Editor:Michal Hatuel-Radoshitzky
English Language Editor:Nikki Littman
Hebrew Language Editor:Mira Yallin
Photography:Shauli Lendner
Graphic Design:David Haliva
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
04 Forward Naomi Azrieli, DPhil
05 Greetings Prof. Hermona Soreq
06 Azrieli Graduate Studies Fellows
44 Azrieli International Postdoctoral Fellows
70 Azrieli Early Career Faculty Fellows
84 Our Team
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Naomi Azrieli, DPhil
Chair and CEO Azrieli Foundation
Dear Azrieli Fellows,
Welcome! You are now part of the Azrieli Fellows family.
This program โ one of the most generous and prestigious fellowships in Israel โ started in 2007 with 11 fellows. This year, we are proud to welcome 53 of you.
Our growth included an expansion of our postdoctoral track: five postdoctoral fellows joined us last year, and in 2021, we are supporting 20 new postdoctoral fellows. For the first time, fellows are not coming just from Canada but also from the European Union, EFTA states, and the UK, which is very exciting!
However, growth is about more than numbers. Our expansion includes adopting a more nuanced look at you, our Fellows, in terms of where you are in your research career (graduate, postdoctoral, or early career) and your field of research. We have adapted our program to support your needs, to expose you to the diverse and ground-breaking research carried out by your colleagues, and to enable you to network with professionals and other fellows.
Over the last 14 years of running this program, one point of consistency that I have noticed among all our fellows is the ability to deal with unknowns. This has been a year of unknowns, but I have every belief that you will find the answers you seek. That, after all, is what research is about and one of the reasons we chose you to be an Azrieli Fellow.
Good luck in your journey, and remember that we are here to support you every step of the way.
Yuri Dojc
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Prof. Hermona Soreq
Senior Academic Advisor Azrieli Fellows Program
Dear Azrieli Fellows,
It seems hard to believe, but another year has gone by. We knew that it would be challenging but perhaps did not anticipate the long-term impact of this pandemic on all of us. As a trained molecular biologist, I can tell you that it is one thing to teach viral evolution and mutagenesis and a totally different experience to watch the virus performing each trick in the textbook on us! However, while the virus is still here, the Azrieli Foundation has fought it with what I consider to be great success: each and every one of our activities took place, mostly via Zoom, and we all made progress in our online skills. Simultaneously our devoted Fellows Program team expanded the postdoctoral program to an unheard of scale in the Israeli landscape. We hope this will be a game changer for Israeli science at large.
As the senior academic advisor of this esteemed fellowship program, I find it heartwarming to follow your impressive publications, awards, nominations, and international academic achievements, alongside your devotion to nurturing your young (and growing) families on the one hand and caring for your aging parents on the other. Your ability to juggle the numerous demands of this rapidly changing world is admirable. I also owe you all a heartfelt thanks for exposing me to the world of humanities and social sciences, which I quickly fell in love with. Being a senior advisor clearly has major benefits!
So, what new and exciting things can we expect in the coming year at the Azrieli Fellows Program? First, we can expect the program activities to flourish, as experience from previous years has shown. Second, we will engage with the first cohort of our expanded International Postdoctoral Fellows, helping them adjust and succeed in their research missions and providing them with a friendly platform. Finally, we will all do our very best to proceed with our research and study activities while enjoying our daily life in full, as if there was no pandemic.
Warm wishes to all!
Azrieli Graduate Studies FellowsSelection Committees 2021โ2022
E D U C A T I O N
Chair: Prof. Bat-Sheva Eylon, Weizmann Institute of Science
Prof. Shlomo Back, Kaye Academic College of EducationProf. Adam Lefstein, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Nilly Mor, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
H U M A N I T I E S
Chair: Prof. Richard Cohen, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Nirit Ben-Aryeh Debby, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Prof. Meir Buzaglo, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Ora Limor, The Open University of IsraelProf. Dina Stein, University of HaifaProf. Oren Tal, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Tamar Wolf-Monzon, Bar-Ilan University
S O C I A L S C I E N C E S
Chair: Prof. Avner de-Shalit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Shmuel Nitzan, Bar-Ilan UniversityProf. Galit Yovel, Tel Aviv University
N A T U R A L S C I E N C E S
Chair: Prof. Naama Brenner, Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Prof. Amir Aharoni, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Shiri Artstein-Avidan, Tel Aviv University Prof. Micha Asscher, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Eli Pikarsky, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Nir Tessler, Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology
A R C H I T E C T U R E
Chair: Prof. David Leatherbarrow, University of Pennsylvania
Dr. Edna Langenthal, Ariel University
SENIOR ACADEMIC ADVISORProfessor Hermona Soreq, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
LEADERSHIP & COMMUNITY CONSULTANTDr. Varda Silberberg, Ziv Institute
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TA M A R A M I S H AV
Tamar Amishav is a PhD student in the School of Education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her research, under the supervision of Prof. Nilly Mor, is in the field of cognitive and clinical psychology. She focuses on the effect that contextual information has on emotional experience among adolescents and adults with depression. Tamar has constructed a novel paradigm according to which participants are exposed to target and peripheral stimuli in order to assess the effect of context on their emotions. Furthermore, she studies whether training adolescents with symptoms of depression to focus on specific details of a recent experience can modify the impact of contextual information on their emotions. By integrating awareness to contextual information in the environment, interventions can be constructed to meet the needs of adolescents and adults with depression, training them to regulate their emotions and thus contributing to their well-being.
Tamar spent her formative years in both Connecticut and Beersheva. She later moved to Efrat, where she lives today. After high school, Tamar spent a year focusing on Jewish Studies, followed by two years of national service: one year working with children with intellectual disabilities and one year working as a counsellor for young women from abroad. Tamar has a BA from Bar-Ilan University and an MA from the Hebrew University in special education and has spent many years in the classroom helping students with disabilities. She has also worked as a lecturer at Herzog College and as an advisor to special education teachers. She leads a network of volunteers within her community under the auspices of Yad Tamar, helping families in crisis and strengthening conscious social change within the community. She enjoys blogging and is also a fervent powerlifter.
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M I C H A L A N D E L M A N- GU R
Dr. Michal Andelman-Gur is a medical doctor and a PhD student in the Department of Brain Sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Noam Sobel. Her research focuses on olfactory decline in Parkinsonโs disease which, strikingly, precedes motor symptoms by several years. The current olfactory tests are not specific and cannot detect the early stages of the disease. Using advanced computational methods, a unique sensitive olfactory test, and respiratory data, Michal explores novel respiratory and olfactory biomarkers for early detection of Parkinsonโs disease. Given current advances in developing disease-modifying therapies, early detection is crucial and could hopefully modify or even halt progression of the disease.
Michal was born in Paris and grew up in Tel Aviv, where she now lives with her spouse. She completed a BSc in biology and sociology & anthropology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and, subsequently, studied medicine at Tel Aviv University. In her spare time, Michal likes to read, write short stories and poems, hike in nature, and practice yoga. She is also a yoga instructor and studied Hindu philosophy and meditation practice. She is interested in foreign cultures and is especially attracted to French culture, art, food, and wine. Over the past year, alongside her PhD studies, Michal has volunteered at the Levinsky Clinic in south Tel Aviv, providing free anonymous medical treatment for those lacking basic access to medical care, in particular, drug addicts, sex workers, and refugees.
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Ambreen Ben-Shmuel is a PhD student in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Prof. Michal Frenkel. Her research focuses on transboundary environmental cooperation in conflict contexts โ a field of theory and practice often called environmental peacebuilding. Ambreenโs research explores the intersection of different identities, including nationality, gender, and generation, and how they shape practices and opportunities for cooperation. She does this by focusing on the diverse activities and strategies for cooperation within a single, prominent environmental peacebuilding organization. Environmental crises extend across national borders; in order to address the increasing challenges we face nationally, regionally, and globally, organizations and actors must collaborate across demographics and sectors. Learning from practitioners in the field about the opportunities and obstacles they encounter provides invaluable information for the future. Ambreenโs work is thus particularly relevant in light of the unfolding climate crisis and its implications for national and environmental security among other fields.
Ambreen was born and raised in a multicultural family in the United States and currently lives in Jerusalem with her spouse and children. She completed a BA in ancient Mediterranean civilizations and policy studies at Rice University in Houston, Texas, and two MA degrees from the Hebrew University in sociology and in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies. Outside of her research, Ambreen has also engaged in a variety of initiatives in media and civil society that further gender-intersectional representation across educational, religious, and peacebuilding organizations. She is currently working on an innovative translation initiative, aiming to make important, cutting-edge research on peace and conflict resolution available to a wider, non-academic audience.
A M B R E E N B E N- S H M U E L
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Rasha Bowirrat is an architect and Master's student in the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology. Her research, under the supervision of Prof. Karel Martens and Prof. Yoram Shiftan, is in the field of urban design โ specifically, the walkability of public streets. Through her research โ Rasha hopes to shed light on walkability issues in cities, i.e., how friendly the streets are for walking, by employing the state-of-the-art tools of big data analysis and machine learning algorithms. Her primary data is GPS-driven, describing travel behaviour in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area, combined with population data and spatial data derived from geographic information system (GIS) mapping.
Rasha was born in Albiar, a small village in Wadi Ara. Prior to pursuing her academic degrees, Rasha volunteered for a year in the pediatric department of the Nazareth Hospital EMMS, where she mainly worked with children through art. Currently, she volunteers in workshops about university challenges, experiences, and expectations which aim to encourage young Arab women and men to pursue academic studies. Rasha enjoys travelling and is fascinated by new cultures and varieties of urban life. She enjoys collecting maps from visited countries and planning travel routes. In her spare time, she runs and plays tennis and also likes reading and poetry.
RA S H A B OW I R RAT
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E M I L B RO N S T E I N
Emil Bronstein is a PhD student in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Doron Shilo and Prof. Ronen Talmon. His research field is materials mechanics, and he focuses specifically on mechanical avalanches, which are small-scale, impulsive events that occur during a variety of phenomena in numerous material classes. To this end, Emil develops novel experimental and data-driven methods for the investigation of acoustic and magnetic emissions from materials during avalanche events. So far, the relationship between emitted acoustic signals and the physics of avalanches is unclear. By developing data-driven artificial intelligence and machine learning tools for the analysis of acoustic emissions and their mutual relationship with magnetic emissions, Emil aims to discover the underlying physics and principles of avalanches and associated acoustic emissions.
Emil was born in Russia and immigrated with his parents and grandparents to Israel, where they settled in Afula. During high school, he volunteered in the local community by tutoring children in elementary school. Following his BSc in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technion, he continued to an MSc while also instructing in an extracurricular program for youth interested in science and technology. After graduating, Emil joined a pioneering start-up company in the field of multi-aperture technologies for mobile devices, where he worked as an R&D engineer. He subsequently returned to the Technion to fulfill his passion for research and pursue a PhD. In recent years, Emil volunteered at Afulaโs youth centre, where he guided and mentored discharged soldiers interested in studying and pursuing a career in mechanical engineering. In his spare time, Emil enjoys reading and scuba diving.
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H AG I T GA B BAY
Hagit Gabbay is a PhD student in the School of Education at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Dr. Anat Cohen. Her research is in the field of online learning, specifically the impact of automated feedback on learning in online and open-to-all programming courses. These courses address the high demand for programming studies and have the potential to promote equal opportunities and equity. Although automated feedback tools can enhance learning and improve the likelihood of achieving goals, their impact on learning in online programming courses is under researched. Hagit uses a quantitative approach to examine relations between automated feedback characteristics and learning outcomes as well as learnersโ engagement, satisfaction, and persistence and suggests a multidimensional definition of automated feedback effectiveness. Based on her research findings, she hopes to develop principles for the effective integration of automated feedback in online programming courses and thus promote the acquisition of programming skills by broad audiences.
Hagit lives in Hod Hasharon with her family. After completing her army service, she obtained a BSc and MSc in applied mathematics from the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology. For most of her professional life, Hagit worked at the Prime Ministerโs Office in several technological roles and, later, as the head of its training and learning department. Alongside her work, she volunteered as a teacher and mentor in various educational programs. After retiring, she worked for several years at the Cyber Education Center โ an association that develops and operates informal programming and cyber education programs aimed at outstanding high school students in Israelโs geographic and social periphery. She also completed a diploma in learning technologies at Tel Aviv University. Hagit enjoys hiking and travelling around the world and is an avid consumer of culture.
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M E RAV H AYA K
Merav Hayak is a PhD student in the Department of Education at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev under the supervision of Prof. Dorit Tubin. The central tenets of Meravโs research are educational change, innovation, and the implementation of digital technology in education. The onset of the digital revolution, while creating new opportunities and tools for the education system, also challenges schools by forcing them to innovate and modify teaching methods and learning processes to better prepare students for the twenty-first century. In this context, one of the interesting trends of recent years, on which Meravโs research focuses, is the integration of digital game-based learning (DGBL) in teaching. DGBL is designed to promote learning and the acquisition of knowledge and develop cognitive skills among students. Her research highlights one of the less researched areas in this field, namely, the characteristics of schoolsโ routines and organizational aspects that encourage or hinder innovation. Meravโs research has also been supported by ISEF (Israel Scholarship Education Foundation).
Merav was born in Tel Aviv and currently lives in Mevaseret Zion with her partner, Eli and three daughters. She is a lecturer at Achva Academic College, teaching about entrepreneurship and innovation in education and the pedagogical use of digital tools including digital games and virtual and augmented reality. In her free time, Merav volunteers in educational projects in Kiryat Malachi and enjoys reading, running, and hiking with her family.
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A L I A K S E I H O R L AC H
Aliaksei Horlach is a PhD student in the Department of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Azrieli Early Career Faculty Fellow (alum) Prof. Ido Kaminer. Aliaksei investigates the quantum properties of light and the properties of the interaction between light and different materials (including free electrons and nonlinear crystals) in a search for possible quantum light applications to modern technology. Lightโmatter interaction plays an important role in many physical processes and numerous modern technologies. Intriguing quantum properties of light discovered over the past 30 years have only recently found their applications in the fast-growing fields of quantum communication, quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum metrology. Aliakseiโs research focuses on how to create and characterize intense quantum light, making use of the interaction of light with atoms or free electrons.
Aliaksei was born and raised in Minsk, Belarus. After completing his BSc in theoretical physics at Belarusian State University, he pursued his MSc at the Technion. In addition to his research, Aliaksei supervises research projects in Prof. Kaminerโs lab conducted by undergraduate students. In 2014, he won a silver medal in the International Physics Olympiad and subsequently volunteered to compose and check answers in this competition. Beyond the world of physics, Aliaksei enjoys sports, especially volleyball and table tennis.
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A L O N JA S P E R
Alon Jasper is a PhD student in the Faculty of Law at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Roy Kreitner. His research is in the field of law, history, and technology. Alon juxtaposes episodes in the legal history of American railroads with the current discourse on internet governance as a means of comparing the modes of legal governance adopted for railroads and democratic considerations for their institutional design. Through comparative research, Alon hopes to contribute to our understanding of the role of digital infrastructures in modern society and the opportunities and challenges they offer for democratic self-rule. Furthermore, he looks to provide a new perspective on the history of American governance of infrastructures, fleshing out their relationship with the quest for collective self-rule. The historical component of his research will also shed new light on current processes of internet infrastructuralization and its transformation into an integrator of infrastructures.
Alon grew up in Raโanana, and currently lives with his spouse and two children in Ramat Gan. He has a LLB from Tel Aviv University, after which he clerked at the Supreme Court for Justice Uzi Vogelman. In addition to his research, he is currently teaching at Tel Aviv University. In his free time, Alon enjoys reading Harry Potter to his daughter, playing football with friends, and spending time with his family.
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RU T H I E K A P L A N
Ruthie Kaplan is an architect and PhD student in the Department of Jewish History at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Prof. Marcos Silber, Prof. Laura Vaughan of University College London (UCL), and Prof. Ivor Samuels of the University of Birmingham. Her research combines the fields of urban studies and Jewish studies by focusing on the spatiality of the Jewish middle class in Lodz, Poland in the interwar period. She examines the scope and development of the area of Jewish middle-class settlement alongside the expression of Jewishness in the urban landscape. Ruthie uses a vast number of spatial archival sources and, as a member of the e-Lijah Lab at the University of Haifa, she adopts methodologies from the rising field of digital humanities and converts big data into geographic information system (GIS) maps. She also looks for the personal spatial experiences of former Jewish residents of Lodz. She hopes to shed light on a section of the Jewish community that has not been thoroughly researched and on different forms of Jewish settlement. Her research might also contribute to genealogical research.
Ruthie was born in Hadera and currently lives with her spouse and two children in Haifa. She received her BArch in architecture and MSc in urban design (as an Azrieli Fellow) from the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology. In addition to pursuing her PhD, Ruthie aspires to continue practicing architecture by redesigning and providing consultations primarily for family, friends, and colleagues. Both before and during her undergraduate studies, Ruthie held various positions in the Maccabi Tzair youth movement and led its Hadera branch, taking part in the educational section of the Maccabiah and in Maccabi Tzair activities in Israel and abroad. Despite participating in the youth movement of a sports association, Ruthie only began practicing sports as an adult and has recently started playing volleyball. She also enjoys reading, sewing, and crafting and plans to resume weaving one day.
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TA E L I N K A R I D I
Taelin Karidi is a PhD student in the School of Computer Science and Engineering at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Azrieli alum Prof. Omri Abend. She is researching natural language processing (NLP), a subfield of computer science concerned with enabling computers to understand and process language. Her research is interdisciplinary and is found at the intersection between mathematics (mostly geometry), computer science, linguistics, and cognitive science. Taelin is interested in how languages differ from one another on the linguistic and cognitive levels and employs computational tools from mathematics and computer science to investigate this question. One of her goals is to utilize her findings to advance the technology available for low-resource languages, i.e., languages with little data on them, which pose a particularly difficult challenge due to the smaller amount of textual data available. Taelin completed a BSc and MSc in pure mathematics at Tel Aviv University. She spent a year as a guest student in the Department of Mathematics at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and was a visiting researcher in the Hasson lab of the Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute at Princeton University.
Taelin grew up in Ramat Hasharon and spent her high school years at Thelma Yellin High School, mostly watching and producing films โ a passion she eventually decided to maintain as a hobby. She is enthusiastic about Korean language and culture, which led her to spend two semesters at Yonsei University (South Korea) and become fluent in Korean, a central language in her research. In addition, she initiated and organizes the Women in Computer Science Club at the Hebrew University โ a social club which focuses on networking and empowering women in the exact sciences as a means to bridge the gender gap in this academic field.
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YO NATA N K AT Z E N E L E N B O G E N
Yonatan Katzenelenbogen is a PhD student in the Department of Immunology at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Ido Amit. His research focuses on deciphering the molecular landscape of a new subset of tumour-resident immune cells, which has been manipulated by cancer to block the action of tumour-killing immune T cells. Yonatan, along with a group of other researchers, developed an experimental technology that enables detection of these suppressive immune cells, sequencing of their genomic content, and measuring of the protein expression of tens of thousands of individual cells at once. Immune cells that โcollaborateโ with cancer tumours pose a key obstacle to cancer immunotherapy; therefore, by characterizing their molecular signature, Yonatan hopes to help develop new and more efficient immunotherapeutic strategies.
Yonatan grew up in Talmei Elazar, a moshav in northern Israel. His familyโs livelihood was based on sheep farming, and this stamped his attraction to nature. Following his army service as an officer in the Intelligence Corps, he completed a BSc in animal sciences in the Faculty of Agriculture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The academic field opened a new range of exciting opportunities for him, and he embarked on a direct PhD track at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Yonatan is interested in studies that present a new, non-Darwinian perspective on the evolutionary mechanism of change, especially in the areas of human biology and psychology. At a friendโs request, he wrote a lecture on the evolutionary origins of romantic love, which he occasionally delivers to various audiences. Yonatan enjoys travelling, dancing awkwardly, and singing while accompanying himself on the piano. Despite the long hours he spends on his PhD research, he endeavours to devote a fair amount of time to his family and friends.
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RO N K L E I N E R
Ron Kleiner is a biochemical engineer in the direct PhD track in the Sackler Faculty of Medicineโs Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at Tel Aviv University, under the supervision of Prof. Ronit Satchi-Fainaro. Her research focuses on the rational design of a novel nano-sized immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. She concentrates on models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), known as one of the most aggressive types of cancer, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pathogen of the current global pandemic. She is also establishing a novel multi-cellular 3D spheroid PDAC model, which could be utilized for fast pre-clinical drug screening tests. This platform can be used as a tool to reduce experimentation on animals in drug research. Ron aspires to continue her research in nanotherapy and expand it to other fields.
Ron was raised in Ramat Gan and now lives in Tel Aviv. Having herself been diagnosed with dyslexia, during high school she volunteered in an elementary school, helping children with learning difficulties and dyslexia. She continues mentoring and guiding younger students by participating in the Alpha program which enables gifted high school students to participate in cutting-edge research conducted at universities. She received a BSc in engineering from the Faculty of Chemical Engineering at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology, where she was an active member of the student union and worked to improve studentsโ rights. In her free time, Ron enjoys outdoor activities such as long-distance running and hiking in Israel and abroad.
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Danielle Chen Kleinman is a PhD candidate in the Department of Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Prof. Yigal Bronner and Prof. Ronit Ricci. She is also a member of the ERC research group โThe New Ecology of Expressive Modes in Early-Modern South India.โ Her research explores a literary genre written in Kawi (Old Javanese) that flourished in the courts of Java and Bali between the ninth and nineteenth centuries. Focusing on its Javanese period (ninthโfifteenth centuries), Danielle aims to provide the first comprehensive analysis of kakawin aesthetics by articulating the various forms of literary conventions, figures of speech, and text-building strategies associated with the genre. Situating kakawin within the globalized Sanskritic community, known in scholarship as the Sanskrit cosmopolis, she explores the literary dialogues these cultures shared by examining how Sanskrit models were integrated into the Javanese style and reconfigured, adapted, and mixed with existing local concepts to form kakawin poetics.
Originally from Kfar Vradim, a small town in West Galilee, Danielle now lives in Jerusalem with her husband, Tom, and their dog, Nika. Danielle served in the IDF as a Hebrew teacher in a basic training unit, where she met soldiers from distant parts of the world and developed a deep interest in new cultural encounters. This inspired her to travel to Asia following her service and to pursue a BA in Asian studies at the Hebrew University, focusing on India and Sanskrit poetry. She continued her studies and wrote her MA thesis on the aesthetic theory of Abhinavagupta, the eleventh-century Kashmiri poetic theorist and philosopher, focusing on his concept of camatkฤra, the pinnacle of aesthetic experience. In her free time, Danielle extends her love of India to experimenting with South Indian cuisine.
DA N I E L L E C H E N K L E I N M A N
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M A I L A Z A RUS
Mai Lazarus is a PhD student in the Faculty of Life Sciences at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Jonathan Belmaker and Prof. Roi Holzman. Her research focuses on the ecology of fish communities at different life stages. Specifically, Mai is studying the ecological links between the three main life stages of marine fish: larvae (baby fish), juveniles, and adults. To date, most research on fish ecology has focused on the adult life stage, while the ecology of earlier stages remains largely unknown. By combining innovative genetic tools and underwater fieldwork, Mai intends to explore the ecological processes linking fish life stages, ultimately shaping adult fish biodiversity. At a time of unprecedented decline in the health of oceans, Mai hopes that her research findings will contribute to nature conservation, fisheries management, and marine ecology.
