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Azrieli Fellows Program

May 11, 2023

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Page 1: Azrieli Fellows Program
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N o v e m b e r 2 0 2 1

Azrieli Fellows Program

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Editor:Michal Hatuel-Radoshitzky

English Language Editor:Nikki Littman

Hebrew Language Editor:Mira Yallin

Photography:Shauli Lendner

Graphic Design:David Haliva

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

04 Forward Naomi Azrieli, DPhil

05 Greetings Prof. Hermona Soreq

06 Azrieli Graduate Studies Fellows

44 Azrieli International Postdoctoral Fellows

70 Azrieli Early Career Faculty Fellows

84 Our Team

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Naomi Azrieli, DPhil

Chair and CEO Azrieli Foundation

Dear Azrieli Fellows,

Welcome! You are now part of the Azrieli Fellows family.

This program โ€“ one of the most generous and prestigious fellowships in Israel โ€“ started in 2007 with 11 fellows. This year, we are proud to welcome 53 of you.

Our growth included an expansion of our postdoctoral track: five postdoctoral fellows joined us last year, and in 2021, we are supporting 20 new postdoctoral fellows. For the first time, fellows are not coming just from Canada but also from the European Union, EFTA states, and the UK, which is very exciting!

However, growth is about more than numbers. Our expansion includes adopting a more nuanced look at you, our Fellows, in terms of where you are in your research career (graduate, postdoctoral, or early career) and your field of research. We have adapted our program to support your needs, to expose you to the diverse and ground-breaking research carried out by your colleagues, and to enable you to network with professionals and other fellows.

Over the last 14 years of running this program, one point of consistency that I have noticed among all our fellows is the ability to deal with unknowns. This has been a year of unknowns, but I have every belief that you will find the answers you seek. That, after all, is what research is about and one of the reasons we chose you to be an Azrieli Fellow.

Good luck in your journey, and remember that we are here to support you every step of the way.

Yuri Dojc

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Prof. Hermona Soreq

Senior Academic Advisor Azrieli Fellows Program

Dear Azrieli Fellows,

It seems hard to believe, but another year has gone by. We knew that it would be challenging but perhaps did not anticipate the long-term impact of this pandemic on all of us. As a trained molecular biologist, I can tell you that it is one thing to teach viral evolution and mutagenesis and a totally different experience to watch the virus performing each trick in the textbook on us! However, while the virus is still here, the Azrieli Foundation has fought it with what I consider to be great success: each and every one of our activities took place, mostly via Zoom, and we all made progress in our online skills. Simultaneously our devoted Fellows Program team expanded the postdoctoral program to an unheard of scale in the Israeli landscape. We hope this will be a game changer for Israeli science at large.

As the senior academic advisor of this esteemed fellowship program, I find it heartwarming to follow your impressive publications, awards, nominations, and international academic achievements, alongside your devotion to nurturing your young (and growing) families on the one hand and caring for your aging parents on the other. Your ability to juggle the numerous demands of this rapidly changing world is admirable. I also owe you all a heartfelt thanks for exposing me to the world of humanities and social sciences, which I quickly fell in love with. Being a senior advisor clearly has major benefits!

So, what new and exciting things can we expect in the coming year at the Azrieli Fellows Program? First, we can expect the program activities to flourish, as experience from previous years has shown. Second, we will engage with the first cohort of our expanded International Postdoctoral Fellows, helping them adjust and succeed in their research missions and providing them with a friendly platform. Finally, we will all do our very best to proceed with our research and study activities while enjoying our daily life in full, as if there was no pandemic.

Warm wishes to all!

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D R . SAG I B E N-A M I

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A Z R I E L I G RA D UAT E ST U D I E S F E L L OWS

2 02 1โ€“2 02 2

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Azrieli Graduate Studies FellowsSelection Committees 2021โ€“2022

E D U C A T I O N

Chair: Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon, Weizmann Institute of Science

Prof. Shlomo Back, Kaye Academic College of EducationProf. Adam Lefstein, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Nilly Mor, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

H U M A N I T I E S

Chair: Prof. Richard Cohen, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Prof. Nirit Ben-Aryeh Debby, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Prof. Meir Buzaglo, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Ora Limor, The Open University of IsraelProf. Dina Stein, University of HaifaProf. Oren Tal, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Tamar Wolf-Monzon, Bar-Ilan University

S O C I A L S C I E N C E S

Chair: Prof. Avner de-Shalit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Prof. Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Shmuel Nitzan, Bar-Ilan UniversityProf. Galit Yovel, Tel Aviv University

N A T U R A L S C I E N C E S

Chair: Prof. Naama Brenner, Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Prof. Amir Aharoni, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Shiri Artstein-Avidan, Tel Aviv University Prof. Micha Asscher, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Eli Pikarsky, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Nir Tessler, Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

A R C H I T E C T U R E

Chair: Prof. David Leatherbarrow, University of Pennsylvania

Dr. Edna Langenthal, Ariel University

SENIOR ACADEMIC ADVISORProfessor Hermona Soreq, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

LEADERSHIP & COMMUNITY CONSULTANTDr. Varda Silberberg, Ziv Institute

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TA M A R A M I S H AV

Tamar Amishav is a PhD student in the School of Education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her research, under the supervision of Prof. Nilly Mor, is in the field of cognitive and clinical psychology. She focuses on the effect that contextual information has on emotional experience among adolescents and adults with depression. Tamar has constructed a novel paradigm according to which participants are exposed to target and peripheral stimuli in order to assess the effect of context on their emotions. Furthermore, she studies whether training adolescents with symptoms of depression to focus on specific details of a recent experience can modify the impact of contextual information on their emotions. By integrating awareness to contextual information in the environment, interventions can be constructed to meet the needs of adolescents and adults with depression, training them to regulate their emotions and thus contributing to their well-being.

Tamar spent her formative years in both Connecticut and Beersheva. She later moved to Efrat, where she lives today. After high school, Tamar spent a year focusing on Jewish Studies, followed by two years of national service: one year working with children with intellectual disabilities and one year working as a counsellor for young women from abroad. Tamar has a BA from Bar-Ilan University and an MA from the Hebrew University in special education and has spent many years in the classroom helping students with disabilities. She has also worked as a lecturer at Herzog College and as an advisor to special education teachers. She leads a network of volunteers within her community under the auspices of Yad Tamar, helping families in crisis and strengthening conscious social change within the community. She enjoys blogging and is also a fervent powerlifter.

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M I C H A L A N D E L M A N- GU R

Dr. Michal Andelman-Gur is a medical doctor and a PhD student in the Department of Brain Sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Noam Sobel. Her research focuses on olfactory decline in Parkinsonโ€™s disease which, strikingly, precedes motor symptoms by several years. The current olfactory tests are not specific and cannot detect the early stages of the disease. Using advanced computational methods, a unique sensitive olfactory test, and respiratory data, Michal explores novel respiratory and olfactory biomarkers for early detection of Parkinsonโ€™s disease. Given current advances in developing disease-modifying therapies, early detection is crucial and could hopefully modify or even halt progression of the disease.

Michal was born in Paris and grew up in Tel Aviv, where she now lives with her spouse. She completed a BSc in biology and sociology & anthropology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and, subsequently, studied medicine at Tel Aviv University. In her spare time, Michal likes to read, write short stories and poems, hike in nature, and practice yoga. She is also a yoga instructor and studied Hindu philosophy and meditation practice. She is interested in foreign cultures and is especially attracted to French culture, art, food, and wine. Over the past year, alongside her PhD studies, Michal has volunteered at the Levinsky Clinic in south Tel Aviv, providing free anonymous medical treatment for those lacking basic access to medical care, in particular, drug addicts, sex workers, and refugees.

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Ambreen Ben-Shmuel is a PhD student in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Prof. Michal Frenkel. Her research focuses on transboundary environmental cooperation in conflict contexts โ€“ a field of theory and practice often called environmental peacebuilding. Ambreenโ€™s research explores the intersection of different identities, including nationality, gender, and generation, and how they shape practices and opportunities for cooperation. She does this by focusing on the diverse activities and strategies for cooperation within a single, prominent environmental peacebuilding organization. Environmental crises extend across national borders; in order to address the increasing challenges we face nationally, regionally, and globally, organizations and actors must collaborate across demographics and sectors. Learning from practitioners in the field about the opportunities and obstacles they encounter provides invaluable information for the future. Ambreenโ€™s work is thus particularly relevant in light of the unfolding climate crisis and its implications for national and environmental security among other fields.

Ambreen was born and raised in a multicultural family in the United States and currently lives in Jerusalem with her spouse and children. She completed a BA in ancient Mediterranean civilizations and policy studies at Rice University in Houston, Texas, and two MA degrees from the Hebrew University in sociology and in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies. Outside of her research, Ambreen has also engaged in a variety of initiatives in media and civil society that further gender-intersectional representation across educational, religious, and peacebuilding organizations. She is currently working on an innovative translation initiative, aiming to make important, cutting-edge research on peace and conflict resolution available to a wider, non-academic audience.

A M B R E E N B E N- S H M U E L

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Rasha Bowirrat is an architect and Master's student in the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology. Her research, under the supervision of Prof. Karel Martens and Prof. Yoram Shiftan, is in the field of urban design โ€“ specifically, the walkability of public streets. Through her research โ€“ Rasha hopes to shed light on walkability issues in cities, i.e., how friendly the streets are for walking, by employing the state-of-the-art tools of big data analysis and machine learning algorithms. Her primary data is GPS-driven, describing travel behaviour in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area, combined with population data and spatial data derived from geographic information system (GIS) mapping.

Rasha was born in Albiar, a small village in Wadi Ara. Prior to pursuing her academic degrees, Rasha volunteered for a year in the pediatric department of the Nazareth Hospital EMMS, where she mainly worked with children through art. Currently, she volunteers in workshops about university challenges, experiences, and expectations which aim to encourage young Arab women and men to pursue academic studies. Rasha enjoys travelling and is fascinated by new cultures and varieties of urban life. She enjoys collecting maps from visited countries and planning travel routes. In her spare time, she runs and plays tennis and also likes reading and poetry.

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E M I L B RO N S T E I N

Emil Bronstein is a PhD student in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Doron Shilo and Prof. Ronen Talmon. His research field is materials mechanics, and he focuses specifically on mechanical avalanches, which are small-scale, impulsive events that occur during a variety of phenomena in numerous material classes. To this end, Emil develops novel experimental and data-driven methods for the investigation of acoustic and magnetic emissions from materials during avalanche events. So far, the relationship between emitted acoustic signals and the physics of avalanches is unclear. By developing data-driven artificial intelligence and machine learning tools for the analysis of acoustic emissions and their mutual relationship with magnetic emissions, Emil aims to discover the underlying physics and principles of avalanches and associated acoustic emissions.

Emil was born in Russia and immigrated with his parents and grandparents to Israel, where they settled in Afula. During high school, he volunteered in the local community by tutoring children in elementary school. Following his BSc in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technion, he continued to an MSc while also instructing in an extracurricular program for youth interested in science and technology. After graduating, Emil joined a pioneering start-up company in the field of multi-aperture technologies for mobile devices, where he worked as an R&D engineer. He subsequently returned to the Technion to fulfill his passion for research and pursue a PhD. In recent years, Emil volunteered at Afulaโ€™s youth centre, where he guided and mentored discharged soldiers interested in studying and pursuing a career in mechanical engineering. In his spare time, Emil enjoys reading and scuba diving.

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H AG I T GA B BAY

Hagit Gabbay is a PhD student in the School of Education at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Dr. Anat Cohen. Her research is in the field of online learning, specifically the impact of automated feedback on learning in online and open-to-all programming courses. These courses address the high demand for programming studies and have the potential to promote equal opportunities and equity. Although automated feedback tools can enhance learning and improve the likelihood of achieving goals, their impact on learning in online programming courses is under researched. Hagit uses a quantitative approach to examine relations between automated feedback characteristics and learning outcomes as well as learnersโ€™ engagement, satisfaction, and persistence and suggests a multidimensional definition of automated feedback effectiveness. Based on her research findings, she hopes to develop principles for the effective integration of automated feedback in online programming courses and thus promote the acquisition of programming skills by broad audiences.

Hagit lives in Hod Hasharon with her family. After completing her army service, she obtained a BSc and MSc in applied mathematics from the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology. For most of her professional life, Hagit worked at the Prime Ministerโ€™s Office in several technological roles and, later, as the head of its training and learning department. Alongside her work, she volunteered as a teacher and mentor in various educational programs. After retiring, she worked for several years at the Cyber Education Center โ€“ an association that develops and operates informal programming and cyber education programs aimed at outstanding high school students in Israelโ€™s geographic and social periphery. She also completed a diploma in learning technologies at Tel Aviv University. Hagit enjoys hiking and travelling around the world and is an avid consumer of culture.

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M E RAV H AYA K

Merav Hayak is a PhD student in the Department of Education at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev under the supervision of Prof. Dorit Tubin. The central tenets of Meravโ€™s research are educational change, innovation, and the implementation of digital technology in education. The onset of the digital revolution, while creating new opportunities and tools for the education system, also challenges schools by forcing them to innovate and modify teaching methods and learning processes to better prepare students for the twenty-first century. In this context, one of the interesting trends of recent years, on which Meravโ€™s research focuses, is the integration of digital game-based learning (DGBL) in teaching. DGBL is designed to promote learning and the acquisition of knowledge and develop cognitive skills among students. Her research highlights one of the less researched areas in this field, namely, the characteristics of schoolsโ€™ routines and organizational aspects that encourage or hinder innovation. Meravโ€™s research has also been supported by ISEF (Israel Scholarship Education Foundation).

Merav was born in Tel Aviv and currently lives in Mevaseret Zion with her partner, Eli and three daughters. She is a lecturer at Achva Academic College, teaching about entrepreneurship and innovation in education and the pedagogical use of digital tools including digital games and virtual and augmented reality. In her free time, Merav volunteers in educational projects in Kiryat Malachi and enjoys reading, running, and hiking with her family.

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A L I A K S E I H O R L AC H

Aliaksei Horlach is a PhD student in the Department of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Azrieli Early Career Faculty Fellow (alum) Prof. Ido Kaminer. Aliaksei investigates the quantum properties of light and the properties of the interaction between light and different materials (including free electrons and nonlinear crystals) in a search for possible quantum light applications to modern technology. Lightโ€“matter interaction plays an important role in many physical processes and numerous modern technologies. Intriguing quantum properties of light discovered over the past 30 years have only recently found their applications in the fast-growing fields of quantum communication, quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum metrology. Aliakseiโ€™s research focuses on how to create and characterize intense quantum light, making use of the interaction of light with atoms or free electrons.

Aliaksei was born and raised in Minsk, Belarus. After completing his BSc in theoretical physics at Belarusian State University, he pursued his MSc at the Technion. In addition to his research, Aliaksei supervises research projects in Prof. Kaminerโ€™s lab conducted by undergraduate students. In 2014, he won a silver medal in the International Physics Olympiad and subsequently volunteered to compose and check answers in this competition. Beyond the world of physics, Aliaksei enjoys sports, especially volleyball and table tennis.

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A L O N JA S P E R

Alon Jasper is a PhD student in the Faculty of Law at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Roy Kreitner. His research is in the field of law, history, and technology. Alon juxtaposes episodes in the legal history of American railroads with the current discourse on internet governance as a means of comparing the modes of legal governance adopted for railroads and democratic considerations for their institutional design. Through comparative research, Alon hopes to contribute to our understanding of the role of digital infrastructures in modern society and the opportunities and challenges they offer for democratic self-rule. Furthermore, he looks to provide a new perspective on the history of American governance of infrastructures, fleshing out their relationship with the quest for collective self-rule. The historical component of his research will also shed new light on current processes of internet infrastructuralization and its transformation into an integrator of infrastructures.

Alon grew up in Raโ€™anana, and currently lives with his spouse and two children in Ramat Gan. He has a LLB from Tel Aviv University, after which he clerked at the Supreme Court for Justice Uzi Vogelman. In addition to his research, he is currently teaching at Tel Aviv University. In his free time, Alon enjoys reading Harry Potter to his daughter, playing football with friends, and spending time with his family.

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RU T H I E K A P L A N

Ruthie Kaplan is an architect and PhD student in the Department of Jewish History at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Prof. Marcos Silber, Prof. Laura Vaughan of University College London (UCL), and Prof. Ivor Samuels of the University of Birmingham. Her research combines the fields of urban studies and Jewish studies by focusing on the spatiality of the Jewish middle class in Lodz, Poland in the interwar period. She examines the scope and development of the area of Jewish middle-class settlement alongside the expression of Jewishness in the urban landscape. Ruthie uses a vast number of spatial archival sources and, as a member of the e-Lijah Lab at the University of Haifa, she adopts methodologies from the rising field of digital humanities and converts big data into geographic information system (GIS) maps. She also looks for the personal spatial experiences of former Jewish residents of Lodz. She hopes to shed light on a section of the Jewish community that has not been thoroughly researched and on different forms of Jewish settlement. Her research might also contribute to genealogical research.

Ruthie was born in Hadera and currently lives with her spouse and two children in Haifa. She received her BArch in architecture and MSc in urban design (as an Azrieli Fellow) from the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology. In addition to pursuing her PhD, Ruthie aspires to continue practicing architecture by redesigning and providing consultations primarily for family, friends, and colleagues. Both before and during her undergraduate studies, Ruthie held various positions in the Maccabi Tzair youth movement and led its Hadera branch, taking part in the educational section of the Maccabiah and in Maccabi Tzair activities in Israel and abroad. Despite participating in the youth movement of a sports association, Ruthie only began practicing sports as an adult and has recently started playing volleyball. She also enjoys reading, sewing, and crafting and plans to resume weaving one day.

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TA E L I N K A R I D I

Taelin Karidi is a PhD student in the School of Computer Science and Engineering at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Azrieli alum Prof. Omri Abend. She is researching natural language processing (NLP), a subfield of computer science concerned with enabling computers to understand and process language. Her research is interdisciplinary and is found at the intersection between mathematics (mostly geometry), computer science, linguistics, and cognitive science. Taelin is interested in how languages differ from one another on the linguistic and cognitive levels and employs computational tools from mathematics and computer science to investigate this question. One of her goals is to utilize her findings to advance the technology available for low-resource languages, i.e., languages with little data on them, which pose a particularly difficult challenge due to the smaller amount of textual data available. Taelin completed a BSc and MSc in pure mathematics at Tel Aviv University. She spent a year as a guest student in the Department of Mathematics at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and was a visiting researcher in the Hasson lab of the Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute at Princeton University.

Taelin grew up in Ramat Hasharon and spent her high school years at Thelma Yellin High School, mostly watching and producing films โ€“ a passion she eventually decided to maintain as a hobby. She is enthusiastic about Korean language and culture, which led her to spend two semesters at Yonsei University (South Korea) and become fluent in Korean, a central language in her research. In addition, she initiated and organizes the Women in Computer Science Club at the Hebrew University โ€“ a social club which focuses on networking and empowering women in the exact sciences as a means to bridge the gender gap in this academic field.

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YO NATA N K AT Z E N E L E N B O G E N

Yonatan Katzenelenbogen is a PhD student in the Department of Immunology at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Ido Amit. His research focuses on deciphering the molecular landscape of a new subset of tumour-resident immune cells, which has been manipulated by cancer to block the action of tumour-killing immune T cells. Yonatan, along with a group of other researchers, developed an experimental technology that enables detection of these suppressive immune cells, sequencing of their genomic content, and measuring of the protein expression of tens of thousands of individual cells at once. Immune cells that โ€œcollaborateโ€ with cancer tumours pose a key obstacle to cancer immunotherapy; therefore, by characterizing their molecular signature, Yonatan hopes to help develop new and more efficient immunotherapeutic strategies.

Yonatan grew up in Talmei Elazar, a moshav in northern Israel. His familyโ€™s livelihood was based on sheep farming, and this stamped his attraction to nature. Following his army service as an officer in the Intelligence Corps, he completed a BSc in animal sciences in the Faculty of Agriculture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The academic field opened a new range of exciting opportunities for him, and he embarked on a direct PhD track at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Yonatan is interested in studies that present a new, non-Darwinian perspective on the evolutionary mechanism of change, especially in the areas of human biology and psychology. At a friendโ€™s request, he wrote a lecture on the evolutionary origins of romantic love, which he occasionally delivers to various audiences. Yonatan enjoys travelling, dancing awkwardly, and singing while accompanying himself on the piano. Despite the long hours he spends on his PhD research, he endeavours to devote a fair amount of time to his family and friends.

