensured that the studio was designed north facing so that therewould not be a problem with overheating that space. Instead I ensured that the south facingwalls were as shaded as possible. Making it clear that integrally the Lifebox for Ernesto Netowould remain cool. Especially due to it being located in brazil, a hot country.

Materials that the Lifebox is made from are concrete and glass. Due to how effective it isduring sunny period and its relationship with keeping the building cool.

An improvement would have been to either lift the Lifebox from the ground ensuring that itkept cool or by adding cooling pipes

Trees


Fig. 1

Fig. 2

SUMMARY

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Overall, I feel that the design was successful. Fulfilling the needs of the client whilst providinghim with a warm, bright and up beat atmospheric Lifebox.

What I most like about the design was the constant day light that the Lifebox would achieveday in, day out at the site. This along with the solar panels mean that no electricity from thegrid would be needed, thanks to the use of direct sun, reducing the need to turn on anyartificial light.

What I would have liked to have now added would be a saw-tooth overhead opening in thelounge or the thinking room. This would have provided more light and also a different levelledceiling.

In terms of cool, I like the use of what was there already. Thus, using the trees as shading. Ialso like the overhanging south face as it provided good shading in the bedroom. However, Ifeel that this shading would not be efficient to keep the building to a comfortable temperaturelevel.

Perhaps to resolve this, methods such as miniature louver screen could have helped to blocksome of the sun. Leaving the Lifebox much cooler.

In terms of orientation and location, I feel for a building designed in this manner, a uniqueplace to put it was important. Getting the orientation correct on the helidon was important, asmy main focus was to get as much light in the studio and the kitchen/dinning as possible. Thisis because I felt these were the most important spaces.

Trees

Either locate theoverhead openingover the lounge orthe thinking room.

To locate theMiniature louverscreen a long thekitchen/ dinnercould improvecooling.

Key wordsPassive cooling- focuses on heat gain control andheat dissipation in a building to improve thermalcomfort

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Books and e-booksN.Lechner, (2009) Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, J.Harrell, (1982) solar heating and cooling of buildings, (50th street, NY)H.Awbi, (1991) Ventilation of Buildings (5th avenue NY)

Web LinksSlide 7 and 11 http://www.jaloxa.eu/resources/daylighting/sunpath.shtml (last visited 29/11/2016)Slide 28 http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Summerhealth/Pages/vitamin-D-sunlight.aspx (last visited 29/11/2016)Slide 30 https://www.educate-sustainability.eu/kb/content/daylight-strategies (last visited 30/11/2016)

FiguresSlide 5, Figure. 2 http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_the_seasons.htm (last visited 29/11/2016)

Slide 13, Figure 1 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/16_cardinal_points_NNE.png/1024px-16_cardinal_points_NNE.png (last visited 29/11/2016)

Slide 31, Figure 2 http://archcomm.arch.tamu.edu/archive/news/fall2010/stories/helidon/image1.jpg (last visited 29/11/2016)

Slide 20 and 33 Figure 1 https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/a2/13/55/a21355104f678368e21c082971b443a4.jpg (last visited 30/11/2016)

Slide 33 Figure 2 https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/ea/b2/36/eab23612aaa9cb0fe8db558effea4841.jpg(last visited 30/11/2016)

Slide 33 Figure 3 https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ab/b7/fe/abb7fe0af05c4194a5469db14c24e38a.jpg (last visited 30/11/2016)

http://www.jaloxa.eu/resources/daylighting/sunpath.shtml

http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Summerhealth/Pages/vitamin-D-sunlight.aspx

https://www.educate-sustainability.eu/kb/content/daylight-strategies

http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_the_seasons.htm

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/16_cardinal_points_NNE.png/1024px-16_cardinal_points_NNE.png

http://archcomm.arch.tamu.edu/archive/news/fall2010/stories/helidon/image1.jpg

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/a2/13/55/a21355104f678368e21c082971b443a4.jpg

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/ea/b2/36/eab23612aaa9cb0fe8db558effea4841.jpg

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/ab/b7/fe/abb7fe0af05c4194a5469db14c24e38a.jpg

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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FiguresSlide 33 Figure 4 https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/aa/52/bc/aa52bc1a8c8cd3249951f9cc14a8b367.jpg(last visited 30/11/2016)

Slide 38 Figure 2 http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Img/167966/0050187.jpg (last visited 30/11/2016)

Slide 39 Figure 2 https://arch3230samanthaweiser.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/2.jpg (last visited 30/11/2016)

Slide 40 Figure 2 http://www.blc.lsbu.ac.uk/webcreatif/BSE/web-content/Topic5/Images5/Image5-2.jpg (last visited 30/11/2016)

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/aa/52/bc/aa52bc1a8c8cd3249951f9cc14a8b367.jpg

http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Img/167966/0050187.jpg

https://arch3230samanthaweiser.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/2.jpg

http://www.blc.lsbu.ac.uk/webcreatif/BSE/web-content/Topic5/Images5/Image5-2.jpg

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