Mai grew up in Beit Yitzhak, a village in Emek Hefer, and today lives with her spouse in Netanya. She has been fascinated by nature since childhood. Following a late revelation of the charm of the marine realm, she embarked on a BSc in marine science at Ruppin Academic Center, followed by an MSc in ecology and environmental studies at Tel Aviv University. Alongside her studies, Mai is involved in marine conservation and works with the Israeli Nature and Parks Authority to promote science-based conservation and increase public awareness. Mai enjoys spending her free time outdoors, mostly underwater. She also likes trekking, especially in the Israeli desert and in the Himalayas.
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M O R D E C H A I L E V Y
Mordechai (Motti) Levy is a PhD student in the Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Prof. Eyal Ginio and Dr. Julia Rubanovich. His research explores the literary practice of composing self-narratives common to the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Specifically, Mordechai investigates the shaping and portrayal of the royal self-image within these Turco-Persian dynasties, while assessing their respective understandings of kingship, legitimacy, identity, and subjectivity. By systematically analyzing a variety of autobiographical texts written in multiple genres and languages (Persian, Ottoman-Turkish, and Arabic), he seeks to reveal the literary similarities between royal self-representations as well as their historical function and significance for the courtly culture of the eastern Muslim world. He hopes to thus deepen scholarly understanding of the cultural and ideological similarities and disparities between the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, while establishing a valuable methodological framework for examining textual self-representations in the pre-modern Muslim world.
Mordechai was born and raised in Maโale Adumim and currently lives in Jerusalem. He completed a BA in Arabic language and literature and in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies and an MA in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies at the Hebrew University. Since his youth, Mordechai has been committed to community engagement. Having served in the IDF for an extended period, he continues to work for Israeli society through various volunteering activities. In his free time, he loves gardening and cooking. Having played the saxophone and the accordion for years, he is still enthusiastic about discovering new melodies and songs online and in live concerts. He is also extremely interested in exploring cultures, both in theory and in practice, and enjoys travelling around the world.
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RAC H E L I L E V Y
Racheli Levy is a PhD student in the direct PhD track in the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Avi Shpigelman. Her research, which is multidisciplinary and integrates food engineering, biotechnology, microbiology, and chemistry, focuses on producing plant-based yogurt alternatives by combining novel processing technology and fermentation to find a novel product that can serve as a nutritional and functional food and deliver health-beneficial compounds. Although consumers increasingly demand tasty and affordable plant-based alternatives to yogurt, many plant proteins suffer from limited techno-functional properties, such as poor aqueous solubility, which limit their use in food products. By utilizing novel processing technologies, Racheli aims to improve the techno-functional limitations of plant protein, thus enhancing their use in food products without compromising food quality and even increasing their nutritional value and health-promoting benefits.
Racheli was born in Haifa, where she still lives today. She served in the IDF as a teacher of Modern Standard Arabic in the Intelligence Corps and acquired teaching and learning skills that help her to this day. Following her discharge, she embarked on a BSc in the Technionโs Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering. Racheli combines her love for knitting with her desire to help the community by knitting and donating garments to underprivileged babies and children. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Racheli discovered a wonderful initiative of knitting octopus dolls for premature babies, and she has subsequently knitted and donated many dolls.
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E Y TA N M A N N
Eytan Mann is an architect and a PhD student in the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology. His research in the Material Topology Research Lab (MTRL), under the supervision of Prof. Aaron Sprecher, is in the field of digital heritage, i.e., the utilization of computational methods for historical and architectural reconstruction. By using digital modelling and video game technology such as real-time rendering, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR), Eytan aims to develop new access to lost tangible and intangible heritage assets. He seeks to explore generative modes of cultural heritage representation by combining remote sensing technologies with machine-learning models. His research entails developing virtual heritage environments that continuously evolve while representing different, often competing, historical narratives. In this framework, material and archival evidence is made to engage with concrete built environments, tracing spatial narratives and paths through which arguments about the investigated site are made. Eytanโs research involves working on various cultural heritage sites in Israel and abroad.
Eytan grew up in Herzliya and is currently living in Tel Aviv. He completed his BArch in architecture studies and MA (as an Azrieli Fellow) in the David Azrieli School of Architecture at Tel Aviv University. He then worked in several leading architectural offices in Tel Aviv, before continuing his studies at MIT where he conducted research integrating design and computer science methodologies as part of the SMarchS program in design and computation. At MIT, Eytan developed an original research project using computational methods to study historical sites and the interaction of architecture with historical archived materials. He also helped establish a virtual reality lab (VirtualXdesign) and worked as an associate researcher in the architecture departmentโs Design Heritage Lab. When not working on his academic projects, Eytan enjoys designing Lego buildings with his son, watching films, and exploring independent artisan video games.
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O D E D NAO R
Oded Naor is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Idit Keidar. Odedโs research focuses on distributed computing, in particular, blockchain protocols and cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies enable the easy use of money worldwide, but a major limitation of blockchain technology is its scalability, i.e., the number of people that can use the currency concurrently. In his research, Oded aspires to identify key bottlenecks in various algorithms and protocols and solve them so as to facilitate widespread access and consumption of blockchain technology.
Oded grew up in a small community town in the Jezreel Valley. He lived for two years in California, and currently lives in Haifa. During his school years, Oded played the cello, volunteered with children with special needs, and worked in a Jewish summer camp in the United States. He studied Arabic before his conscription and, in the IDF, served as a commander in the central intelligence unit, 8200. After his military service, Oded completed his BSc and MSc in the ECE Faculty at the Technion. He participated in two research internships abroad. During one of these, Oded was notified that he was a match for a bone marrow donation for a one-year-old baby in Israel. He therefore stopped his internship temporarily and came back to Israel to complete the donation procedure. Oded enjoys hiking, travelling abroad, playing squash, and reading.
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M O R ROZ N E R
Mor Rozner is a PhD student in the Faculty of Physics at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Hagai Perets. Her research focuses on the dynamics of planets and stars. Together with her colleagues, she studies various problems in astrophysics, starting from the very initial stages of planet formation from dust through the distribution of stars in clusters to planetsโ destruction. Mor enjoys analytical calculations that include deriving equations from first principles; from time to time, she also adopts numerical simulations. She has a general interest in science and likes to read scientific literature while pondering her own research questions and methodologies.
Mor grew up mostly in Yokneam Illit and Ramat Yishai, and currently lives in Haifa. She started her BSc in mathematics and physics at the age of 14 in the Technion. After completing her BSc, she started her army service, during which she obtained an MSc in cosmology at the Technion and started her PhD. Since completing her army service, Mor has taken up her research full time. In her free time, she enjoys reading, especially sci-fi. Mor has recently taught herself to play the piano and is enjoying her slow, yet steady progress.
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L I H I SA R FAT Y
Lihi Sarfaty is a PhD student in the Faculty of Education at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Dr. Adar Ben-Eliyahu. Her research focuses on parentsโ psychological functioning and external regulation in shaping young childrenโs school readiness as defined within the context of self-regulated learning (SRL). Lihi seeks to deepen the understanding of external regulation and its relation to SRL internalization by exploring two different types of mechanisms: co-regulation and other-regulation. Using quantitative research methods and filmed interaction observations from several data sources, her study proposes a novel and unique approach to understanding the role of parent SRL, reflectivity, motivation, and metaprocesses in the internalization of childrenโs SRL. In addition to its theoretical implications, Lihi hopes that her research findings will lead to practical recommendations for promoting and evaluating school readiness through educational policies applicable not only in parentโchild dynamics but also in school and non-school settings and for diverse populations.
Lihi spent most of her childhood in Hadassim and currently lives in Pardesia. Education has always been in her heart and soul and, by the age of 17, she had started giving private lessons and worked as a boarding school counsellor during her military service. She obtained a BA in early childhood education from Beit Berl College. Lihi is a kindergarten teacher, and she guides and evaluates early childhood students, interns, and kindergarten teachers in the initial years of their career. She is also a member of a PhD student leadership group and volunteers with children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Lihi loves arts, gardening, and caring for animals, especially street cats. Her dream is to influence childrenโs lives by helping them develop their tool kits with adaptive skills that will allow them to be resilient to challenges at later ages.
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O R P H ร E S E N O U F-P I L P O U L
Orphรฉe Senouf-Pilpoul is a PhD student in the Faculty of Humanities at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Dr. Orly Lubin. Her research is in the field of gender studies, specifically the feminist utterance โthe personal is politicalโ (PIP), the history of its conceptual components, and its current manifestation in the #MeToo movement. She uses a genealogical account to trace turning points in western thought regarding the relationship between the personal, the political, and the truth and combines a philosophical approach to provide temporary solutions to material problems. She criticizes the correlation between the increase in public attribution of truth value to womenโs personal stories of abuse and the decline in truth value in the current, post-truth, era. By so doing, Orphรฉe hopes to shed light on the potential for change in the relationship between truth, sovereignty, and democracy regarding women and minorities.
Orphรฉe was born in Rehovot. She spent most of her post-high school years in Tel Aviv and today lives in Haifa. She served in the IDF as a sports trainer, after which she completed a BA in behavioural sciences at The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo and an MA in gender studies at Tel Aviv University. During this time she volunteered as a research assistant in the Magnus Hirschfeld Research Institute, which is part of IGY: The Proud Youth Organization. She was also a research assistant in Prof. Hila Shamirโs research project, TraffLab (ERC), concerning paradigm shifts in research and policy on human trafficking. Nowadays, Orphรฉe volunteers as a mentor to graduate students in the initial stages of writing their MA theses. She co-initiated an ArabicโHebrew lexicon for the humanities with several colleagues to create a bilingual intellectual environment that is so needed yet lacking in Israelโs academic milieu.
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O H A D S O R E K
Ohad Sorek is an architect and a PhD student in the Faculty of the Arts at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Eran Neuman and Prof. Vered Noam. His research examines the opening (an alternative artefact to the column) as a quintessential trope of the spatial conception in the Tannaitic literature. He combines architectural history and theory with the study of Jewish philosophy through texts and archaeology and views the Hebraic opening as the counterpoint of the Greece column and the Roman wall. This hypothesis, once validated, implies that Rabbinic culture, even under Roman rule and influence, had a unique perspective on the structure of reality, both physical and metaphysical.
Ohad grew up in Givat Shmuel and now lives in Efrat, with his wife, Tamar and their four children. He served in the IDF infantry in the Golani Brigade and lived and studied for five years in Yeshivat Hesder Yeruham. He obtained his BArch from the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design and his MA in architecture, as an Azrieli Graduate Studies Fellow, in the David Azrieli School of Architecture at Tel Aviv University. Since his graduation, he has been teaching architecture, design, and architectural theory courses at Bezalel and its ultra-orthodox branch, Oman-Bezalel. Ohad is a licensed architect and has practiced architecture in Jerusalem in both the private and public sectors and most recently at Israelโs Planning Administration. He volunteers at Forum Merhav, a think tank which looks to advance and raise awareness of planning policies in Israel.
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YO NATA N ( YO N I ) S T E R N
Yonatan (Yoni) Stern is a PhD student in the Department of Psychology at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Prof. Danny Koren (University of Haifa) and Dr. Roy Salomon (Bar-Ilan University). His research lies at the intersection between clinical psychology and cognitive neuroscience and examines how psychological stress affects neurocognitive processes associated with the self during early stages of schizophrenia. He uses innovative virtual reality technology to create โvirtual hallucinationsโ in the lab that mimic real-world clinical symptoms. Yoni seeks to better understand the cognitive, computational, and physiological processes leading to the outburst of schizophrenia, focusing specifically on the effects of stress on these processes. He hopes that a deeper understanding of these processes will enable improved early identification and intervention for individuals at heightened risk of developing schizophrenia.
Yoni was born in Chicago and spent his childhood between Israel and the United States. Today he lives with his spouse and two daughters in Haifa. He received a BSc in biology and psychology and an MA in cognitive science at Ben-Gurion University. His work as a counsellor in a hostel for youth after psychiatric hospitalization sparked his interests, both clinical and research, in mental illness and particularly in schizophrenia. He recently completed an MA in clinical psychology at the University of Haifa. Yoni feels at home outdoors in nature, enjoys trekking solo, and camping with family and friends. He is also an amateur forager and gardener. Combining his love of nature and therapeutic work, Yoni is a guide in Derech Lotan, an organization that runs week-long trips in the desert for at-risk youth.
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JA S M I N W E N N E R S BUS C H
Jasmin Wennersbusch is a PhD student in the Buchmann Faculty of Law at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Dr. Doreen Lustig (Tel Aviv University) and Prof. Eyal Benvenisti (University of Cambridge). Her research lies at the intersection between public and private international law, law and technology, and legal theory. Jasmin examines human rights protection on the internet through the lens of human rights theory and conflict of laws. She argues that human rights may no longer be realized in isolated islands of territorial states, questions the widespread assumption of human rights sameness online and offline, and offers an innovative theory establishing modalities of transboundary human rights protection on the internet. To this end, she explores the history and theory of private international law and examines whether well-established conflict of law principles may help solve conflicts of human rights laws online.
Jasmin was born in Mรผlheim an der Ruhr, Germany, and lives in Tel Aviv. She began her legal education at the Heinrich Heine University Dรผsseldorf, where she obtained a Magistra iuris (Mag. iur) and a Doctor iuris (Dr. iur.), and the University of Cambridge, where she obtained an LLM in international law. Throughout her studies, Jasmin worked as a research and teaching assistant, conducted research for the Cambridge Human Trafficking Research Panel, and volunteered in a number of organizations. She currently volunteers with the Culture of Solidarity movement in Tel Aviv and serves as the executive editor of the Israeli law journal Theoretical Inquiries in Law. A classically trained violinist, Jasmin has been passionate about classical music since early childhood. While music still constitutes an important part of her life, Jasmin nowadays enjoys expressing her creativity through ceramic art. In her spare time, Jasmin enjoys German and Hebrew literature and backpacking around the world.
D R . SAG I B E N-A M IAZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES FELLOWS 2020-2021
Doron AtiasThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Social Psychology
Alon David SadehTel Aviv University
Architecture
Einat ElizarovUniversity of Haifa
Developmental Psychology
Omer HackerThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Anthroplogy
Abhishek BanerjeeWeizmann Institute of Science
Physics
Aviya DoronThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Medieval Jewish History
Haggai EyalThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Earth Sciences
Daphne InbarThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
International Relations
Naama Ben-DorTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Dialogic Learning
Shvat EilatTel Aviv University
Social Anthropology
Noa FeldmanTel Aviv University
Physics
Maya InbarThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Linguistics & Cognitive Neuroscience
Moshe Dovid ChechikThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Talmud and Halakha
Oren EldarTel Aviv University
Architecture
Israel GabayTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Mechanical Engineering
Zohar KleinUniversity of Haifa
Clinical Neuropsychology
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L E E AT K E R E N
35
Hagit LeshemTel Aviv University
Architecture
Tamer MourWeizmann Institute of Science
Computer Sciences
Ofer Prinz SetterTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Biotechnology
Daphna LevineTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Architecture
Tanya NazaretskyWeizmann Institute of Science
Science Education
Rotem RozenblatBar-Ilan University
Molecular Neurobiology
Yoni LivnehBen-Gurion University
Hebrew Literature
Ziv OrpazBar-Ilan University Molecular Biology
Shay SadovskyTel Aviv University
Mathematics
Ziv LeibuTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Architecture
Danielle MillerTel Aviv University
Bioinformatics
Ryan PouratiTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Architecture
Gal VishneThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Neuroscience
AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES FELLOWS 2020-2021
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Aviad AberdamTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Electrical Engineering
Itay BlochTel Aviv University
Physics
Omer HaggagThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Chemistry
Noam MaeirThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Comparative Religion
Shirel Bakbani ElkayamUniversity of Haifa
Psychology
Rรฉmi DaanielThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
International Relations
Omer KnellerWeizmann Institute of Science
Physics
Tal NahariThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Cognitive Science
Karen Lee Bar-SinaiTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Architecture
Shani Evenstein SigalovTel Aviv University
Education
Peter LanchidiBen-Gurion University of the Negev
Jewish Thought
Perle Nicolle-HasidThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Sociology
Shraga BickThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Comparative Religion
Shir FiloThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Neuroimaging
Jonathan LetzterTel Aviv University
Architecture
Shilo OhayonTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Biomedical Engineering
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Sigal-Hava RotemUniversity of Haifa
Mathematics Education
Noy ShemeshBar-Ilan University
Archaeology
Tirza WillnerThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Education
Meytal RadzinskiThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Biological Chemistry
Hadas ZahaviTel Aviv University
Literature
AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES FELLOWS 2019-2020
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2018-2019ESSAM ASSALIBen-Gurion University of the NegevBiochemistry & Physiology
YINON BAR-ONWeizmann Institute of ScienceBiochemistry
HADDAR BEISERTel Aviv UniversityMusicology
YOAV CHARPAK-AMIKAMThe Hebrew University of JerusalemBiology
SHAHAR DERYThe Hebrew University of JerusalemChemistry
HAGAI HILLEL DIAMANDIBar-Ilan UniversityElectrical Engineering
MICHAL DVIRUniversity of Haifa Education
LOTEM ELBER-DOROZKOThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputational Neuroscience
MICHAL ERLICHTel Aviv UniversityIndian Studies
MICHAL FRIEDMANTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyComputer Science
SHILAT HAIM-NACHUMBar-Ilan UniversityEducation
LEORE HEIMTel Aviv UniversityNeurophysiology
ALON ISRAELIThe Hebrew University of JerusalemGenetics
AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI
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RAN EITAN ABUTBULBen-Gurion University of the NegevMaterials Science
ELIRAN ARAZIThe Hebrew University of JerusalemSocial Anthropology
GUY AUSTERNTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
IDIT BEN ORThe Hebrew University of JerusalemHistory
YONATAN CHEMLABen-Gurion University of the NegevSynthetic Biology
ADI DORONThe Hebrew University of JerusalemNeuroscience
IFAT GAVISHUniversity of HaifaEducation
YUVAL GIVONTel Aviv UniversityHistory
IDAN HARITANTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyQuantum Chemistry
OMER KARINWeizmann Institute of ScienceSystems Biology
OHAD KOHNTel Aviv UniversityComparative Literature
SHACHAR LIVNEThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComparative Literature
TOWIBAH MAJDOOBTel Aviv UniversitySociology
2017-2018JONATHAN JEFFETTel Aviv UniversityBiophysics
MERRYAN MAJEROWITZTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology Architecture
ROY MAROMUniversity of Haifa Israel Studies
ORIT NAFCHA University of Haifa Psychology
TOM SHAKED Technion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
KEREN SHOHAM Technion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
GAL SOFERBen-Gurion University of the NegevJewish Thought
AVIV STERENBen-Gurion University of the NegevManagement
MIRJAM STRENGTel Aviv UniversityLaw
ELLA TOVIAThe Hebrew University of JerusalemTalmud
VANESSA WORKMANBar-Ilan UniversityArchaeology
AYELET ZALICThe Hebrew University of JerusalemCondensed Matter Physics
L E E AT K E R E N
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2017-2018LIHI MATZATechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
DAN MIKULINCERWeizmann Institute of ScienceMathematics
NADAV OUTMEZGUINETel Aviv UniversityPhysics
NOA ROMThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation
YAIR SEGEVWeizmann Institute of ScienceChemical Physics
HARAN SENEDBar-Ilan UniversityPsychology
OHAD SOREKTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
KAREN YIRMIYA FELDSTEINBar-Ilan UniversityPsychology
TOM ZAHAVYTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyMachine Learning
AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI
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SHMUEL KATZTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyMechanical Engineering
GAL LAZARUSBar-Ilan UniversityPsychology
IDO LEVINThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPhysics
MAAYAN NIDBACHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemAsian Studies
NIRIT PILOSOFTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
LOTEM PINCHOVERThe Hebrew University of JerusalemArt History
YUVAL RUBINSTEINTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
SHARON SADAN-LEVYUniversity of HaifaEducation
BRIGITTA R. SCHVARCZBar-Ilan UniversityLinguistics
YANIV SELATel Aviv UniversityNeuroscience
MARK SHUSTERMANTel Aviv UniversityMathematics
IDO SIVAN-SEVILLAThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPublic Policy & Government
RAN WEKSLERThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Economics
2016-2017AVISHAI ABBOThe Hebrew University of JerusalemGeology
SAAR ALON-BARKATThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPolitical Science
ALON APPLEBOIMThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputational Biology
ELLA ASSAF SHPAYERTel Aviv UniversityArchaeology
RONA AVIRAMWeizmann Institute of ScienceCell Biology
MIRIAM BABICHENKOThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation
ARIELLE BLONDERTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
GAL DAR-WAISELTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
TALYA EDENTel Aviv UniversityElectrical Engineering
MICHAL EISENBERG-BORDWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics
RACHEL GREGORBen-Gurion University of the NegevChemistry
ITAY GRINIASTYWeizmann Institute of SciencePhysics
ORI KATZBen-Gurion University of the NegevSociology & Anthropology
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DAVID ADRAEETechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
LENA ARBOVTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
HALELY BALABANTel Aviv UniversityNeuroscience
EREZ O. COHENTel Aviv UniversityPhysics
MICHAEL M. DANZIGERBar-Ilan UniversityPhysics
ALON DIAMENTTel Aviv UniversityBiomedical Engineering
VERONICA DUDAREVThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPsychology
TOM DVIRThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPhysics
NATHAN GOLDSTEINBar-Ilan UniversityEconomics
BOAZ HAMEIRITel Aviv UniversityPsychology
RUTHIE KAPLANTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
SHIFRA LANSKYThe Hebrew University of JerusalemBiochemistry
2015-2016
AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI
40
LIRAN BEN MOSHEUniversity of HaifaMarine Geosciences
DEBORAH COHENTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyElectrical Engineering
IDAN FRUMKINWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics
YAMIT LAZIMITechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
ZIV LEIBUTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
JONATHAN LETZTERTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
YUVAL PELEDThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputer Science
HAGIT SABATOBen-Gurion University of the NegevEducational Psychology
SHIRA SAGIETechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyBiology
DANA SURY-BAROTUniversity of HaifaEducation
SOLI VEREDTel Aviv UniversityEducation
2014-2015DEBORAH MARCIANOThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPsychology
TALLY ROSENFELD BRODERTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyMicrofluidics
YONAT RUMTel Aviv UniversityEducation
GABRIEL SCHWAKETel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
WISAM SEDAWIBen-Gurion University of the NegevEducation
MATAN SOREKThe Hebrew University of JerusalemNeuroscience
ALEXANDER SPIEGELMANTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyElectrical Engineering
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DAVID AMARTel Aviv UniversityComputational Biology
ITZHAK BERKOVICHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation
MIRI DANAN-GOTTHOLDBar-Ilan UniversityComputational Biology
DROR DOTANTel Aviv UniversityEducation
YOEL GROMANThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMathematics
HILA HARRISWeizmann Institute of ScienceNeurobiology
ITAY REMERBen-Gurion University of the NegevBiomedical Engineering
NANCY SANDOLUVICI-KATZTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
ALEX TOLMACHEVTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology Electrical Engineering
2013-2014
AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI
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GIORA ALEXANDRONWeizmann Institute of ScienceScience Education
ITAMAR GURMANWeizmann Institute of ScienceCondensed Matter Physics
TAL J. LEVYTel Aviv UniversityMolecular Electronics
EYTAN MANN-KANOWITZTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
MEYTAL NASIETel Aviv UniversityEducation
MOR NITZANThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPhysics and Bioinformatics
TOMER PELEGTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyElectrical Engineering
TOM SHAKEDTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
ALON SZCZUPAKBen-Gurion University of the NegevBiotechnology
KEREN YIZHAKTel Aviv UniversityBioinformatics
MERAV BATTAT-AVIRAMTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
EYAL KARZBRUNWeizmann Institute of ScienceSynthetic Biology
MICHAL LEVOWeizmann Institute of ScienceBioinformatics
ASAF LEVYWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics
MICHAL NISSIM-BERENSTEINBar-Ilan UniversityEducation
YULIA SAPIR-LEKHOVITSERBen-Gurion University of the NegevBiotechnology Engineering
ERAN TREISTERTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyComputer Science
EFRAT VERTES COHENTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
MATI ZAKAI-MASHIACHTel Aviv UniversityEducation
2012-2013 2011-2012
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LILACH ASHOULINUniversity of HaifaEducation
ARIEL J. BEN-SASSONTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyNanotechnology
MICHAL BRAIERTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
IFTACH DOLEVTel Aviv UniversityNeurobiology
NIR ERDINESTThe Hebrew University of JerusalemNeurobiology
RAJA GIRYESTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyNanotechnology- Image Processing
TALYA GORENUniversity of HaifaEducation
EREZ KLAPPERTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
ELAD NOORWeizmann Institute of ScienceBiochemistry
GILI SHAPIRATel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
HILA ZAROSIMBar-Ilan UniversityComputer Science - Cryptography
2010-2011
AZRIELI GRADUATE STUDIES ALUMNI
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NETTA ABUGOVTel Aviv UniversityEducation
BARAK ALFASSITechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyPhysics
OMER BARADWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics
YEHUDA BRODYBar-Ilan UniversityBiotechnology
NATANEL ELFASSYTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
ODED HAASTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
ARIE SHAUSTel Aviv UniversityComputational Mathematics & Archaeology
LIAT SAVIN-BEN SHOSHANBar-Ilan UniversityArchitecture
SHIRA SOFFER-VITALThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation
TALI TAVOR RE'EMBen-Gurion University of the Negev Biotechnology Engineering
2009-2010 2008-2009OMRI ABENDThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputer Science & Linguistics
BNAYA BAUERTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyBio-Architecture
SIVAN BERCOVICITechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyBioinformatics
MICHAL BLEICHER KUGLERTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
GUY COHENTel Aviv UniversityChemical Physics
NOY LAZAROVICHTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
OHAD MANORWeizmann Institute of ScienceComputational Biology
HEDVA MEIRIUniversity of HaifaEducation
OREN SHOVALWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Cell Biology
LIOR SOMECHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducational Psychology
OMRI WURTZELWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Genetics
OMER YAFFEWeizmann Institute of ScienceMolecular Electronics
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JONATHAN BERANTTel Aviv UniversityComputer Science & Linguistics
FATINA ABREEK-ZUBIEDATTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
OMRI BARAKWeizmann Institute of ScienceNeurobiology
SHLOMIT DAVIDOVITCHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEducation
NAAMA ELEFANT-BERNSTEINThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMolecular Genetics
EDNA LANGENTHALTel Aviv UniversityArchitecture
TAL MODAI-SNIRTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture & Urban Planning
TALI RAVEH-SADKAWeizmann Institute of ScienceComputational Biology
ARYEH (ARIK) SEGEVBen-Gurion University of the NegevEducation
SHIRA SPRECHER-SEGALOVITZTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
HAIM SUCHOWSKIWeizmann Institute of Science Physics
2007-2008
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Azrieli International Postdoctoral FellowsSelection Committee 2021-2022
H U M A N I T I E S
CHAIR: Prof. Sarah Stroumsa, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Mira Balberg, University of California San Diego Prof. Jonathan Ben-Dov, Tel Aviv University Prof. David Enoch, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Mercedes Garcรญa-Arenal Rodrรญguez, CSIC (Spanish National Research Council)Prof. Francoise Lavocat, Universitรฉ de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III
S O C I A L S C I E N C E S
CHAIR: Prof. Csaba Nikolenyi, Concordia University
Prof. Avner de-Shalit , The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Eva Gilboa-Schechtman, Bar-Ilan UniversityProf. Yehonatan Givati, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Morton Weinfeld, McGill UniversityProf. Lea Wittenberg, University of Haifa
E X A C T S C I E N C E S
CHAIR: Prof. Uri Banin, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Prof. Ronen Brafman, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Yigal Erel, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Prof. Yael Hanein, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Roy Meshulam, Technion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyProf. Dan Oron, Weizmann Institute of ScienceProf. Pekka Sinervo, University of Toronto
L I F E S C I E N C E S
CHAIR: Prof. Dan Tawfik (1955-2021), Weizmann Institute of Science
Prof. Naama Barkai, Weizmann Institute of ScienceProf. Oded Beja, Technion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyProf. Judith Berman, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Ariel Chipman, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Alan R. Davidson, University of TorontoProf. Erez Levanon, Bar-Ilan UniversityProf. Marla Sokolowski, University of Toronto
SENIOR ACADEMIC ADVISORProfessor Hermona Soreq, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
LEADERSHIP & COMMUNITY CONSULTANTProf. Meni Koslowsky, Bar-Ilan University
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RA P H A ร L AGU I L L O N
Dr. Raphaรซl Aguillon is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences at Bar-Ilan University, under the supervision of Prof. Oren Levy and Prof. Lior Appelbaum. He conducts research in the field of evolutionary neurosciences, focusing on the origin of sleep. While this basic behaviour seems to be conserved in all animals, it remains unclear why it is needed by animals without centralized nervous system. By combining approaches on different scales (gene-cell-behaviour) and studying the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, Raphaรซl aims to disclose the evolutionary origin of sleep. By studying โancientโ animals with a primitive nerve net, he hopes to understand why sleep evolved as a foundational regulator of fundamental biological functions in virtually all animals.