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RO N K L E I N E R

Ron Kleiner is a biochemical engineer in the direct PhD track in the Sackler Faculty of Medicineโ€™s Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at Tel Aviv University, under the supervision of Prof. Ronit Satchi-Fainaro. Her research focuses on the rational design of a novel nano-sized immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. She concentrates on models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), known as one of the most aggressive types of cancer, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pathogen of the current global pandemic. She is also establishing a novel multi-cellular 3D spheroid PDAC model, which could be utilized for fast pre-clinical drug screening tests. This platform can be used as a tool to reduce experimentation on animals in drug research. Ron aspires to continue her research in nanotherapy and expand it to other fields.

Ron was raised in Ramat Gan and now lives in Tel Aviv. Having herself been diagnosed with dyslexia, during high school she volunteered in an elementary school, helping children with learning difficulties and dyslexia. She continues mentoring and guiding younger students by participating in the Alpha program which enables gifted high school students to participate in cutting-edge research conducted at universities. She received a BSc in engineering from the Faculty of Chemical Engineering at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology, where she was an active member of the student union and worked to improve studentsโ€™ rights. In her free time, Ron enjoys outdoor activities such as long-distance running and hiking in Israel and abroad.

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Danielle Chen Kleinman is a PhD candidate in the Department of Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Prof. Yigal Bronner and Prof. Ronit Ricci. She is also a member of the ERC research group โ€œThe New Ecology of Expressive Modes in Early-Modern South India.โ€ Her research explores a literary genre written in Kawi (Old Javanese) that flourished in the courts of Java and Bali between the ninth and nineteenth centuries. Focusing on its Javanese period (ninthโ€“fifteenth centuries), Danielle aims to provide the first comprehensive analysis of kakawin aesthetics by articulating the various forms of literary conventions, figures of speech, and text-building strategies associated with the genre. Situating kakawin within the globalized Sanskritic community, known in scholarship as the Sanskrit cosmopolis, she explores the literary dialogues these cultures shared by examining how Sanskrit models were integrated into the Javanese style and reconfigured, adapted, and mixed with existing local concepts to form kakawin poetics.

Originally from Kfar Vradim, a small town in West Galilee, Danielle now lives in Jerusalem with her husband, Tom, and their dog, Nika. Danielle served in the IDF as a Hebrew teacher in a basic training unit, where she met soldiers from distant parts of the world and developed a deep interest in new cultural encounters. This inspired her to travel to Asia following her service and to pursue a BA in Asian studies at the Hebrew University, focusing on India and Sanskrit poetry. She continued her studies and wrote her MA thesis on the aesthetic theory of Abhinavagupta, the eleventh-century Kashmiri poetic theorist and philosopher, focusing on his concept of camatkฤra, the pinnacle of aesthetic experience. In her free time, Danielle extends her love of India to experimenting with South Indian cuisine.

DA N I E L L E C H E N K L E I N M A N

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M A I L A Z A RUS

Mai Lazarus is a PhD student in the Faculty of Life Sciences at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Jonathan Belmaker and Prof. Roi Holzman. Her research focuses on the ecology of fish communities at different life stages. Specifically, Mai is studying the ecological links between the three main life stages of marine fish: larvae (baby fish), juveniles, and adults. To date, most research on fish ecology has focused on the adult life stage, while the ecology of earlier stages remains largely unknown. By combining innovative genetic tools and underwater fieldwork, Mai intends to explore the ecological processes linking fish life stages, ultimately shaping adult fish biodiversity. At a time of unprecedented decline in the health of oceans, Mai hopes that her research findings will contribute to nature conservation, fisheries management, and marine ecology.

Mai grew up in Beit Yitzhak, a village in Emek Hefer, and today lives with her spouse in Netanya. She has been fascinated by nature since childhood. Following a late revelation of the charm of the marine realm, she embarked on a BSc in marine science at Ruppin Academic Center, followed by an MSc in ecology and environmental studies at Tel Aviv University. Alongside her studies, Mai is involved in marine conservation and works with the Israeli Nature and Parks Authority to promote science-based conservation and increase public awareness. Mai enjoys spending her free time outdoors, mostly underwater. She also likes trekking, especially in the Israeli desert and in the Himalayas.

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M O R D E C H A I L E V Y

Mordechai (Motti) Levy is a PhD student in the Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Prof. Eyal Ginio and Dr. Julia Rubanovich. His research explores the literary practice of composing self-narratives common to the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Specifically, Mordechai investigates the shaping and portrayal of the royal self-image within these Turco-Persian dynasties, while assessing their respective understandings of kingship, legitimacy, identity, and subjectivity. By systematically analyzing a variety of autobiographical texts written in multiple genres and languages (Persian, Ottoman-Turkish, and Arabic), he seeks to reveal the literary similarities between royal self-representations as well as their historical function and significance for the courtly culture of the eastern Muslim world. He hopes to thus deepen scholarly understanding of the cultural and ideological similarities and disparities between the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, while establishing a valuable methodological framework for examining textual self-representations in the pre-modern Muslim world.

Mordechai was born and raised in Maโ€™ale Adumim and currently lives in Jerusalem. He completed a BA in Arabic language and literature and in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies and an MA in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies at the Hebrew University. Since his youth, Mordechai has been committed to community engagement. Having served in the IDF for an extended period, he continues to work for Israeli society through various volunteering activities. In his free time, he loves gardening and cooking. Having played the saxophone and the accordion for years, he is still enthusiastic about discovering new melodies and songs online and in live concerts. He is also extremely interested in exploring cultures, both in theory and in practice, and enjoys travelling around the world.

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RAC H E L I L E V Y

Racheli Levy is a PhD student in the direct PhD track in the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Avi Shpigelman. Her research, which is multidisciplinary and integrates food engineering, biotechnology, microbiology, and chemistry, focuses on producing plant-based yogurt alternatives by combining novel processing technology and fermentation to find a novel product that can serve as a nutritional and functional food and deliver health-beneficial compounds. Although consumers increasingly demand tasty and affordable plant-based alternatives to yogurt, many plant proteins suffer from limited techno-functional properties, such as poor aqueous solubility, which limit their use in food products. By utilizing novel processing technologies, Racheli aims to improve the techno-functional limitations of plant protein, thus enhancing their use in food products without compromising food quality and even increasing their nutritional value and health-promoting benefits.

Racheli was born in Haifa, where she still lives today. She served in the IDF as a teacher of Modern Standard Arabic in the Intelligence Corps and acquired teaching and learning skills that help her to this day. Following her discharge, she embarked on a BSc in the Technionโ€™s Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering. Racheli combines her love for knitting with her desire to help the community by knitting and donating garments to underprivileged babies and children. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Racheli discovered a wonderful initiative of knitting octopus dolls for premature babies, and she has subsequently knitted and donated many dolls.

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E Y TA N M A N N

Eytan Mann is an architect and a PhD student in the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology. His research in the Material Topology Research Lab (MTRL), under the supervision of Prof. Aaron Sprecher, is in the field of digital heritage, i.e., the utilization of computational methods for historical and architectural reconstruction. By using digital modelling and video game technology such as real-time rendering, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR), Eytan aims to develop new access to lost tangible and intangible heritage assets. He seeks to explore generative modes of cultural heritage representation by combining remote sensing technologies with machine-learning models. His research entails developing virtual heritage environments that continuously evolve while representing different, often competing, historical narratives. In this framework, material and archival evidence is made to engage with concrete built environments, tracing spatial narratives and paths through which arguments about the investigated site are made. Eytanโ€™s research involves working on various cultural heritage sites in Israel and abroad.

Eytan grew up in Herzliya and is currently living in Tel Aviv. He completed his BArch in architecture studies and MA (as an Azrieli Fellow) in the David Azrieli School of Architecture at Tel Aviv University. He then worked in several leading architectural offices in Tel Aviv, before continuing his studies at MIT where he conducted research integrating design and computer science methodologies as part of the SMarchS program in design and computation. At MIT, Eytan developed an original research project using computational methods to study historical sites and the interaction of architecture with historical archived materials. He also helped establish a virtual reality lab (VirtualXdesign) and worked as an associate researcher in the architecture departmentโ€™s Design Heritage Lab. When not working on his academic projects, Eytan enjoys designing Lego buildings with his son, watching films, and exploring independent artisan video games.

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O D E D NAO R

Oded Naor is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Idit Keidar. Odedโ€™s research focuses on distributed computing, in particular, blockchain protocols and cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies enable the easy use of money worldwide, but a major limitation of blockchain technology is its scalability, i.e., the number of people that can use the currency concurrently. In his research, Oded aspires to identify key bottlenecks in various algorithms and protocols and solve them so as to facilitate widespread access and consumption of blockchain technology.

Oded grew up in a small community town in the Jezreel Valley. He lived for two years in California, and currently lives in Haifa. During his school years, Oded played the cello, volunteered with children with special needs, and worked in a Jewish summer camp in the United States. He studied Arabic before his conscription and, in the IDF, served as a commander in the central intelligence unit, 8200. After his military service, Oded completed his BSc and MSc in the ECE Faculty at the Technion. He participated in two research internships abroad. During one of these, Oded was notified that he was a match for a bone marrow donation for a one-year-old baby in Israel. He therefore stopped his internship temporarily and came back to Israel to complete the donation procedure. Oded enjoys hiking, travelling abroad, playing squash, and reading.

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M O R ROZ N E R

Mor Rozner is a PhD student in the Faculty of Physics at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Hagai Perets. Her research focuses on the dynamics of planets and stars. Together with her colleagues, she studies various problems in astrophysics, starting from the very initial stages of planet formation from dust through the distribution of stars in clusters to planetsโ€™ destruction. Mor enjoys analytical calculations that include deriving equations from first principles; from time to time, she also adopts numerical simulations. She has a general interest in science and likes to read scientific literature while pondering her own research questions and methodologies.

Mor grew up mostly in Yokneam Illit and Ramat Yishai, and currently lives in Haifa. She started her BSc in mathematics and physics at the age of 14 in the Technion. After completing her BSc, she started her army service, during which she obtained an MSc in cosmology at the Technion and started her PhD. Since completing her army service, Mor has taken up her research full time. In her free time, she enjoys reading, especially sci-fi. Mor has recently taught herself to play the piano and is enjoying her slow, yet steady progress.

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L I H I SA R FAT Y

Lihi Sarfaty is a PhD student in the Faculty of Education at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Dr. Adar Ben-Eliyahu. Her research focuses on parentsโ€™ psychological functioning and external regulation in shaping young childrenโ€™s school readiness as defined within the context of self-regulated learning (SRL). Lihi seeks to deepen the understanding of external regulation and its relation to SRL internalization by exploring two different types of mechanisms: co-regulation and other-regulation. Using quantitative research methods and filmed interaction observations from several data sources, her study proposes a novel and unique approach to understanding the role of parent SRL, reflectivity, motivation, and metaprocesses in the internalization of childrenโ€™s SRL. In addition to its theoretical implications, Lihi hopes that her research findings will lead to practical recommendations for promoting and evaluating school readiness through educational policies applicable not only in parentโ€“child dynamics but also in school and non-school settings and for diverse populations.

Lihi spent most of her childhood in Hadassim and currently lives in Pardesia. Education has always been in her heart and soul and, by the age of 17, she had started giving private lessons and worked as a boarding school counsellor during her military service. She obtained a BA in early childhood education from Beit Berl College. Lihi is a kindergarten teacher, and she guides and evaluates early childhood students, interns, and kindergarten teachers in the initial years of their career. She is also a member of a PhD student leadership group and volunteers with children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Lihi loves arts, gardening, and caring for animals, especially street cats. Her dream is to influence childrenโ€™s lives by helping them develop their tool kits with adaptive skills that will allow them to be resilient to challenges at later ages.

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O R P H ร‰ E S E N O U F-P I L P O U L

Orphรฉe Senouf-Pilpoul is a PhD student in the Faculty of Humanities at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Dr. Orly Lubin. Her research is in the field of gender studies, specifically the feminist utterance โ€œthe personal is politicalโ€ (PIP), the history of its conceptual components, and its current manifestation in the #MeToo movement. She uses a genealogical account to trace turning points in western thought regarding the relationship between the personal, the political, and the truth and combines a philosophical approach to provide temporary solutions to material problems. She criticizes the correlation between the increase in public attribution of truth value to womenโ€™s personal stories of abuse and the decline in truth value in the current, post-truth, era. By so doing, Orphรฉe hopes to shed light on the potential for change in the relationship between truth, sovereignty, and democracy regarding women and minorities.

Orphรฉe was born in Rehovot. She spent most of her post-high school years in Tel Aviv and today lives in Haifa. She served in the IDF as a sports trainer, after which she completed a BA in behavioural sciences at The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo and an MA in gender studies at Tel Aviv University. During this time she volunteered as a research assistant in the Magnus Hirschfeld Research Institute, which is part of IGY: The Proud Youth Organization. She was also a research assistant in Prof. Hila Shamirโ€™s research project, TraffLab (ERC), concerning paradigm shifts in research and policy on human trafficking. Nowadays, Orphรฉe volunteers as a mentor to graduate students in the initial stages of writing their MA theses. She co-initiated an Arabicโ€“Hebrew lexicon for the humanities with several colleagues to create a bilingual intellectual environment that is so needed yet lacking in Israelโ€™s academic milieu.

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O H A D S O R E K

Ohad Sorek is an architect and a PhD student in the Faculty of the Arts at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Eran Neuman and Prof. Vered Noam. His research examines the opening (an alternative artefact to the column) as a quintessential trope of the spatial conception in the Tannaitic literature. He combines architectural history and theory with the study of Jewish philosophy through texts and archaeology and views the Hebraic opening as the counterpoint of the Greece column and the Roman wall. This hypothesis, once validated, implies that Rabbinic culture, even under Roman rule and influence, had a unique perspective on the structure of reality, both physical and metaphysical.

Ohad grew up in Givat Shmuel and now lives in Efrat, with his wife, Tamar and their four children. He served in the IDF infantry in the Golani Brigade and lived and studied for five years in Yeshivat Hesder Yeruham. He obtained his BArch from the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design and his MA in architecture, as an Azrieli Graduate Studies Fellow, in the David Azrieli School of Architecture at Tel Aviv University. Since his graduation, he has been teaching architecture, design, and architectural theory courses at Bezalel and its ultra-orthodox branch, Oman-Bezalel. Ohad is a licensed architect and has practiced architecture in Jerusalem in both the private and public sectors and most recently at Israelโ€™s Planning Administration. He volunteers at Forum Merhav, a think tank which looks to advance and raise awareness of planning policies in Israel.

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YO NATA N ( YO N I ) S T E R N

Yonatan (Yoni) Stern is a PhD student in the Department of Psychology at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Prof. Danny Koren (University of Haifa) and Dr. Roy Salomon (Bar-Ilan University). His research lies at the intersection between clinical psychology and cognitive neuroscience and examines how psychological stress affects neurocognitive processes associated with the self during early stages of schizophrenia. He uses innovative virtual reality technology to create โ€œvirtual hallucinationsโ€ in the lab that mimic real-world clinical symptoms. Yoni seeks to better understand the cognitive, computational, and physiological processes leading to the outburst of schizophrenia, focusing specifically on the effects of stress on these processes. He hopes that a deeper understanding of these processes will enable improved early identification and intervention for individuals at heightened risk of developing schizophrenia.

Yoni was born in Chicago and spent his childhood between Israel and the United States. Today he lives with his spouse and two daughters in Haifa. He received a BSc in biology and psychology and an MA in cognitive science at Ben-Gurion University. His work as a counsellor in a hostel for youth after psychiatric hospitalization sparked his interests, both clinical and research, in mental illness and particularly in schizophrenia. He recently completed an MA in clinical psychology at the University of Haifa. Yoni feels at home outdoors in nature, enjoys trekking solo, and camping with family and friends. He is also an amateur forager and gardener. Combining his love of nature and therapeutic work, Yoni is a guide in Derech Lotan, an organization that runs week-long trips in the desert for at-risk youth.

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JA S M I N W E N N E R S BUS C H

Jasmin Wennersbusch is a PhD student in the Buchmann Faculty of Law at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Dr. Doreen Lustig (Tel Aviv University) and Prof. Eyal Benvenisti (University of Cambridge). Her research lies at the intersection between public and private international law, law and technology, and legal theory. Jasmin examines human rights protection on the internet through the lens of human rights theory and conflict of laws. She argues that human rights may no longer be realized in isolated islands of territorial states, questions the widespread assumption of human rights sameness online and offline, and offers an innovative theory establishing modalities of transboundary human rights protection on the internet. To this end, she explores the history and theory of private international law and examines whether well-established conflict of law principles may help solve conflicts of human rights laws online.

Jasmin was born in Mรผlheim an der Ruhr, Germany, and lives in Tel Aviv. She began her legal education at the Heinrich Heine University Dรผsseldorf, where she obtained a Magistra iuris (Mag. iur) and a Doctor iuris (Dr. iur.), and the University of Cambridge, where she obtained an LLM in international law. Throughout her studies, Jasmin worked as a research and teaching assistant, conducted research for the Cambridge Human Trafficking Research Panel, and volunteered in a number of organizations. She currently volunteers with the Culture of Solidarity movement in Tel Aviv and serves as the executive editor of the Israeli law journal Theoretical Inquiries in Law. A classically trained violinist, Jasmin has been passionate about classical music since early childhood. While music still constitutes an important part of her life, Jasmin nowadays enjoys expressing her creativity through ceramic art. In her spare time, Jasmin enjoys German and Hebrew literature and backpacking around the world.

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D R . SAG I B E N-A M IAZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES FELLOWS 2020-2021

Doron AtiasThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Social Psychology

Alon David SadehTel Aviv University

Architecture

Einat ElizarovUniversity of Haifa

Developmental Psychology

Omer HackerThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Anthroplogy

Abhishek BanerjeeWeizmann Institute of Science

Physics

Aviya DoronThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Medieval Jewish History

Haggai EyalThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Earth Sciences

Daphne InbarThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

International Relations

Naama Ben-DorTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Dialogic Learning

Shvat EilatTel Aviv University

Social Anthropology

Noa FeldmanTel Aviv University

Physics

Maya InbarThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Linguistics & Cognitive Neuroscience

Moshe Dovid ChechikThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Talmud and Halakha

Oren EldarTel Aviv University

Architecture

Israel GabayTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Mechanical Engineering

Zohar KleinUniversity of Haifa

Clinical Neuropsychology

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L E E AT K E R E N

35

Hagit LeshemTel Aviv University

Architecture

Tamer MourWeizmann Institute of Science

Computer Sciences

Ofer Prinz SetterTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Biotechnology

Daphna LevineTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Architecture

Tanya NazaretskyWeizmann Institute of Science

Science Education

Rotem RozenblatBar-Ilan University

Molecular Neurobiology

Yoni LivnehBen-Gurion University

Hebrew Literature

Ziv OrpazBar-Ilan University Molecular Biology

Shay SadovskyTel Aviv University

Mathematics

Ziv LeibuTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Architecture

Danielle MillerTel Aviv University

Bioinformatics

Ryan PouratiTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Architecture

Gal VishneThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Neuroscience

AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES FELLOWS 2020-2021

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D R . SAG I B E N-A M IAZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES FELLOWS 2019-2020

Aviad AberdamTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Electrical Engineering

Itay BlochTel Aviv University

Physics

Omer HaggagThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Chemistry

Noam MaeirThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Comparative Religion

Shirel Bakbani ElkayamUniversity of Haifa

Psychology

Rรฉmi DaanielThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

International Relations

Omer KnellerWeizmann Institute of Science

Physics

Tal NahariThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Cognitive Science

Karen Lee Bar-SinaiTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Architecture

Shani Evenstein SigalovTel Aviv University

Education

Peter LanchidiBen-Gurion University of the Negev

Jewish Thought

Perle Nicolle-HasidThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Sociology

Shraga BickThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Comparative Religion

Shir FiloThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Neuroimaging

Jonathan LetzterTel Aviv University

Architecture

Shilo OhayonTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Biomedical Engineering

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L E E AT K E R E N

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Sigal-Hava RotemUniversity of Haifa

Mathematics Education

Noy ShemeshBar-Ilan University

Archaeology

Tirza WillnerThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Education

Meytal RadzinskiThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Biological Chemistry

Hadas ZahaviTel Aviv University

Literature

AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES FELLOWS 2019-2020

37

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D R . SAG I B E N-A M I

38

2018-2019ESSAM ASSALIBen-Gurion University of the NegevBiochemistry & Physiology

YINON BAR-ONWeizmann Institute of ScienceBiochemistry

HADDAR BEISERTel Aviv UniversityMusicology

YOAV CHARPAK-AMIKAMThe Hebrew University of JerusalemBiology

SHAHAR DERYThe Hebrew University of JerusalemChemistry

HAGAI HILLEL DIAMANDIBar-Ilan UniversityElectrical Engineering

MICHAL DVIRUniversity of Haifa Education

LOTEM ELBER-DOROZKOThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputational Neuroscience