Raphaรซl was born in the south of France and moved to Israel in 2019 for his first postdoctoral experience. Becoming a biologist was not his childhood dream. After high school he studied carpentry and only then proceeded to obtain a medico-social degree through home studies. Raphaรซl completed his PhD under the supervision of Dr. Patrick Blader and Dr. Julie Batut in the Centre for Integrative Biology at the University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier. His research explored the genetic and cellular basis for the early development of the olfactory system in zebrafish larvae. He was a committed teaching assistant and enjoyed the constant interaction with students. Raphaรซl currently lives in Tel Aviv. He enjoys all aspects of this unique city and spending time with his multicultural friends, cooking cheesy French cuisine, and participating in the weekly Gaga dance classes at the Suzanne Dellal Center.
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R E U V E N BA L K I N
Dr. Reuven Balkin is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Physics at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Yael Shadmi and Dr. Yotam Soreq. His field of research is theoretical particle physics, in particular, the phenomenological study of theories which go beyond the current description of nature on tiny subatomic scales. This description, commonly known as the Standard Model of particle physics, is a very successful, yet incomplete theory. There is evidence, both theoretical and experimental, that there must be new particles and interactions. In his research, Reuven builds new models, motivated by the various open questions of the Standard Model (e.g., the existence of dark matter), and examines how well they fit the current experimental data. Once a model is consistent with all the experimental constraints, the next important step is to devise the best search strategy for these new particles or forces, whether in colliders here on earth or using astrophysical objects like neutron stars.
Reuven was born and raised in Tel Aviv. He began his academic studies after serving in the IDF as a non-commissioned officer for four years. He received his BSc in physics and computer science from Tel Aviv University, his MSc in physics from the Weizmann Institute of Science, and his PhD from the Technical University of Munich under the supervision of Prof. Andreas Weiler. As a PhD student, he was awarded the Minerva Fellowship. Reuven currently lives in Haifa with his wife and two children. In addition to his research, his other passions include music (with a decade of practicing piano) and sports, especially all forms of rock climbing.
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NAT H A L I E B ร C H O N
Dr. Nathalie Bรฉchon is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the Weizmann Institute of Science, where she studies the interactions between bacteria and the viruses that infect them under the supervision of Prof. Rotem Sorek. Bacteria are critical in industrial, medical, and environmental settings and are incredible model organisms that enable the study of biological properties on all scales: from the atom to complex ecosystems. Bacteria have developed a sophisticated immune system to defend against viral infection, whose complexity we are only just starting to gauge. Interestingly, these defence systems are very diverse, and some of them present a startling similarity to human anti-viral defence systems. Nathalie hopes that increasing our understanding of bacterial defence systems will give us insights into the human immune system and its evolution.
Nathalie was born and raised in Paris. She studied at the รcole Normale Supรฉrieure of Paris and then completed her MSc in microbiology at the Universitรฉ de Paris and the Institut Pasteur. She did her PhD at the Institut Pasteur under the supervision of Prof. Jean-Marc Ghigo, working on the ability of an important member of the gut microbiota to form a bacterial community adhering to the intestine known as a biofilm. Outside of the lab, Nathalie enjoys reading and travelling and also performs in both improvisation and classical theatre.
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M A R ร A C A M A RA SA G ร M E Z
Dr. Marรญa Camarasa Gรณmez is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Materials and Interfaces at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Leeor Kronik. Her current research focuses on the investigation of the electronic structure and optical properties (excitons) of two-dimensional materials. In general, the interacting nature of electrons and excitons requires employing powerful yet computationally costly many-body techniques to explore these properties. Marรญa applies density functional theory using screened range-separated hybrid functionals for that purpose, enabling accurate results at a substantially lower computational cost.
Marรญa is from Salamanca, Spain, where she pursued her licenciatura in physics. She then completed her PhD in computational condensed matter physics at the University of Regensburg. In her PhD thesis, she investigated quantum interference and spin-orbit torque in single-molecule junctions using density functional theory and Green's function techniques. She also collaborated with research groups at Columbia University in the City of New York and Charles University in Prague. She enjoys teaching physics and bringing her expertise and knowledge into society. In particular, she has organized and taught optics workshops to both children and the general public. In her free time, she likes running, hiking in the mountains, learning languages, and ethology.
รngel Luis Fotรณgrafos
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F L AV I O A . G E I S S H U E S L E R
Dr. Flavio A. Geisshuesler is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Comparative Religion and the Department of Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, under the supervision of Prof. Eviatar Shulman. He is a historian of religions with an expertise in the contemplative systems of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Although the contemporary conception of practices like mindfulness meditation appears to be largely bereft of specific cultural content, meditation techniques never arise in a vacuum but, rather, in interaction with other societal domains such as myth, history, philosophy, science, art, literature, or politics. By reconstructing the place of specific meditation techniques within these larger contemplative systems through rigorous textual studies, his research engages in questions relating to three specific areas of inquiry: the history of meditation practices in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism; the theory of meditation and its functioning as articulated in Buddhism and in contemporary society; and interdisciplinary methods that allow for a better understanding of meditation as a complex phenomenon according to which universal cognitive structures meet unique cultural contexts.
Flavioโs academic career is marked by a far-reaching international itinerary which has enabled him to acquire proficiency in more than a dozen languages. He earned two PhDs โ one from the University of Virginia and one from the University of Bern โ conducted extensive dissertation research in Italy, India, and Nepal, and taught undergraduate and graduate courses at universities in Switzerland, the United States, and Israel. His research was funded by the United States Department of Education, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Khyentse Foundation, and the Lady Davis Foundation. In his free time, Flavio likes to dance (preferably to the songs on his eclectic Spotify playlist), spend time in the mountains or on the beach, and relax in the company of friends with a glass of Italian red wine or Scotch whisky.
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YA N N G O U T T E N O I R E
Dr. Yann Gouttenoire is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Tomer Volansky. His research in the field of particle physics and cosmology is based on building theoretical models of heavy dark matter and figuring out novel methods of detection. Dark matter composes 25% of the energy budget of the universe. Over the past decades, the standard paradigm has been that dark matter is a particle just a little heavier than the known elementary particles. The absence of experimental evidence for such dark matter particles has stimulated studies beyond the standard paradigm. By envisaging that dark matter is much heavier than standard elementary particles, Yannโs research takes a step in this direction. Yann is also searching for new methods using gravitational-wave astronomy to detect heavy dark matter where the standard colliders, telescopes, underground, or lab techniques fail.
Yann grew up in a small village in France, where he had the opportunity to develop an intimate relationship with nature, from its rich wildlife and majestic flora to its sublime celestial night sky. He inherited his interests and skills from the unconditional altruism of his mother and the unbounded curiosity of his father. Yann has always had an appetite for big questions. It started during his childhood when he read all sorts of science magazines that ultimately transformed into a sincere devotion to physics during his undergraduate studies in Paris. He completed his PhD in 2020 in the extremely rich and dynamic environment of Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg. Yann is aware of the importance of interactions with colleagues when doing research and thus appreciates the exciting and spontaneous scientific community in Tel Aviv. In his free time, Yann likes practicing all sorts of sports, socializing, playing the piano, and studying philosophy.
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BA LT H A SA R G RA BM AY R
Dr. Balthasar Grabmayr is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Dr. Gil Sagi. His research is concerned with the philosophical and foundational aspects of language, logic, and mathematics. He explores the theoretical limitations of truth, provability, and computability as well as the intricate relationship between ordinary and formal reasoning. As part of his current research, he will examine the structure of formal languages from an interdisciplinary perspective of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science. He thus aims to elucidate the essential underlying principles of the languages that we use to describe and implement algorithms, to model and analyse philosophical arguments, and to express and prove mathematical theorems.
Balthasar was born in Vienna and studied for his BSc and MSc in mathematics in Berlin. He completed his PhD in philosophy at Humboldt University of Berlin in 2021 and was a visiting researcher at New College, Oxford, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the Blavatnik School of Computer Science at Tel Aviv University. Balthasar enjoys bringing together students and scholars from the fields of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science as a way of overcoming disciplinary boundaries and discussing pressing foundational issues in logic from a combined perspective. He also enjoys playing music and travelling with his wife.
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E M M A N U E L GU I L L E R M
Dr. Emmanuel Guillerm is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow at the Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences at the University of Haifa under the supervision of Dr. Nicolas Waldmann. He conducts research in the field of climate and environmental sciences, concentrating on the evolution of the Earthโs surface on the geological timescale. His work focuses on saline lakes and their sedimentary salt deposits throughout the geological record. Using a wide range of experimental and numerical modelling methods, Emmanuel harnesses these salt deposits and lake water archives to produce quantitative reconstructions of past climate variables (temperature, river discharge, etc.) which are then used to better grasp the evolution of atmospheric and oceanic circulations throughout geological times. By increasing knowledge about the evolution of past climate and its causes, Emmanuel hopes to contribute to a more accurate prediction of the climatic consequences of human activities. His current research project focuses on the climate of the Dead Sea over the last 200,000 years.
Emmanuel was born in Brest, France. After graduating from the รcole Nationale Supรฉrieure de Gรฉologie (ENSG), he spent a sabbatical in the French Alps where he roamed the mountains, increased his knowledge of flora and fauna, and worked as a guide and activity leader in a natural history museum to convey his concern and passion for nature to young and old. He completed his PhD at the Universitรฉ de Lyon under the direction of geologist Dr. Vรฉronique Gardien and physicist Prof. Frรฉdรฉric Caupin. Emmanuel shares his passion for nature and physical and social sciences with his partner, with whom he often discusses their latest read over a glass of good wine. Together they love hiking and bird-watching. He also sings and plays the guitar.
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C H E T H A N K A M AT H
Dr. Chethan Kamath is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Blavatnik School of Computer Science at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Dr. Nir Bitansky and Dr. Omer Paneth. His primary area of research is the foundations of cryptography, but his interests extend to computational complexity theory and theoretical computer science in general. The focus of his research is the interplay between cryptography and computational complexity theory. In his current research, he plans to explore the role that structure plays in the feasibility and efficiency of cryptographic protocols, hoping that these structural insights will lead to real-world benefits through better designed cryptographic protocols.
Chethan was born in India and completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Kerala. After working briefly as an IT analyst, he went on to do an MSc at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. He then moved to Vienna and completed his PhD in computer science at the Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria under the supervision of Dr. Krzysztof Pietrzak. He then had two short postdoctoral positions: the first with Dr. Daniel Wichs at Northeastern University and the second with Dr. Pavel Hubรกcek at Charles University. Besides research, Chethan participates in various sporting activities including rock climbing and football. He also enjoys playing chess.
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DA N I E L K I R S C H E N BAU M
Dr. Daniel Kirschenbaum is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the field of immune-genomics at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Ido Amit. His research focuses on understanding how the immune system fails to fight brain cancer. This dysfunction of the immune system develops through an unknown timing-dependent dynamic process. In order to improve cancer immunotherapies, this temporal process needs to be characterized. To address this challenge Daniel, in his current research, is developing novel single-cell genomic approaches and applying them to brain tumour models. This work will allow him to dissect the spatio-temporal sequence of immune cell states in brain cancer and identify novel therapy targets.
Daniel studied medicine at Semmelweis University in Budapest and worked for two years as a resident in neurology in Germany. He completed his training as a neuropathologist under the supervision of Prof. Adriano Aguzzi at the University of Zurich, where he also completed his MD-PhD in which he developed novel whole-brain tissue clearing, staining, and imaging methods. These allowed him to create 3D reconstructions of the whole brain at microscopic resolutions which he then used to study Alzheimerโs disease. More recently, Daniel co-founded a platform providing rapid innovative bioengineering solutions to hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Daniel enjoys open-water swimming and plays the saxophone. He also likes to travel and lose himself in enthusiastic discussions on a range of topics including politics, art, and philosophy.
Attila Szvacsek
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K E R E N K L A S S
Dr. Keren Klass is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour in the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Dr. Gili Greenbaum. Her research in the fields of conservation biology and primatology employs computational genomic analyses of DNA sampled from endangered wild black howler monkeys in forest fragments in Chiapas, Mexico. She aims to understand the effects of anthropogenic habitat loss and fragmentation on arboreal primatesโ movement, reproduction, and population genetics. With more knowledge of how rapid forest loss and fragmentation is affecting this species, Keren hopes to contribute not only to evidence-based conservation measures for black howlers but also to a broader understanding of the complex ways in which forest-dwelling social mammals are impacted by this very common threat.
Keren was born in Chicago and moved to Israel as a child with her family. After completing her BSc in life sciences and environmental studies at the Hebrew University, she went on to obtain an MSc in conservation biology at Columbia University in New York, where she studied dominance behaviour in blue monkeys in Kenya. It was there that Keren discovered her love for both monkeys and conducting fieldwork in their forest habitats. Following additional fieldwork in Kenya and several years working as a conservation professional, Keren completed her PhD at the University of Toronto in evolutionary anthropology under the supervision of Dr. Shawn Lehman and Dr. Julie Teichroeb, studying the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on black howler monkey behaviour and population demography around Palenque National Park, Mexico. For her doctoral fieldwork, Keren spent a year in Mexico with her partner and young son, which was a wonderful opportunity to continue exploring her lifelong loves of travel, nature, and good vegetarian food.
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NA D I N E K NA B
Dr. Nadine Knab is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Public Policy in the International Program for Conflict Resolution and Mediation at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Azrieli (Graduate Studies) alum Dr. Boaz Hameiri. Her research investigates the psychological underpinnings of current social and political challenges in an attempt to develop theory-based socio-psychological interventions for improving group relations, such as between refugees and native citizens, men and women, or future political leaders. One of her postdoctoral projects will investigate helping relations between majority and minority groups and how to further empower disadvantaged groups.
Nadine embarked on her academic journey in psychological science with a BSc and MSc at the University Koblenz-Landau in Germany while also attending courses in disciplines such as criminology, intercultural education, and critical security studies. During her PhD, also at the University of Koblenz-Landau, she was a visiting researcher at institutes in Russia, Israel, and the United States. Nadine believes in combining research and practice as a means to sustain processes of change, and this inspires her efforts to make science accessible to everyone. She does this by engaging in science communication activities and by serving as the president of the German Peace Psychology Association, which builds structures for psychological research relating to peace processes in academia and beyond. When not researching, lecturing, or science communicating, Nadine enjoys dancing, especially Latin dances such as salsa and bachata.
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I L A N M A N O R
Dr. Ilan Manor is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Communications at Tel Aviv University under the supervision of Prof. Elad Segev. He is, in addition, a visiting fellow at the USC (University of Southern California) Center on Public Diplomacy. His academic field of inquiry is digital diplomacy, a field which examines how digital technologies impact diplomats, diplomatic institutions, and diplomatic processes. In his current research, Ilan will explore how the architecture of social media platforms impact diplomatic messaging online.
Ilan received his BA and MA in communications from Tel Aviv University and his PhD from the University of Oxford. His doctoral thesis examined whether tweets published by diplomats during international crises can be used to map the trajectory of a crisis and identify diplomatic intervention points. In addition to his academic writing, Ilan is a regular contributor to news publications in Israel and the United States. He is also the editor of The Hague Diplomacy Blog and is himself an avid blogger. When in Israel, Ilan works as a part-time fundraiser for civil society organizations such as the Israeli Scouts and the Israeli Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. He is a passionate football fan and plays in amateur football leagues.
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RA JA R S H I M O N DA L
Dr. Rajarshi Mondal is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Under the supervision of Dr. Zackaria Nairoukh, he is pursuing his research in the field of organic chemistry, specifically, the synthesis of organic molecules for application in the field of medicine development. His research focuses on the development of organic fluorinated small molecules for increasing the efficiency of existing and underdeveloped drug components which could be useful for fighting novel and atom viruses. Fluorine is the smallest halogen atom of the periodic table and well-known for increasing the efficiency of organic drugs; however, installing fluorine atom on organic molecules has always been challenging. Rajarshi hopes to contribute toward a better understanding of the behaviour of fluorine atom binding with organic compounds and find the techniques to control the proper orientation.
Rajarshi was born and raised in a small town called Basirhat near Kolkata. He completed his BSc and MSc at Jadavpur University and then moved to Canada where, under the supervision of Dr. David E. Herbert, he received his PhD from the University of Manitoba. He has published many articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented his research in scientific symposiums. Besides research, Rajarshi enjoys teaching chemistry to students, visiting new places, photography, and cooking.
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K I RT I SA N K H A L A
Dr. Kirti Sankhala is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology, under the supervision of Azrieli Early Career Faculty Fellow (alum) Dr. Tamar Segal-Peretz. Her research focuses on hybrid nano-structure developments, mainly for water purification membranes by post-modification of polymeric membranes via atomic layer deposition technique, self-assembly of block copolymers, advanced electron microscopy imaging, and small-angle X-ray scattering studies.
Kirti was born and raised in Jodhpur, a city in the Thar desert of India. The stressed water supply in the desert made her realise the value of water at an early age. After receiving an MSc in physics from Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, she received a PhD in chemistry from the University of Hamburg under the supervision of Prof. Volker Abetz. During her PhD, and later as a postdoctoral researcher, she conducted research at the Institute of Membrane Research at Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon where she developed her expertise on membrane fabrication, water purification techniques, and process/machinery development. Her research work, including inventions of inside-out integral asymmetric and composite isoporous hollow fiber membranes, has led to research articles, journal cover pictures, and two patent applications, one of which has been granted by the European Patent Office. She moved to Israel in 2020 and was awarded the Grand Technion Energy Programme (GTEP) postdoctoral fellowship. Following her interest in science communication and celebrating science and scientists, she started a YouTube channel, Science Craft with Kirti, which she works on in her free time. She enjoys spending time in nature with her husband and family as well as cooking, running, yoga, gardening, and reading.
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T H I E R RY S L O T
Dr. Thierry Slot is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Faculty of Chemistry at the Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology under the supervision of Prof. David Eisenberg. He studies novel catalytic materials for nitrogen fixation โ one of the most important and pervasive challenges in chemistry today. His current research aims to push the boundaries of electrochemical synthesis of ammonia and nitric acid, with the ultimate goal of building a self-contained electrolyzer that can make these chemicals from air using only electricity and water.
Thierry was born in Alkmaar, the Netherlands. He received two BSc degrees (chemistry and pharmacy) from Utrecht University before completing his MSc in chemistry at the University of Amsterdam. He then completed his PhD in heterogeneous catalysis at the University of Amsterdam under the supervision of Prof. Gadi Rothenberg and Dr. Shiju Raveendran. His research unravelled the mysteries of confinement chemistry by altering the surface structure of various catalytic materials including MAX phases and MXenes. He has published 14 peer-reviewed papers and invented a new device to study the kinetics of gas-producing reactions, combining his three passions: chemistry, electronics, and 3D printing. He also gained international experience, spending three months at Fudan University in Shanghai under the supervision of Prof. Hualong Xu. In his spare time, Thierry likes to play the piano and organizes workshops on 3D printing and electronics for aspiring young scientists.
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S L AVA T R E T YAC H E N KO
Dr. Vjaceslav (Slava) Tretjacenko is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the Weizmann Institute of Science where, under the supervision of Prof. Yitzhak Pilpel, he intends to research the earliest signatures of coded proteins. His study will focus on an intriguing phenomenon of genetically overlapped protein sequences โ common in simple viral genomes yet absent in modern organisms. Overlapped sequences can be imagined as bearers of different meanings coded by palindromes, i.e., words that can be read in both directions. In biology, DNA sequences and meanings are provided by coded proteins which are expressed, like palindromes, by reading the DNA in both directions. His research project aims to reveal the ancient overlapped protein sequences which kick-started the genome diversification that has led to the variety of life as we know it.
Slava was born in Ukraine and moved to Czech Republic with his parents at the age of 12. After completing his MSc in biochemistry and bioinformatics, he embarked on a PhD at Charles University in Prague, focusing on the reasons why nature chose a very limited subset of proteins and reused them to design every living organism on Earth. In addition to science, he enjoys the study of languages with all their quirks. He likes to search for parallels between biochemistry and linguistics as both disciplines study noisy living things while processing and transmitting various kinds of information. He also enjoys playing the guitar and spending time outdoors skiing, cycling, and jogging.
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J UA N PA B L O U N F R I E D
Dr. Juan Pablo Unfried is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Biological Regulation at the Weizmann Institute of Science under the supervision of Prof. Igor Ulitsky. His long-term scientific interests involve the genomic regulation exerted by a novel family of genes called long non-coding RNAs. His current research focuses on dissecting the determinants of long non-coding RNA functionality, looking for rules that can explain how these genes are able to work as master regulators of genomic events in the brain. Juan Pabloโs main line of research proposes that the functionality of these genes resides in discrete functional domains determined in the sequence or structure of these RNAs that are hardwired to carry out regulatory functions through evolution.
Juan Pablo is originally from Costa Rica, where he received an BSc in microbiology and clinical chemistry. He completed an MSc in biomedical research in the Center for Applied Medical Research at the University of Navarra in Pamplona, where he later completed his PhD in biomedical research. During his doctoral studies he was awarded a grant to conduct research at the University of Calgary. He has published his doctoral findings in two scientific publications on a novel long non-coding RNA gene involved in genome instability and cancer. In addition to his scientific interests Juan Pablo enjoys hiking and baking and describes himself as the worldโs most average triathlete.
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A N D R E I US H KOV
Dr. Andrei Ushkov is an Azrieli Postdoctoral Fellow in the School of Electrical Engineering at Tel Aviv University. Under the supervision of Prof. Pavel Ginzburg, he intends to develop non-invasive optical methods for biological and chemical sensing, aiming at their use in clinics and medical laboratories. In contrast to the well-known surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), his research project focuses on the relatively novel and nonconventional analytical technique called surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS), which enables the detection of trace amounts of chemical compounds via their moleculeโs vibrational modes. Since the 1990s there has been growing interest in SEIRAS as a relatively cheap and manageable counterpart to SERS, but several issues, such as sample overheating and proper biosensor design, need to be solved by the close collaboration of scientists with experimental and theoretical backgrounds.
Andrei was born in Smolensk, Russia, and received his BSc and MSc from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. There, he started his research career with the theoretical study of photonic crystals and light-matter omnipresent entanglement and interaction, which goes far beyond our everyday experience. Understanding that nanotechnologies provide an excellent platform to study these lightโmatter interactions, he embarked on a PhD at the University of Lyon, where he was able to supplement his theoretical background with experimental nanofabrication work. Alongside research, Andrei likes to explore new cultures and countries, swim, and play the guitar.
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Noga KeidarHebrew University of Jerusalem
Sociology
Raphael Ben LeviUniversity of Haifa
International Relations
AZRIELI INTERNATIONAL POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS 2020-2021
66
2018-20192020-2021
2019-2020
2017-2018
TAMIR ARVIVTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyArchitecture
HUGUES BEAUCHESNEBen-Gurion University in the NegevPhysics
ADINA HOULDINUniversity of Haifa Occupational Therapy
J.C. SAUNDERSBen-Gurion University in the NegevMathematics
NOAH STEMEROFFTel Aviv UniversityHistory and Philosophy of Science
HAGIT SINAI GLAZERBen-Gurion University in the NegevSocial Work
MICHAEL FREEDMANThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPolitical Science
DAN DEUTSCHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMusicology
MICHAEL JOHNSONThe Hebrew University of JerusalemLiterature & Religion
NOA REICHUniversity of HaifaEnglish Literature
JOSHUA RICOUVIERWeizmann Institute of ScienceBiophysics
GENEVIEVE ALLAIRE-DUQUETTETel Aviv UniversityEducation & Neuroscience
ADAM DOR-ONTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology Mathematics
TREVOR JANESWeizmann Institute of ScienceInorganic Chemistry
DENI KASATel Aviv UniversityEnglish Literature
YISKA LOEWENBERG WEISBANDThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEpidemiology
DEVIN TRUDEAUWeizmann Institute of ScienceBioengineering
ANDREA CASSATELLAThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPolitical Science
JERRY ALFRED FEREIROWeizmann Institute of ScienceBio-electronics
ADARA GOLDBERGThe Hebrew University of JerusalemHolocaust History
NOA GRASSTel Aviv UniversityChinese History
VLADIMIR REINHARZBen-Gurion University in the NegevComputational Biology
LEIA SALTZMANThe Hebrew University of JerusalemSocial Work
2016-2017
AZRIELI INTERNATIONAL POSTDOCTORAL ALUMNI
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DON BUTLERUniversity of HaifaMicro-Archaeology
PAUL GREENHAMTel Aviv UniversityHistory of Science
JAMIE LEVINThe Hebrew University of JerusalemPolitical Sciences
TSIPORA MANKOVSKY-ARNOLDUniversity of HaifaPsychology
LITAL SEVERWeizmann Institute of ScienceBiology
VIJAYAN SUNDARARAJBen-Gurion University in the NegevBiology
TIFFANY ABITBOLThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMaterials Chemistry
MERLIN DAVIESTel Aviv UniversityExperimental Particle Physics
ALISON GAINSBURYTel Aviv UniversityIntegrative / Evolutionary Biology
ANDREA GONDOSTel Aviv UniversityJewish Studies
DANA MARGALITHTechnion - Israel Institute of Technology Architecture
DEBORAH WINTERWeizmann Institute of ScienceComputational Biology
ZHIHUA CHANGBar-Ilan UniversityMathematics
ALEX DAUTHWeizmann Institute of ScienceChemistry
ALEX GOLDBERGWeizmann Institute of ScienceChemistry
SCOTT HANSENWeizmann Institute of ScienceEnvironmental Science
DELPHINE LUMBROSOUniversity of HaifaBiology
OLIVER VAN KAICKTel Aviv UniversityComputer Science
2015-2016 2014-2015 2013-2014
AZRIELI INTERNATIONAL POSTDOCTORAL ALUMNI
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AZRIELI INTERNATIONAL POSTDOCTORAL ALUMNI
ALEEZA GERSTEINTel Aviv UniversityMolecular Biology
ALEXANDER MIKHAILINEWeizmann Institute of ScienceChemistry
PINAKI MONDALWeizmann Institute of ScienceMathematics
MEERA NAIRThe Hebrew University of JerusalemCommunications
MARLIN PENNERTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyChemistry
ZACHARY TAYLORTel Aviv UniversityCivil and Environmental Engineering
GAD ABIKHZERTechnion - Israel Institute of TechnologyMedicine
YONATHAN ANAHORYWeizmann Institute of ScienceCondensed matter physics
SHOHAM BEN-DAVIDThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComputer Science
BENOIT PALMIERIWeizmann Institute of ScienceTheoretical Chemistry / Materials and Interfaces
DESIREE TILLOWeizmann Institute of ScienceGenomics
ANAT ZAIDMAN-ZAITTel Aviv UniversityEducation
DANIEL-ROBERT CHEBATThe Hebrew University of JerusalemNeurobiology
BOAZ MILLERUniversity of HaifaPhilosophy
MIKAEL RECHTSMANTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology Physics
AVIAD RUBINTel Aviv UniversityPolitical Science
2012-2013 2011-2012 2010-2011
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Azrieli Early Career Faculty FellowsSelection Committees 2021โ2022
Chair: Professor Hagit Attiya, Technion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Prof. Milko van der Boom, Weizmann Institute of ScienceProf. Yair Glasner, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Shlomo Havlin, Bar-Ilan UniversityProf. Roy Kishony, Technion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyProf. Noam Nisan, The Hebrew University of JerusalemProf. Gal Richter-Levin, University of Haifa
Chair of Humanities, Education & Social Sciences Sub-Committee:
Professor Michal Krumer Nevo, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Prof. Menachem Fisch, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Avishai Henik, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevProf. Avner Holtzman, Tel Aviv UniversityProf. Joseph Zeira, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
SENIOR ACADEMIC ADVISORProfessor Hermona Soreq, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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S H A I E V RA
Dr. Shai Evra is a new faculty member in the Einstein Institute of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His main area of expertise centres on the theory of automorphic representations, specifically the Langlands program, which is the study of the symmetries of geometric structures using classical number theory. A main theme of Shaiโs work is the utilization of deep and recent results within this purely mathematical theory to construct geometric objects (e.g., graphs) that possess remarkable geometric and combinatorial properties, which are sought after in theoretical computer science and applied mathematics. His research proposal, supported by the Azrieli Fellows Program, looks to combine two monumental results with the Langlands program โ Arthurโs classification of the automorphic representations of classical groups and the proof of the generalized Ramanujan-Petersson conjecture โ in order to prove new instances of the Sarnak-Xue density hypothesis and deduce extremal combinatorial properties for graphs coming from number theory.
Shai was born and raised in Karmei Yosef. He served as a combat engineer in the IDF and, after his military service, moved to Jerusalem to pursue his childhood dream of becoming a mathematician. This aspiration stems from when he first heard of Fermatโs Last Theorem and its proof by Andrew Wiles, thus sparking his own (unsuccessful) efforts of solving it. He completed his BSc in mathematics and the Amirim program and his MSc and PhD in mathematics, all at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under the supervision of Alex Lubotzky. His thesis addressed applications of the famous Ramanujan conjecture and its generalizations to problems in combinatorics and geometry. He also completed two postdoctoral positions in New Jersey: the first at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and the second at Princeton University. Shai lives in Rehovot with his wife, Tsafra, and their dog, Daisy.
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A R S E N Y F I N K E L S T E I N
Dr. Arseny Finkelstein is a new faculty member in the Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience at Tel Aviv University. His lab will study how neural interactions give rise to cognitive abilities and how brain networks change during the formation of new memories. The long-term goal of Arsenyโs lab is to understand what constitutes the building blocks of memory by literally watching how memories are formed using optical imaging of the living brain and implanting artificial memories directly into the brain using novel optical stimulation methods. In addition to studying changes in neural interactions in the healthy brain, Arsenyโs lab will study another important aspect of neural plasticity: the reorganization of brain networks during neurodegeneration, with a focus on brain plasticity following stroke.
Arsenyโs journey into brain research started during his MSc at the Weizmann Institute of Science, when he worked on developing immune-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. For his PhD, also conducted at the Weizmann Institute, he switched to studying brain function under normal physiological conditions, focusing on the naturalistic behaviour and neural mechanisms of navigation in bats. During his postdoctoral studies at HHMIโs Janelia Research Campus, at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Ashburn, Virginia, Arseny studied the brain circuits involved in decision-making and developed optical methods for the manipulation of neural activity in the brain. In addition to his academic research, Arseny considers himself an educator and regularly participates in outreach activities among high-school students and the general public on topics relating to neuroscience. In his free time, Arseny engages in creative writing, painting, and photography and can occasionally be seen shaking his motor cortex to the tunes of Argentine tango. Arseny is a father to Thea and married to Nina โ his long-term partner in crime on the dance floor.
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Dr. Moran Frenkel-Pinter is a new faculty member in the Institute of Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Moranโs research merges concepts from biotechnology and origins of life chemistry, fields in which she specialized during her PhD and postdoctoral research respectively. Moran harnesses the creative power of chemical evolution to develop evolving functional biodegradable chains of molecules (polymers) for biotechnological applications. As an Azrieli Fellow, she will emulate the environment that gave rise to the polymers of life in order to create and evolve functional polymers that specifically bind to nucleic acids and stabilize them. Understanding the basics of chemical evolution will allow us to tame it for innovative purposes with implications in a variety of fields such as drug delivery, agriculture, and tissue engineering.
Moran received her BSc and PhD in biotechnology from Tel Aviv University. As a PhD student, under the supervision of Prof. Daniel Segal and Prof. Ehud Gazit, she studied the role of protein glycosylation in the pathology of Alzheimerโs disease, and in collaboration with Prof. Shai Rahimipour from Bar-Ilan University, she synthesized glycopeptides to study the effect of glycans on peptide self-assembly. Moran then became a NASA postdoctoral fellow at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta and, subsequently, a research scientist in its School of Chemistry. As a member of the Center for Chemical Evolution and team leader at the NASA Center for Origins of Life, Moran focused on elucidating mechanisms that lead to the formation of proto-peptides that can spontaneously polymerize, fold, and interact with nucleic acids under prebiotic conditions. Moran grew up in a moshav in northern Israel called Aviel. She lives with her spouse, Yuval, and their two daughters, Inbal and Keren, and enjoys an active life and taking trips with family and friends.
M O RA N F R E N K E L -P I N T E R
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J O NAT H A N K A D M O N
Dr. Jonathan Kadmon is a new faculty member in the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The question that motivates his research is how intelligent behaviour sprouts out of brain tissue. He uses theoretical physics, dynamical systems, and information theory to formulate principles that bridge biology and computation. Recent advancements in machine learning provide new perspectives on the inner workings of neural networks as they learn and operate. They introduce new challenges and opportunities to the field of neuroscience. In the coming years, Jonathanโs research group will exploit synergies between neuroscience and machine learning to understand how different brain circuits function. They will use artificial neural networks as surrogate brain circuits, study underlying principles of learning and inference in brain-inspired neural networks, and design algorithms targeted at specific needs of computational neuroscience. A formulation of the basic science behind neural computation will advance our understanding of brain function and inspire new applications with potential impact on other fields.
Before joining the Hebrew University as a faculty member, Jonathan was a postdoctoral researcher and Swartz Foundation independent researcher at Stanford University and a visiting student at Harvard University. He completed his PhD in the Racah Institute of Physics at the Hebrew University, where he used concepts from physics to study the behaviour of large neuronal networks. Alongside his academic career, Jonathan spent a few years as a software developer and was also a scuba diving instructor in the Red Sea and the islands of Thailand. He lives with his wife, Tamar, and their three children in Nir Tzvi, a moshav located between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.
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E S H BA L RAT Z O N
Dr. Eshbal Ratzon is a new faculty member in the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and the Department of Jewish Philosophy and Talmud at Tel Aviv University. Her field of research is the history of ancient Jewish science and religion within their ancient Near Eastern background. She focuses mainly on Second Temple literature including the Dead Sea Scrolls, Apocrypha, and Pseudepigrapha. In her research she combines material, mathematical, and digital tools for the reconstruction and analysis of sources. Her research project, supported by the Azrieli Fellows Program, will explore astronomy in the Dead Sea Scrolls. In the first stage, she will materially and digitally reconstruct all the astronomical and calendrical scrolls, presenting a more reliable dataset for the analysis of their scientific content. In the second stage, she will offer a synthesis of ancient authorsโ ideas on space, time, and movement and compare them to similar ideas in the surrounding cultures: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Greco-Roman culture.
After finishing high school and before doing her national service, Eshbal studied at a midrasha (an institute of higher learning in Jewish Studies) for two years. She then completed a BSc in physics and multidisciplinary studies in the humanities and an MA in Jewish history at Tel Aviv University. She continued on a direct PhD track in Jewish Studies, also at Tel Aviv University, with a doctoral dissertation on the conception of the universe in 1 Enoch. She then held postdoctoral fellowships in several institutions in Israel and abroad, including a Fulbright fellowship at Princeton University. Eshbal now lives in Tel Aviv together with her husband, Akiva Bloch, and their four daughters.
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A L D E M A SA S - C H E N
Dr. Aldema Sas-Chen is a new faculty member in the Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research in the Faculty of Life Sciences at Tel Aviv University. Her research group investigates the involvement of RNA-based mechanisms of gene regulation in health and disease and across evolution. A major focus of her work is to characterize changes in patterns of chemical modifications of RNA and to explore the molecular and cellular functions of these modifications in response to varying environmental cues. By combining models at the molecular, cellular, and organism level, using cutting-edge experimental and computational methodologies, her lab examines the roles of RNA modifications in cancer progression and other models of human disease. Her research aims to decipher the roles of RNA molecules and their various modifications in regulating gene expression and to uncover mechanisms that will facilitate both the diagnosis and treatment of patients.
Aldema conducted her undergraduate studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where she studied psychobiology, a combination of psychology and biology, focusing on brain sciences. She continued her graduate studies at the Weizmann Institute of Science, dedicating her PhD to the investigation of the roles of RNA molecules in breast cancer progression and diagnosis. In her postdoctoral studies, also at the Weizmann Institute, she acquired advanced skills in computational biology and combined โwetโ experimental biology with big data analysis. She developed cutting-edge technologies to identify the presence of chemical modifications on RNA molecules and to study their impact in regulating cellular processes and human disease. Her postdoctoral studies were supported by a scholarship from the Combined Weizmann โ Abroad Postdoctoral Program for Advancing Women in Science and resulted in many international collaborations. Aldema lives with her partner, Kobi, and their children, Dvir, Adar, and Uriah. In her spare time, she enjoys playing the piano and making jewellery.
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A NAT S C H E C H T M A N
Prof. Anat Schechtman is a new faculty member in the Department of Philosophy at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Her research focuses on early modern philosophy and is concerned primarily with the intersection of philosophy, mathematics, and theology in this period. A central topic of her research is infinity, and she is currently working on a monograph, Ontic Infinity, on quantitative (e.g., mathematical) and non-quantitative (e.g., theological) notions of infinity in the seventeenth century. She has written about several central philosophers in the early modern period including Renรฉ Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, G.W. Leibniz, John Locke, and Nicholas Malebranche.
Anat was raised in Caesarea and went to high school in the neighbouring town of Hadera. After serving in the IDF as an intelligence officer, she completed her BSc in philosophy and mathematics at Tel Aviv University as a member of the Special Program for Outstanding Students. She studied for her PhD in philosophy at Yale University and subsequently taught at the University of Chicago, Harvard University, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Anat is passionate about teaching and particularly enjoys working with students who are completely new to philosophy via an introductory course she developed on the topic of the meaning of life. She lives with her partner, John, and their two sons, Elan and Maayan, and enjoys reading, cooking, exercising, and traveling.
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G I D D O N T I C O T S K Y
Prof. Giddon Ticotsky is a new faculty member in the Department of Hebrew Literature at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research focuses on the canon of modern Hebrew literature, both on its own and in dialogue with European culture, and combines digital humanities methods with archival and bio-bibliographic expertise. Giddonโs current project sheds light on a corpus that is barely known: hundreds of forgotten works by some of the finest modern Hebrew poets including Avraham Shlonsky, Zelda, Haim Gouri, and Yehuda Amichai. These are not manuscripts from their estates but, rather, works that were published only once in the press. Since these poems have not been collected in a book by their authors, they were consigned to near-oblivion. This old-new oeuvre enriches the known corpus of each poet and leads to a re-examination of their writing, revealing strategies of writing and erasure, of cultural memory and marginalization of works, and of hidden processes of canon formation.
Giddon was born and raised in Hadera. While studying at high school, he attended classes in Hebrew and French literature at Tel Aviv University (thanks to the mentorship of a devoted teacher) and composed his first research book about the French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupรฉry, author of The Little Prince. After serving in the IDF for an entire decade and reaching the rank of major, he completed a BA in Hebrew and French literature at Tel Aviv University. As a graduate student at both Tel Aviv University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he was appointed editor in a leading publishing house specializing in Hebrew modernism and was eventually promoted to co-chief editor. He conducted his postdoctoral studies at both Stanford University and the University of Pennsylvania. Giddon lives in Tel Aviv with his spouse, Oren โ his best friend since fourth grade.
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Dvir AranTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Computational Biology
Yonatan BelinkovTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Computational Linguistics
Sagi Ben-AmiWeizmann Institute of Science
Particle Physics
Leeat KerenWeizmann Institute of Science
Systems Biology
Shay MoranTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technology
Machine Learning
Mor NitzanHebrew University of Jerusalem
Computational Biology
Roni PoratHebrew University of Jerusalem
Political Psychology
Ezer RasinTel Aviv University
Computational Linguistics
AZRIELI EARLY CAREER FACULTY FELLOWS 2020-2021
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Inbal Ben-Ami BartalTel Aviv University
Psychobiology
Uri Ben DavidTel Aviv University
Molecular Genetics
Takashi KawashimaWeizmann Institute
Neuroscience
Ely KovetzBen-Gurion University of the Negev
Cosmology
Benjamin PalmerBen-Gurion University of the Negev
Biochemistry
Yotam SoreqTechnion โ Israel Institute of Technolog
Physics
Omer PanethTel Aviv UniversityComputer Science
Jennifer Resnik Ben-Gurion University of the Nege
Neuroscience
Gideon SegevTel Aviv Universit
Electrical Engineering
AZRIELI EARLY CAREER FACULTY FELLOWS 2019-2020
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AZRIELI EARLY CAREER FACULTY ALUMNI
AMIR BASHANBar-Ilan UniversityBiological Physics
GRAHAM DE RUITERTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyChemistry
YONIT HOCHBERGThe Hebrew University of JerusalemTheoretical Physics
IDO KAMINERTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyPhysics & Nanotechnology
YONATAN MOSSThe Hebrew University of JerusalemComparative Religion
MEITAL OREN-SUISSAWeizmann Institute of ScienceNeurobiology
ANAT PERRYThe The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Cognitive Psychology
SHLOMI REUVENITel Aviv UniversityPhysical Chemistry
AVRAHAM ASHKENAZITel Aviv UniversityBiology
SHAI BELBar-Ilan UniversityBiology
GIL COHENTel Aviv UniversityComputer Science
BEN MAOZTel Aviv UniversityBiomedical Engineering
YAKIR PAZThe Hebrew University of JerusalemTalmud and Classical Studies
MICHAL RABANIThe Hebrew University of JerusalemBiology
JUDITH WEISSBen-Gurion University of the NegevJewish Thought
MORAN YASSOURThe Hebrew University of JerusalemMicrobiology
2017-20182018-2019
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TSEVI BEATUSThe Hebrew University of JerusalemBioengineering
NOAM KAPLANTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyComputational Biology
MICHAEL KHANEVSKYTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyMathematics
AHMAD MASARWAThe Hebrew University of JerusalemChemistry
DAN ORBACHThe Hebrew University of JerusalemHistory
TALYA SADEHBen-Gurion University of the NegevCognitive Neuroscience
TAMAR SEGAL-PERETZTechnion โ Israel Institute of TechnologyChemical Engineering
AMIT SITTTel Aviv UniversityChemistry
2016-2017
AZRIELI EARLY CAREER FACULTY ALUMNI
ORI KATZThe Hebrew University of JerusalemApplied Physics
OREN RAMThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEpigenomics
RINA ROSENZWEIGWeizmann Institute of ScienceStructural Biology
ZIV SHULMANWeizmann Institute of ScienceImmunology
2015-2016
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CEIGHLEY CRIBBPostdoc Campaign [email protected]
DR. MICHAL HATUEL-RADOSHITZKYFellowship [email protected]
TAL MORDOCHAdmissions [email protected]
ERIN KOHNAdministrative [email protected]
DAFNA SOFRIN-FRUMERAnalyst and Project Manager [email protected]
DR. AVIAD STOLLMANGlobal [email protected]
ROCHELLE AVITANProgram [email protected]
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ืขืืจืืช:ืืืื ืืืืื-ืจืืืฉืืฆืงื
ืขืืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช:ื ืืงื ืืืืื
ืขืืจืืช ืืฉืื ืืขืืจืืช:ืืืจื ืืืื
ืฆืืืื:ืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืจ
ืขืืฆืื ืืจืคื:ืืื ืืืืื
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ืืืจื ืืจืื ืคืจืืค' ืืจืืื ื ืฉืืจืง 05
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ืขืืืชื ืงืจื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืงืจืื,
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ืชืืื ืืช ืื โ ืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืงืจืชืืืช ืืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจืื โ ื ืืกืื ืืฉื ืช 2007 ืขื 11 ืขืืืชืืช ืืขืืืชืื. ืืฉื ื ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืจืื 53 ืขืืืชืืช ืืขืืืชืื.
ืืฆืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืกืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืฉืื ื: ืืืืฉื ืขืืืชื ืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืฆืืจืคื ืื ืืขืืืชื ืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืฉืื. 2021 ืื ืื ื ืชืืืืื ื-20 ืขืืืชืืช ืืืฉื ืช ืืืื ื ืืฉื ื ืฉืขืืจื, ืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืขืืืชืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืืื ืื ืจืง ืืงื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืืคื, ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื
ืืกืืจ ืืืืคืฉื ืืืืจืืคื )EFTA( ืืืืจืืื ืื, ืืื ืืจืืฉ!
ืืฆืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืจืง ืืืกืคืจืื. ืืจืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืืืงืืงืช )ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืงืจ ืงืจืืืจืช ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืช ืฉืื ื, ืืืขืืืชืื ืืขืืืชืืช ืขืืืจืื, ืืืชืจ ืืชืืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืช ืืชืืื ื ืืืืงืจ. ืืชืืื ืฆืขืืจ( ืืงืืื ืกืื ืื ืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืชืงืืืื, ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืฉืืฃ ืืชืื ืืืืงืจืื ืคืืจืฆื ืืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืฆืขืื ืขืืืชืืื ืืืืคืฉืจ
ืืื ืืคืชื ืงืฉืจืื ืขื ืื ืฉื ืืงืฆืืข ืืขื ืขืืืชืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืืจืื.
ืืช ืืขืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืฉืืืช ืจืืื ืื ื ืืชืืื ืืช ืคืืขืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืื ื-14 ืืืชืจ ืืืฉื ืืขืืืชืืช ืืืขืืืชืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืกืืง ืืืืชื ื ืืืข. ืืฉื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืจืืื ืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืืชื ื ืืืข, ืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืชืืฆืื ืืช ืืชืฉืืืืช ืฉืืชื ืืงืืงืื ืืื.
ืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ, ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืกืืืืช ืฉืืืจื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื.
ืื ื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืกืข; ืืืจื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืืกืืืข ืืื ืืื ืฆืขื ืืฉืขื.
ื"ืจ ื ืขืื ืขืืจืืืืืื"ืจ ืืื ื"ื ืงืจื ืขืืจืืืื
ืฉืื
ืืืจื
ืื
5
ืขืืืชืืช ืืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืงืจืื,
ืืืื ืงืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืฉื ื ื ืืกืคืช ืืืคื ืื. ืืืขื ื ืฉืืื ืชืืื ืืืชืืจืช ืืื ื ืจืื ืฉืื ืฆืคืื ื ืืืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืขื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืคื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืช ืืืืืงืืืจืืช ืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืคืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืจื ืืฉืืชืืื ื ืื ืื ืืืฃ ืฉืืืฆืข ืขืืื ื ืื ืชืืกืืก ืฉืืืคืืข ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื! ืืืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืื ืืืฃ ืขืืื ื ืืื, ืงืจื ืขืืจืืืื ื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืืื ืจืื: ืงืืืื ื ืื ืืืช ืืืืช ืืืคืขืืืืืืช ืฉืื ื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืจื ืืื, ืืืืืฉืืจืื ืืืงืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืฉืชืคืจื ืชืื ืกืืืข ืืฆืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืืกืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืจืืืช ืชืืื ืืช ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืจืื ืืกืจืช ืชืงืืื ืื ืืฃ ืืืฉืจืืื. ืื ืื ื
ืืงืืืื ืฉืืื ืชืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืงืืฃ ืืชืืื ืืืืข ืืืฉืจืื.
ืืื ืื ื ืืฉื ืฉืืืขืงื ืืืจ ืืคืจืกืืืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืขืจืืช ืืืจืฉืืืื, ืืคืจืกืื, ืืืืขืืืืืืช ืืืืืฉืืื ืืืงืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื, ืืฆื ืืกืืจืืชืื ืืืืคืื ืืฉืคืืืชืืื ืืฆืขืืจืืช )ืืืฆืืืืืช(, ืืฆื ืืื, ืืืืืชืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืขืืจืจืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืฉืชื ื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ื. ืืฆื ืืชืคืขืืืช. ืื ื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืชืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืขื ืื ืฉืืฉืคืชื ืืืชื ืืขืืื ืืืขื ืืจืื ืืืืืจื,
ืฉืืื ืืชืืืืชื ืืืืจื. ืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืฉ ืืชืจืื ืืช ืจืืื ืืชืคืงืื ืืืืขืฆืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืจื!
ืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฆืคืืช ืืฉื ื ืืงืจืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื? ืืงืืืืืช, ืืฉื ืื ืฉืจืืื ื ืืคื ืชืฉืืฉื, ืืชืืื ืืช ืฉืคืขืืืืช ืืฆืคืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืจ ื ืืฆืืจ ืฉื ืืช, ืฉืื ื. ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ื ืขืืฉืื, ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืฆื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืขืืืชื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืฉืื ื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ื ืขืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืชืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืขื ืืง ืืื ืคืืืคืืจืื ืืืืืืชืืช. ืืืกืืฃ, ืืืื ื ืขืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืงืื ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ื ืชืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื-ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืื
ืืืคื.
ืืจืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืืื!
ืคืจืืค' ืืจืืื ื ืฉืืจืง ืืืขืฆืช ืืงืืืืช ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื
ืืค"
ืฉืช
ื ื
ืืจื
ืขืื
ืชืื
ืขืช
ื ืื
ืชื
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืืืืขืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืช ืชืฉืค"ื
ื ื ื ื ื
ืคืจืืค' ืืช-ืฉืืข ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ืฉืืื ืืง, ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืข"ืฉ ืงืืืคืจืืคโ ืืื ืืคืกืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืคืจืืค' ื ืืื ืืืจ, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ื ื ืจ ื ื ืข ื ื
ืคืจืืค' ืืจืืืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ืืืืจ ืืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืคืจืืค' ื ืืจืืช ืื-ืืจืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืคืจืืค' ืชืืจ ืืืืฃ-ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื ืคืจืืค' ืืืจื ืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืจืืค' ืืืจื ืืืืืจ, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืคืชืืืืคืจืืค' ืืื ื ืฉืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ื ืจ ื ื ื ื ืข ื ื
ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืจ ืื-ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ื ืืื ืื-ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืคืจืืค' ืืืืช ืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืจืืค' ืฉืืืื ื ืืฆื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืข ื ื ื ื ืข ื ื
ืคืจืืค' ื ืขืื ืืจื ืจ, ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืคืจืืค' ืฉืืจื ืืจืืฉืืืื-ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืืืคืจืืค' ืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืคืจืืค' ื ืืจ ืืกืืจ, ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืคืืงืจืกืงื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืช ื ื ื ื ืจ ื ื
ืคืจืืคโ ืืืืืื ืืชโืจืืืจื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืคื ืกืืืื ืื ืืโืจ:
ืโืจ ืขืื ื ืื ืื ืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืืื ืืฉืืืจืื
ืืืขืฆืช ืืงืืืืช ืืืืจืืคืจืืคโ ืืจืืื ื ืฉืืจืง, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขืฆืช ืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืโืจ ืืจืื ืืืืืจืืจื, ืืืื ืืื
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
7
ื"ืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื-ืืืจ ืืื ืจืืคืื ืืกืืืื ืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืืืข, ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืืงื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืงื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืกืืื. ื ืืขื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืคืจืงืื ืกืื, ืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืจืืจืืช ืืืืคื ืืคืชืืข ืืงืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืชืกืืื ืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืืช ืืื ื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืืช ืืืืืืจืืื. ืฉื ืืืืงืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืชืงืืืืช, ืืืฉืืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืื. ืขื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืจืืืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืงื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืืืื ืกืื ืื ืืืื ืช ืืืื ืื ืฉืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืจืื, ืืฉื ืืืชืืจ ืืืงืื ืฉื ืืืืช ืคืจืงืื ืกืื. ืืืชืืฉื ืืคืืชืื ืืืคืืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืงืจืืื, ืืชืงืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืื ืืคืืื ืืขืฆืืจ ืืช ืืชืงืืืืช ืืืืื.
ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืคืจืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื, ืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืืืืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืื-ืืืื. ืขื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืื ืืืกืืฆืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืจืคืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืชืื ืืงืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืชืจืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ืฉืืจืื, ืืืืืจ ืงืฆืจืื ืกืืคืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืื. ืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืื ืืืช ืืชืจืืื ืืืืืฆืื. ืืืื ืืชืขื ืืื ืช ืืชืจืืืืืช ืืจืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืชืจืืืช ืฆืจืคืชืืช, ืืฆื ืืืืจืื ื, ืืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืืจืคืืช ืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื, ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืกืงื ืืืจืื ืชื ืืืื ืืกืืคืงื ืืืคืื ืจืคืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืกืืกืืช ืืืืคืื ืจืคืืื, ืืืคืจื ืืืืืจืื ืืกืืื, ืืขืืืื ืชืขืฉืืืช ืืืื
ืืืคืืืืื.
ืืืื ืื ืืืื-ืืืจ
8
ืจืฉื ืืืืจืืช
ืืกืืืื ืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืจืืืืืช ืจืฉื โ ืืืื ืืื ืขืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืจืืืืงืืืจื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืืจื ืฉืืคืื, ืืื ืืชืืื ืืชืื ืื ืืคืจืืค' ืงืจื ืืจืื ืก ืืขืืจืื ื, ืืืืฉ ืขื ืืืืืืชืืืช )walkability( ืืจืืืืืช ืืขืืจ. ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืงืจื, ืจืฉื ืืงืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืืจ ืขื ืืจืืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืขืจืื, ืืืืืืชืืืช ื ืืฉืื ืืืืืืชืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืื ืคืจืืืจืื ืืฉืคืืขืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืจื ืืืช ืื. ืชืืคืขื ืขื ืืืืชืจ ืฉื ื ืืชืื ื ืชืื ื ืขืชืง )ืืื ืืืื( ืืืืืืจืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืื ื. ืื ืชืื ืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืฉืื ืืืืกืกืื ืืจืืื ืืืชืืจืื )GPS( ืืืืืื ืืช ื ืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืขื ืขื ื ืชืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืื, ืชื ืืืืจืืคืืืื ื ืกืืขื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืจืืืืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืืืืืกืืื
.)GIS( ืืขืจืืช ืืืืข ืืืืืืจืคืืช
ืืคื ื ืขืจื. ืืืืืื ืงืื ืืคืจ ืืืืืืืจ, ื ืืืื ืจืฉื ืฉืืฆืื ืืืืืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืฉื ืื ืฆืจืช, ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืงืช ืขืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืืช. ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืคืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืชืืจืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืกืื ืืืช ืืชื ืืืช ืฆืขืืจืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื, ืืืืืืืืื ืจืฉื ืืงืืืืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืขืจืืื ืืฆืขืืจืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืฆืืจืืช ืืชืจืืืืืช ืืืืงืกืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืขืืจืื ืืื. ืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืกืืฃ ืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืงืจื ืืื ืืืชืื ื ืืกืืืื ืืืื. ืืืื ื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืจืฆื ืืืฉืืงืช ืื ืืก, ืืื ืืืืืช ืืงืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืฉืืจื.
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
9
ืืืืืงื ืืืงืืืจื ืืืช ืืื ืื-ืฉืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืื ืืกืืฆืืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืคืจืืค' ืืืื ืคืจื ืงื. ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืืช ืืืฆื ืกืืืืชื ืคืขืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืชืืงื ืฉืื ืืืฆืื ืกืืกืื โ ืชืืื ืฉื ืชืืืจืื ืืคืจืงืืืงื ืืืืื ื ืืขืืชืื 'ืขืฉืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืกืืืื'. ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืฆืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืืื, ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืช ืืขืฆืืืช ืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืื. ืืฆืืจื ืืืงืจ ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืชืืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืืืกืืจืืืืืช ืคืขืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืชืืงืืช ืคืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืกืง ืืขืฉืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืกืืืืชืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืกืืืื. ืืืืืืื. ืขื ืื, ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืขื ืืืชืืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืจืืช ืืคื ืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืช, ืฉืขืืืืื ื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืชืืฃ ืคืขืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืคื ืืืฆื ืืืืจืื ืืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืืจืคืืืช ืฉืื ืืช. ื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืขื ืืชืืื ืืืงืฆืืข ื ืชืงืืื ืืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืืคืืง ืืืข ืืงืจ ืขืจื ืืขืชืืื ื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืช ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืขืืืืชื ืื, ืขื ืชืืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืืืชืื ืืืชืคืชื ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืจ
ืจืืื, ืืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืืืชื.
ืืืืจืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืื ืจื-ืชืจืืืชืืช ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืขื ืื-ืืืื ืืืืืื. ืื-ืชืืืื ืืืช ืืฆืืืืืืืืฆืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืขืืช ืืื ืขืชืืงืืช ืืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืจืืืก ืืืืกืืื, ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืืื ืืงืกืก, ืืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืกืืฆืืืืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืชืืืื. ืืขืืจ ืืคืขืืืืชื ืืืงืืืืช, ืืืืจืื ืืืืชื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืจืืืช, ืืฉืจ ืงืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืฆืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืื, ืืืกืืืช ืืงืจื ืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืจ, ืฉื ืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื. ืืืจืืื ื ืืชืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืงืจืื, ืืชืจืืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืขืฉืืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืจื ืืคืืจืฆื ืืฉืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืจืื
ืฉืืื ืืคืชืจืื ืกืืกืืืื.
ืืืืจืื ืื-ืฉืืืื
10
ืืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืกืช ืืื ืืืืื. ืจืื ื ืืคืจืืค' ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืช ืชืืื ืืื ืืงืช ืืืืืจืื ืืืชืืงื ืืืคืืืืช ืืืื ืืงื ื ืืืืคืืืกืืืืื ืืืจืืขืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืช, ืงืื, ืืืชืจืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืชืืคืขืืช ืืกืืืื ืจืืื ื ืืกืืื ืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืคืชื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืจืื. ืฉื ืืืืืกืกืืช ื ืชืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืงืืจืช ืคืืืืืช ืืงืืกืืืืช ืื, ืขื ืืคืืืช. ืืืจืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืงืืกืืืื ืฉื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืืื ื ืืื ืคืืชืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืจืืจ. ืืื ื ืืืคืืืืช ืฉื ืืฆืืจื ื ืชืื ืื ืืืืกืกื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืชืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืฉืจืื ืืงืืกืืืืช ืคืืืืืช ื ืืชืื ืขื ืคืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืช, ืืืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืืืืช ืืช ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืคืืืืงืืืื ืฉืืืกืืก ืืืคืืืืช ืืืคืืืืืช ืืืงืืกืืืืช
ืืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืื.
ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืื ืืจืืกืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืฉืคืื ืืชืืืฉืื ืืขืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืงืืืืช ืืงืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืช ืกืคืจ ืืกืืื. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืคืงืืืื ืฉื ื, ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืกืช ืืืข ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืขืจ ืืืืืื ื ืืขืจ ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืงืืื ืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืจื- ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ืง ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืืคืชื )multi-aperture( ืืืืฉืืจืื ื ืืืืื, ืืชืคืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืคืืชืื. ืืืงืจ ืืื ืืก ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืืืคืืชืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื. ืืฆืขืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืฉืืืจืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืขืฅ ืื ืื ืฉื ืขืคืืื, ืฉื ืืืื ืืช. ืืื ืืกืช ืงืจืืืจื ืืืคืชื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืื
ืืฉืขืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ื ืืงืจืื ืกืคืจืื ืืืฆืืื.
ืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืืื
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
11
ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื. ืขื ืช ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื, ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืขืืกืง ืืืืืื ืืงืืื ืช, ืืืคืจื ืืืฉืคืขื ืชืื ืืช ืืงืืจืกื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืขื ื ื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืงืืจืกืื ืืืื. ืืคืชืืืื ืืงืืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืฃ ืชืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจื ืืืืงืืฉ ืขืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืืื, ืขื ืืืืืืื ืืืงื ืื ืืงืืื ืื ืชืื ืืช ืืงืืจืกื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืคืขืชื ื ืืงืจื ืืื. ืืืืช ืืฉืชืืฉืช ืืืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืื ืช ืืงืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืคืืื ื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืืืช ืืืขืืจืืืช, ืฉืืืขืืช ืืจืฆืื ืืืืชืืื ืจื-ืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืฆืืขื ืืฃ ืืื ืืืืืืื. ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืคืงืืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจืช ืืงืืจืกืื ืืื. ืขื ืืกืืก ืืืฆืื ืืืืงืจ ืืงืืื ืืืืช ืืืฆืืข ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืคื ืจืืืฉืช ืืงืื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืื, ืชืื ืืช ืืงืืจืกื
ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืชืื ืืช ืขื ืืื ืงืืืื ืจืืืื.
ืืืืช ืืชืืืจืจืช ืขื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืกืืืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืฉื ื ืืืชืืืืงื ืฉืืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืขืืื ืืืงืฆืืขืืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืฉืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืืฉืื ืืืกืคืจ ืชืคืงืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืงืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืื ื ืืืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืชืคืงืืื ืืชื ืืื ืขืืืืชื ืืฆื ืืืจืืื. ืคืจืืฉืชื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืช. ืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืขืืืชื โ ืกืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืืื ืืชืืื ื-ืคืืจืืืืืช ืชืืื ืืืช ืืืคืขืืื ืืืคืชืืช ืืชืื ืืช ืืืกืืืืจ, ืืืืืขืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืืจืชืืช ืืืืืืืจืคืืช ืืคืจืืคืจืื ืกืืืื ืืืืืื ืชืขืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื. ืืืืช ื ืื ืืช ืืืืืืื
ืืจืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืช ื ืืืืช ืฉื ืชืจืืืช.
ืืืืช ืืืื
12
ืืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืช ืื ืจืกืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืื, ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืื ืข"ืฉ ืืืฉืคืืื ืืื ืืืืช ื"ืจ ืืืจืื ืืืกืืื )ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื( ืงืืืืืจืืื'(. )ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืชื ืืื ืืคืจืืค' ืืฉืคื ืคืืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืขืจื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืคืจืื, ืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืจืื ืืฉืคืืืช. ืืจื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ื ืืืื ืช ืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืชืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืฉื ืคืจืื. ืืื ืืืขื ืช ืื ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืชืืืฉื ืืจืืืืจืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืืืืช ืืื ืื ืกืคืง ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืืฆื ืื ืืืฆืืขื ืชืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืก ืืืื ื ืืืฆืช ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื. ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืงืจืช ืืช ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืืชืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืกืกืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืื ืืืืื ืช ืืคืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืืฉืืืืช ืืคืชืจืื ืืกืืืข ืขืฉืืืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืื
ืืื ืืืงื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื.
ืืืื ืืจืื ืื, ืืจืืืจ, ืขื ืืืืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืชื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืื ืจืื Magistra ืชืืืจ ืกืืืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืืจืฃ, ืืืื ื iuris ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืฉืคืืื. ืืื ืื ืืขืืช ืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืืจื ืงืืืืืจืืื'. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืจืื, ืืืงืจ ืืขืืืจืช ืืกืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืืกืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืคืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืงืจ ืขืจืื Cambridge Human Trafficking( ืงืืืืืจืืื' ืฉื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืื. ืืืกืคืจ ืืืชื ืืื )Research Panel Culture( ืืื ืืชื ืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืขืืจื ืืืืืชืืืจืืืช ืขืืจืืช ืืืฉืืฉืช ืืืื ืืชื )of Solidarity Theoretical )ืืื ืืืืช( ืืืฉืจืืื ืืขืช ืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืื ืืจ, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืกืืื .Inquiries in Lawืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉืืืืืื ืงืืืกืืช, ืืืืืงื ืืืืงืืืช. ืืฃ ืฉืืืืืืงื ืขืืืื ืืฉ ืืืง ืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืืกืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืขืช ืืืฆืืจืชืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืกืคืจืืช ืืกืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืงืจืื. ืขืืฆืื
ืืจืื ืืช ืืขืืจืืช ืืืชืจืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืขืืื.
ืืกืืื ืื ืจืกืืืฉ
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
13
ืืจื- ืืชืืื ืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืกืื ืชืืืืืช ืื ื ื-ืืืขืื ืื ื ื-ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื โ ืงืืื ืจ ืขืื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืจื ืืงืืื. ืืกืื ืขืืจืืืื ืงืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช ืืงืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช ืขืืกืง ืืืืกืื )ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื โ ืื-ืืื ืืืจืืื( ืืืืืฉืื ืืืคืฉืืื ืืืงืืจืื ืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืคืฉืจืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืคืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืืืืืจื ืืช. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืคืืืืงืืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืชืคืงืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืช. ืืืืจื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืจืืื 30 ืืืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืกืงืจื ืืช ืงืืื ืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืจืง ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืฉืื ืงืืื ืืืช, ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืชืคืชืืื ืงืืื ืื, ืืฆืคื ื ืงืืื ืืืช ืืืืจืืืืืื ืงืืื ืืืช. ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืืืกืื ืืชืืงื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืจื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืคืืื ืืืจ ืงืืื ืื ืืขื ืขืืฆืื ืืืืื, ืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื
ืฉื ืืืจ ืขื ืืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืงืืจืื ืื ืืืคืฉืืื.
ืืืืกืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืกืง, ืืืจืืก. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชืืืจืืืช ืืคืืืืงื ืืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืื. ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืกืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืืก ืืืื ืช ืคืจืืืงืื ืขื ืืคืงื ืืืืกืื ืฉืื, ืืืืงืจ ืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืฆืขืื ืฉืืืชื ืงืืื ืจ, ืคืจืืค' ืฉื ืืืขืืื ืืืงืจ ืืื ืืื 2014 ืืฉื ืช ืจืืฉืื. ืืชืืืจ ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืคืืืืงื ืืืืืืืคืืืืช ืืกืฃ ืืืืืืืช ืชืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืง ืฉืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืชื ืื ืืืืืฉื ืืชืืจืืืืช ืืื. ืืืืฅ ืืขืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืืืืกืื ื ืื ื
ืืกืคืืจื, ืืืืืื ืืืืจืขืฃ ืืื ืืก ืฉืืืื.
ืืืืกืื ืืืจืื
14
ืืืื ืื ืืืืืงื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืง ืืืจื ืืืจืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืื ืื, ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื ืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืงืจื ืืืจืืืืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืืื. ืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืขืช ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืคืื ืื, ืืืงืฉืจ ืืืื ืื. ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืจืช ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืืืจ ืืขืจืืช ืืคื ื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืกืคืจ, ืืืชื ืืชืืจืื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืื, ืืจืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืช ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฉ ืืฆืืจื ืืืืคื ืืชืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืช ืืื, ื-21. ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืชืืงื ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืืืืืื ืืฉืืงืื ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืงืื ื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืืจืื )DGBL(ืงืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืคืืชืื ืืืข ืจืืืฉืช ืืืืื, ืืื ืืช ืืืืืฉ ืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืืืืืื. ืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืื, ืืชืืื ื ืืงืจืื ืืคืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืช-ืกืคืจืืืช, ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ื ืืืขืืืื ืื ืืืขืืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืืืจืืื ืืื ISEF ืืืฉื ืืช. ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืืจื ื ืชืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืงืจื
)ืืงืจื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืื(.
ืืืจื ื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืื ืืืืฉืจืช ืฆืืื ืขื ืื-ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืฉ ืื ืืชืื. ืืื ืืจืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืืืฉ ืขื ืืฉืืงืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืืื. ืืืื ื ืืงืจืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืืชื ืืืช ืืืจื ืืคื ืื
ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืงืจืื, ืืจืืฅ ืืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืคืืชื.
ืืืจื ืืืืง
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
15
ืื ืืื ืื ืงืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืกืื ืืขืืืชื ืจืืฆ'ื, ืจืื ืืช ืืคืจืืค' ืืจืื ืจ ืืืื ืคืจืืค' ืืงืืืฆืช ืืืืงืจ "ืืืงืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืืข The New Ecology( ืืคืจื-ืืืืจื ืืช" ืืืื ืืืจืื of Expressive Modes in Early-Modern South .)ERC( ืืืืงืจ ืืืืจืืคืืช ืืืืขืฆื ืืืขื )India )Kakawin( ืืงืงืืืืื ืคืืืืืงืช ืืช ืืืื ืืืงืจื - ]Kawi[( ืืงืืืื ื ืืชืื ืืฉืจ ืกืคืจืืชืืช ืกืืื โืืืื ืื- ืืืืืืช ืืืฆืจืืช ืืฉืืฉืื ืขืชืืงื(, ื'ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื'ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืกืืืืช ืืชืงืืคืชื ืืชืืงืืช ืื ืืื ื-19. ืืืื ืืชืฉืืขืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืชืฉืืขืืช )ืืืื ืืงืงืืืืื ืฉื ืืืณืืืืืช ืืืงืืฃ ืืืกืชืื ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืืกืคืง ืืฉืืืคืช ื-15( ืืจืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืกืื ืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืืฆืขืื ืืกืคืจืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืขืืื, ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืข, ืงืื ืืื ืฆืืืช ืืขืื. ืื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืช ืืงืงืืืืื ืืืงืฉืจ ืกืคืจืืชืืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืื ืืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืขื ืืืืงืจ ืืดืงืืกืืืคืืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืกื ืกืงืจืืืืด, ืืกื ืกืงืจืืืืช ืืฉืืจื ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืณืืืืืช ืฉืืกืืื ืกื ืกืงืจืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืคื ืื ืืช ืืกืืงืจืช ืคืืจืืงื, ืืช ืฉืืื ืชืืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืกืชืืืงื ืืชืืืชื ืืืืฉ, ืืืืจืชื
ืืฉืืืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืื.
ืืืืื ืืืขืจืื, ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืงื. ืืืืืชื ืืื ืื-ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืื ืฉืืจืชื ืืฆื"ื ืืืืจื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืกืืกื ืืืจืื ืืช, ืืขืืื ืจืืืงืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืคืืืฉ ืืืชื ืืฉื ืืืชื ืกืืช ืืื-ืชืจืืืชืืื. ืืืคืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืชื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืขืืจืจื ืืกืื ืืืืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืฉืื ืืชืืงืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืกื ืกืงืจืืืืช. ืืืชืื ืืช ืขืืืืชื ืืืกืืืช ืขื ืืชืืืจืื ืืืกืชืืืช ืืคืืืืกืืฃ ,)Abhinavaguta( ืืืืื ืืืืคืชื ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ื ื-11, ืืืื ืื ืืงืฉืืืจื ืืืคืืืืืงื ื ืงืืืช โ )camatkฤra( ืฆืณืืชืงืืจื ืืืืฉื ืืืืจืชื ืื ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืกืชืืืช. ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืจืื- ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ืกื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืช ืืจืืืื
ืืืื.
ืื ืืื ืื ืงืืืื ืื
16
ืืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืจืืขื ืงืจืืืื ืจ. ืืืงืจื ื ืขืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืคื, ืืืกืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืฆืื ืคืจืงืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืฉื ืชืขืฉืืืช ืืจืืืืช ืืืืจืืงืืืช ืืฆื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืืคื ื ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืื ืืจื ืื, ืืืฉืคืื ืฉืืืืฆื ืขืืืจ ืืจืืืืช ืืฉืืงืืืื ืืืืงืจืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืชื, ืืืงืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืกืื. ืืชืื ืื ื ืชืฉืชืืืช ืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ื ืืชืจืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืืจื ืืช, ืืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืชืืจืื ืื, ืขื ืืชืจ ืืืืงืจืื. ืขืฆืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฆืืขืืช ืฉืื ืชืืืืืช ืขื ืืืฉื ืืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ืืช ืฉืชืืกืก ืืชืฉืชืืืช, ืืชืืื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืืืฉื ืืฉืืชืฃ. ืขืฆืื ืฉืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื ืืงืฉืจืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืืจ ืืฉืคืื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืฉื ืืฉืชืชื ืฉื ืขืืฉืืืืื ืชืืืืืื ืขื
ืืืคืืืชื ืืืชืืื ืฉื ืชืฉืชืืืช.
ืืฉื ื ืืช-ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืชืืืจืจ ืืจืขื ื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืช ืื. ืืื ืืขื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืืื, ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืขืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืืคื ืขืืื ืคืืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืขืืกืืง ืืืื ื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืงืจ, ืืคื ืื ืืื ื ืื ื ืืืงืจืื ืืืชื ืืช ืกืคืจื ืืืจื ืคืืืจ,
ืืฉืืง ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืฉืคืืชื.
ืืืื ืืกืคืจ
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
17
ืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืชืืืื ืืื ืืื )ืืืื( ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืชืืฆืข ืืืงืจื, ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืจืืช ืขืืกืง ืจืืื ืืืืฅ', ืืืืื ืื"ืจ ื'ืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืจืืค' ืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืฉืืื ื ืจืืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืืื ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืกืคืืืืช ืืขืืช'ืืื ืืช, ืืฉืืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืคื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืชืืงื ืืจืืื ืื-17. ื-16 ืชืืจืื-ืืืจืื ืืืช ืฉืืฉืืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืชืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืขืฆื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืืืื ืืขืฆืื. ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืชืืื ืืืืืืชืืื ืชืคืกื ืืืฉืื ืืคืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืืืช, ืจืืืื ืืช, ืืืืช ืืกืืืืืงืืืืืืช. ืืงืกืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืชื ื ืืชืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืืืืจืคืืื ืืกืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช, ืฉื ืืชืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉืคืืช ืืจืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืขืจืืืช(, ืชืืจืืืช-ืขืืช'ืืื ืืช )ืคืจืกืืช, ืืืฆืืืื ืืื ืืกืคืจืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืฃ ืืืฉืืืืชื ืชืคืงืืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืชืืื, ืขืฆืืืื ืฉื ืืชืืื ืืืืฃ ืจืืฉืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืฆืจ ืืืืงื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืขืืื ืืืกืืื. ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืขืืืง ืืช ืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืืืืืื ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืข ืืืกืก ืืืืงืืื ืืืืืืืืื, ืืกืคืืืื ืืขืืช'ืืื ืื, ืืกืืจืช ืืชืืืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืช ืืืืฆืื ืืขืฆืื
ืืืงืกืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืกืืื ืืงืื-ืืืืจื ื.
ืืชืืืจืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืขื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืขืจืืืช ืขืื ืืชืืืื. ืืืืืจื ืืืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืื ืขืืจืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืจืืืช ืงืืืืชืืช ืืืืจืชืืช. ืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืื ืืืืฉืืช, ืชืงืืคื ืืฆื"ื ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืืืจ ืืคืขืื ืืืขื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืขืืืืืืช ืืขืกืืง ืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืช. ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืฉื. ืืจืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืกืงืกืืคืื ืืืืงืืจืืืื, ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืื ื ื ืจืืฉ ืชืืื ืืืื
ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืืืคืขืืช ืืืืช.
ืืจืืื )ืืืื( ืืื
18
ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืกืช ืืคืงืืืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืฉืคืืืืื. ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืจื-ืชืืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืกืช ืืืชืืงื ืืืืืื, ืืืงืจืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืื, ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืจื ืชืืืืคื ืืืืฆืืจ ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืชืกืืกื, ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืฆืจ ืชืจืืืืืช ืืืกืคืง ืืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืื ืชืืื ืชื ืขืจื ืืขื ืืืฉ ืืืืืจืช ืืชืืจืืืช ืืืจืืืืช. ืขื ืืฃ ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืฆืจืื ืื ืืชืืืืคื ืืืืืจื ืฆืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื, ืืื ื- ืชืืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืจืืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืกืืกืืช ื ืืืื ืืชืืืกืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืฆืจื ืืืื. ืขื ืฉื ืืืจืชื ืืืฉืืช, ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืื ื-ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืช ืืฉืคืจ ืืื ืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืฆืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืฆืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืคืืืข ืืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืืฃ ืืืขืฆืื ืืช ืขืจืื ืืชืืื ืชื ืืืช ืืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืจืืืืชืืื ืฉืืื.
ืืื ืืืื. ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืคื ื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืกืคืจืืชืืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืจื ืืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืชื ืืืืืืขืื, ืฉื ืจืืฉื ืืืฉืืจื ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืขืืืจืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืื. ืขื ืื ืจืืฉืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืื ืืกืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืกืืืข ืจืฆืื ื ืขื ืืกืจืืื ืืืืชื ืืช ืืฉืืืช ืจืืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช ืืืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืกืจืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืืชื ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืคืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ื ืคืืื ืฉื ืกืจืืืช ืืืืืช ืชืื ืื ืืคืืื, ืืื
ืกืจืื ืืชืจืื ืืืืืช ืจืืืช.
ืจืืื ืืื
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
19
ืืืืขื ืืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืฆืจืืก ืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืชืืงื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืืฆืื. ืจืืขื ืืคืจืืค' ืืืืงืจ ืืืงืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืงืฉืจืื ืืืงืืืืืืื ืืืงืจืช ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื: ืืืจืืืช )ืืืืืื ืื(, ืฆืขืืจืื ืืืืืจืื. ืขื ืื, ืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืขื ืืงืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืืงืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืืงืืืื ื ืืชืจื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืจืื. ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืฉืื ืชืช-ืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืืื ืช ืืืงืืจ ืืช ืืชืืืืืื ืืืืื, ืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืงืฉืจืื ืืืงืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืขืฆืืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืกืืคื ืชืงืืื ืืกืจืช ืืืืจืืจืืช ืฉื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืืจืื. ืืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืืงืืื ืืกืื, ืืื ืืงืืื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืชืจืื ืืฉืืืจืช ืืืืข , ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืืืื
ืืืืช.
ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืช ืืฆืืง ืืขืืง ืืคืจ ืืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืื ืขื ืื-ืืืื ืื ืชื ืื. ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืงืกืื ืืคืืื ืืชืช- ืืขืืื ืงืกืื ืฉื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืข. ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืขื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืฉืืื ืจืืคืื, ืืืงืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืงืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืจืช ืืื ืขืืกืงืช ืืืืืืื ืืฆื ืืืื. ืืคืืขืืช ืขื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืข ืืืื ืื ืืงืืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืกืก ืืืข ืืืืืืจืช ืืืืืขืืช ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืื ืืฉื. ืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืื. ืืชืืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืฉืื, ืืคื ืื ืืื ื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืฉืจืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืช ืื ืืื
ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืื.
ืืื ืืฆืจืืก
20
ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืกืืืื ื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืจืืืืงืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืขืจืื ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื MTRL ืืืขืืืช ืืชืืฆืข ืืืงืจื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืืื ืคืืชืื ืืืืื ืฉืคืจืืจ, ืืืจืื ืคืจืืค' ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉืืืืจ ืืืกืืืจืื ืื ืืื. ืืืืื ืืืฉืืงื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช )VR( ืืืืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืงื ืืคืืชืื ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืคืชื ืืืชื ,)AR( ืจืืืื ืืืฆืืืืช โ ืืื-ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืจืฉืช ื ืืกื ืืฉืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืืืงืืืจื ืขื ื ืจืืืืื ืืืกืืืจืืื. ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืงืฉ ืืืงืืจ ืืืคื ื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืจืฉืช ืชืจืืืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืจืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืชืืื ื ืืงืกื ืฉื ืืืืืฉื ืขืืืื ืกืืืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืืจืื ืืืงืจื ืืืื ื. ืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืจืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืฉืืืคืฉืจืืช ืคืชืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืชืืจืื. ืืฃ ืืืขืืชืื ืฉืื ืื, ืืืกืืืจืืื ืื, ืืืืจืื ืืจืืืื ืืื ื ืงืฉืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืืคืืืืื ืฉื ื ืจืืืืื ืืืจ ืืชืืงืืช ืืืืคืฉืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืืืื ืืืจืฉืช ืืืชืจื ืืืืงืจื ืืชืืงื ืืืชื ืืจืืืืื.
ืชืจืืืชืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืขืืื.
ืืืชื ืืื ืืืจืฆืืื ืืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื. ืืื ืกืืื )ืืขืืืช ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืขืืจืืืื ืืื ืข"ืฉ ืืืืจืืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืช ืขืืจืืืื( ืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืงืจ ืขืจื ืฉื ,MIT-ื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืง ืืืืฉื ืืืืขื ืขืืฆืื ืืชืืืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืชื MIT-ื ืืืืืฉื. ืืขืืฆืื SMarchS ืืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืขืืฉื ืืงืืจื ืืืงืจ ืคืจืืืงื ืคืืชื ืืืกืืืจืืื ืืชืจืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืฉื ืืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืจืื ืืจืืืื ืืื. ืืืืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืงืืช ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืขืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืขืื )VirtualXdesign(ื ืื ื ืืชืื ื ืืืืจืฉืช ืืืืืืืืช. ืืืื ื ืืืืคืฉื ืืืชื ืืฉืืงื ืืืกืงืืจ ืืกืจืืื ืืฆืคืืช ืื ื, ืขื ืืื ืื ืืื ื
ืืืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืื.
ืืืชื ืื
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
21
ืืื ืืกืช ืืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืขืืืช ืงืืืจ. ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืขืืื ืืชืืงื ืืชืืื ืืคืจืืืืงืืืื ืืืคืจื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืขืืช ืงืจืืคืืืืจืคืืื. ืืืืืขืืช ืืืืืงืฆ'ืืื ืืืกืฃ ืื ืื ืงื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืคืฉืจืื ืงืจืืคืืืืจืคืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืงืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. ืืจืืื ืืืืืงืฆ'ืืื ืืื ืืกืืืืืืืช )scalability( ืฉืื, ืืืืืจ ืืกืคืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืืข ืื-ืืื ืืช. ืืจืืืืื ืืงืืืง ืฆืืืืจื ืืืืืช ืขืืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืืืงืจื ืืคืชืืจ ืืืืืฉื ืฉืื ืื, ืืืคืจืืืืงืืืื ืืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืืืฉ ื ืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืืช
ืืืืืงืฆ'ืืื.
ืืื ืืืจืขืื. ืืขืืง ืงืื ืงืืืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืขืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืคื. ืืจ ืืืืื ืืงืืืคืืจื ืื ืืชืืืจืจ ืขืืื ืืฆ'ืื, ืืชื ืื ืืกืืืข ืืืืืื ืขื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช. ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืืื ืงืืฅ ืืืื ื ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืคืงื ืืฉืืจืช ืืฆื"ื ืืืืกื ืืคื ื ืขืจืืืช ืกืืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืขืื. ืืืื 8200ืืฉืื ืืื ืืกืช ืืคืงืืืื ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืชืืืืืืช ืืฉืชื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืขืืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืืฉืืื ืืืืขื ืงืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื"ื, ืืืงืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืื ืืชืื ืืง ืขืฆื ืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืชืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืืื ื ืืืืคื ืืชืืืืชื ืืช ืืคืกืืง ืื ืืฉื ืืืฉืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืชืจืืื. ืขืืื
ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื"ื, ืืฉืืง ืกืงืืืฉ ืืืงืจืื.
ืขืืื ื ืืืจ
22
ืืืจืคื ืกื ืืฃ-ืคืืืคืื
ืืืืขื ืืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืช ืกื ืืฃ-ืคืืืคืื ืืืจืคื ืืืืื. ืืืจืื ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื, ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืืคืจื ืืืืจ, ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื ,)PIP( ืืคืืืืื" ืืื "ืืืืฉื ืืคืืื ืืกืืืช .#MeToo ืจืืืืื ืืชืคืืกืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืชื ืืขืชื ืงืืืืช ืืืจ ืืืชืืงืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืฉืชืืฉืช ืืื ืืืืฉื, ืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืงืฉืจ ืื ืืืข ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืืคืืืืื ืืืืืช, ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฉื ืคืืืืกืืคืืช ืืื ืืชืช ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืืชืืืช. ืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืงืืจืช ืขื ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืชืขืืืืช ืกืืคืืจื ืฉื ืืฆืืืืจืืช ืืงืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืชืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืขืจื ืืืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืืฉืคืื ืืืจืคื ืืงืืื ืื ืืืจื ืคืืกื-ืืืช. ืฉื ืืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช, ืจืืืื ืืช ืืืืืงืจืืื ืืืื
ื ืฉืื ืืืืขืืืื.
ื ืืืื ืืจืืืืืช. ืจืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืขืืจื ืขืืื ืืืจืคื ืืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืชื ืืื ืืืืคื. ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืชื ืืืืขื ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืกืคืืจื ืืืืจืืืช ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื-ืืคื ืชื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืชื ืืื ืื ืืชืงืืคื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฉืคืื, ืืื ืืก ืืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืขืืืจืช ืืืงืจ ืขืืืจืช ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืคื ืืื. ืื ืืขืจ ืืืื ืขืืืชืช ืฉื ,TraffLab )ERC( ืฉืืืจ, ืืืื ืคืจืืค' ืฉื ืืืืงืจ ืืคืจืืืงื ืกืืจ ืื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืคืจืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืขืืกืง ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื. ืืชืงืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืชืืืช ืขืืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืืงืกืืงืื ืขืจืื-ืขืืจื ืืืืขื ืืจืื ืืฉืืชืืฃ ืฉืืื. ืืื ืขื ืืื ืขืืืชืืช ืืขืืืชืื, ืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืืืช
ืื-ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืื ืืกืจื ืืกืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื.
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
23
ืชืืจ ืขืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืจ ื ืืื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืืชืืงืืช ืชืืจ ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช. ืืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืืจืื ืฉื ืจืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช ืขื ืกืืืืชื ืืืืข ืฉื ืฉืืคืื ืืืฉ ื ืืกืื ืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืืื. ืขื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืงืคื ืืืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืืืจืื ื ืืฉืคืื ืืฉืชืชืคืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืขืจืื ืืช ืืฉืคืขืช ืืกืืืื ืขื ืจืืฉืืชืืื. ืขื ืืชืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืงืจืช ืืื ืืขืื, ืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืคืจืืื ืืคืจืื ืืืชืืงืืืช ืืืืืื ืชืกืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืจืืฉืืชืืื ืืืืื. ืงืื ืืงืกืืืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืขืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืชืชืืื ืืืคืืืืช ืืชืขืจืืืช ืืื ืืช ืืคืฉืจ ืืกืืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืฉื ืืชืืืจืื ืืืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืจืืืืชื ืืชืจืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืืชืืื, ืืช ืืืืกืช ืืื
ืืืืืืช.
ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืข. ืืืืืจ ืืงืื ืืืงื ืืืื ืชืืจ ืืืคืจืช, ืฉื ืืื ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืื. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ื, ืืืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืชืืจ ืืชืืงืื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉื ืชืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืจืชื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื: ืชืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืคืชืืืชืืช, ืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืื ืขื ืชืืืจ ืืชืืจ ืืื"ื. ืฆืขืืจืืช ืื ืฉืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืจ-ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืฉืื ืฉื ื ืืชืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืจ ืืืขืฆืช ืืืืชื ืืจืฆืื, ืืืงืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืชื ืขื ืืชืืืืืื ืกืืืขื ืืืฃ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืฉืชืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืืื ืื. ืชืืจ ืืืืืื ืจืฉืช ืฉื ืืชื ืืืื ืืงืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืกืืช 'ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืกืืืขืช ืชืืจ', ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืช ืชืืจ ืืงืืืื. ืืืจืชื
ืืจืืืช ืืฉืงืืืืช ืฉืืคืชื ืืช.