MICHAL ERLICHTel Aviv UniversityIndian Studies

MICHAL FRIEDMANTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyComputer Science

SHILAT HAIM-NACHUMBar-Ilan UniversityEducation

LEORE HEIMTel Aviv UniversityNeurophysiology

ALON ISRAELIThe Hebrew University of JerusalemGenetics

AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI

38

RAN EITAN ABUTBULBen-Gurion University of the NegevMaterials Science

ELIRAN ARAZIThe Hebrew University of JerusalemSocial Anthropology

GUY AUSTERNTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

IDIT BEN ORThe Hebrew University of JerusalemHistory

YONATAN CHEMLABen-Gurion University of the NegevSynthetic Biology

ADI DORONThe Hebrew University of JerusalemNeuroscience

IFAT GAVISHUniversity of HaifaEducation

YUVAL GIVONTel Aviv UniversityHistory

IDAN HARITANTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyQuantum Chemistry

OMER KARINWeizmann Institute of ScienceSystems Biology

OHAD KOHNTel Aviv UniversityComparative Literature

SHACHAR LIVNEThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComparative Literature

TOWIBAH MAJDOOBTel Aviv UniversitySociology

2017-2018JONATHAN JEFFETTel Aviv UniversityBiophysics

MERRYAN MAJEROWITZTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology Architecture

ROY MAROMUniversity of Haifa Israel Studies

ORIT NAFCHA University of Haifa Psychology

TOM SHAKED Technion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

KEREN SHOHAM Technion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

GAL SOFERBen-Gurion University of the NegevJewish Thought

AVIV STERENBen-Gurion University of the NegevManagement

MIRJAM STRENGTel Aviv UniversityLaw

ELLA TOVIAThe Hebrew University of JerusalemTalmud

VANESSA WORKMANBar-Ilan UniversityArchaeology

AYELET ZALICThe Hebrew University of JerusalemCondensed Matter Physics

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L E E AT K E R E N

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2017-2018LIHI MATZATechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

DAN MIKULINCERWeizmann Institute of ScienceMathematics

NADAV OUTMEZGUINETel Aviv UniversityPhysics

NOA ROMThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation

YAIR SEGEVWeizmann Institute of ScienceChemical Physics

HARAN SENEDBar-Ilan UniversityPsychology

OHAD SOREKTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

KAREN YIRMIYA FELDSTEINBar-Ilan UniversityPsychology

TOM ZAHAVYTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyMachine Learning

AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI

39

SHMUEL KATZTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyMechanical Engineering

GAL LAZARUSBar-Ilan UniversityPsychology

IDO LEVINThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPhysics

MAAYAN NIDBACHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemAsian Studies

NIRIT PILOSOFTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

LOTEM PINCHOVERThe Hebrew University of JerusalemArt History

YUVAL RUBINSTEINTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

SHARON SADAN-LEVYUniversity of HaifaEducation

BRIGITTA R. SCHVARCZBar-Ilan UniversityLinguistics

YANIV SELATel Aviv UniversityNeuroscience

MARK SHUSTERMANTel Aviv UniversityMathematics

IDO SIVAN-SEVILLAThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPublic Policy & Government

RAN WEKSLERThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Economics

2016-2017AVISHAI ABBOThe Hebrew University of JerusalemGeology

SAAR ALON-BARKATThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPolitical Science

ALON APPLEBOIMThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputational Biology

ELLA ASSAF SHPAYERTel Aviv UniversityArchaeology

RONA AVIRAMWeizmann Institute of ScienceCell Biology

MIRIAM BABICHENKOThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation

ARIELLE BLONDERTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

GAL DAR-WAISELTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

TALYA EDENTel Aviv UniversityElectrical Engineering

MICHAL EISENBERG-BORDWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics

RACHEL GREGORBen-Gurion University of the NegevChemistry

ITAY GRINIASTYWeizmann Institute of SciencePhysics

ORI KATZBen-Gurion University of the NegevSociology & Anthropology

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DAVID ADRAEETechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

LENA ARBOVTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

HALELY BALABANTel Aviv UniversityNeuroscience

EREZ O. COHENTel Aviv UniversityPhysics

MICHAEL M. DANZIGERBar-Ilan UniversityPhysics

ALON DIAMENTTel Aviv UniversityBiomedical Engineering

VERONICA DUDAREVThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPsychology

TOM DVIRThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPhysics

NATHAN GOLDSTEINBar-Ilan UniversityEconomics

BOAZ HAMEIRITel Aviv UniversityPsychology

RUTHIE KAPLANTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

SHIFRA LANSKYThe Hebrew University of JerusalemBiochemistry

2015-2016

AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI

40

LIRAN BEN MOSHEUniversity of HaifaMarine Geosciences

DEBORAH COHENTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyElectrical Engineering

IDAN FRUMKINWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics

YAMIT LAZIMITechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

ZIV LEIBUTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

JONATHAN LETZTERTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

YUVAL PELEDThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputer Science

HAGIT SABATOBen-Gurion University of the NegevEducational Psychology

SHIRA SAGIETechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyBiology

DANA SURY-BAROTUniversity of HaifaEducation

SOLI VEREDTel Aviv UniversityEducation

2014-2015DEBORAH MARCIANOThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPsychology

TALLY ROSENFELD BRODERTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyMicrofluidics

YONAT RUMTel Aviv UniversityEducation

GABRIEL SCHWAKETel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

WISAM SEDAWIBen-Gurion University of the NegevEducation

MATAN SOREKThe Hebrew University of JerusalemNeuroscience

ALEXANDER SPIEGELMANTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyElectrical Engineering

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DAVID AMARTel Aviv UniversityComputational Biology

ITZHAK BERKOVICHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation

MIRI DANAN-GOTTHOLDBar-Ilan UniversityComputational Biology

DROR DOTANTel Aviv UniversityEducation

YOEL GROMANThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMathematics

HILA HARRISWeizmann Institute of ScienceNeurobiology

ITAY REMERBen-Gurion University of the NegevBiomedical Engineering

NANCY SANDOLUVICI-KATZTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

ALEX TOLMACHEVTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology Electrical Engineering

2013-2014

AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI

41

GIORA ALEXANDRONWeizmann Institute of ScienceScience Education

ITAMAR GURMANWeizmann Institute of ScienceCondensed Matter Physics

TAL J. LEVYTel Aviv UniversityMolecular Electronics

EYTAN MANN-KANOWITZTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

MEYTAL NASIETel Aviv UniversityEducation

MOR NITZANThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPhysics and Bioinformatics

TOMER PELEGTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyElectrical Engineering

TOM SHAKEDTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

ALON SZCZUPAKBen-Gurion University of the NegevBiotechnology

KEREN YIZHAKTel Aviv UniversityBioinformatics

MERAV BATTAT-AVIRAMTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

EYAL KARZBRUNWeizmann Institute of ScienceSynthetic Biology

MICHAL LEVOWeizmann Institute of ScienceBioinformatics

ASAF LEVYWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics

MICHAL NISSIM-BERENSTEINBar-Ilan UniversityEducation

YULIA SAPIR-LEKHOVITSERBen-Gurion University of the NegevBiotechnology Engineering

ERAN TREISTERTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyComputer Science

EFRAT VERTES COHENTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

MATI ZAKAI-MASHIACHTel Aviv UniversityEducation

2012-2013 2011-2012

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LILACH ASHOULINUniversity of HaifaEducation

ARIEL J. BEN-SASSONTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyNanotechnology

MICHAL BRAIERTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

IFTACH DOLEVTel Aviv UniversityNeurobiology

NIR ERDINESTThe Hebrew University of JerusalemNeurobiology

RAJA GIRYESTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyNanotechnology- Image Processing

TALYA GORENUniversity of HaifaEducation

EREZ KLAPPERTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

ELAD NOORWeizmann Institute of ScienceBiochemistry

GILI SHAPIRATel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

HILA ZAROSIMBar-Ilan UniversityComputer Science - Cryptography

2010-2011

AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI

42

NETTA ABUGOVTel Aviv UniversityEducation

BARAK ALFASSITechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyPhysics

OMER BARADWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics

YEHUDA BRODYBar-Ilan UniversityBiotechnology

NATANEL ELFASSYTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

ODED HAASTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

ARIE SHAUSTel Aviv UniversityComputational Mathematics & Archaeology

LIAT SAVIN-BEN SHOSHANBar-Ilan UniversityArchitecture

SHIRA SOFFER-VITALThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation

TALI TAVOR RE'EMBen-Gurion University of the Negev Biotechnology Engineering

2009-2010 2008-2009OMRI ABENDThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputer Science & Linguistics

BNAYA BAUERTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyBio-Architecture

SIVAN BERCOVICITechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyBioinformatics

MICHAL BLEICHER KUGLERTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

GUY COHENTel Aviv UniversityChemical Physics

NOY LAZAROVICHTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

OHAD MANORWeizmann Institute of ScienceComputational Biology

HEDVA MEIRIUniversity of HaifaEducation

OREN SHOVALWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Cell Biology

LIOR SOMECHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducational Psychology

OMRI WURTZELWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics

OMER YAFFEWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Electronics

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AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI

JONATHAN BERANTTel Aviv UniversityComputer Science & Linguistics

FATINA ABREEK-ZUBIEDATTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

OMRI BARAKWeizmann Institute of ScienceNeurobiology

SHLOMIT DAVIDOVITCHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation

NAAMA ELEFANT-BERNSTEINThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMolecular Genetics

EDNA LANGENTHALTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture

TAL MODAI-SNIRTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture & Urban Planning

TALI RAVEH-SADKAWeizmann Institute of ScienceComputational Biology

ARYEH (ARIK) SEGEVBen-Gurion University of the NegevEducation

SHIRA SPRECHER-SEGALOVITZTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

HAIM SUCHOWSKIWeizmann Institute of Science Physics

2007-2008

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D R . SAG I B E N-A M I

AZRIELI INTERNATIONAL POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS

2 02 1โ€“ 2 02 2

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Azrieli International Postdoctoral FellowsSelection Committee 2021-2022

H U M A N I T I E S

CHAIR: Prof. Sarah Stroumsa, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Prof. Mira Balberg, University of California San Diego Prof. Jonathan Ben-Dov, Tel Aviv University Prof. David Enoch, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Mercedes Garcรญa-Arenal Rodrรญguez, CSIC (Spanish National Research Council)Prof. Francoise Lavocat, Universitรฉ de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III

S O C I A L S C I E N C E S

CHAIR: Prof. Csaba Nikolenyi, Concordia University

Prof. Avner de-Shalit , The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, Bar-Ilan UniversityProf. Yehonatan Givati, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Morton Weinfeld, McGill UniversityProf. Lea Wittenberg, University of Haifa

E X A C T S C I E N C E S

CHAIR: Prof. Uri Banin, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Prof. Ronen Brafman, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Yigal Erel, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Prof. Yael Hanein, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Roy Meshulam, Technion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyProf. Dan Oron, Weizmann Institute of ScienceProf. Pekka Sinervo, University of Toronto

L I F E S C I E N C E S

CHAIR: Prof. Dan Tawfik (1955-2021), Weizmann Institute of Science

Prof. Naama Barkai, Weizmann Institute of ScienceProf. Oded Beja, Technion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyProf. Judith Berman, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Ariel Chipman, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Alan R. Davidson, University of TorontoProf. Erez Levanon, Bar-Ilan UniversityProf. Marla Sokolowski, University of Toronto

SENIOR ACADEMIC ADVISORProfessor Hermona Soreq, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

LEADERSHIP & COMMUNITY CONSULTANTProf. Meni Koslowsky, Bar-Ilan University

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RA P H A ร‹ L AGU I L L O N

Dr. Raphaรซl Aguillon is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences at Bar-Ilan University, under the supervision of Prof. Oren Levy and Prof. Lior Appelbaum. He conducts research in the field of evolutionary neurosciences, focusing on the origin of sleep. While this basic behaviour seems to be conserved in all animals, it remains unclear why it is needed by animals without centralized nervous system. By combining approaches on different scales (gene-cell-behaviour) and studying the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, Raphaรซl aims to disclose the evolutionary origin of sleep. By studying โ€œancientโ€ animals with a primitive nerve net, he hopes to understand why sleep evolved as a foundational regulator of fundamental biological functions in virtually all animals.

Raphaรซl was born in the south of France and moved to Israel in 2019 for his first postdoctoral experience. Becoming a biologist was not his childhood dream. After high school he studied carpentry and only then proceeded to obtain a medico-social degree through home studies. Raphaรซl completed his PhD under the supervision of Dr. Patrick Blader and Dr. Julie Batut in the Centre for Integrative Biology at the University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier. His research explored the genetic and cellular basis for the early development of the olfactory system in zebrafish larvae. He was a committed teaching assistant and enjoyed the constant interaction with students. Raphaรซl currently lives in Tel Aviv. He enjoys all aspects of this unique city and spending time with his multicultural friends, cooking cheesy French cuisine, and participating in the weekly Gaga dance classes at the Suzanne Dellal Center.

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R E U V E N BA L K I N

Dr. Reuven Balkin is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Physics at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Yael Shadmi and Dr. Yotam Soreq. His field of research is theoretical particle physics, in particular, the phenomenological study of theories which go beyond the current description of nature on tiny subatomic scales. This description, commonly known as the Standard Model of particle physics, is a very successful, yet incomplete theory. There is evidence, both theoretical and experimental, that there must be new particles and interactions. In his research, Reuven builds new models, motivated by the various open questions of the Standard Model (e.g., the existence of dark matter), and examines how well they fit the current experimental data. Once a model is consistent with all the experimental constraints, the next important step is to devise the best search strategy for these new particles or forces, whether in colliders here on earth or using astrophysical objects like neutron stars.

Reuven was born and raised in Tel Aviv. He began his academic studies after serving in the IDF as a non-commissioned officer for four years. He received his BSc in physics and computer science from Tel Aviv University, his MSc in physics from the Weizmann Institute of Science, and his PhD from the Technical University of Munich under the supervision of Prof. Andreas Weiler. As a PhD student, he was awarded the Minerva Fellowship. Reuven currently lives in Haifa with his wife and two children. In addition to his research, his other passions include music (with a decade of practicing piano) and sports, especially all forms of rock climbing.

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NAT H A L I E B ร‰ C H O N

Dr. Nathalie Bรฉchon is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the Weizmann Institute of Science, where she studies the interactions between bacteria and the viruses that infect them under the supervision of Prof. Rotem Sorek. Bacteria are critical in industrial, medical, and environmental settings and are incredible model organisms that enable the study of biological properties on all scales: from the atom to complex ecosystems. Bacteria have developed a sophisticated immune system to defend against viral infection, whose complexity we are only just starting to gauge. Interestingly, these defence systems are very diverse, and some of them present a startling similarity to human anti-viral defence systems. Nathalie hopes that increasing our understanding of bacterial defence systems will give us insights into the human immune system and its evolution.

Nathalie was born and raised in Paris. She studied at the ร‰cole Normale Supรฉrieure of Paris and then completed her MSc in microbiology at the Universitรฉ de Paris and the Institut Pasteur. She did her PhD at the Institut Pasteur under the supervision of Prof. Jean-Marc Ghigo, working on the ability of an important member of the gut microbiota to form a bacterial community adhering to the intestine known as a biofilm. Outside of the lab, Nathalie enjoys reading and travelling and also performs in both improvisation and classical theatre.

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M A R ร A C A M A RA SA G ร“ M E Z

Dr. Marรญa Camarasa Gรณmez is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Materials and Interfaces at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Leeor Kronik. Her current research focuses on the investigation of the electronic structure and optical properties (excitons) of two-dimensional materials. In general, the interacting nature of electrons and excitons requires employing powerful yet computationally costly many-body techniques to explore these properties. Marรญa applies density functional theory using screened range-separated hybrid functionals for that purpose, enabling accurate results at a substantially lower computational cost.

Marรญa is from Salamanca, Spain, where she pursued her licenciatura in physics. She then completed her PhD in computational condensed matter physics at the University of Regensburg. In her PhD thesis, she investigated quantum interference and spin-orbit torque in single-molecule junctions using density functional theory and Green's function techniques. She also collaborated with research groups at Columbia University in the City of New York and Charles University in Prague. She enjoys teaching physics and bringing her expertise and knowledge into society. In particular, she has organized and taught optics workshops to both children and the general public. In her free time, she likes running, hiking in the mountains, learning languages, and ethology.

รngel Luis Fotรณgrafos

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F L AV I O A . G E I S S H U E S L E R

Dr. Flavio A. Geisshuesler is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Comparative Religion and the Department of Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, under the supervision of Prof. Eviatar Shulman. He is a historian of religions with an expertise in the contemplative systems of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Although the contemporary conception of practices like mindfulness meditation appears to be largely bereft of specific cultural content, meditation techniques never arise in a vacuum but, rather, in interaction with other societal domains such as myth, history, philosophy, science, art, literature, or politics. By reconstructing the place of specific meditation techniques within these larger contemplative systems through rigorous textual studies, his research engages in questions relating to three specific areas of inquiry: the history of meditation practices in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism; the theory of meditation and its functioning as articulated in Buddhism and in contemporary society; and interdisciplinary methods that allow for a better understanding of meditation as a complex phenomenon according to which universal cognitive structures meet unique cultural contexts.

Flavioโ€™s academic career is marked by a far-reaching international itinerary which has enabled him to acquire proficiency in more than a dozen languages. He earned two PhDs โ€“ one from the University of Virginia and one from the University of Bern โ€“ conducted extensive dissertation research in Italy, India, and Nepal, and taught undergraduate and graduate courses at universities in Switzerland, the United States, and Israel. His research was funded by the United States Department of Education, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Khyentse Foundation, and the Lady Davis Foundation. In his free time, Flavio likes to dance (preferably to the songs on his eclectic Spotify playlist), spend time in the mountains or on the beach, and relax in the company of friends with a glass of Italian red wine or Scotch whisky.

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YA N N G O U T T E N O I R E

Dr. Yann Gouttenoire is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Tomer Volansky. His research in the field of particle physics and cosmology is based on building theoretical models of heavy dark matter and figuring out novel methods of detection. Dark matter composes 25% of the energy budget of the universe. Over the past decades, the standard paradigm has been that dark matter is a particle just a little heavier than the known elementary particles. The absence of experimental evidence for such dark matter particles has stimulated studies beyond the standard paradigm. By envisaging that dark matter is much heavier than standard elementary particles, Yannโ€™s research takes a step in this direction. Yann is also searching for new methods using gravitational-wave astronomy to detect heavy dark matter where the standard colliders, telescopes, underground, or lab techniques fail.

Yann grew up in a small village in France, where he had the opportunity to develop an intimate relationship with nature, from its rich wildlife and majestic flora to its sublime celestial night sky. He inherited his interests and skills from the unconditional altruism of his mother and the unbounded curiosity of his father. Yann has always had an appetite for big questions. It started during his childhood when he read all sorts of science magazines that ultimately transformed into a sincere devotion to physics during his undergraduate studies in Paris. He completed his PhD in 2020 in the extremely rich and dynamic environment of Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg. Yann is aware of the importance of interactions with colleagues when doing research and thus appreciates the exciting and spontaneous scientific community in Tel Aviv. In his free time, Yann likes practicing all sorts of sports, socializing, playing the piano, and studying philosophy.

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BA LT H A SA R G RA BM AY R

Dr. Balthasar Grabmayr is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Dr. Gil Sagi. His research is concerned with the philosophical and foundational aspects of language, logic, and mathematics. He explores the theoretical limitations of truth, provability, and computability as well as the intricate relationship between ordinary and formal reasoning. As part of his current research, he will examine the structure of formal languages from an interdisciplinary perspective of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science. He thus aims to elucidate the essential underlying principles of the languages that we use to describe and implement algorithms, to model and analyse philosophical arguments, and to express and prove mathematical theorems.

Balthasar was born in Vienna and studied for his BSc and MSc in mathematics in Berlin. He completed his PhD in philosophy at Humboldt University of Berlin in 2021 and was a visiting researcher at New College, Oxford, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the Blavatnik School of Computer Science at Tel Aviv University. Balthasar enjoys bringing together students and scholars from the fields of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science as a way of overcoming disciplinary boundaries and discussing pressing foundational issues in logic from a combined perspective. He also enjoys playing music and travelling with his wife.

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E M M A N U E L GU I L L E R M

Dr. Emmanuel Guillerm is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow at the Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Dr. Nicolas Waldmann. He conducts research in the field of climate and environmental sciences, concentrating on the evolution of the Earthโ€™s surface on the geological timescale. His work focuses on saline lakes and their sedimentary salt deposits throughout the geological record. Using a wide range of experimental and numerical modelling methods, Emmanuel harnesses these salt deposits and lake water archives to produce quantitative reconstructions of past climate variables (temperature, river discharge, etc.) which are then used to better grasp the evolution of atmospheric and oceanic circulations throughout geological times. By increasing knowledge about the evolution of past climate and its causes, Emmanuel hopes to contribute to a more accurate prediction of the climatic consequences of human activities. His current research project focuses on the climate of the Dead Sea over the last 200,000 years.