ืชืืจ ืขืืืฉื
24
ืืืื ืฆืจืคืชื ืืื ืกืืืื ืืืช ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืคืงืืืื ืื- ืืืจ ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืคืกืืืืืืืืื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืชืืงื ืืืงืจื ืืืืื. ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืกืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืชืืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืคื ืืกืคืจ, ืืืืช ืืืื ืืชื ืืช ืืืขืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืช ืฉื ืชืืืจืืืช ืืืกืืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืงืฉืช ืืืื .)SRL โ Self-regulated learning(ืืืขืืืง ืืช ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืืกืืช ืขื ืืืืื, ืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืืกืืช ืืืคื ืืช ืฉืื ืืืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืืื ืช ืฉื ื ืกืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืชืืืื: ืืืกืืช ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืช ืืืงืจ ืฉืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืจ. ืืืืกืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืงืืจืืช ืืืข ืืชืฆืคืืืช ืืฆืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืฆืืข ืืืงืจื ืื-ืืื, ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืชืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืกืืช ืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืืื ืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืคื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืคืืงืืืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืืฉืืืืช ืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืืืื. ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืกืืช ืืชืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืงืจื, ืืืื ืืงืืื ืฉืืืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืืขืฉืืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืืขืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ, ืืืืืฉืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืชืงืคื ืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืืงื ืฉื ืืืจืื-ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืืจืืช ืืืืืืกืืืช ืขืืืจ ืืื ืืืช-ืกืคืจืืืช, ืืื ืืืช-ืกืคืจืืืช
ืืืืื ืืช.
ืืืืื ืืืืกืื, ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืช ืจืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืคืจืืกืื. ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืช ืฉืืขืืจืื 17 ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืชื: ืืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืขืืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืืื ืคืจืืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืช ืกืืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืืืื. ืื ื ืช, ืืืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืช ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืขืจืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจื, ืืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืจืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืื ื ืืช ืกืืื'ืจืืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืฆืช ืื ืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืฉ. ืืจืงืข ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืคืื ืืืขืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืชืขืืืจ ืืื ืืคืชื "ืืจืื ืืืื" ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืกืชืืืืช, ืฉืืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืืคืชื ืืืกื ืืืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืชืืจืื ืืืืฉื
ืืืืื.
ืืืื ืฆืจืคืชื
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
25
ืืกืคืจ ืืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืช ืงืืจืืื ืชืืืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืืขื ืืื ืืกื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืื ื, ืขืืจื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ,)NLP( ืืืขืืช ืฉืคื ืขืืืื ืืืงืจืช ืืื ืขืืจืืืื. ืชืช-ืชืืื ืฉื ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืขืืกืง ืืืืืืช ืืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืฉืคื. ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืื )ืืขืืงืจ ืืชืืืืงื ืืื ืืฆืืืช ืื ืืฆื ืืื-ืชืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืฉื, ืืืขื ืืืืืืจืื(, ืฉืคืืช ืฉืื ืืืืคื ืืชืขื ืืื ืช ืชืืืืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืืืช, ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืชืืืืงื ืืชืืืื ืืืฉืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืช ืืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืงืืจ ืฉืืื ืื. ืืืช ืืืืจืืชืื ืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืช ืื ืฆื ืืช ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืงืืจืืชืืื ืฉืคืืช ืขืืืจ ืืืงืกืืืืืืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืกื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืงืฉื ืชืืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืชืืืืื ืขืืืจื. ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืงืื ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืขืืื ืืช ืืืชืืืืงื ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉืื ืืืจืืช ืืกืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืฉื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืืงื ืืืชืืืืงื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืืคืืจื ืื Hasson ืืืืืชื ืืืงืจืช ืืืจืืช ืืืขืืืช ,)Caltech(ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืืื ืืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืืืืงื ืฉื
ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืคืจืื ืกืืื.
ืชืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืชืืื ืืืื ืืขืกืงื ืืขืืงืจ ืืฆืคืืื ืืกืจืืื ืืืืคืงืชื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืืกืืคื ืชืืื โืืชืืืื. ืืื ื ืืืืช ืืืฉืคื ืืืืชืจืืืช ืืงืืจืืื ืืช, ืกืืกืืจืื ืฉื ื ืืืฉื ืืฉืืืช ืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืืืคืื ืืืจืืืืช( )ืงืืจืืื Yonsei ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืจืืืืช ืฉืคื โ ืฉืืืคืช ืงืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืืืขืืื ืืขืื, ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืช ืฉืื. ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืฉื' ืืืืขื 'ื ืฉืื )ื ืืืืจืงืื ื( ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืชืืงื ืืืจืชื ืืืขืืื โืืืืขืฆืืช ื ืฉืื ืืืืขืื ืืืืืงืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืืฉืจ ืขื
ืืคืขืจ ืืืืืจื ืืชืืื ืืงืืื ืื.
ืชืืืืื ืงืืจืืื
26
ืืฉืืจ ืืืกืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืกืช ืืื ืงืืืื ืจ ืจืื ืฉื ืืคืจืืงืืืืืื ืืคืืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืกืืงืืจ ืข"ืฉ ืืจืคืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืงืจื ืกืฆ'ื-ืคืืื ืจื. ืจืื ืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืชืจืคืื ืฉื ืจืฆืืื ืื ืืชืื ืื ืืชืืงื ืืื ืืืืืืืืช. ืืืืืืืช ืืกืจืื ืืืืคืื ื ื ื, ืืืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืกืจืื ืืืืื โ ืืื ืืงืจืฆืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืืืืืข โ )PDAC( ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืช ื ืฉืืืชืืช ืืชืกืืื ืช ืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืืืจืกืืืืื ืืกืจืื ืืคืชืืื ,)SARS-CoV-2( 2 ืงืืจืื ื ื ืืืฃ ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืชืื ื ืช ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืช. ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืจื ืืืืคืืื ืช ืืืื ืกืคืจืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืชืืช-ืืืื ืืจื-ืชืื ืืกืจืื ืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืงืืช ืกืงืจ ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืชืจืืคืืช ืื ืืกืืืื ืคืจื-ืงืืื ืืื. ืคืืืคืืจืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืืื ืืืขืื ื ืืกืืืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืืคืช ืจืื ืชืจืืคืืช. ืขื
ืื ื ื-ืชืจืคืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืืจืื.
ืืืืื ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืชื ืืืื. ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืจืืช ืจืื ืืชืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืกืืงืฆืื ืขื ืฉืืืืื ื ืงืฉืื ืขื ืืืืืื ืืขืืจื ืืกืืื ืกืคืจ ืืืืช ืืชื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืกืืงืฆืื. ืืืืื ื'ืชืืื ืืช ืืฉืชืชืคืืชื ืืื ืขื ืฆืขืืจืื ืชืืืืืื ืืืคื', ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืชืืืืื ืชืืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืจืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช. ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืื ืืกื ืืืคืงืืืื ืืื ืืกื ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืขืืช ืืืขืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืจื ืคืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืื ืืื. ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืคืืจ ืคืขืื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืืื, ืจืืฆืืช ืืืื ืืืฅ ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืจืื ื ืื ืืช ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื
ืืืจืืงืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืขืืื.
ืจืื ืงืืืื ืจ
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
27
ืืืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืืื ืงืคืื ืจืืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืชืืืืืช โ ื ืืืื ืืืจื ืคืจืืค' ืืืืืจ, ืืจืงืืก ืคืจืืค' ืืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืค' )UCL - University College London(ืกืืืืืก ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืื. ืืืงืจื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืชืืงืืืช ืชืื ืืืืืช, ืืืืืืื ืขืืจืื ื ืืืงืจ ืืื ืืืืืืืช. ืฉืืื ืืชืงืืคื ืคืืืื, ืืืืื', ืืืืืื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชืคืชืืืชื ืืืงืคื ืืช ืืืื ืช ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืฃ ืืงืืจืืช ืฉื ืขืฉืืจ ืืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืช ืจืืชื ืืขืืจืื ื. ืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืจืืืืื, ืืจืืืื ืืชืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืช ืืื ืืืคื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืชืคืชื, ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืืืจื ื ืชืื ื ืขืชืง )big data( ืืืคืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืขืจืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืจืืชื ืืงืืื ืืฉืคืื .)GIS( ืืืืืืจืคืืืช ืืืืข ืืืง ืืืงืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืงืจ ืืขืืืง ืืขื ืืจืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืืชืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืืช. ืืืงืจื ืขืฉืื ืืชืจืื ืื
ืืืืงืจ ืื ืืืืื.
ืจืืชื ื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืื ืขื ืื-ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืืืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืคื. ืืืืื ืขืืจืืืื( )ืืขืืืชืช ืขืืจืื ื ืืขืืฆืื ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืืคืช ืจืืชื ืฉืื, ืืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืจืืืืืช ืืืื ืืชืื ื ืช ืืืืขืฆืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืื ื ืืฉืคืื ืืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืื. ืืืืื ืจืืชื ืชืคืงืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืชื ืืขืช ืื ืืขืจ ื"ืืืื ืืฆืขืืจ" ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉ ืกื ืืฃ ืืชื ืืขื ืืืืจื, ืืฉืชืชืคื ื"ืืืื ืืืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ื ืืขืจ ืืืื"ื. ืืืจืืช ืืืจืืชื ืืชื ืืขืช ืืฆืขืืจ" ืืืจืฅ ืฉื ืืชืืืืืช ืกืคืืจื, ืจืืชื ืืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืกืคืืจื ืจืง ืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจืฉืช. ืืฉืืง ืืืื ืืืืืจืื ื ืืืืืจืช, ืื, ืืืืืืช ืืืขืกืืง ืืชืคืืจ ืืงืจืื, ืืืืืช ืืื ืื
ืืืชืื ื ืช ืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื.
ืจืืช ืงืคืื
28
ืืืืืงื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืงืฆื ืืืืื ืืื ืชื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืข, ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืืื ืืคืขื ืื ืืชืืงืืื ืืืงืจืื ืขืืืช. ืขืืื ืืขืจืืช ืชืื ืฉื ืืืฉื ืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืืืืืงืืืจืืช ืืื ืขื ืชืืืจื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืืื, ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืกืื ืืืกืื ืชืื ืฉื ืคืขืืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืกืื ืื ืืกืจืื ืืื ืขื ืขืืืชืื ืืื ืชื ืคืืชื, .T ืืืืืืื ืืกืื ืงืืืื ืชืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืงืจืื, ืืจืฆืฃ ืืืืกืื, ืืขืจืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืกืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืืช ืืืคื ืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืื. ืชืื ืืขืจืืช ืกืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืคืขืืื" ืฉ"ืืฉืชืคืื ืืืืกืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืจืคื ืืืืคืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืืจืืช ืืืชืืื ืืคืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืื, ืืกืจืื, ืฉืืื, ืืื ืชื ืืงืืื ืืคืชื ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืชืจืคืืืช
ืืืฉืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืืืชืจ.
ืคืจื ืกืช ืืืจืฅ. ืืฆืคืื ืืืขืืจ ืชืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืืข ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืชืืกืกื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืงืฆืื ืืฆืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืข. ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืขืื- ืืืืขื ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืืืืขืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืคื ืื ืคืชื ืืืงืืื ืืชืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืืฉืืช, ืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข. ืืื ืชื ืืชืขื ืืื ืืืืงืจืื ืขื ืืื-ืืจืืืื ืืกืืืช ืืงืืจืืช ืืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืฆืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืฆืืื ืืื, ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืจ, ืืืงืฉืช ืืืคืกืืืืืืืื. ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืงืืจืืช ืขื ืืจืฆืื ืืชื ืืื ืืชืืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืช, ืฉืืืชื ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืคืขื ืืคืขื ืืื ืชื ื ืื ื ืืืืื, ืืจืงืื, ืืฉืืจ ืขืืืจ ืงืืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืงืืื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืคืกื ืชืจ. ืืืจืืช ืืฉืขืืช ืฉืื, ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืืงืจ ืืฉืงืืข ืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืงืืืฉ ืืืืฅ ืื ืขืืฉื ืืื
ืืืืืจืื.
ืืื ืชื ืงืฆื ืืืืื
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
29
ืืคืืืืงื ืืคืงืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืช ืจืืื ืจ ืืืจ ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฅ. ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืชืืงื ืืืื ืืืงื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืงืจืช ืืื ืขืืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืช. ืืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจืืคืืืืงื, ืฉืื ืืช ืืชืคืืืืช ืืจื ืืืืง, ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฆืจืืช ืฉื ื ืื ืืช ืืืืช. ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืก ืืขื ืืฆืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืช ืื ืืื ืคืขื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืืื, ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืืข ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืจืืืช. ืืกืืืืืฆืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืืจืืืจ ืชืื ืืืขืืช ืกืคืจืืช ืืงืจืื ืืืืืืช
ืืืืงืจ ืืืืชืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืื.
ืืืืื ืืฉื, ืืืจืืช ืขืืืืช ืืืงื ืขื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืืคื. ืืืืืชื ืืช 14 ืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื. ืืืคืืืืงื ืืืชืืืืงื ืจืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืื, ืฉืืจืืชื ืืช ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืงืืกืืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืงืืืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืืจืืชื ืกืืื ืืื ืฉืืืฉื. ืืชืืืจ ืืืืื ืขืืกืงืช ืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืฉืจื ืืืื. ืืืื ื ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืงืจืื ืกืคืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืืข ืืืืื ื. ืืืืจืื ื ื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืืคืกื ืชืจ ืื ืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจ
ืืืชืงืืืืชื, ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืื ืืชืืืช.
ืืืจ ืจืืื ืจ
30
ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืกืืืื ื ืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืง ืืื ืืืื, ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืคืงืืืื ืืืงืจื ื ืขื. ืืจื ืืคืจืืค' ื ืืืื ืขืจื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืชืคืืกื ืืจืืื ืืืจืืื ืืคืชื ืืช ืืืื ืืกืคืจืืช ืืชื ืืืช. ืืืืงืจ ืืฉืื ืืืกืืืจืื ืืชืืืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืจืืืืืช ืชืคืืกืช ืืช ืืฆืื ืืื ืืืจืืืืืืืืื. ืืงืกืืื ืืคืชื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจืืื ืื"ื, ืฉื ืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืจืื ืชืคืืกืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืกืื ืฉืืจืืื ืืจืืืืช, ืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืงืืจ. ืืฉืขืจื ืื ืืจืืืช ืฉืืชืจืืืช ืืจืื ืืช, ืื ืชืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืคืขืชื, ืืืืชื ื ืงืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช
ืขื ืืื ื ืืืฆืืืืช, ืื ืืคืืื ืืื ืืืืคืืื.
ืขื ืืืคืจืช ืืชืืืจืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืขืช ืืื ืืื ืืฆื"ื ืฉืืจืช ืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืจืืขืช ืชืืจ ืจืขืืืชื ืืื ืืจืืื. ืืืกืืจ ืืฉืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืืืื ืืืืจืืืืืช ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืขื )ืืขืืืช ืืืืจืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืฆืืื, ืืขืืฆืื ืืื ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืจืืืื( ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืจืืืืืช ืข"ืฉ ืืืืืงื ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืจืืืืงืืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืื, ืงืืจืกืื ืืืืจืืืืืช, ืืชืื ืื ืืืชืืืจืื ืืืจืืืืืช. ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืจืฉืื ืืขืืกืง ืืืืจืืืืืช ืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืฆืืืืจื. ืืคืจืื ืืืืืจ โ ืืจืื ืืคืืจืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืชืื ืื. ืืืื ืื ืืืืืขืืช ืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืงืื ืืฉืืืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืืื
ืืืืื ืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืืืฉืจืื.
ืืื ืฉืืจืง
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
31
ืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืจื )ืืื ื( ืืื ืชื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืคื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืคืกืืืืืืืื ืกืืืืื ืจืืขื ืื"ืจ ืืืคื( )ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืืจื ืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืืฆืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืจ-ืืืื(. )ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉืืื ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืฅ ืคืกืืืืืืื ืืฉืคืืข ืขื ืชืืืืืื ื ืืืจื-ืืืงืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืกืืืืืคืจื ืื. ืฉื ืืืจืืืืืืืช" "ืืืืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืืืืช ืฉื ืืืขืืื, ืืืืงืืช ืชืกืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืชื. ืืงืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืชืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืืืชืคืจืฆืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืคืืืืืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืืืื ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืกืคืฆืืคืืช ืืชืืงืืืช ืชืื ืกืืืืืคืจื ืื, ืฉื ืืืืฅ ืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืงืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืคืจ ืชืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืชืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืฆื ืืืงืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืช ืืืืงืื
ืืกืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืชื ืกืืืืืคืจื ืื.
ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืขืืื ืขืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืฉืืงืื ื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืื ืืื ืืจ ืขื ืืช-ืืืื ืืฉืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืืืคื. ืืื ืืขื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืคืกืืืืืืืื ืื- ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืจื ืื ืืขืจ ืืคื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขืืืืชื ืื ืื. ืืืจืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืชืขื ืืื ืืชื ืืช ืขืืจืจื ืคืกืืืืืืจื ืืฉืคืื ืืกืืืืืคืจื ืื, ืืืขืืงืจ ื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืืืืงืจืืช ืงืืื ืืช ืืคืกืืืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืกืืื ืืืืืจืื ื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื. ืืื ื ืืจืืืฉ ืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืืืข, ืขื ืืงืืคืื ื ืื ืื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืคืื ืืืืืจืื. ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืขืืกืง ืืืื ืื. ืืืคืืืืช ืขืืืื ืขื ืืืืข ืืืืชื ืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืฉืื ืืกืขืืช ืืืคืขืืื ืืืื, ืืจื ืืขืืืชืช ืืืืจืื
ืืืืืจ ืื ืืขืจ ืืกืืืื.