Emmanuel was born in Brest, France. After graduating from the ร‰cole Nationale Supรฉrieure de Gรฉologie (ENSG), he spent a sabbatical in the French Alps where he roamed the mountains, increased his knowledge of flora and fauna, and worked as a guide and activity leader in a natural history museum to convey his concern and passion for nature to young and old. He completed his PhD at the Universitรฉ de Lyon under the direction of geologist Dr. Vรฉronique Gardien and physicist Prof. Frรฉdรฉric Caupin. Emmanuel shares his passion for nature and physical and social sciences with his partner, with whom he often discusses their latest read over a glass of good wine. Together they love hiking and bird-watching. He also sings and plays the guitar.

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C H E T H A N K A M AT H

Dr. Chethan Kamath is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Blavatnik School of Computer Science at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Dr. Nir Bitansky and Dr. Omer Paneth. His primary area of research is the foundations of cryptography, but his interests extend to computational complexity theory and theoretical computer science in general. The focus of his research is the interplay between cryptography and computational complexity theory. In his current research, he plans to explore the role that structure plays in the feasibility and efficiency of cryptographic protocols, hoping that these structural insights will lead to real-world benefits through better designed cryptographic protocols.

Chethan was born in India and completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Kerala. After working briefly as an IT analyst, he went on to do an MSc at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. He then moved to Vienna and completed his PhD in computer science at the Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria under the supervision of Dr. Krzysztof Pietrzak. He then had two short postdoctoral positions: the first with Dr. Daniel Wichs at Northeastern University and the second with Dr. Pavel Hubรกcek at Charles University. Besides research, Chethan participates in various sporting activities including rock climbing and football. He also enjoys playing chess.

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DA N I E L K I R S C H E N BAU M

Dr. Daniel Kirschenbaum is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the field of immune-genomics at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Ido Amit. His research focuses on understanding how the immune system fails to fight brain cancer. This dysfunction of the immune system develops through an unknown timing-dependent dynamic process. In order to improve cancer immunotherapies, this temporal process needs to be characterized. To address this challenge Daniel, in his current research, is developing novel single-cell genomic approaches and applying them to brain tumour models. This work will allow him to dissect the spatio-temporal sequence of immune cell states in brain cancer and identify novel therapy targets.

Daniel studied medicine at Semmelweis University in Budapest and worked for two years as a resident in neurology in Germany. He completed his training as a neuropathologist under the supervision of Prof. Adriano Aguzzi at the University of Zurich, where he also completed his MD-PhD in which he developed novel whole-brain tissue clearing, staining, and imaging methods. These allowed him to create 3D reconstructions of the whole brain at microscopic resolutions which he then used to study Alzheimerโ€™s disease. More recently, Daniel co-founded a platform providing rapid innovative bioengineering solutions to hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Daniel enjoys open-water swimming and plays the saxophone. He also likes to travel and lose himself in enthusiastic discussions on a range of topics including politics, art, and philosophy.

Attila Szvacsek

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K E R E N K L A S S

Dr. Keren Klass is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour in the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Dr. Gili Greenbaum. Her research in the fields of conservation biology and primatology employs computational genomic analyses of DNA sampled from endangered wild black howler monkeys in forest fragments in Chiapas, Mexico. She aims to understand the effects of anthropogenic habitat loss and fragmentation on arboreal primatesโ€™ movement, reproduction, and population genetics. With more knowledge of how rapid forest loss and fragmentation is affecting this species, Keren hopes to contribute not only to evidence-based conservation measures for black howlers but also to a broader understanding of the complex ways in which forest-dwelling social mammals are impacted by this very common threat.

Keren was born in Chicago and moved to Israel as a child with her family. After completing her BSc in life sciences and environmental studies at the Hebrew University, she went on to obtain an MSc in conservation biology at Columbia University in New York, where she studied dominance behaviour in blue monkeys in Kenya. It was there that Keren discovered her love for both monkeys and conducting fieldwork in their forest habitats. Following additional fieldwork in Kenya and several years working as a conservation professional, Keren completed her PhD at the University of Toronto in evolutionary anthropology under the supervision of Dr. Shawn Lehman and Dr. Julie Teichroeb, studying the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on black howler monkey behaviour and population demography around Palenque National Park, Mexico. For her doctoral fieldwork, Keren spent a year in Mexico with her partner and young son, which was a wonderful opportunity to continue exploring her lifelong loves of travel, nature, and good vegetarian food.

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NA D I N E K NA B

Dr. Nadine Knab is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Public Policy in the International Program for Conflict Resolution and Mediation at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Azrieli (Graduate Studies) alum Dr. Boaz Hameiri. Her research investigates the psychological underpinnings of current social and political challenges in an attempt to develop theory-based socio-psychological interventions for improving group relations, such as between refugees and native citizens, men and women, or future political leaders. One of her postdoctoral projects will investigate helping relations between majority and minority groups and how to further empower disadvantaged groups.

Nadine embarked on her academic journey in psychological science with a BSc and MSc at the University Koblenz-Landau in Germany while also attending courses in disciplines such as criminology, intercultural education, and critical security studies. During her PhD, also at the University of Koblenz-Landau, she was a visiting researcher at institutes in Russia, Israel, and the United States. Nadine believes in combining research and practice as a means to sustain processes of change, and this inspires her efforts to make science accessible to everyone. She does this by engaging in science communication activities and by serving as the president of the German Peace Psychology Association, which builds structures for psychological research relating to peace processes in academia and beyond. When not researching, lecturing, or science communicating, Nadine enjoys dancing, especially Latin dances such as salsa and bachata.

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I L A N M A N O R

Dr. Ilan Manor is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Communications at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Elad Segev. He is, in addition, a visiting fellow at the USC (University of Southern California) Center on Public Diplomacy. His academic field of inquiry is digital diplomacy, a field which examines how digital technologies impact diplomats, diplomatic institutions, and diplomatic processes. In his current research, Ilan will explore how the architecture of social media platforms impact diplomatic messaging online.

Ilan received his BA and MA in communications from Tel Aviv University and his PhD from the University of Oxford. His doctoral thesis examined whether tweets published by diplomats during international crises can be used to map the trajectory of a crisis and identify diplomatic intervention points. In addition to his academic writing, Ilan is a regular contributor to news publications in Israel and the United States. He is also the editor of The Hague Diplomacy Blog and is himself an avid blogger. When in Israel, Ilan works as a part-time fundraiser for civil society organizations such as the Israeli Scouts and the Israeli Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. He is a passionate football fan and plays in amateur football leagues.

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RA JA R S H I M O N DA L

Dr. Rajarshi Mondal is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Under the supervision of Dr. Zackaria Nairoukh, he is pursuing his research in the field of organic chemistry, specifically, the synthesis of organic molecules for application in the field of medicine development. His research focuses on the development of organic fluorinated small molecules for increasing the efficiency of existing and underdeveloped drug components which could be useful for fighting novel and atom viruses. Fluorine is the smallest halogen atom of the periodic table and well-known for increasing the efficiency of organic drugs; however, installing fluorine atom on organic molecules has always been challenging. Rajarshi hopes to contribute toward a better understanding of the behaviour of fluorine atom binding with organic compounds and find the techniques to control the proper orientation.

Rajarshi was born and raised in a small town called Basirhat near Kolkata. He completed his BSc and MSc at Jadavpur University and then moved to Canada where, under the supervision of Dr. David E. Herbert, he received his PhD from the University of Manitoba. He has published many articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented his research in scientific symposiums. Besides research, Rajarshi enjoys teaching chemistry to students, visiting new places, photography, and cooking.

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K I RT I SA N K H A L A

Dr. Kirti Sankhala is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology, under the supervision of Azrieli Early Career Faculty Fellow (alum) Dr. Tamar Segal-Peretz. Her research focuses on hybrid nano-structure developments, mainly for water purification membranes by post-modification of polymeric membranes via atomic layer deposition technique, self-assembly of block copolymers, advanced electron microscopy imaging, and small-angle X-ray scattering studies.

Kirti was born and raised in Jodhpur, a city in the Thar desert of India. The stressed water supply in the desert made her realise the value of water at an early age. After receiving an MSc in physics from Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, she received a PhD in chemistry from the University of Hamburg under the supervision of Prof. Volker Abetz. During her PhD, and later as a postdoctoral researcher, she conducted research at the Institute of Membrane Research at Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon where she developed her expertise on membrane fabrication, water purification techniques, and process/machinery development. Her research work, including inventions of inside-out integral asymmetric and composite isoporous hollow fiber membranes, has led to research articles, journal cover pictures, and two patent applications, one of which has been granted by the European Patent Office. She moved to Israel in 2020 and was awarded the Grand Technion Energy Programme (GTEP) postdoctoral fellowship. Following her interest in science communication and celebrating science and scientists, she started a YouTube channel, Science Craft with Kirti, which she works on in her free time. She enjoys spending time in nature with her husband and family as well as cooking, running, yoga, gardening, and reading.

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T H I E R RY S L O T

Dr. Thierry Slot is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Faculty of Chemistry at the Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. David Eisenberg. He studies novel catalytic materials for nitrogen fixation โ€“ one of the most important and pervasive challenges in chemistry today. His current research aims to push the boundaries of electrochemical synthesis of ammonia and nitric acid, with the ultimate goal of building a self-contained electrolyzer that can make these chemicals from air using only electricity and water.

Thierry was born in Alkmaar, the Netherlands. He received two BSc degrees (chemistry and pharmacy) from Utrecht University before completing his MSc in chemistry at the University of Amsterdam. He then completed his PhD in heterogeneous catalysis at the University of Amsterdam under the supervision of Prof. Gadi Rothenberg and Dr. Shiju Raveendran. His research unravelled the mysteries of confinement chemistry by altering the surface structure of various catalytic materials including MAX phases and MXenes. He has published 14 peer-reviewed papers and invented a new device to study the kinetics of gas-producing reactions, combining his three passions: chemistry, electronics, and 3D printing. He also gained international experience, spending three months at Fudan University in Shanghai under the supervision of Prof. Hualong Xu. In his spare time, Thierry likes to play the piano and organizes workshops on 3D printing and electronics for aspiring young scientists.

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S L AVA T R E T YAC H E N KO

Dr. Vjaceslav (Slava) Tretjacenko is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the Weizmann Institute of Science where, under the supervision of Prof. Yitzhak Pilpel, he intends to research the earliest signatures of coded proteins. His study will focus on an intriguing phenomenon of genetically overlapped protein sequences โ€“ common in simple viral genomes yet absent in modern organisms. Overlapped sequences can be imagined as bearers of different meanings coded by palindromes, i.e., words that can be read in both directions. In biology, DNA sequences and meanings are provided by coded proteins which are expressed, like palindromes, by reading the DNA in both directions. His research project aims to reveal the ancient overlapped protein sequences which kick-started the genome diversification that has led to the variety of life as we know it.

Slava was born in Ukraine and moved to Czech Republic with his parents at the age of 12. After completing his MSc in biochemistry and bioinformatics, he embarked on a PhD at Charles University in Prague, focusing on the reasons why nature chose a very limited subset of proteins and reused them to design every living organism on Earth. In addition to science, he enjoys the study of languages with all their quirks. He likes to search for parallels between biochemistry and linguistics as both disciplines study noisy living things while processing and transmitting various kinds of information. He also enjoys playing the guitar and spending time outdoors skiing, cycling, and jogging.

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J UA N PA B L O U N F R I E D

Dr. Juan Pablo Unfried is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Biological Regulation at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Igor Ulitsky. His long-term scientific interests involve the genomic regulation exerted by a novel family of genes called long non-coding RNAs. His current research focuses on dissecting the determinants of long non-coding RNA functionality, looking for rules that can explain how these genes are able to work as master regulators of genomic events in the brain. Juan Pabloโ€™s main line of research proposes that the functionality of these genes resides in discrete functional domains determined in the sequence or structure of these RNAs that are hardwired to carry out regulatory functions through evolution.

Juan Pablo is originally from Costa Rica, where he received an BSc in microbiology and clinical chemistry. He completed an MSc in biomedical research in the Center for Applied Medical Research at the University of Navarra in Pamplona, where he later completed his PhD in biomedical research. During his doctoral studies he was awarded a grant to conduct research at the University of Calgary. He has published his doctoral findings in two scientific publications on a novel long non-coding RNA gene involved in genome instability and cancer. In addition to his scientific interests Juan Pablo enjoys hiking and baking and describes himself as the worldโ€™s most average triathlete.

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A N D R E I US H KOV

Dr. Andrei Ushkov is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Electrical Engineering at Tel Aviv University. Under the supervision of Prof. Pavel Ginzburg, he intends to develop non-invasive optical methods for biological and chemical sensing, aiming at their use in clinics and medical laboratories. In contrast to the well-known surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), his research project focuses on the relatively novel and nonconventional analytical technique called surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS), which enables the detection of trace amounts of chemical compounds via their moleculeโ€™s vibrational modes. Since the 1990s there has been growing interest in SEIRAS as a relatively cheap and manageable counterpart to SERS, but several issues, such as sample overheating and proper biosensor design, need to be solved by the close collaboration of scientists with experimental and theoretical backgrounds.

Andrei was born in Smolensk, Russia, and received his BSc and MSc from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. There, he started his research career with the theoretical study of photonic crystals and light-matter omnipresent entanglement and interaction, which goes far beyond our everyday experience. Understanding that nanotechnologies provide an excellent platform to study these lightโ€“matter interactions, he embarked on a PhD at the University of Lyon, where he was able to supplement his theoretical background with experimental nanofabrication work. Alongside research, Andrei likes to explore new cultures and countries, swim, and play the guitar.

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Noga KeidarHebrew University of Jerusalem

Sociology

Raphael Ben LeviUniversity of Haifa

International Relations

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2018-20192020-2021

2019-2020

2017-2018

TAMIR ARVIVTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture

HUGUES BEAUCHESNEBen-Gurion University in the NegevPhysics

ADINA HOULDINUniversity of Haifa Occupational Therapy

J.C. SAUNDERSBen-Gurion University in the NegevMathematics

NOAH STEMEROFFTel Aviv UniversityHistory and Philosophy of Science

HAGIT SINAI GLAZERBen-Gurion University in the NegevSocial Work

MICHAEL FREEDMANThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPolitical Science

DAN DEUTSCHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMusicology

MICHAEL JOHNSONThe Hebrew University of JerusalemLiterature & Religion

NOA REICHUniversity of HaifaEnglish Literature

JOSHUA RICOUVIERWeizmann Institute of ScienceBiophysics

GENEVIEVE ALLAIRE-DUQUETTETel Aviv UniversityEducation & Neuroscience

ADAM DOR-ONTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology Mathematics

TREVOR JANESWeizmann Institute of ScienceInorganic Chemistry

DENI KASATel Aviv UniversityEnglish Literature

YISKA LOEWENBERG WEISBANDThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEpidemiology

DEVIN TRUDEAUWeizmann Institute of ScienceBioengineering

ANDREA CASSATELLAThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPolitical Science

JERRY ALFRED FEREIROWeizmann Institute of ScienceBio-electronics

ADARA GOLDBERGThe Hebrew University of JerusalemHolocaust History

NOA GRASSTel Aviv UniversityChinese History

VLADIMIR REINHARZBen-Gurion University in the NegevComputational Biology

LEIA SALTZMANThe Hebrew University of JerusalemSocial Work

2016-2017

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DON BUTLERUniversity of HaifaMicro-Archaeology

PAUL GREENHAMTel Aviv UniversityHistory of Science

JAMIE LEVINThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPolitical Sciences

TSIPORA MANKOVSKY-ARNOLDUniversity of HaifaPsychology

LITAL SEVERWeizmann Institute of ScienceBiology

VIJAYAN SUNDARARAJBen-Gurion University in the NegevBiology

TIFFANY ABITBOLThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMaterials Chemistry

MERLIN DAVIESTel Aviv UniversityExperimental Particle Physics

ALISON GAINSBURYTel Aviv UniversityIntegrative / Evolutionary Biology

ANDREA GONDOSTel Aviv UniversityJewish Studies

DANA MARGALITHTechnion - Israel Institute of Technology Architecture

DEBORAH WINTERWeizmann Institute of ScienceComputational Biology

ZHIHUA CHANGBar-Ilan UniversityMathematics

ALEX DAUTHWeizmann Institute of ScienceChemistry

ALEX GOLDBERGWeizmann Institute of ScienceChemistry

SCOTT HANSENWeizmann Institute of ScienceEnvironmental Science

DELPHINE LUMBROSOUniversity of HaifaBiology

OLIVER VAN KAICKTel Aviv UniversityComputer Science

2015-2016 2014-2015 2013-2014

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AZRIELI INTERNATIONAL POSTDOCTORAL ALUMNI

ALEEZA GERSTEINTel Aviv UniversityMolecular Biology

ALEXANDER MIKHAILINEWeizmann Institute of ScienceChemistry

PINAKI MONDALWeizmann Institute of ScienceMathematics

MEERA NAIRThe Hebrew University of JerusalemCommunications

MARLIN PENNERTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyChemistry

ZACHARY TAYLORTel Aviv UniversityCivil and Environmental Engineering

GAD ABIKHZERTechnion - Israel Institute of TechnologyMedicine

YONATHAN ANAHORYWeizmann Institute of ScienceCondensed matter physics

SHOHAM BEN-DAVIDThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputer Science

BENOIT PALMIERIWeizmann Institute of ScienceTheoretical Chemistry / Materials and Interfaces

DESIREE TILLOWeizmann Institute of ScienceGenomics

ANAT ZAIDMAN-ZAITTel Aviv UniversityEducation

DANIEL-ROBERT CHEBATThe Hebrew University of JerusalemNeurobiology

BOAZ MILLERUniversity of HaifaPhilosophy

MIKAEL RECHTSMANTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology Physics

AVIAD RUBINTel Aviv UniversityPolitical Science

2012-2013 2011-2012 2010-2011

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A Z R I E L I E A R LY C A R E E R FACU LT Y F E L L OWS

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Azrieli Early Career Faculty FellowsSelection Committees 2021โ€“2022

Chair: Professor Hagit Attiya, Technion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Prof. Milko van der Boom, Weizmann Institute of ScienceProf. Yair Glasner, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Shlomo Havlin, Bar-Ilan UniversityProf. Roy Kishony, Technion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyProf. Noam Nisan, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Gal Richter-Levin, University of Haifa

Chair of Humanities, Education & Social Sciences Sub-Committee:

Professor Michal Krumer Nevo, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Prof. Menachem Fisch, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Avishai Henik, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Avner Holtzman, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Joseph Zeira, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

SENIOR ACADEMIC ADVISORProfessor Hermona Soreq, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

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S H A I E V RA

Dr. Shai Evra is a new faculty member in the Einstein Institute of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His main area of expertise centres on the theory of automorphic representations, specifically the Langlands program, which is the study of the symmetries of geometric structures using classical number theory. A main theme of Shaiโ€™s work is the utilization of deep and recent results within this purely mathematical theory to construct geometric objects (e.g., graphs) that possess remarkable geometric and combinatorial properties, which are sought after in theoretical computer science and applied mathematics. His research proposal, supported by the Azrieli Fellows Program, looks to combine two monumental results with the Langlands program โ€“ Arthurโ€™s classification of the automorphic representations of classical groups and the proof of the generalized Ramanujan-Petersson conjecture โ€“ in order to prove new instances of the Sarnak-Xue density hypothesis and deduce extremal combinatorial properties for graphs coming from number theory.

Shai was born and raised in Karmei Yosef. He served as a combat engineer in the IDF and, after his military service, moved to Jerusalem to pursue his childhood dream of becoming a mathematician. This aspiration stems from when he first heard of Fermatโ€™s Last Theorem and its proof by Andrew Wiles, thus sparking his own (unsuccessful) efforts of solving it. He completed his BSc in mathematics and the Amirim program and his MSc and PhD in mathematics, all at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Alex Lubotzky. His thesis addressed applications of the famous Ramanujan conjecture and its generalizations to problems in combinatorics and geometry. He also completed two postdoctoral positions in New Jersey: the first at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and the second at Princeton University. Shai lives in Rehovot with his wife, Tsafra, and their dog, Daisy.

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A R S E N Y F I N K E L S T E I N

Dr. Arseny Finkelstein is a new faculty member in the Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience at Tel Aviv University. His lab will study how neural interactions give rise to cognitive abilities and how brain networks change during the formation of new memories. The long-term goal of Arsenyโ€™s lab is to understand what constitutes the building blocks of memory by literally watching how memories are formed using optical imaging of the living brain and implanting artificial memories directly into the brain using novel optical stimulation methods. In addition to studying changes in neural interactions in the healthy brain, Arsenyโ€™s lab will study another important aspect of neural plasticity: the reorganization of brain networks during neurodegeneration, with a focus on brain plasticity following stroke.

Arsenyโ€™s journey into brain research started during his MSc at the Weizmann Institute of Science, when he worked on developing immune-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. For his PhD, also conducted at the Weizmann Institute, he switched to studying brain function under normal physiological conditions, focusing on the naturalistic behaviour and neural mechanisms of navigation in bats. During his postdoctoral studies at HHMIโ€™s Janelia Research Campus, at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Ashburn, Virginia, Arseny studied the brain circuits involved in decision-making and developed optical methods for the manipulation of neural activity in the brain. In addition to his academic research, Arseny considers himself an educator and regularly participates in outreach activities among high-school students and the general public on topics relating to neuroscience. In his free time, Arseny engages in creative writing, painting, and photography and can occasionally be seen shaking his motor cortex to the tunes of Argentine tango. Arseny is a father to Thea and married to Nina โ€“ his long-term partner in crime on the dance floor.

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Dr. Moran Frenkel-Pinter is a new faculty member in the Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Moranโ€™s research merges concepts from biotechnology and origins of life chemistry, fields in which she specialized during her PhD and postdoctoral research respectively. Moran harnesses the creative power of chemical evolution to develop evolving functional biodegradable chains of molecules (polymers) for biotechnological applications. As an Azrieli Fellow, she will emulate the environment that gave rise to the polymers of life in order to create and evolve functional polymers that specifically bind to nucleic acids and stabilize them. Understanding the basics of chemical evolution will allow us to tame it for innovative purposes with implications in a variety of fields such as drug delivery, agriculture, and tissue engineering.

Moran received her BSc and PhD in biotechnology from Tel Aviv University. As a PhD student, under the supervision of Prof. Daniel Segal and Prof. Ehud Gazit, she studied the role of protein glycosylation in the pathology of Alzheimerโ€™s disease, and in collaboration with Prof. Shai Rahimipour from Bar-Ilan University, she synthesized glycopeptides to study the effect of glycans on peptide self-assembly. Moran then became a NASA postdoctoral fellow at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta and, subsequently, a research scientist in its School of Chemistry. As a member of the Center for Chemical Evolution and team leader at the NASA Center for Origins of Life, Moran focused on elucidating mechanisms that lead to the formation of proto-peptides that can spontaneously polymerize, fold, and interact with nucleic acids under prebiotic conditions. Moran grew up in a moshav in northern Israel called Aviel. She lives with her spouse, Yuval, and their two daughters, Inbal and Keren, and enjoys an active life and taking trips with family and friends.

M O RA N F R E N K E L -P I N T E R

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J O NAT H A N K A D M O N

Dr. Jonathan Kadmon is a new faculty member in the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The question that motivates his research is how intelligent behaviour sprouts out of brain tissue. He uses theoretical physics, dynamical systems, and information theory to formulate principles that bridge biology and computation. Recent advancements in machine learning provide new perspectives on the inner workings of neural networks as they learn and operate. They introduce new challenges and opportunities to the field of neuroscience. In the coming years, Jonathanโ€™s research group will exploit synergies between neuroscience and machine learning to understand how different brain circuits function. They will use artificial neural networks as surrogate brain circuits, study underlying principles of learning and inference in brain-inspired neural networks, and design algorithms targeted at specific needs of computational neuroscience. A formulation of the basic science behind neural computation will advance our understanding of brain function and inspire new applications with potential impact on other fields.

Before joining the Hebrew University as a faculty member, Jonathan was a postdoctoral researcher and Swartz Foundation independent researcher at Stanford University and a visiting student at Harvard University. He completed his PhD in the Racah Institute of Physics at the Hebrew University, where he used concepts from physics to study the behaviour of large neuronal networks. Alongside his academic career, Jonathan spent a few years as a software developer and was also a scuba diving instructor in the Red Sea and the islands of Thailand. He lives with his wife, Tamar, and their three children in Nir Tzvi, a moshav located between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.

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E S H BA L RAT Z O N

Dr. Eshbal Ratzon is a new faculty member in the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and the Department of Jewish Philosophy and Talmud at Tel Aviv University. Her field of research is the history of ancient Jewish science and religion within their ancient Near Eastern background. She focuses mainly on Second Temple literature including the Dead Sea Scrolls, Apocrypha, and Pseudepigrapha. In her research she combines material, mathematical, and digital tools for the reconstruction and analysis of sources. Her research project, supported by the Azrieli Fellows Program, will explore astronomy in the Dead Sea Scrolls. In the first stage, she will materially and digitally reconstruct all the astronomical and calendrical scrolls, presenting a more reliable dataset for the analysis of their scientific content. In the second stage, she will offer a synthesis of ancient authorsโ€™ ideas on space, time, and movement and compare them to similar ideas in the surrounding cultures: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Greco-Roman culture.

After finishing high school and before doing her national service, Eshbal studied at a midrasha (an institute of higher learning in Jewish Studies) for two years. She then completed a BSc in physics and multidisciplinary studies in the humanities and an MA in Jewish history at Tel Aviv University. She continued on a direct PhD track in Jewish Studies, also at Tel Aviv University, with a doctoral dissertation on the conception of the universe in 1 Enoch. She then held postdoctoral fellowships in several institutions in Israel and abroad, including a Fulbright fellowship at Princeton University. Eshbal now lives in Tel Aviv together with her husband, Akiva Bloch, and their four daughters.

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A L D E M A SA S - C H E N

Dr. Aldema Sas-Chen is a new faculty member in the Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research in the Faculty of Life Sciences at Tel Aviv University. Her research group investigates the involvement of RNA-based mechanisms of gene regulation in health and disease and across evolution. A major focus of her work is to characterize changes in patterns of chemical modifications of RNA and to explore the molecular and cellular functions of these modifications in response to varying environmental cues. By combining models at the molecular, cellular, and organism level, using cutting-edge experimental and computational methodologies, her lab examines the roles of RNA modifications in cancer progression and other models of human disease. Her research aims to decipher the roles of RNA molecules and their various modifications in regulating gene expression and to uncover mechanisms that will facilitate both the diagnosis and treatment of patients.

Aldema conducted her undergraduate studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where she studied psychobiology, a combination of psychology and biology, focusing on brain sciences. She continued her graduate studies at the Weizmann Institute of Science, dedicating her PhD to the investigation of the roles of RNA molecules in breast cancer progression and diagnosis. In her postdoctoral studies, also at the Weizmann Institute, she acquired advanced skills in computational biology and combined โ€œwetโ€ experimental biology with big data analysis. She developed cutting-edge technologies to identify the presence of chemical modifications on RNA molecules and to study their impact in regulating cellular processes and human disease. Her postdoctoral studies were supported by a scholarship from the Combined Weizmann โ€” Abroad Postdoctoral Program for Advancing Women in Science and resulted in many international collaborations. Aldema lives with her partner, Kobi, and their children, Dvir, Adar, and Uriah. In her spare time, she enjoys playing the piano and making jewellery.

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A NAT S C H E C H T M A N

Prof. Anat Schechtman is a new faculty member in the Department of Philosophy at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Her research focuses on early modern philosophy and is concerned primarily with the intersection of philosophy, mathematics, and theology in this period. A central topic of her research is infinity, and she is currently working on a monograph, Ontic Infinity, on quantitative (e.g., mathematical) and non-quantitative (e.g., theological) notions of infinity in the seventeenth century. She has written about several central philosophers in the early modern period including Renรฉ Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, G.W. Leibniz, John Locke, and Nicholas Malebranche.

Anat was raised in Caesarea and went to high school in the neighbouring town of Hadera. After serving in the IDF as an intelligence officer, she completed her BSc in philosophy and mathematics at Tel Aviv University as a member of the Special Program for Outstanding Students. She studied for her PhD in philosophy at Yale University and subsequently taught at the University of Chicago, Harvard University, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Anat is passionate about teaching and particularly enjoys working with students who are completely new to philosophy via an introductory course she developed on the topic of the meaning of life. She lives with her partner, John, and their two sons, Elan and Maayan, and enjoys reading, cooking, exercising, and traveling.

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G I D D O N T I C O T S K Y

Prof. Giddon Ticotsky is a new faculty member in the Department of Hebrew Literature at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research focuses on the canon of modern Hebrew literature, both on its own and in dialogue with European culture, and combines digital humanities methods with archival and bio-bibliographic expertise. Giddonโ€™s current project sheds light on a corpus that is barely known: hundreds of forgotten works by some of the finest modern Hebrew poets including Avraham Shlonsky, Zelda, Haim Gouri, and Yehuda Amichai. These are not manuscripts from their estates but, rather, works that were published only once in the press. Since these poems have not been collected in a book by their authors, they were consigned to near-oblivion. This old-new oeuvre enriches the known corpus of each poet and leads to a re-examination of their writing, revealing strategies of writing and erasure, of cultural memory and marginalization of works, and of hidden processes of canon formation.

Giddon was born and raised in Hadera. While studying at high school, he attended classes in Hebrew and French literature at Tel Aviv University (thanks to the mentorship of a devoted teacher) and composed his first research book about the French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupรฉry, author of The Little Prince. After serving in the IDF for an entire decade and reaching the rank of major, he completed a BA in Hebrew and French literature at Tel Aviv University. As a graduate student at both Tel Aviv University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he was appointed editor in a leading publishing house specializing in Hebrew modernism and was eventually promoted to co-chief editor. He conducted his postdoctoral studies at both Stanford University and the University of Pennsylvania. Giddon lives in Tel Aviv with his spouse, Oren โ€“ his best friend since fourth grade.

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Dvir AranTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Computational Biology

Yonatan BelinkovTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Computational Linguistics

Sagi Ben-AmiWeizmann Institute of Science

Particle Physics

Leeat KerenWeizmann Institute of Science

Systems Biology

Shay MoranTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technology

Machine Learning

Mor NitzanHebrew University of Jerusalem

Computational Biology

Roni PoratHebrew University of Jerusalem

Political Psychology

Ezer RasinTel Aviv University

Computational Linguistics

AZRIELI EARLY CAREER FACULTY FELLOWS 2020-2021

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Inbal Ben-Ami BartalTel Aviv University

Psychobiology

Uri Ben DavidTel Aviv University

Molecular Genetics

Takashi KawashimaWeizmann Institute

Neuroscience

Ely KovetzBen-Gurion University of the Negev

Cosmology

Benjamin PalmerBen-Gurion University of the Negev

Biochemistry

Yotam SoreqTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of Technolog

Physics

Omer PanethTel Aviv UniversityComputer Science

Jennifer Resnik Ben-Gurion University of the Nege

Neuroscience

Gideon SegevTel Aviv Universit

Electrical Engineering

AZRIELI EARLY CAREER FACULTY FELLOWS 2019-2020

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AZRIELI EARLY CAREER FACULTY ALUMNI

AMIR BASHANBar-Ilan UniversityBiological Physics

GRAHAM DE RUITERTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyChemistry

YONIT HOCHBERGThe Hebrew University of JerusalemTheoretical Physics

IDO KAMINERTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyPhysics & Nanotechnology

YONATAN MOSSThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComparative Religion

MEITAL OREN-SUISSAWeizmann Institute of ScienceNeurobiology

ANAT PERRYThe The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Cognitive Psychology

SHLOMI REUVENITel Aviv UniversityPhysical Chemistry

AVRAHAM ASHKENAZITel Aviv UniversityBiology

SHAI BELBar-Ilan UniversityBiology

GIL COHENTel Aviv UniversityComputer Science

BEN MAOZTel Aviv UniversityBiomedical Engineering

YAKIR PAZThe Hebrew University of JerusalemTalmud and Classical Studies

MICHAL RABANIThe Hebrew University of JerusalemBiology

JUDITH WEISSBen-Gurion University of the NegevJewish Thought

MORAN YASSOURThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMicrobiology

2017-20182018-2019

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TSEVI BEATUSThe Hebrew University of JerusalemBioengineering

NOAM KAPLANTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyComputational Biology

MICHAEL KHANEVSKYTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyMathematics

AHMAD MASARWAThe Hebrew University of JerusalemChemistry

DAN ORBACHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemHistory

TALYA SADEHBen-Gurion University of the NegevCognitive Neuroscience

TAMAR SEGAL-PERETZTechnion โ€” Israel Institute of TechnologyChemical Engineering

AMIT SITTTel Aviv UniversityChemistry

2016-2017

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AZRIELI EARLY CAREER FACULTY ALUMNI

ORI KATZThe Hebrew University of JerusalemApplied Physics

OREN RAMThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEpigenomics

RINA ROSENZWEIGWeizmann Institute of ScienceStructural Biology

ZIV SHULMANWeizmann Institute of ScienceImmunology

2015-2016

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O U R T E A M

CEIGHLEY CRIBBPostdoc Campaign [email protected]

DR. MICHAL HATUEL-RADOSHITZKYFellowship [email protected]

TAL MORDOCHAdmissions [email protected]

ERIN KOHNAdministrative [email protected]

DAFNA SOFRIN-FRUMERAnalyst and Project Manager [email protected]

DR. AVIAD STOLLMANGlobal [email protected]

ROCHELLE AVITANProgram [email protected]

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1

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ืขื•ืจื›ืช:ืžื™ื›ืœ ื—ื˜ื•ืืœ-ืจื“ื•ืฉื™ืฆืงื™

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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• 85

ื‘ืค"

ืฉืช

ื™ ืœ

ืืจื™

ืขื–ื™

ืชืžื™

ืขืช

ื ื™ื›

ืชื•

Page 91: Azrieli Fellows Program

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืงืจืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื,

ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื! ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• โ€“ ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืขื 11 ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืื™ื ืœืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” 53 ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื.

ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื ื•: ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื–ื• ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. 2021 ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘-20 ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืงื ื“ื” ืืœื ื’ื ืžื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ื’ื•ื“

ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ )EFTA( ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ!

ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื. ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช )ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื”ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชืืžื ื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ. ื•ืชื—ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจ( ืืงื“ืžื™ ืกื’ืœ ืื• ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืชื›ื ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ ื“ืจืš ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ

ืœื›ื ืœืคืชื— ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืช ืจื•ืื” ืื ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืž-14 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื•ื“ืข. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื•ื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืŸ.

ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™.

ืื ื™ ืžืื—ืœืช ืœื›ืŸ ื•ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžืกืข; ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื•ืฉืขืœ.

ื“"ืจ ื ืขืžื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืžื ื›"ืœ ืงืจืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™

ืฉื™ื˜

ื“ื•ืจื™

ื™ื•

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ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ื™ืงืจื™ื,

ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื—ืœืคื” ืœื”. ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืฆืคื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื ื•ืกื” ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•. ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“! ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืงืจืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ื ืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”: ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืจืš ื–ื•ื, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ืชื•ืš ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืื ื—ื ื•

ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ื–ื• ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื” ืฉื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืคืจืกื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืœื‘, ืœืฆื“ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืชื›ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช )ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช(, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ื“ืื’ืชื›ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื›ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืœื”ื˜ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื ื™. ืžืฆื“ ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชื•ื“ื” ืžืงืจื‘ ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ืฉืคืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,

ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”!

ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™? ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืชืฉื’ืฉื’, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืขื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืื” ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ

ืžื’ืคื”.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื!

ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ืจืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืจืง ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™

ื‘ืค"

ืฉืช

ื™ ืœ

ืืจื™

ืขื–ื™

ืชืžื™

ืขืช

ื ื™ื›

ืชื•

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ืืชืฉืค"ื‘

Page 94: Azrieli Fellows Program

ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ืื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืค"ื‘

ืš ื• ื  ื™ ื—

ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ืข ืืœื•ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืง, ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืข"ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืื“ื ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื™ืœื™ ืžื•ืจ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื— ื• ืจ ื” ื™ ืข ื“ ืž

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืจื—ืžื™ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื–ื’ืœื•, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืคืจื•ืค' ื ื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืืจื™ื” ื“ื‘ื™, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืคืจื•ืค' ืชืžืจ ื•ื•ืœืฃ-ืžื•ื ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจืŸ ื˜ืœ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื” ืœื™ืžื•ืจ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื” ืจ ื‘ ื— ื” ื™ ืข ื“ ืž

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ื ืจ ื“ื”-ืฉืœื™ื˜, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืคืจื•ืค' ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ืฆืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืข ื‘ ื˜ ื” ื™ ืข ื“ ืž

ืคืจื•ืค' ื ืขืžื” ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืžื™ืจ ืื”ืจื•ื ื™, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื™ื›ื” ืืฉืจ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืคืจื•ืค' ื ื™ืจ ื˜ืกืœืจ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื™ ืคื™ืงืจืกืงื™, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืช ื• ืœ ื› ื™ ืจ ื“ ื

ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืœืชโ€™ืจื‘ืืจื•, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ื“โ€ืจ ืขื“ื ื” ืœื ื’ื ื˜ืœ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ

ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื—ืจืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืจืง, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื”ื“โ€ืจ ื•ืจื“ื” ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจื‘ืจื’, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื•

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืื ื“ืœืžืŸ-ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืคืื” ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื“ืข, ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœ. ื ื•ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ืขืœ ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื— ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืกืžื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—, ืœืฉื ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.

ืžื™ื›ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื”. ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื” ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื, ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื•ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ื’ื”, ืžื“ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืš ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ื’ื”. ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืจืคืืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืกื™ืคืงื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืžื™ื, ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ

ื•ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื.

ืžื™ื›ืœ ืื ื“ืœืžืŸ-ื’ื•ืจ

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ืจืฉื ื‘ื•ื™ืจืืช

ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืจืืช ื”ื™ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืจืฉื โ€” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืจื ืฉื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืงืจืœ ืžืจื˜ื ืก ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื™ื•ืช )walkability( ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื”, ืจืฉื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืขื“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื, ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื–ืืช ื–ื•. ืชื•ืคืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืขืชืง )ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ืื˜ื”( ื•ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”. ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื•ืžืชืืจื™ื )GPS( ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืœ ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”

.)GIS( ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช

ืœืคื ื™ ืขืจื”. ื‘ื•ื•ืื“ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืืœื‘ื™ืืจ, ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืจืฉื ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืฆืจืช, ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืžืชื ื“ื‘ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืจืฉื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื. ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืงืกืžืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžืคื•ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ืจืฆื” ื•ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื˜ื ื™ืก, ื•ื’ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื”.

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืžื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคืจื ืงืœ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืชืžืงื“ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืกื›ืกื•ืš โ€“ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื 'ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”'. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ื, ืžื’ื“ืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื–ื”, ืืžื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื™ื“ืข ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืืžื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืจ

ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.

ืืžื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ื™ื-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ืงืกืก, ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืืžื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืžื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื•ืœื ืœื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื•ื“ืช ืœืื•ื, ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•ื. ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื“ืจืš ื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘

ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื.

ืืžื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืžื•ืืœ

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ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ โ€” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ื•ื ื˜ืœืžื•ืŸ. ืจื•ื ืŸ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื™ืœื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืืžื™ืœ ื›ืš ืœืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ืฉืœ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ื”, ืขื“ ืžืคื•ืœืช. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืื™ื ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืืžื™ืœ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.

ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืขื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืืžื™ืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขืคื•ืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉื ื™, ืœืชื•ืืจ ืืžื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื“ืข ืฉื•ื—ืจ ืœื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืœื™ืžื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืกื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื‘- ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื ืง ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžื™ืœ ืžืคืชื— )multi-aperture( ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžื™ืœ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืขืฅ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื ืขืคื•ืœื”, ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืœืคืชื— ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ ืืžื™ืœ ื ื”ื ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืœืฆืœื•ืœ.

ืืžื™ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื—ื’ื™ืช ื’ื‘ืื™ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ื”ืŸ. ืขื ืช ื“"ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืขื ื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืœื” ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœ. ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื ื—ืงืจื” ื“ื™ื”. ื—ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืจื‘-ืžืžื“ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื. ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืืœื”. ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื—ื’ื™ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืคื” ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืœืงื“ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™

ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื”ืœื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื.

ื—ื’ื™ืช ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ื’ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื›ืจืืฉ ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืœืฆื“ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืคืจื™ืฉืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื ื›ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืชื” โ€“ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื”ืžืคืชื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื—ื’ื™ืช ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื

ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื ื™ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื—ื’ื™ืช ื’ื‘ืื™

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ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื•ื ืจืกื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื•ื›ืžืŸ ืข"ืฉ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ )ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘( ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'(. )ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉืชื™ ืื™ืœ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™, ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืคืจื˜ื™, ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื“ืจืš ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื“ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื“ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ืคืจื˜ื™. ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืชืžืžืฉื• ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืื“ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืกืคืง ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื• ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื•ืฆืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืจื•ื”ืจ, ืขืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื”ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš Magistra ืชื•ืืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ืกืœื“ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื” iuris ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'. ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืœืกื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืื ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืจื›ื” Cambridge Human Trafficking( ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” )Research Panel Culture( ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืชืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืœ )of Solidarity Theoretical )ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช( ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืขืช ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืœื ื’ืŸ ืœืžื“ื” ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ .Inquiries in Lawื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืžืื– ืื•ืชื” ืฉื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ืืฃ ืฉืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื”ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ืงืจืžื™. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘

ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืชืจืžื™ืœืื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ื•ื ืจืกื‘ื•ืฉ

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื”ืจื‘- ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ ื—ื•ืจืœืš ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ื ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืงืžื™ื ืจ ืขื“ื• ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื• ืืงื“ืžื™. ืœืกื’ืœ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืงืจืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืง ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ )ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” โ€“ ืœื-ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื™ื( ื•ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืžืœืืช ืœืื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื 30 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืจืง ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”

ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืขื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.

ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื‘ืœืจื•ืก. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœืจื•ืก ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืžืคืงื— ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ืงืžื™ื ืจ, ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื›ื” ื”ื•ื 2014 ื‘ืฉื ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืœืชื•ืืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ื ื”ื ื”

ืžืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื•ื˜ื ื™ืก ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.

ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ื—ื•ืจืœืš

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ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื—ื™ืืง ืžื™ืจื‘ ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื ืžื™ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™, ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจ, ืœื‘ืชื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื“ืจื›ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ืŸ, ื”-21. ืœืžืื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื‘ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ื ื•ืขื“ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” )DGBL(ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื“ืข ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืื—ื“ ืืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืช ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ISEF ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื‘ ื ืชืžืš ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ

)ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš(.

ืžื™ืจื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื” ืืœื™ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื—ื•ื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืจื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืคื ื•ื™

ืžืœืื›ื™ ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœืงืจื•ื, ืœืจื•ืฅ ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”.

ืžื™ืจื‘ ื—ื™ืืง

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื—ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืืกื™ื” ื•ืขืžื™ืชื” ืจื™ืฆ'ื™, ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืจื•ื ืจ ื™ื’ืืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ "ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืข The New Ecology( ื”ืคืจื”-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช" ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื of Expressive Modes in Early-Modern South .)ERC( ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžื˜ืขื )India )Kakawin( ื”ืงืงืื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงืช ืืช ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื” - ]Kawi[( ื‘ืงืื•ื•ื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืกื•ื’ื” โ€“ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•- ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ืฉื’ื” ืขืชื™ืงื”(, ื’'ืื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืœื™ ื’'ืื•ื•ื” ื”ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”-19. ืœืžืื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ืขื“ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช )ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงืงืื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืณืื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืืช ืœืกืคืง ื•ืฉื•ืืคืช ื”-15( ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืžื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื‘ืข, ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงืงืื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืดืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืš ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื ืกืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืด, ื”ืกื ืกืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื”ื’ืณืื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ื” ืกื ืกืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืืช ื•ืกื•ืงืจืช ืคื™ืจื•ืงื, ืืช ืฉื›ืœืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืชื•ื›ื” ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืืžืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื

ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ืขื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.

ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื’ื“ืœื” ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื ื™ืงื”. ื•ื›ืœื‘ืชื ื˜ื•ื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื–ื›ืชื” ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืคืชื— ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืืกื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื” ืขื•ืจืจื” ืืกื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื ืกืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ืžืกื›ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ,)Abhinavaguta( ืื‘ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ืืช ื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”-11, ื”ืžืื” ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืžื™ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช โ€“ )camatkฤra( ืฆืณืžืชืงืืจื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื“ืจื•ื- ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืžืชื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืื”ื‘ืชื” ืืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื”

ื”ื•ื“ื™.

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื—ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืŸ

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ืืœื•ืŸ ื—ืกืคืจ ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืขื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ื ืจ. ืžื—ืงืจื• ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืืœื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืื•ืžืฆื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™, ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™. ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ื ื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™. ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื‘ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืฉืชื‘ืกืก ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื’ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉืคื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœ

ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœืžืชื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช.

ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืช-ื–ื•ื’ื• ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื ื” ื’ื“ืœ ืืœื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื—ื” ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืœ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืคื•ื’ืœืžืŸ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื ืœื‘ืชื• ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ,

ืœืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.

ืืœื•ืŸ ื—ืกืคืจ

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื™ )ืžื•ื˜ื™( ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืืกืœืื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจื•, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืกืง ืจื•ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ื•ื“"ืจ ื’'ื™ื ื™ืื• ืื™ื™ืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืกืคื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืžืชืžืงื“ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื”-17. ื”-16 ืชื•ืจื›ื•-ืื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืชืคืกื• ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืžืคืชื— ื›ืžื• ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช(, ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช-ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช )ืคืจืกื™ืช, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืืช ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืืช ื’ื ื›ืžื• ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืกืœืื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื‘ืกืก ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืกืคื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื, ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืขืฆืžื™

ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืงื“ื-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.

ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืฉืคื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืืกืœืื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื’ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช, ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ืœืื—ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืฉืœ. ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื ื”ื ื” ื ืจื’ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื

ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช.

ืžืจื“ื›ื™ )ืžื•ื˜ื™( ืœื•ื™

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ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืœื•ื™ ืจื—ืœื™ ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ื™ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœืžืŸ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืชืกื™ืกื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืกืคืง ื•ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืขืจืš ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืœืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ื•- ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืกื™ืกื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•-ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ื”ื™ื ืจื—ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืจื›ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.

ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืจื—ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื” ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœื” ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืขื“ ืœื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืขื ืœืกืจื™ื’ื” ืื”ื‘ืชื” ืืช ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืจื—ืœื™ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืกืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืžื’ืคืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื. ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื—ืœื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื™ื’ืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš

ืกืจื’ื” ื•ืชืจืžื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ืจื—ืœื™ ืœื•ื™

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืœืฆืจื•ืก ืžืื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืžืชืžืงื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ. ืจื•ืขื™ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืœืžืงืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื™ื: ืœืืจื•ื•ืช )ื“ื’ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื(, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขืœื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžืื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืชืงื“ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืžืื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ื™ืชืจืžื• ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข , ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืœืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื™ืžื™ืช.

ืžืื™ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืขืžืง ื—ืคืจ ื•ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื” ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”. ืžืื– ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืกืžื” ืžืคืœืื™ ื”ืชืช- ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงืกืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืžืื™ ืขื•ืกืงืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขื ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืžื“ืข ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ืžืื™ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื. ืžืชื—ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื–ืžื ื” ืืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื

ื•ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”.

ืžืื™ ืœืฆืจื•ืก

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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ MTRL ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืคืจื›ืจ, ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”. ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช )VR( ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืคืชื— ืื™ืชืŸ ,)AR( ืจื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืœื-ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื ื›ืกื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืขื ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจื• ืžื›ื•ื ื”. ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืชื—ืจื™ื. ืืฃ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื–ื•, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื• ืžืชืžืงื“ ืื™ืชืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื.

ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืื™ืชืŸ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ื•ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื )ื›ืขืžื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืข"ืฉ ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™( ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืจืš ืฉื ,MIT-ื‘ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื›ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืื™ืชืŸ MIT-ื‘ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘. ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ SMarchS ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคื™ืชื— ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืชืจื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืžื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืขื‘ื“ )VirtualXdesign(ื ื”ื ื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืื™ืชืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ืœืกืงื•ืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื•, ืขื ืœื’ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™

ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.

ืื™ืชืŸ ืžืŸ

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ ื ืื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ โ€” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื“ื™ืช ืงื™ื“ืจ. ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื. ื•ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื ื•ื— ืงืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืžื™ื•ืช )scalability( ืฉืœื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช. ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช

ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ.

ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ. ื‘ืขืžืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื’ืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืฆ'ืœื•, ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื’ื™ื•ืกื• ืœืคื ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ. ื‘ื—ื™ืœ 8200ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืฆื ืžื— ืœืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืชืื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”. ืขื•ื“ื“

ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืœืฉื—ืง ืกืงื•ื•ืฉ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื.

ืขื•ื“ื“ ื ืื•ืจ

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ืื•ืจืคื” ืกื ื•ืฃ-ืคื™ืœืคื•ืœ

ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืกื ื•ืฃ-ืคื™ืœืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจืคื” ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืจืœื™ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ,)PIP( ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™" ื”ื•ื "ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช .#MeToo ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ื’ื ืืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืคื ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจืคื” ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืกื˜-ืืžืช. ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืช, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™

ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื.

ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืื– ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” ืื•ืจืคื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืชืœ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื›ืžื“ืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืชืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“, ืžื’ื ื•ืก ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืจืคื” ื’ืื”. ืœื ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื’ื™ ืขืžื•ืชืช ืฉืœ ,TraffLab )ERC( ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื”ื™ืœื” ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื ื›ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื–ืžื” ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™-ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช

ื“ื•-ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื” ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืชืžืจ ืขืžื™ืฉื‘ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจ ื ื™ืœื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ืชืžืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ืขื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื•ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“, ื–ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘. ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืœืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืชืชืื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืœืชืจื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืืช ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืœื”ื

ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช.

ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ื•ื‘ื‘ืืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื“ืœื” ืชืžืจ ืœืืคืจืช, ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชืžืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™: ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืชื•ืืจ ืœืชืžืจ ืžื—ื•"ืœ. ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืจืฆืชื” ืขื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืขื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืชืžืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช 'ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืชืžืจ', ื’ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืžื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืชืžืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™

ืžืจื™ืžืช ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช.

ืชืžืจ ืขืžื™ืฉื‘

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ืœื™ื”ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืŸ- ืื“ืจ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ืžื—ืงืจื” ืืœื™ื”ื•. ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืชืžื™ื›ืชื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืชื ืืช ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉื–ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื™ื”ื™ .)SRL โ€” Self-regulated learning(ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืฆืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื ืžืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื”: ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื›ืžื•ืชื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื—ืงืจื” ืื-ื™ืœื“, ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืคื ืžืช ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืžื˜ื, ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื”, ืœื™ื”ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืžืฆืื™ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช

ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.

ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื“ืกื™ื, ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ืœื™ื”ื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืžืื– ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื”. ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื 17 ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื ืฉืžืชื”: ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืช ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื”. ื’ื ื ืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืš, ืœื’ื™ืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ืŸ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื ื•ืช ืกื˜ืื–'ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ืช ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื™ื”ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ. ืžืจืงืข ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘. ื—ืœื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืคืชื— "ืืจื’ื– ื›ืœื™ื" ืฉืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืคืชื— ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš

ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.

ืœื™ื”ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืงืืจื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื‘ื ื“, ืขืžืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ,)NLP( ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืคื” ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ื™ื ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™. ืชืช-ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืคื”. ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื )ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ืžื“ืขื™ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”(, ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืชืื™ืœื™ืŸ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืžื–ื• ื–ื• ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•. ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืœื™ื, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืฉื” ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืชืื™ืœื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ. ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื—ืช ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื”ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” Hasson ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ,)Caltech(ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ

ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืื™ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืœืžื” ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืคืงืชื ื‘ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืชื—ื•ื โ€“ื›ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช, ืกืžืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช( )ืงื•ืจื™ืื” Yonsei ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืคื” โ€“ ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื–ืืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘' ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ 'ื ืฉื™ื )ื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืงื™ื ื’( ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ โ€“ื•ื‘ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ

ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืืงื“ืžื™ ื–ื”.

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ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืจ ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืคืจืžืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกืืงืœืจ ืข"ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืžื—ืงืจื” ืกืฆ'ื™-ืคืื™ื ืจื•. ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื ื•, ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ ืžืชืจื›ื–ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ โ€“ ืื“ื ื•ืงืจืฆื™ื ื•ืžื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข โ€“ )PDAC( ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ืช ื‘ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ,)SARS-CoV-2( 2 ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœืžื’ืคื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืกืคืจื•ืื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ ื•ืจื‘-ืชืื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื‘ืœื‘, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกืงืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืคืจื”-ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื›ืœื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืฉื•ืืคืช ืจื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ืขืœ

ื‘ื ื ื•-ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืจืžืช ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืฉืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ืงืฉื™ื™ ืขื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืขื–ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืœื—ื ื•ืš ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”. ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘'ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื” ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืœืคื', ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ืฉื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ืžื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืœืช ื•ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืขืœื” ืฉื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืŸ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื”

ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืจื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืจ

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืคืœืŸ ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืž ื•ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื•ืจื” ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ, ืžืจืงื•ืก ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' )UCL - University College London(ืกืžื•ืืœืก ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ื. ืžื—ืงืจื” ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช. ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื“ื–', ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืงืคื• ืืช ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืืžืฆืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื—, ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื•ืžืžื™ืจื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืขืชืง )big data( ืœืžืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืคื•ืš .)GIS( ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืžื—ืงืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ื’ื

ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื ืืœื•ื’ื™.

ืจื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื” ื•ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื” ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™( )ื›ืขืžื™ืชืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืฉื•ืืคืช ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื”, ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ืžื™ืœืื” ืจื•ืชื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”"ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" ื•ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื”, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื”"ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืจืง ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื•ืจืฉืช. ืœืฉื—ืง ื”ื—ืœื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื™ื“, ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื, ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืš

ื•ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจื•ื’ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.

ืจื•ืช ืงืคืœืŸ

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ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ ืงืฆื ืœื‘ื•ื’ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืข, ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื•ื— ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืขืžื™ืช. ืขื™ื“ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืชื•ืžืจื ื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืชืื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืืช ืฉื™ื—ืกืžื• ื›ืš ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคื™ืชื—, .T ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ืชืื™ ืืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืœืจืฆืฃ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื” ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืคืขื•ืœื”" ืฉ"ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืชืจืคื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืฉืœื”ื, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืชืจืคื™ื•ืช

ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืคืจื ืกืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืชืœืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื’ื“ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืœื™- ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืคืชื— ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื•ืœื-ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืœืจืงื•ื“, ืœืฉื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืงื•ืœื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืืžืฅ ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื

ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืฆื ืœื‘ื•ื’ืŸ

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืจื•ื–ื ืจ ืžื•ืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ ืคืจืฅ. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื” ืขื ื™ื—ื“ ืœื›ืช. ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืื‘ืง, ื”ืœื›ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื›ืช. ืžื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืก ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืคืขื ื•ืžื“ื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืชื•ืš ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ืช

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.

ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™, ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืงื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื•ืจ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืช 14 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื” ืกื™ื•ื ืžืื– ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ืกืงืช ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”. ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื” ืžื•ืจ

ืžื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžื ื ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืš ืžืชืžื“ืช.

ืžื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื ืจ

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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืง ืื”ื“ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืžื—ืงืจื• ื ืขื. ื•ืจื“ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืขืจืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืชื— ืืช ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ืืช ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืื”ื“ ื•ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืชื—, ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืขืžื•ื“, ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ืจ. ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื• ืžืจืžื–ืช ืฉืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช, ื’ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช

ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™.

ืขื ื‘ืืคืจืช ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ื’ื“ืœ ืื”ื“ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. ื•ืืจื‘ืขืช ืชืžืจ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื. ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืžื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืœ )ื›ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™( ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืข"ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืกื™ื•ื ืžืื– ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”, ืžืœืžื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช. ืื”ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ โ€“ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืช ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื“ื ื”ืฉื•ืืฃ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ืŸ

ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืื”ื“ ืฉื•ืจืง

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ )ื™ื•ื ื™( ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ืจื•ืขื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ื—ื™ืคื”( )ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืจืŸ ื“ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ(. )ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืฅ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•-ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”. ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช" "ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื”ืžื—ืงื•ืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืชืืคืฉืจ ืืœื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื

ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœืคืชื— ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”.

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจ ืขื ื‘ืช-ื–ื•ื’ื• ื•ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ- ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืœื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื ื’ื‘. ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ืืช ืขื•ืจืจื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ ืืฉืคื•ื– ื‘ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืกื™ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”. ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืขื ืžืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื•ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืช ืžืฉืœื‘ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืœื•ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขืžื•ืชืช ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืชืฉืคืดื

ื—ื’ื™ ืื™ืœื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื ืขืžื” ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™

ืื‘ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืื˜ื™ืืกื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืขื™ื ืช ืืœื™ื–ืจื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช

ืืœื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื–ื™ื• ืื•ืจืคื–ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ืื•ืจืŸ ืืœื“ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื‘ืื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื™ืœืชืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”

ืื‘ื™ืฉืง ื‘ื ืจื’'ื™ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืงืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื–ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช

ื“ืคื ื” ืœื•ื™ืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื’ืœ ื•ื™ืฉื ื”ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืชืฉืคืดื

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžื™ืœืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืžื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช

ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ืฆ'ืฆ'ื™ืงื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืœื›ื”

ืชืืžืจ ืžื•ืจืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืขืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘

ื“ืคื ื™ ืขื ื‘ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื

ืื•ืคืจ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ ืกืชืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื—ื’ื™ืช ืœืฉืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืฉื™ ืกื“ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ื ืขื” ืคืœื“ืžืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ื ื–ืจืฆืงื™ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืจื™ืืŸ ืคื•ืจืชื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช

ืจื•ืชื ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืœื˜ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

35

ื‘ืคืด

ืฉืช

ื™ ืœ

ืืจื™

ืขื–ื™

ืชืžื™

ืขืช

ื ื™ื›

ืชื•ื

ืžื™ื“

ืงืช

ืžื

ื“ื™ืžื•

ืœื™ืœ

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืชืฉืดืฃ

ืฉื™ืœื” ืื•ื—ื™ื•ืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ืงืจืŸ ืœื™ ื‘ืจ-ืกื™ื ื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืขื•ืžืจ ื—ื’ืณืื’ืณื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ืื‘ืจื“ืื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ

ืฉื™ืจืืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื™ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื”ื“ืก ื–ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืกืคืจื•ืช

ืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื’ืœื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ืšืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ืชืจืฆื” ื•ื™ืœื ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืฉืจื’ื ื‘ื™ืง ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ืชื•ืช

ืจืžื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื

ืคื˜ืจ ืœื ืฆื”ื™ื“ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืคืจืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœ-ื—ืกื™ื“ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื˜ืœ ื ื”ืจื™ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื”

ื ืขื ืžืื™ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ืชื•ืช

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืฆื˜ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืชืฉืดืฃ

ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืจื“ื–ื™ื ืกืงื™ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช

ืขื•ืžืจ ืงื ืœืจืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ืฉื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืกื™ื’ืœ-ื—ื•ื” ืจื•ืชืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

37

ื‘ืคืด

ืฉืช

ื™ ืœ

ืืจื™

ืขื–ื™

ืชืžื™

ืขืช

ื ื™ื›

ืชื•ื

ืžื™ื“

ืงืช

ืžื

ื“ื™ืžื•

ืœื™ืœ

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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื

ืจืŸ ืื™ืชืŸ ืื‘ื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ

ืžื“ืขื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื

ื ื“ื‘ ืื•ื˜ืžื–ื’ื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื’ื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืืจื–ื™ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช

ืขื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ื™ืคืขืช ื’ื‘ื™ืฉืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช

ืขื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืชื•ื ื–ื”ื‘ื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”

ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื˜ืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช

ืงืจืŸ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืคืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืฉื—ืจ ืœื™ื‘ื ื”ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืกืคืจื•ืช

ืชื•ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืžื’'ื“ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืชืฉืข"ื—

ืœื•ื˜ื ืืœื‘ืจ-ื“ื•ืจื•ื–'ืงื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืžื™ื›ืœ ืืจืœื™ืšืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•

ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืื•ืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืžื™ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื—ื’ื™ ื”ืœืœ ื“ื™ืืžื ื“ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ

ืฉื—ืจ ื“ืจืขื™ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืœื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื•ื•ื ืกื” ื•ื•ืจืงืžืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืฉื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื-ื ื—ื•ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื™ื•ืื‘ ื—ืจืคืง-ืขืžื™ืงืื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืชืœืžื•ื“

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื™ืคืชืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ืชืฉืขืดื˜ืชืฉืขืดื˜ืืœื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”

ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืจื•ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื•ืจื™ืช ื ืคื—ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื’ืœ ืกื•ืคืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืจื™ื ืกื˜ืจื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื

ืขื™ืกืื ืขืกืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘

ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฆืœื™ืงื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก

ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื˜ืจืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ

ืชื ืฉืงื“ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืžืจื™ืืŸ ืžืื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅืณื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืงืจืŸ ืฉื”ืื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื

ืชืฉืข"ื—

39

ื‘ืคืด

ืฉืช

ื™ ืœ

ืืจื™

ืขื–ื™

ืชืžื™

ืขืช

ื ื™ื›

ืชื•ื

ืžื™ื“

ืงืช

ืžื

ื“ื™ืžื•

ืœื™ืœ

ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืกืจืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืœื™ื”ื™ ืžืฆืื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื”ืจืŸ ืกื ื“ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืื•ื”ื“ ืงืื”ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช

ืขื•ืžืจ ืงืจื™ืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช

ื ื•ืขื” ืจื•ืื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื™ืื™ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช

ืื”ื“ ืฉื•ืจืงืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉืžืœืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ื˜ืชื™ืช

ืขื“ื• ืœื•ื™ืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื’ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืกืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ืšื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืกื™ื”

ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืกื“ืŸ-ืœื•ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš- ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”

ืขื™ื“ื• ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœ

ื™ื ื™ื‘ ืกืœืขืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื˜ืœื™ื” ืขื“ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ

ื ื™ืจื™ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืœื•ื˜ื ืคื™ื ืฆ'ื•ื‘ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช

ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื‘ืจื™ื’ื™ื˜ื” ืจื—ืœ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช

ืžืจืง ืฉื•ืกื˜ืจืžืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืชืฉืข"ื–ืจื•ื ื” ืื‘ื™ืจื

ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืชื

ืžื™ื›ืœ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’-ื‘ื•ืจื“ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ืืœื” ืืกืฃ ืฉืคื™ื™ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืืœื•ืŸ ืืคืœื‘ื•ื™ืื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื ืงื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืกืขืจ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืงืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ืจื—ืœ ื’ืจื’ื•ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืื™ืชื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืืกื˜ื™ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื’ืœ ื“ืจ ื•ื™ื–ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืจืŸ ื•ืงืกืœืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื›ืœื›ืœื”

ืื•ืจื™ ื›ืฅืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืฅื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

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ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ืจืขื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืœื ื” ืืจื‘ื•ื‘ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื”ืœืœื™ ื‘ืœื‘ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ื ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ื›ืœื›ืœื”

ืชื•ื ื“ื‘ื™ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื•ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื“ื•ื“ืจื‘ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืืœื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืืžื ื˜ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื‘ื•ืขื– ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืืจื– ื›ื”ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ืฉืคืจื” ืœื ืกืงื™ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืจืฆื™ืื ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื•ื•ื™ืกืื ืกื™ื“ืื•ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืชืฉืข"ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ืžืฉื”

ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื’ืื•-ื™ืžื™ื™ื

ืกื•ืœื™ ื•ืจื“ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื”ืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ

ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื–ื™ืžื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื–ื™ื• ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืฆื˜ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื—ื’ื™ืช ืกื‘ื˜ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช

ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืคืœื“ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘

ื“ื ื” ืฆื•ืจื™-ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื’ื™ืื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืชืฉืข"ื”ืจื•ืชื™ ืงืคืœืŸ

ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื˜ืœื™ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

ื™ื•ื ืช ืจื•ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืžืชืŸ ืฉื•ืจืงื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœืžืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ

40

ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื

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ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื™ื•ืืœ ื’ืจืื•ืžืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ื“ืจื•ืจ ื“ื•ืชืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืžื™ืจื™ ื“ื ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืจื™ืกืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืืœื›ืก ื˜ื•ืœืžืฆ'ื•ื‘ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ

ื ื ืกื™ ืกื ื“ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'-ื›ืฅืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื“ื•ื“ ืขืžืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืื™ืชื™ ืจืžืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ืชืฉืข"ื“

41

ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ืื‘

ืคืดืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

ืืžื™

ื“ืง

ืชืž

ื ื“ื™

ืžื•ืœื™

ืœ

ืžื™ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ื˜-ืื‘ื™ืจืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืžื™ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื-ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืืคืจืช ื•ืจื˜ืฉืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘

ืžื™ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ืืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•-ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืืกืฃ ืœื•ื™ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ืžืชื™ ื–ื›ืื™-ืžืฉื™ื—ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช

ืื™ื™ืœ ืงืจืฆื‘ืจื•ืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืช

ืชืฉืข"ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื

ืื™ืชืžืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื”

ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืงืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•-ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ื˜ืœ ืœื•ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ืื™ืชืŸ ืžืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืžื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•-ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื ืฉื™ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืชื•ืžืจ ืคืœื’ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ

ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉืฆ'ื•ืคืงืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืชื ืฉืงื“ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืชืฉืข"ื’

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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื

ื ื™ืจ ืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืœื™ืœืš ืืฉื•ืœื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืจื’'ื ื’'ื™ืจื™ืกื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”-ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื”

ื˜ืœื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื™ืคืชื— ื“ื•ืœื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ื”ื™ืœื” ื–ืจื•ืกื™ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘- ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

ืืœืขื“ ื ื•ืจืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืืจื– ืงืœืคืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื’ื™ืœื™ ืฉืคื™ืจืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืฉืฉื•ืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืขื•ืžืจื™ ืื‘ื ื“ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช

ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื™ื•-ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื™ื•-ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืขื•ืžืจื™ ื•ื•ืจืฆืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ืขื•ืžืจ ื™ืคื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ื’ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ื ื•ื™ ืœื–ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื—ื“ื•ื•ื” ืžืื™ืจื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืื•ื”ื“ ืžื ื•ืจืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืœื™ืื•ืจ ืกื•ืžืšื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช

ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืจ-ืงื•ื’ืœืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ืชืฉืดืขืชืฉืข"ืื ื˜ืข ืื‘ื•ื’ื•ื‘

ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื‘ืจืง ืืœืคืกื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื ืชื ืืœ ืืœืคืกื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื“ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื“ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืกืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืฉื™ืจื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ื•ื™ื˜ืœื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืืจื™ื” ืฉืื•ืกืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืœื™ืืช ืกื‘ื™ืŸ-ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื˜ืœื™ ืชื‘ื•ืจ ืจืืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช

ืชืฉืก"ื˜

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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื

ื ืขืžื” ืืœืคื ื˜-ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื ื˜ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช

ืขื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจืงืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืคืืชื™ื ื” ืื‘ืจื™ืง-ื–ื‘ื™ื“ืืชื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืขื“ื ื” ืœื ื’ื ื˜ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื˜ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื™-ืฉื ื™ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™

ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื›ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื˜ืœื™ ืจื•ื•ื”-ืฆื“ืงื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืืจื™ื” )ืืจื™ืง( ืฉื’ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืคืจื›ืจ-ืกื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ืชืฉืก"ื—

43

ื‘ืคืด

ืฉืช

ื™ ืœ

ืืจื™

ืขื–ื™

ืชืžื™

ืขืช

ื ื™ื›

ืชื•ื

ืžื™ื“

ืงืช

ืžื

ื“ื™ืžื•

ืœื™ืœ

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจึพื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ืชืฉืค"ื‘

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจึพื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืค"ื‘

ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื—ืจืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืจืง, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื— ื• ืจ ื” ื™ ืข ื“ ืžืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืฉืจื” ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื–ื”, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื“ื•ื“ ืื ื•ืš, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ืจื’, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืกืืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•

ืคืจื•ืคืณ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื‘, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืžืจืกื“ืก ื’ืจืกื™ื”-ืืจื ืœ ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ืก, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“

III ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื– ืœื‘ื•ืงื˜, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืคืจื™ื–

ื” ืจ ื‘ ื— ื” ื™ ืข ื“ ืž

ืคืจื•ืค' ืคืจื•ืค' ืฆ'ืื‘ื” ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื™, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“ื™ื”, ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ื•ื” ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข-ืฉื›ื˜ืžืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ื ืจ ื“ื”-ืฉืœื™ื˜, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ืœืื” ื•ื™ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืœื“, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืงื’ื™ืœ, ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ

ื” ืจ ื‘ ื— ื” ื™ ืข ื“ ืžืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ืŸ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืขืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื’ืืœ ืืจืืœ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจืคืžืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืœ ื—ื ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœืคืจื•ืค' ืคืงื” ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื•, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•

ื ื™ ืง ื™ ื• ื“ ืž ื ื™ ืข ื“ ืžืคืจื•ืค' ื ืขืžื” ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืžื™ืจ ืื”ืจื•ื ื™, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื™ื›ื” ืืฉืจ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืคืจื•ืค' ื ื™ืจ ื˜ืกืœืจ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืœื™ ืคื™ืงืจืกืงื™, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื ื™ ื™ ื— ื” ื™ ืข ื“ ืž

ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื“ืŸ ืชื•ืคื™ืง ื–"ืœ, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื–'ื”, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคืจื•ืค' ื ืขืžื” ื‘ืจืงืื™, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืขืคืจื•ืค' ืืœืŸ ืจ' ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ืกื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจื– ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸืคืจื•ืค' ืžืจืœื” ืกื•ืงื•ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•

ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจื™ืืœ ืฆ'ื™ืคืžืŸ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื ื™ ืงื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ

45

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœ ื“"ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืžืŸ ื•ืื‘ืจืจื“ ืžื™ื ื” ืข"ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืคืจื•ืค' ืœื™ืื•ืจ ืืคืœื‘ืื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ืื•ืžื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืœ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉืžืจืช ื–ื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื )ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื-ืชืื™ื( ื•ื—ืงืจ ืจืคืืœ ,)Nematostella vectensissea( ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืืฃ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืช ืขื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช

ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช ืจืคืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืœื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื– ื•ืจืง ื ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืจืคืืœ ืจืคื•ืื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ืื˜ื•ื˜ ื’'ื•ืœื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ืจ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื“"ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื– ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื”ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื”. ืคื•ืœ - 3ืœืจื•ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช )ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื’( ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื–ื‘ืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืกื•ืจ ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืจืคืืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ืขื ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ืžื‘ืœื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืžื“ื™

ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื•ืœ ื’ืื’ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืœืœ.

ืจืคืืœ ืื’ื™ื•ืŸ

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ื“"ืจ ื—ื•ืืŸ ืคืื‘ืœื• ืื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืœืžื“ืข, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืœื™ืฆืงื™. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื-ืžืงื•ื“ื“. ืืจื•ืš ืจื "ื ื‘ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืชืžืงื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื-ืžืงื•ื“ื“, ืืจื•ืš ืจื "ื ื›ื‘ืงืจื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—. ืงื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืืŸ ืคืื‘ืœื• ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื "ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข

ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.

ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ืจื™ืงื”, ืžืงื•ืกื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคื‘ืœื• ื—ื•ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช. ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืคืžืคืœื•ื ื”, ื ื•ื•ืืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงืœื’ืจื™. ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขื ืง ืคื‘ืœื• ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืžืžืฆืื™ ืืช ืคืจืกื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืœื-ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืืจื•ืš ื—ื“ืฉ ืจื "ื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ื’ื ื•ื ื‘ืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื”, ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื ื”ื ื” ืคืื‘ืœื• ื—ื•ืืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื

ื•ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื˜ืจื™ืืชืœื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื—ื•ืืŸ ืคืื‘ืœื• ืื•ื ืคืจื™ื“

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื“"ืจ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืฉืงื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื- ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืคื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืคืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื”, )SERS( ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืจืืžืืŸ ื•ื”ืœื- ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืกืคื™ื’ืช ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ื— )SEIRAS(, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจื˜ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื–ื•ืœื” ื›ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” SEIRAS-ื‘ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”-90 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืื– ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืš ,SERS ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื ื™ืชื ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืจืงืข ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื•ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™.

ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืกืžื•ืœื ืกืง, ื ื•ืœื“ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื•ืฉื–ื™ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื ื ื•-ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื•ืœื ื’ืŸ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™

ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”.

ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืฉืงื•ื‘

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ื“"ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืง. ื™ื•ืชื ื•ื“"ืจ ืฉื“ืžื™ ื™ืขืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื ื•ืžื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• )ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืืฃ ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื( ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืฉืœ ืžืœื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืกืคืง ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืŸ ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื“ื‘ืš ืืคืœ. ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžืชื ืžื™ื“ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ ื›ืœ ืขื ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืืช ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื• ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืื™ืฆื™

ืขืฆืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชืœ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ืงืจื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื“ืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ื™ื™ืœืจ. ืื ื“ืจื™ืืก ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื ืจื•ื•ื”. ืžืœื’ืช ืœื• ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ื•ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื ื•ื™

ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจื™ื.

ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœืงื™ืŸ

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื“"ืจ ื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืœืžื“ืข, ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืช ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืจื•ืชื ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืชื, ืฉืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืจืง. ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืื˜ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื”: ืงื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืืžื•ื“. ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืจืง ืื ื˜ื™- ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืœืงืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื ื˜ืœื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช

ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื”.

ร‰cole-ื‘ ืœืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– Normale Supรฉrieureืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืคืกื˜ืจ. ื ื˜ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืคืกื˜ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื–'ืืŸ-ืžืืจืง ื’ื™ื’ื•, ืฉื ื—ืงืจื” ื”ืžืขื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืžื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืœืงืจื•ื ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื ื˜ืœื™ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ืœื. ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ

ืงืœืืกื™.

ื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืŸ

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ื“"ืจ ื™ืืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืชื•ืžืจ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžืจืื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื•. ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื 25 ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืืคืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื. ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื›ื‘ื“ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ืข ืืคืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืœ ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ืคื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืื™ืฆื™

ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.

ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื™ืืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื‘ื” ืœืคืชื— ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืช ื™ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืœื ื•ืžื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืœืœื ืžื”ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื™ืืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•. ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ื›ืฉืงืจื ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืš ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ืฉืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ,2020 ื‘ืฉื ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ DESY ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื™ืืŸ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชืœ ื•ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื

ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.

ื™ืืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื•ืืจ

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื”ื•ืกืœืจ ื' ืคืœื‘ื™ื• ื“"ืจ ืืกื™ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ืœืžื“ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœืžืŸ. ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™. ืืฃ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง ืืœื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืžื“ืข, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื™ืชื•ืก, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืืช ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ืคืœื‘ื™ื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืื• ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขื•ืกืง ื•ืžื—ืงืจื• ืงืคื“ื ื™ื™ื, ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื: ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™; ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื•ืคืขื•ืœืชื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืช-ื–ืžื ื ื•; ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ื”

ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.

ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ืคืœื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืžืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ โ€“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจืŸ, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื™ืžื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ืคืืœ, ืขืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืœื‘ื™ื• ื ืชืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืงืจืŸ )Khyentse( ืงื™ื™ื ื˜ืกื” ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืคืœื‘ื™ื• ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก. ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืงืจืŸ )ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืžืขื” ื”ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืกืคื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™(, ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ืœืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ืก ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืื• ื•ื™ืกืงื™ ืกืงื•ื˜ื™.

ืคืœื‘ื™ื• ื' ื’ื™ื™ืกื”ื•ืกืœืจ

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ื“"ืจ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื’ื™ื™ืจื ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื ืข"ืฉ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ. ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื“"ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžืชืจื›ื– ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื•ื— ืคื™ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืžืจื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืžืฉืงืขื™ ืžืœื— ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžืœื— ืžืจื‘ืฆื™ ืืช ืจื•ืชื ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ )ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”(, ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืœื›ืš, ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื• ื™ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื

ืฉืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘-200 ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืกื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฆืจืคืช. ื‘ื‘ืจืกื˜, ื ื•ืœื“ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ื•ื ร‰cole Nationale Supรฉrieure de Gรฉologie-ื‘ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ืฉื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื ืช ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื”ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื, ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืืช ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื“ืื’ืชื• ืืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื•ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื’ืจื“ื™ืืŸ ื•ืจื•ื ื™ืง ื“"ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื• ื”ืœื”ื˜ ืืช ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงื•ืคืŸ. ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืชื” ื‘ืช-ื–ื•ื’ื•, ืขื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืฉืงืจืื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืฆืคืจื•ืช, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ

ื’ื ืฉืจ ื•ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”.

ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื’ื™ื™ืจื

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืื‘ืžืื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืœืชืืกืจ ื“"ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืขื•ืกืง ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื’ื™ื. ื’ื™ืœ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื”, ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืืช ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืžืช, ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืงื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืงื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช. ื›ื—ืœืง ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืืช ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืžื—ืงืจื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื

ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื.

ื•ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœืชืืกืจ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื“ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, ืงื•ืœื’', ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจื— ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” 2021 ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืœื•ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืข"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืœืชืืกืจ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื•ื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช.

ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•.

ื‘ืœืชืืกืจ ื’ืจืื‘ืžืื™ื™ืจ

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ื“"ืจ ื•ื™ืืฆ'ืกืœื‘ )ืกืœื‘ื”( ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืืฆ'ื ืงื• ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœืžื“ืข, ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ืชืžืงื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืœืคืœ. ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืจื•ืค' ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื—ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืจืฆืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืืš ืื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืจืฆืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืคืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื, ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื "ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืคืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื”ื“ื "ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืกืœื‘ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืจืฆืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื•ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•

ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืขื ืœืฆ'ื›ื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืกืœื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืืช ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ .12ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื‘ืคืจืื’, ืงืืจืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื ืฉืคื•ืช, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืœื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื•ืš ืจื•ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื’ื ืกืœื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— โ€“ ื‘ืกืงื™, ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื

ื•ื‘ืจื™ืฆื”.

ื•ื™ืืฆ'ืกืœื‘ ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืืฆ'ื ืงื•

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื“"ืจ ืจื’'ืจืฉื™ ืžื•ื ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืš ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื“"ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืจื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืงืช, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื’ืŸ ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช; ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื˜ื•ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืจื’'ืจืฉื™ ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“. ืžืื– ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช

ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ื‘ืืฉื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ืจื’'ืจืฉื™ )Basirhat( ืœื™ื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ืื“ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื ื“ื”, ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื“"ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืžื ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืขืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืคืจืกื ืจื’'ืจืฉื™ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜. ื' ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ื ื”ื ื” ืจื’'ืจืฉื™ ืžื—ืงืจ,

ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืฆืœื ื•ืœื‘ืฉืœ.

ืจื’'ืจืฉื™ ืžื•ื ื“ืœ

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ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืจื— ืขืžื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื‘. ืืœืขื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ืœื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”. ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช โ€” ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื• ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”

ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกืจื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืœืื™ืœืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื ื‘ื“ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืคืจืกืžื• ืฉื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืชื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ืื™ืœืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ The Hague Journal ื”ืขืช ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืืช ืขื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื ืœื”ื‘ ื•ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจ ,of Diplomacyืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืขื•ืกืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ืžื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ

ื ืœื”ื‘ ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื.

ืื™ืœืŸ ืžื ื•ืจ

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืœื‘ืชืจ- ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืชืช ื”ื™ื ืกืื ืงืœื” ืงื™ืจื˜ื™ ื“"ืจ ืžื›ื•ืŸ โ€” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืกื’ืœ-ืคืจืฅ. ืชืžืจ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื ื•-ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ื, ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ืง-ืงื•ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื,

ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ.

ื˜ื”ืืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’'ื•ื“ืคื•ืจ, ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืงื™ืจื˜ื™ ืœื” ื’ืจืžื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ืืกืคืงืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’'ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ื” ืื‘ืฅ. ื•ื•ืœืงืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืจื›ื” ืงื™ืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜, ืฉื ,Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชื” ืืช ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ โ€“ ืฉืœื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”, ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ, ืœืžืืžืจื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” โ€“ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื•ืœืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืคื˜ื ื˜. ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื’ื” ื•ื–ื›ืชื” 2020 ื‘ืฉื ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืงื™ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช .)GTEP(ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืคืชื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืžื“ืข ื•ืื”ื“ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ,Science Craft with Kirti ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื” ืขื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืงื™ืจื˜ื™ ื”ืคื ื•ื™. ื‘ื–ืžื ื”

ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืจื™ืฆื”, ื™ื•ื’ื”, ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืงืจื™ืื”.

ืงื™ืจื˜ื™ ืกืื ืงืœื”

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ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืกืœื•ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ ื“"ืจ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’. ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื—ื ืงืŸ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืขื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื—ื ืงืชื™ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืืœื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ

ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืง ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืœืงืžืืจ, ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” )ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช( ื›ืคื•ืœ )ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช( ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืื•ื˜ืจื›ื˜, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืกื™ื™ื ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช )ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื”( ื‘ืงื˜ืœื™ื–ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ื’'ื• ื•ื“"ืจ ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ื’ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ืฉืฃ ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืจืŸ. ืขืœ )confinement chemistry( ืžืชื•ื—ืžืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืงื˜ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืกื ื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ .MXenes-ื• MAX ืคืื–ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, 14 ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืฉืคื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื’ื–ื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•: ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืฆื‘ืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ืช. ื•ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™, )Fudan( ืคื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉื•. ื—ื•ื•ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืœ ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ ืœื”ื“ืคืกืช ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ

ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื.

ื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ ืกืœื•ื˜

Paul

Sch

ippe

rื˜

ื•ืจื˜

ืงื“ื•

ืจ-ืช

ื‘ืœ

ื‘ืค"

ืฉืช

ื™ ืœ

ืืจื™

ืขื–ื™

ืชืžื™

ืขืช

ื ื™ื›

ืชื•

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ืœื‘ืชืจ- ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ื•ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืžื™ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื™ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—. ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืคืชื— ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืชืจืคื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืช ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื• ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืคืชื— ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื”ืชื ื‘ืจืžืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื ืชื— ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื—. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืจืฆืฃ ืืช

ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœืžื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื–ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื›ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ืืช ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฆื™ืจื™ืš, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื’ื•ืฆื™ ืื“ืจื™ืื ื• ืคืจื•ืค' ื•ื“"ืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื“"ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืืช ื’ื ืกื™ื™ื ื–ื• ืคื™ืชื— ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœืžื”. ืžื•ื— ืจืงืžืช ืฉืœ ื•ืœื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจื”, ืฉืœ ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื• ืืœื” ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื—ืงืจ ืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ืžื’ืคืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืงืกื•ืคื•ืŸ. ื•ืœื ื’ืŸ ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืกื•ื—ืคื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื’ื

ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ื•ื™ื

Attila Szvacsek

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ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืชืช ื”ื™ื ืงืœืก ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ืขื™ ืกื™ืœื‘ืจืžืŸ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืงืจืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื’ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืืคืก, ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืืœื”, ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ืžืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืืกืคื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื "ื ื•ืงื™ื˜ื•ืข ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืขืœ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ื’ื ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื™ืขืจ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืืช ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื“ืข ืขื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืข ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืงืจืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ื ืืœื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืฉืื’ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื”.

ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘ื ื™ื• ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืงืจื” ืงืจืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืื”ื‘ืชื” ืืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช. ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ืงืจืŸ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื“"ืจ ืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืช ื—ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืงืจื•ื‘. ื’'ื•ืœื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื˜ื•ืข ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืฉืื’ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื™ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืคืœื ืงื” ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงืจืŸ ืฉื”ืชื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื ืคืœืื” ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื” ืขื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื”ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื,

ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.

ืงืจืŸ ืงืœืก

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื“"ืจ ืžืจื™ื” ืงืžืจืืกื” ื’ื•ืžื– ื”ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืคื ื™ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืœืžื“ืข, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืœื™ืื•ืจ ืงืจื•ื ื™ืง. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™ื™ื. ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ )ืืงืกื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื( ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืื•ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ืืงืกื™ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืจื‘-ื’ื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืืš ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืžืจื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฉืžืช ืืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื–ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”

ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.

ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉื ืกืคืจื“, ืžืกืœืžื ืงื”, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืจื™ื” ืฉื ื™( ืœืชื•ืืจ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ,Licenciatura( ืœื™ืกื ืกื™ืื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืื‘ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจื’ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’. ืกืคื™ืŸ-ืžืกื™ืœื” ืฆื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืขื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืžืจื™ื” ืžืžื—ืงืจื” ื›ื—ืœืง ื’ืจื™ืŸ. ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ื• ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืืจืœ ื‘ืคืจืื’. ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœืœืžื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืžื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ื™ื ืืจื’ื ื” ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ืžืจื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ, ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื”

ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.

ืžืจื™ื” ืงืžืจืืกื” ื’ื•ืžื–

รngel Luis Fotรณgrafos

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ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืงืžืช ืฆ'ื™ืชืŸ ื“"ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืข"ืฉ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื“"ืจ ื ื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื—ื•ื ืคื ื˜. ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื’ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืš ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื”, ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฆ'ื™ืชืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจืืœื”. ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ IT, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืื– ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื•ืจ )IST( ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžื“ืข ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœื• ืคื™ื™ืฉืืง. ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื“"ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืงืฆืจื™ื: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื“"ืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ื•ื™ืงืก ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืืฆ'ืง ืคื‘ืœ ื“"ืจ ืืฆืœ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืจืช'ืื™ืกื˜ืจืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืฆ'ื™ืชืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืงืืจืœ. ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช

ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜.

ืฆ'ื™ืชืŸ ืงืžืช

ื˜ื•ืจ

ื˜ืง

ื“ื•ืจ-

ืชื‘

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืงื ืื‘ ื”ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชืช ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ื‘ื•ืขื– ื“"ืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•- ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœืงื“ื ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื

ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช.

ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆืื” ืœืžืกืขื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื‘ืœื ืฅ-ืœื ื“ืื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื’ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื”, ื”ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื‘ืœื ืฅ-ืœื ื“ืื•, ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืจื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืžื“ืข ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœื•ื, ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ืฉื™ืืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœืจืงื•ื“, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืœืกื” ื•ื‘ืฆ'ืื˜ื”.

ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื ืื‘

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืชืฉืคืดื

ื ื’ื” ืงื™ื“ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืจืคืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจึพื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜

ืชืžื™ืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื‘ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื•ืฉืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”ืชืจืคื™ื” ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ืช

ื’'ื™ื™ ืกื™ ืกื•ื ื“ืจืกืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ื ื— ืกื˜ืžืจื”ื•ืฃืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข

ื—ื’ื™ืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื’ืœื–ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื“ืชื•ืช

ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื•ืกื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื ืขื” ืจื™ื™ืšืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ืจื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื’'ื ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื™ืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจ ื’'ื™ื™ื ืกืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื™-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช

ืื“ื ื“ื•ืจ-ืื•ืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•-ื”ื ื“ืกื”

ื™ืกื›ื” ืœื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื™ื™ืกื‘ื ื“ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืืคื™ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื“ื ื™ ืงืกื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

ืื“ืจื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื”

ื ื•ืขื” ื’ืจืกืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ

ืœืื” ื–ืœืฆืžืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช

ื’'ืจื™ ืืœืคืจื“ ืคืจื™ื™ืจื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื‘ื™ื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”

ืื ื“ืจืื” ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื”ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฅืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืชืฉืข"ื˜ ืชืฉืคืดื

ืชืฉืดืฃ

ืชืฉืข"ื—

ืชืฉืข"ื–

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ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืœืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืคื•ืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื

ื’'ื™ื™ืžื™ ืœื•ื™ืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ืžื ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™-ืืจื ื•ืœื“ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืœื™ื˜ืœ ืกื‘ืจืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื•ื™ื’'ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื ื“ืจืืจืื’'ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื˜ื™ืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื

ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืื ื“ืจืื” ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืกืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช

ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืืœื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช

ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžืจืœื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ืกืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช

ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืชืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื“ื ื” ืžืจื’ืœื™ืชืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืืœื›ืก ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืืœื›ืก ื“ืื•ืช'ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืกืงื•ื˜ ื”ื ืกืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”

ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืืŸ-ืงื™ื™ืงืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘

ื“ืœืคื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื•ืกื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืฉื™ื•ื•ืื” ืฆ'ืื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืชืฉืข"ื“ืชืฉืข"ื”ืชืฉืข"ื•

ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจึพื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜

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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืชืจึพื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜

ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื’ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ื–ื›ืืจื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช

ืคื™ื ืืงื™ ืžื•ื ื“ืืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื™ืงื™ื™ืœื™ืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืžื™ืจื” ื ืื™ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช

ืžืจืœื™ืŸ ืคื ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ื’ื“ ืื‘ื™ื›ื–ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืจืคื•ืื”

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื ื”ื•ืจื™ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื”

ืฉื”ื ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘

ืขื ืช ื–ื™ื™ื“ืžืŸ-ื–ื™ืชืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ื“ื–ื™ืจื” ื˜ื™ืœื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงื”

ื‘ื ื•ืื” ืคืœืžื™ืืจื™ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ื‘ื•ืขื– ืžื™ืœืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”

ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืจืฆ'ืžืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื“ื ื™ืืœ-ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืฉื‘ืชื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืชืฉืข"ืืชืฉืข"ื‘ืชืฉืข"ื’

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืกื’ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ืชืฉืคืดื‘

Page 158: Azrieli Fellows Program

ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืกื’ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืคืดื‘

ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื’ื™ืช ืขื˜ื™ื”, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•โ€ืจ:

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืื™ืจ ื’ืœื–ื ืจ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื™ืœืงื• ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ-ื‘ื•ื, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืขืคืจื•ืค' ื ืขื ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืขื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœืคืจื•ืค' ื’ืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ-ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”

ืคืจื•ืค' ืžื™ื›ืœ ืงืจื•ืžืจ-ื ื‘ื•, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ื™ื•"ืจ ืชืช-ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš:

ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ื™ืง, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืขื™ืจื, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืคืจื•ืค' ืžื ื—ื ืคื™ืฉ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื—ืจืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืจืง, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

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ืžื™ื“

ืงื

ืœ ืกื’

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืกื’ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืœื ื’ืœื ื“ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ืš ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช. ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื )ืœืžืฉืœ ื’ืจืคื™ื( ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื ืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™, ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื ื’ืœื ื“ืก โ€“ ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืžืื ื•ื’'ืืŸ-ืคื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ โ€“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช Sarnak- ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืชืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืง Xue

ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืคื™ื, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื.

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื”โ€ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš โ€” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ื ืืช ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™. ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืžืข ืขืœ โ€˜ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจืžื”โ€™ ื•ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืจื• ื•ื™ื™ืœืก. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžื™ืจื™ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืืœื›ืก ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืœื•ื‘ื•ืฆืงื™. ื”ืฉืขืจืช ืจืžืื ื•ื’โ€™ืืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื•ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ื™ื: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื’โ€™ืจื–ื™ ื ื™ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฆืคืจื” ื•ื›ืœื‘ืชื ื“ื™ื™ื–ื™.

ืฉื™ ืื‘ืจื”

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ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืกื’ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆืงื™ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ื•-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช. ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉื•ืคืš ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื›ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืžืขื˜: ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™, ื–ืœื“ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื™ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™. ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืจืง ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื ืืกืคื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืฉื›ื—ื•. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉื ื”-ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื›ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื™ืงื”, ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื“ื—ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื

ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื ื•ืŸ.

ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื”. ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ )ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ืจื›ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจื”( ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ืกื ื˜ ืืงื–ื•ืคืจื™, ืžื—ื‘ืจ โ€œื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸโ€. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื”โ€ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืจื‘-ืกืจืŸ, ืกื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื ื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืœ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืจืš ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืจืืฉื™ ืขื•ืจืš ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื

ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื• ืื•ืจืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ื™ืชื” ื“โ€™.

ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆืงื™

ืžื™ื“

ืงื

ืœ ืกื’

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื“โ€ืจ ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืขโ€ืฉ ืกืืงืœืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื’ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื—ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ื— ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ืชื—ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื(: ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ )ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืš )ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื’ื ืจืฆื™ื”(, ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืจืฉืชื•ืช

ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฅ.

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื—ืงืจ ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆื‘ื™. ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžื•ื— ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘-Janelia Research Campus ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ืืฉื‘ื•ืจืŸ, )HHMI( ื™ื•ื– ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืืช ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืœืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื— ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœื•, ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื ืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืžื•ื—. ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ืกืง ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื ื™ืข ืคืขื ืžื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื˜ื ื’ื• ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™. ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ ืœืชื™ืื” ื•ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื ื™ื ื” โ€“ โ€œื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœืคืฉืขโ€ ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืจื—ื‘ืช

ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื.

ืืจืกื ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

Ham

za Yildirim, M

ona Lisa Photography

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ื“โ€ืจ ืžื•ืจืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœ-ืคื™ื ื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืŸ ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืžื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื—ืงืจื” ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืืช ืจื•ืชืžืช ืžื•ืจืŸ ืžืชื›ืœื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื )ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื( ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืขืžื™ืชืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืชื— ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ. ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• โ€œืœืืœืฃโ€ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืืกืคืงืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขื

ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืจืงืžื•ืช.

ืžื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืœืชื•ืืจ ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ืช, ืื”ื•ื“ ื•ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืกื’ืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื–ื™ืœืฆื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืจืŸ ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื”ื™ืžื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ ื’ืœื™ืงื•ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืžื•ืจืŸ ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื. ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืขืžื™ืชื” ืœื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืืกโ€ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื”, ื’โ€™ื•ืจื’โ€™ื™ื” ืฉืœ Center for Chemical-ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”. ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ืืกโ€ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœืช Evolutionื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ืžื•ืจืŸ ,)Origins of Life( ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•-ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืœื”ืชืงืคืœ ืคืจื”-ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืขื ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืจืŸ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืื‘ื™ืืœ. ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื•ืงืจืŸ, ืขื ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืฉืชื™

ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.

ืžื•ืจืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœ-ืคื™ื ื˜ืจ

ืžื™ื“

ืงื

ืœ ืกื’

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื“ืฉ ืกื’ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื“โ€ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืžื“ืขื™ ืกืคืจื ื•ืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื— ืจืงืžืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืกื— ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืฉื—ืœื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืฉืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช, ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—. ื›ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื ืฆืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—. ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืงื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื”ื ื’ื ื™ืคืชื—ื• ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืชืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื™ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช

ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจืงื— ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืืช ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื›ืžืคืชื— ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืชืื™ืœื ื“. ื•ื‘ืื™ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื’ื ื•ื”ื™ื”

ื’ืจ ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืชืžืจ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ื™ืจ ืฆื‘ื™.

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ

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ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืกื’ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืฉื‘ืœ ื“โ€ืจ ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื—ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืจืงืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืงื“ื•ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืคืกืื•ื“ืคื™ื’ืจืคื™ื”. ื”ืืคื•ืงืจื™ืคื” ื”ืžืœื—, ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื” ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชืžืš ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืœื—. ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœ ืืช ื•ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืฉื—ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืš ื•ืชืฆื™ื’ ื•ื”ืงืœื ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืชืฆื™ืข ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ืชืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื”, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”: ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช

ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช-ืจื•ืžืื™ืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื”. ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืฉื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืžื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื ื•ืš ืโ€™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•โ€ืœ, ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื•ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื›ืขืžื™ืชืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืฉื‘ืœ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื” ืขืงื™ื‘ื

ื‘ืœื•ืš ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ืืฉื‘ืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ

ืžื™ื“

ืงื

ืœ ืกื’

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืกื’ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื˜ืžืŸ ืขื ืช ืคืจื•ืคโ€™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื•. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื™(, )ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ Ontic Infinity ื‘ืฉื )ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ืœื-ื›ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื( )ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื( ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”. ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅ, ื’โ€ื• ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ืงืืจื˜, ืจื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื

ืœื•ืง ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืžืœื‘ืจืื ืฉ.

ืขื ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ื•ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื”. ืืช ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ, ื›ืงืฆื™ื ืช ื‘ืฆื”โ€ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ-ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ืช ืืช ืงื•ืจืก ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื” ืขื ืœืงืจื•ื, ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื”

ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ.

ืขื ืช ืฉื—ื˜ืžืŸ

Masakatsu Yuasa, Fotostudio Bloom

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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืกื’ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉ-ื—ืŸ ืืœื“ืžืข ื“โ€ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขโ€ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ืก ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืชืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ืืช ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช )RNA( ืจื "ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืจ ืจื "ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ื•ื”ืชืื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื "ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ื•ืืช ื”ืจื "ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืืช ืœืคืขื ื— ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืงืœื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื.

ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืœืžื“ื” ืืœื“ืžืข ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ โ€“ ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื” ืฉื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื—. ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื "ื ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ื•ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื•. ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜, ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ืจื›ืฉื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื“ืžืข ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขื โ€œืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”โ€ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื”ื™ื .)Big Data( ืขืชืง ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื "ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืชืื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ื•ืœื—ืงืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื” ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžืœื’ื” ื‘ืชืจ-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•โ€ืœ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืืœื“ืžืข ื”ื™ื ืืžื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืื“ืจ ื•ืื•ืจื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ืงื•ื‘ื™.

ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื.

ืืœื“ืžืข ืฉืฉ-ื—ืŸ

ืžื™ื“

ืงื

ืœ ืกื’

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืชืฉืคืดื

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ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืŸึพืขืžื™ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ืœื™ืืช ืงืจืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืจื•ื ื™ ืคื•ืจืชื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช

ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ืืจืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืžื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆืŸื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

ืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืขื–ืจ ืจืืกื™ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช

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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืชืฉืดืฃ

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ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืคืืœืžืจืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืจืกื ื™ืงืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืขื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืขืžื™ ื‘ืจื˜ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”/ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืงื•ื•ืืฉื™ืžื” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช

ืขื™ืœื™ ืงื•ื‘ืฅืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื™ื•ืชื ืฉื•ืจืงื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ืขื•ืžืจ ืคื ื˜ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘

ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ

ืžื™ื“

ืงื

ืœ ืกื’

ืœื‘

ืค"ืฉ

ืชื™

ืœื

ืจื™ืขื–

ื™ ืช

ืžื™ืข

ืช ื ื™

ื›ืชื•

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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืกื’ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™

ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืฉื™ ื‘ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืจืคื•ืื”

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืกืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžื•ืจืŸ ื™ืกืขื•ืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืจืคื•ืื”

ื’ื™ืœ ื›ื”ืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘

ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

ื™ืงื™ืจ ืคื–ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื

ืžื™ื›ืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

ืชืฉืข"ื˜ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืจืŸ-ืกื•ื™ืกื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—

ืืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืŸืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช

ื’ืจื”ื ื“ื” ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื™-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช

ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื›ื‘ืจื’ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื•ืกื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช

ืขื ืช ืคืจื™ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช

ืขื“ื• ืงืžื™ื ืจื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจื

ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื”, ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช

ืชืฉืข"ื—ื“ืŸ ืื•ืจื‘ืš

ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืกื™ื”

ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืื˜ื•ืกื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื—ื ื‘ืกืงื™ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ืื—ืžื“ ืžืกืืจื•ื”ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ืชืžืจ ืกื’ืœ-ืคืจืฅื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช

ืขืžื™ืช ืกื™ื˜ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”/ืžื“ืขื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื

ื ืขื ืงืคืœืŸื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€” ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืจืคื•ืื”

ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉื“ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื

ืชืฉืข"ื–

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ืื•ืจื™ ื›ืฅื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช

ืจื™ื ื” ืจื•ื–ื ืฆื•ื™ื’ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช

ืื•ืจืŸ ืจืื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

ื–ื™ื• ืฉื•ืœืžืŸืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข

ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืชืฉืข"ื•

ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืกื’ืœ ืืงื“ืžื™

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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•

ืงื™ืœื™ ืงืจื™ื‘ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™

[email protected]

ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื—ื˜ื•ืืœ-ืจื“ื•ืฉื™ืฆืงื™ืžื ื”ืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื

[email protected]

ื˜ืœ ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืšืžื ื”ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ

[email protected]

ืืจื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸืจื›ื–ืช ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช

[email protected]

ื“ืคื ื” ืกื•ืคืจื™ืŸ-ืคืจื•ืžืจืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื[email protected]

ืจื—ืœ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืŸืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช

[email protected]

ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ืกื˜ื•ืœืžืŸืžื ื”ืœ ื›ืœืœื™

[email protected]

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ื‘ืค"

ืฉืช

ื™ ืœ

ืืจื™

ืขื–ื™

ืชืžื™

ืขืช

ื ื™ื›

ืชื•