ืืื ืชื ืฉืืจื
32
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืชืฉืคืดื
ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืืืืื
ื ืขืื ืื-ืืืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืื ืื ืืืืืืื
ืืืื ืืืจืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืขื ืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืื ืืืืืกืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืขืื ืช ืืืืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืชืคืชืืืชืืช
ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ืืืจืคืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืืืืืืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืืจื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืืื ืืช
ืฉืื ืืืืชืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืจื
ืืืืฉืง ืื ืจื'ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืคืืืืงื
ืขืืืจ ืืงืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืื
ืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืกืคืจืืช ืขืืจืืช
ืืคื ื ืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
34
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืชืฉืคืดื
ืื ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืืืื ืคืืจืืืืงื
ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืฉื ืืช
ืืฉื ืืื ืฆ'ืฆ'ืืงืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืชืืืื ืืืืื
ืชืืืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืืืขื ืืืืฉื
ืืคื ื ืขื ืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืืื
ืืืคืจ ืคืจืื ืฅ ืกืชืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืืื ืืืืืื
ืืืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืฉื ืกืืืืกืงืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืชืืืืงื
ื ืขื ืคืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืืื ืื ื ืืจืฆืงืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืื ืื
ืจืืื ืคืืจืชืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืืจ ืงืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ื ืืืจืืคืกืืืืืืืื ืงืืื ืืช
ืจืืชื ืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ื ืืืจืืืืืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
35
ืืคืด
ืฉืช
ื ื
ืืจื
ืขืื
ืชืื
ืขืช
ื ืื
ืชืื
ืืื
ืงืช
ืื
ืืืื
ืืื
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืชืฉืดืฃ
ืฉืืื ืืืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกื ืืื-ืจืคืืืืช
ืงืจื ืื ืืจ-ืกืื ืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืขืืืจ ืืืณืืืณืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืื
ืืืืขื ืืืจืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื
ืฉืืจืื ืืงืื ื ืืืงืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืืืก ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืกืคืจืืช
ืฉื ื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืกืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืชื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืชืจืฆื ืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืื ืื
ืฉืจืื ืืืง ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืื ืืชืืช
ืจืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืกืื ืืื ืืืืืืื
ืคืืจ ืื ืฆืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื
ืคืจื ื ืืงืื-ืืกืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืกืืฆืืืืืืื
ืื ื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืื ืงืืื ืืฆืื
ื ืขื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืื ืืชืืช
ืืื ืชื ืืฆืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
36
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืชืฉืดืฃ
ืืืื ืจืืืื ืกืงืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืช
ืขืืืจ ืงื ืืจืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืคืืืืงื
ืฉืืจ ืคืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ื ืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืจืืืืืืืื
ืกืืื-ืืื ืจืืชืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคืืืื ืื ืืืชืืืืงื
37
ืืคืด
ืฉืช
ื ื
ืืจื
ืขืื
ืชืื
ืขืช
ื ืื
ืชืื
ืืื
ืงืช
ืื
ืืืื
ืืื
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื
ืจื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืจืื
ื ืื ืืืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืืื ืืืกืืจืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืืจื ืืจืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืื ืืืจืชืืช
ืขืืืืช ืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืกืืืจืื
ืืคืขืช ืืืืฉืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืื ืื
ืืืื ืืืขืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืกืืืจืื ืืืืืช
ืขืื ืืืจืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืชืื ืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืืช ืืืื ื
ืขืืื ืืจืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืื ืงืืืื ืืืช
ืงืจื ืืจืืื ืคืืืฉืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืกืคืจืืช
ืชืืืืื ืื'ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืกืืฆืืืืืืื ืืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืื
ืชืฉืข"ื
ืืืื ืืืืจ-ืืืจืื'ืงืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืืื ืืจืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืืืื ืืืื
ืืืจ ืืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืืืงืืืืืื
ืื ืื ืืจ-ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื
ืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืื ืื
ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื
ืฉืืจ ืืจืขืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืื
ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืืืืืืืืื
ืืื ืกื ืืืจืงืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืจืืืืืืืื
ืฉืืืช ืืืื-ื ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืื ืืจืคืง-ืขืืืงืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืืืื
ืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืชืืืื
ืืื ืชื ืืคืชืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืชืฉืขืดืืชืฉืขืดืืืืื ืืฉืจืืื
ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืื ืืืงื
ืจืืขื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืืืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืช ื ืคืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืื ืกืืคืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื
ืืจืื ืกืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืฉืคืืื
ืขืืกืื ืขืกืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืืืืืื ืืคืืืืืืืืื
ืืืื ืคืจืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื
ืืืืืช ืฆืืืงืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืืืืงืช ืืืืจ ืืืืก
ืืืื ืฉืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ื ืืืื
ืชื ืฉืงืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืจืืื ืืืืจืืืืฅืณืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืงืจื ืฉืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
38
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื
ืชืฉืข"ื
39
ืืคืด
ืฉืช
ื ื
ืืจื
ืขืื
ืชืื
ืขืช
ื ืื
ืชืื
ืืื
ืงืช
ืื
ืืืื
ืืื
ืื ืืืงืืืื ืกืจืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืชืืืืงื
ืืืื ืืฆืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืจื ืกื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืืืื ืงืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืกืคืจืืช ืืฉืืืืชืืช
ืขืืืจ ืงืจืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืืืช ืืขืจืืืช
ื ืืขื ืจืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืคืืืืงื ืืืืืช
ืืื ืฉืืจืงืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ืชื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื
ืืืืืืืื ืกืื ืืชืืช
ืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืื ืืฆืจืืกืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืืขืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืื ืืกืื
ืฉืจืื ืกืื-ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืื ืื- ืืงืืืืช ืืืืื
ืขืืื ืกืืืื ืกืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืื ืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืฉื
ืื ืื ืกืืขืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืืืฉื ืขืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืืืืื
ืืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื
ื ืืจืืช ืคืืืืกืืฃืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืื ืคืื ืฆ'ืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืชืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช
ืืืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืจืืืืื ืจืื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืืฉื ืืช
ืืจืง ืฉืืกืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืชืืืืงื
ืชืฉืข"ืืจืื ื ืืืืจื
ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืืืืืืืืช ืืชื
ืืืื ืืืืื ืืจื-ืืืจืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืื ืืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืื ืืกืฃ ืฉืคืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืจืืืืืืืื
ืืืื ืืคืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืืจืื ืืืืฆ'ื ืงืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืกืขืจ ืืืื ืืจืงืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืื ื
ืจืื ืืจืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืืื
ืืืชื ืืจืื ืืืกืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืคืืืืงื
ืื ืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืจื ืืงืกืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืื
ืืืจื ืืฅืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืกืืฆืืืืืืื ืืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืื
ืฉืืืื ืืฅืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืืื ืืช
ืืื ืืืจืขืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืื ื ืืจืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ื ืชื ืืืืืฉืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืืืื
ืชืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืืจืื ืืงื ืืืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืื ืืกื ืืื-ืจืคืืืืช
ืืืืื ืื ืฆืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืืืขื ืืืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืฉืคืจื ืื ืกืงืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืืืื
ืืืืจื ืืจืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืืืืกืื ืกืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืื ืื
ืชืฉืข"ืืืืจื ืื-ืืฉื
ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคืืืืขืื ืืื-ืืืืื
ืกืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื
ืืืืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ืชื ืืฆืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืืช ืกืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช
ืืืื ืคืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืฉื
ืื ื ืฆืืจื-ืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืื ืื
ืขืืื ืคืจืืืงืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืื ืืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืฉืืจื ืฉืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืืืืื
ืชืฉืข"ืืจืืชื ืงืคืื
ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ืจืืื ืคืื ืืจืืืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืืื ืืช
ืืื ืช ืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืงืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืชื ืฉืืจืงืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืืืกื ืืจ ืฉืคืืืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื
40
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื
ืืฆืืง ืืจืงืืืืฅ'ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืื ืืจืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืชืืืืงื
ืืจืืจ ืืืชืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืืืื ืืืจืืกืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืืืก ืืืืืฆ'ืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื
ื ื ืกื ืกื ืืืืืืฅ'-ืืฅืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ืขืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืืืชื ืจืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืื ืืกื ืืื-ืจืคืืืืช
ืชืฉืข"ื
41
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืืื
ืคืดืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
ืืื
ืืง
ืชื
ื ืื
ืืืื
ื
ืืืจื ืืื-ืืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืื ื ืืกืื-ืืจื ืฉืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืคืจืช ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืขืจื ืืจืืืกืืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื
ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืื-ืืื ืคืืจืืืืงื
ืืกืฃ ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืื ืืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืชื ืืืื-ืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืืื ืกืคืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืื ืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช
ืืืื ืงืจืฆืืจืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื ืกืื ืชืืืช
ืชืฉืข"ืืืืืจื ืืืืกื ืืจืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืืืจืืช ืืืืขืื
ืืืชืืจ ืืืจืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืคืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืขืืื
ืงืจื ืืฆืืงืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื-ืืื ืคืืจืืืืงื
ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืงืืจืื ืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืจ ื ืืฆืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืืืืงื ืืืื-ืืื ืคืืจืืืืงื
ืืืื ื ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืชืืืจ ืคืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื
ืืืื ืฉืฆ'ืืคืงืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืืืื ืืืืืื
ืชื ืฉืงืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืชืฉืข"ื
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื
ื ืืจ ืืจืืื ืกืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืืื ืืฉืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืื ืื
ืืืื ืืจืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืจื'ื ื'ืืจืืกืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ื ื ื-ืืื ืืืืืื-ืขืืืื ืชืืื ื
ืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืื ืื
ืืคืชื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืืื ืืจืืกืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื- ืงืจืืคืืืืจืคืื
ืืืขื ื ืืจืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื
ืืจื ืงืืคืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืื ืฉืคืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืจืืื ืื-ืฉืฉืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ื ื ื-ืืื ืืืืืื
ืขืืืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืช
ืื ืื ืืืืืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืื-ืืืจืืืืืช
ืกืืืื ืืจืงืืืืฆ'ืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืื-ืืื ืคืืจืืืืงื
ืขืืืจื ืืืจืฆืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืื ืืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืขืืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืงืืจืื ืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืืืืงื ืืืืืช ืชืืืืจืืืช
ื ืื ืืืจืืืืฅ'ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืื ืื
ืืืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืืืืืจ ืกืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืช
ืืืื ืืืืืืจ-ืงืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืจื ืฉืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืชืฉืดืขืชืฉืข"ืื ืืข ืืืืืื
ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืืืืื ืื
ืืจืง ืืืคืกืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืคืืืืงื
ื ืชื ืื ืืืคืกืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืขืืืจ ืืจืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืื ืืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืืืื ืืจืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืืืืื ืืืืืื
ืขืืื ืืกืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืฉืืจื ืกืืคืจ-ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืจืื ืฉืืืกืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืชืืืืงื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืืืื
ืืืืช ืกืืื-ืื ืฉืืฉืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืื ืืกื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืช
ืชืฉืก"ื
42
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื
ื ืขืื ืืืคื ื-ืืจื ืฉืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืื ืืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืื ืชื ืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืช
ืขืืืจื ืืจืงืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืฉืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืฅ'ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืื ืื
ืคืืชืื ื ืืืจืืง-ืืืืืืชืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืขืื ื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืื ืืืืขื-ืฉื ืืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช ืืชืื ืื ืขืืจืื ื
ืืืื ืกืืืืืกืงืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืคืืืืงื
ืืื ืจืืื-ืฆืืงืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืืจืื )ืืจืืง( ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืื ืื
ืฉืืจื ืฉืคืจืืจ-ืกืืืืืืฅ'ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืชืฉืก"ื
43
ืืคืด
ืฉืช
ื ื
ืืจื
ืขืื
ืชืื
ืขืช
ื ืื
ืชืื
ืืื
ืงืช
ืื
ืืืื
ืืื
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจึพืืืงืืืจืืืขืืช ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืช ืชืฉืค"ื
ืืืขืฆืช ืืงืืืืช ืืืืจืืคืจืืคโ ืืจืืื ื ืฉืืจืง, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ื ื ืจ ื ื ืข ื ืืคืจืืคโ ืฉืจื ืกืืจืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืคโ ืืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืคืจืืคโ ืืืจื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืืืคืืจื ืื ืกืื ืืืืื
ืคืจืืคืณ ืืื ืชื ืื-ืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืืืคืจืืคโ ืืจืกืืก ืืจืกืื-ืืจื ื ืจืืืจืืืก, ืืืืขืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืขื ืืกืคืจื
III ืคืจืืคโ ืคืจื ืกืืื ืืืืงื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืกืืจืืื ืืืืฉื, ืคืจืื
ื ืจ ื ื ื ื ืข ื ื
ืคืจืืค' ืคืจืืค' ืฆ'ืืื ื ืืงืืืื ื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืื ืงืืจืืื, ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ืืืื ืชื ืืืขืชื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืคืจืืค' ืืืื ืืืืืข-ืฉืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืจ ืื-ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืื ืืจื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืคืจืืค' ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืคืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืงืืื, ืืื ืืจืืืื
ื ืจ ื ื ื ื ืข ื ืืคืจืืค' ืืืจื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืคืจืืค' ืืืื ืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืจืืค' ืจืื ื ืืจืคืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืคืจืืค' ืืขื ืื ืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืจืืค' ืจืืขื ืืฉืืื, ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืคืจืืค' ืคืงื ืกืื ืจืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจืื ืื
ื ื ืง ื ื ื ื ื ื ืข ื ืืคืจืืค' ื ืขืื ืืจื ืจ, ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืคืจืืค' ืฉืืจื ืืจืืฉืืืื-ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืืืคืจืืค' ืืืื ืืฉืจ, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืคืจืืค' ื ืืจ ืืกืืจ, ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืคืืงืจืกืงื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ื ื ื ื ื ื ืข ื ื
ืคืจืืคโ ืื ืชืืคืืง ื"ื, ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข ืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ืขืืื ืื'ื, ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืคืจืืค' ืืืืืืช ืืจืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืจืืค' ื ืขืื ืืจืงืื, ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืคืจืืค' ืืื ืจ' ืืืืืืืกืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจืื ืื
ืคืจืืค' ืืจื ืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืืืคืจืืค' ืืจืื ืกืืงืืืืืกืงื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจืื ืื
ืคืจืืค' ืืจืืื ืฆ'ืืคืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขืฅ ืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืคืจืืค' ืื ื ืงืืกืืืืกืงื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื
45
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
46
ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืจืคืื ื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืืืจืจื ืืื ื ืข"ืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจ-ืืืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืคืจืืค' ืืืจื ืืื ืืคืจืืค' ืืืืืจ ืืคืืืืื. ืืื ืขืืจื ืืืงืจ ืืชืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืชืืงื ืืืงืืจ ืืฉืื ื. ืืืื ื ืืขืื ืื ืืฆื ื ืฉืืจืช ืื ืืกืืกืืช ืฉืืชื ืืืืช ื ืจืื ืืืขืื ื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืจ ืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืจืืืืช. ืขืฆืืื ืืขืจืืช ืืกืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืงื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืื )ืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืื-ืชืืื( ืืืงืจ ืจืคืื ,)Nematostella vectensissea( ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืช ืืฉืื ื. ืฉื ืืืืืืืฆืืื ื ืืืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืืช ืฉืืืฃ ืขืฆืืื ืจืฉืช ืขื ืงืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืงืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืจืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืฉืื ื ืืชืคืชืื ืืกืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืกืืกืืช ืืืืืกืชืช
ืืงืจื ืจืื ืืขืื ืืืืื.
ืืืืืข ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืช 2019 ื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฆืจืคืช ืจืคืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืคืืกื-ืืืงืืืจื ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืื. ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืืืจ ืกืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืขืฆืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืจืง ื ืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืจืคืื ืจืคืืื-ืืืจืชื. ืืืืื ื'ืืื ืื"ืจ ืืืืืืจ ืคืืจืืง ื"ืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืชืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืืก ืืช ืืงืจ ืืื ืกืืืืื. ืคืื - 3ืืจืืืช ืืฆื ืืจืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉื ืืืงืืืช ืืืชืคืชืืืช )ืขืืืจื ืื( ืฉื ืืื ืืืจื, ืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืกืืจ ืื ืื ื ืจืคืื ืืกืืืื ืืื. ืขื ืืืชืืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืืชืืืจืจ ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื. ืืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืจื-ืชืจืืืชืืื, ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืฆืจืคืชื ืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืื
ืฉืืืข ืืฉืืขืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืกืืื ืืื.
ืจืคืื ืืืืื
47
ื"ืจ ืืืื ืคืืืื ืืื ืคืจืื ืืื ืขืืืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืืช ืืืงืจื ืืืืืงื ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืข, ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืืืืจ ืืืืืฆืงื. ืชืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืืื ืจืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืขืืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืฉื ืืฉืคืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืคืขืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืื-ืืงืืื. ืืจืื ืจื "ื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืชืคืงืื ืืช ืืงืืืขืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืชืืงื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืฉ ืืืื ืื-ืืงืืื, ืืจืื ืจื "ื ืืืงืจืื ืืคืขืื ืืกืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืืกืืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจืืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื. ืงื ืืืืงืจ ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ืืืื ืคืืืื ืืฆืืข ืื ืืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ื ืืฆืืช ืืชืืืืื ืชืคืงืืืืื ื ืคืจืืื ืฉื ืงืืขืื ืืจืฆืฃ ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืจื "ื, ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืฆืืข
ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืงืจื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืฆืื.
ืกืืื ืฉื ืจืืงื, ืืงืืกืื ืืืงืืจ ืืื ืคืืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืืื ืืช. ืืืืืืื ืืืืงืจืืืืืืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืืจืื ืืื-ืจืคืืื ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืคืืคืืื ื, ื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืจืคืืื ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืื ืืื-ืจืคืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉื ืงืืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืืืจื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืฆืืข ืืขื ืง ืคืืื ืคืจืกืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืคืจืกื ืืืขืืจื ืื-ืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืฉ ืจื "ื ืื ืขื ืืืขืืื ืืขื ืืื ืชืืืื ืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืกืจืื. ืื ืื ืืื-ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืคืืื, ืืืืืืื ื ืื ื ืคืืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืขืืื
ืืืชืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืจืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืขืืื.
ืืืื ืคืืืื ืืื ืคืจืื
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
48
ื"ืจ ืื ืืจืื ืืืฉืงืื ืืื ืขืืืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืฉืื ืืื ืืกืช ืืกืคืจ ืื- ืืืคืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืคืชื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืคืื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืืจื ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืฉื ืคืืืฉื ืืืช ืืกืคืงืืจืืกืงืืคืืืช ืื ืืืื ืจืคืืืืืช. ืืืืขืืืืช ืืืจืคืืืช ืฉื ืืืืงืจ ืคืจืืืงื ืืืืืขื, )SERS( ืืฉืื ืืืืืจืช ืจืืืื ืืืื- ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืงื ืืชืืงื ืื ืืจืื ืงืื ืืื ืฆืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ื ืกืคืงืืจืืกืงืืคืืืช ืกืคืืืช ืืื ืคืจื ืืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืฉืื )SEIRAS(, ืืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืื ืืกืืืืช ืงืืจื ืฉื ืชืจืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฆืื ืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืงืืืืช ืฉืืื. ืืืื ืืืงืืืื SEIRAS-ื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืฉ ื-90 ืฉื ืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืกืืืืืช ืื ,SERS ืืขืืืช ืื ืืืื ืื ืืชื ืช ืืืกืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืชืจ ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืื ืืื-ืืืืฉื ืืชืืื ืฆืจืืืืช ืจืงืข ืืขืื ืืืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืืง ืคืขืืื ืฉืืชืืฃ ืืื ืขื ืืืืคืชืจ
ื ืืกืืื ืืชืืืจืื.
ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืกืืื ืจืืกืื, ืืกืืืื ืกืง, ื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืืกืงืื ืืคืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืงืจืืืจื ืืืืงืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืชืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืคืืืื ืืื ืืงืื. ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืจ-ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืฆืืื ืช ืคืืืคืืจืื ืืกืคืงืืช ืฉื ื ื-ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืชืื ืืช ืืชืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืื, ืืืืจ-ืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืจืงืข ืืชืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืขืืืืช ื ื ื-ืืืฆืืจ ื ืืกืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืืืงืจ, ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืืช, ืืืืื ืืช ืชืจืืืืืช ืืืงืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืจืื
ืืืืืจื.
ืื ืืจืื ืืืฉืงืื
49
ื"ืจ ืจืืืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืขืืืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืคืงืืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืชืืื ืฉืืจืง. ืืืชื ืื"ืจ ืฉืืื ืืขื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืคืจื ืชืืืจืืืช, ืืืงืืงืื ืคืืืืงืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืงืจ ืคื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืชืืืจืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืืช ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืข ืืืจืืงืื ืชืช-ืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืืื )ืืืืืข ืื ืืืื ืืจืื, ืืฆืืืชื ืืฃ ืขื ืืื ื ืืืืงืืงืื( ืคืืืืงืช ืฉื ืืกืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืจืืืืช ืขืืืืืช ืืฉ ืืืืข. ืฉื ืืื ืชืืืืจ ืืกืคืง ืื ืืกืืื ืืืช ืฉืืฆืืืขืืช ืขื ืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืืงืื ืืืฉืื ืจืืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืฉืืช. ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืื ืืืง ืขื ืืขื ืืช ืฉืืืจืชื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืงืืืื ืืื ืืกืื ืืจืื, ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืคืชืืืืช ืจืืืื ืฉื ืืืืงืจื ื ืืกืฃ ืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืคื. ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืชืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื ืช ืืื ืืงื ื ืขืืื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืข ืงืืืืื. ื ืืกืืื ืืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืกืื, ืืฆืขื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืฆื ืื ืขื ืืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืืคืืฉ ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืช ืืชืื ื ืืืืงืืงืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืจ ืคื ื ืขื ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืฆื
ืขืฆืืื ืืกืืจืืคืืืืงืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืื ืื.
ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืชื ืืืื ื ืืื ืจืืืื ืงืืืช ืืืืจ ืืฆื"ื. ืงืจืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืืืงืืืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืคืืืืงื ืืืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืชืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืจ. ืื ืืจืืืก ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื, ืจืืืื ืืื ืจืืื. ืืืืช ืื ืืืขื ืงื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืื. ืืฉื ื ืจืขืืืชื ืขื ืืืืคื ืืืื ืืชืืืจืจ ืืกืคืืจื, ืืืขืกืืง ืืคืกื ืชืจ ืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืืคื ืื
ืืืืืื ืืืคืืก ืืจืื.
ืจืืืื ืืืงืื
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
50
ื"ืจ ื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืขืืืชืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืข, ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืงื ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืกื ืืช ืืืงืจืช ืืื ืฉื ืจืืชื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืชื, ืฉืืืืืงืื ืื ืืืคืื ืชืขืฉืืืชืืืช, ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืงืื ืฉืืจืง. ืจืคืืืืืช ืืกืืืืชืืืช, ืืื ืืฉืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืจืื ืืืงืืจ ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืงืืืืืืืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืื: ืงื ื ืืื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืืืืืงืื ืคืืชืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืกืื ืืชืืืืืช ืื ืื ื ืืืจืืืืชื ืฉืืช ื ืืืคื, ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืขืจืืืช ืืืืื. ืืชืืืืื ืจืง ืื ืื- ืืื ื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืจืืืช ืืงืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืช. ืืืจืืืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืงืื ืชืขื ืืง ืื ื ืชืืื ืืช
ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืชืคืชืืืชื.
รcole-ื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืจืื. ืืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืื Normale Supรฉrieureืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืืงืจืืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืคืจืื ืืืืืื ืคืกืืจ. ื ืืื ืขืืื ืขื ืืืืงืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืคืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืคืจืืค' ื'ืื-ืืืจืง ืืืื, ืฉื ืืงืจื ืืืขื ืฉื ืืืืงืจืืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืืชื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืขืืื ืื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืงืื ืงืืืืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืื, ืืงืจืื ื ืื ืืช ื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืืืฅ ืืืืคืืื. ืืืื ืื ืืืคืืขื ืืชืืืืจืื ืืืืคืจืืืืืฆืื ืืืชืืืืจืื
ืงืืืกื.
ื ืืื ืืฉืื
51
ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืขืืืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืคืืืืงื ืืืืกืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืชืืืจ ืืืื ืกืงื. ืืืงืจืื ืืชืืื ืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืืกืกืื ืืงืืกืืืืืืื ืืืงืืงืื ืคืืืืงืช ืืืืืื ืชืืืจืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืคื ืืื ืืคืืชืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืจืืืช ืชืฆืคืืืช ืืืืืืื. ืฉืืืืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืคืืฉ ืืื ืจืืื ืืชืงืฆืื ืืืืืื 25 ืืืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืจ ืืคืจืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื, ืืขืฉืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืงืื. ืฉื ืืกืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืชื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืคื ืืื ืืืงืืง ืืื ืจืง ืืขื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืงืืงืื ืืืกืืืืื ืืืืืขืื. ืืืขืืจ ืืกืื ืืืงืืงืื ืฉื ืงืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืจืืืืช ืืคืจืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืงืจืื ืื ืืข ืืคื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืคื ืฉืืืืจ ืกืืืจ ืืื ืืกืื ืืจืืืช. ืืกืื ืืจืืืื, ืืืกืืืืื ืืืืืงืืงืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืื ืืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืคืื ื ืืืืืื ืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืื, ืืื ืืืคืฉ ืืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืขืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืคื ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืงืืช ืืืกืงืืคืื ืกืื ืืจืืืื, ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืฆื
ืืขืืื.
ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืฆืจืคืช, ืงืื ืืืคืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉื ืืืขืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืข, ืจืื ืงืจืื ืืคืชื ืืขื ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืคืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืืฉืืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืช ืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืืกืงืจื ืืช ืืื ืฉื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืจืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืชืืืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืืืื. ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช. ืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืชื, ืืฉืงืจื ืืืืื ืื ืืืขืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืืืืชืืช ืืืชืืกืจืืช ืืืคื ืืกืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืคืจืื. ืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืื ,2020 ืืฉื ืช ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืขืฉืืจื ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืงืจ DESY ืืืืืืจื. ืขืืืชืื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืจืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืข ืืื ืืขืช ืืืงืจ, ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืืช ืืงืืืื ืืืืขืืช ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืื. ืืชื ืืืกืคืื ืื ืืช ืืืจืืฉืช ืืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืกืคืืจื, ืืืืคืืฉ ืขื
ืืืจืื, ืื ืื ืืคืกื ืชืจ ืืืืืื ืคืืืืกืืคืื.
ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
52
ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืกืืืกืืจ ื' ืคืืืื ื"ืจ ืืกืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชืืช ืืืืข ืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืคืจืืค' ืขื ืืืชืืช ืืชืืื ืืืกืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื. ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืื-ืืืืื. ืืฃ ืฉื ืจืื ืื ืืชืคืืกื ืืขืืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืคืจืงืืืงืืช ืืื ืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืื ืืคืืื ืก ืืกืจ ืืืืื ืจืื ืชืืื ืชืจืืืชื ืกืคืฆืืคื, ืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืืฆืื ืืขืืื ืืื ื ืฆืืืืืช ืืืื ืจืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืขื ืชืืืืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืืข, ืคืืืืกืืคืื, ืืืกืืืจืื, ืืืชืืก, ืืื ืฉื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืฉืืืจ ืคืืืื ืคืืืืืืงื. ืื ืกืคืจืืช ืืืืช ืืขืจืืืช ืืชืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืืช ืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืงืืช ืืงืกืืืืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืืงืฉืืจืืช ืืฉืืืืช ืขืืกืง ืืืืงืจื ืงืคืื ืืื, ืชืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื: ืืืงืจ ืชืืืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืื-ืืืืื; ืชืืจืช ืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืคื ืืคืขืืืชื, ืืืืืจื ืืช-ืืื ื ื; ืืฉืืืืช ืืื-ืชืืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืืชืืคืขื ืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืื ื ืคืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืคืื
ืืงืฉืจืื ืชืจืืืชืืื ืืืืืืืื.
ืืืกืืื ืืืืคืืื ืช ืคืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืืืืช ืืงืจืืืจื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืฉ ืื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืื, ืืชืจืืกืจ ืฉืคืืช. ืืื ืกืืื ืฉื ื ืชืืืจื ืืืงืืืจ โ ืืื ืืจื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืื ืืืจื'ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืคืื, ืขืจื ืืืงืจ ืืงืืฃ ืืืืืืื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืงืืจืกืื ืืฉืืืืืฅ, ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืฉืจืื. ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืคืืืื ื ืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืืงืจื )Khyentse( ืงืืื ืืกื ืงืจื ืืฉืืืืืฅ, ืืืืข ืืืืืืืช ืืจืงืื ืืืื ืคืืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืก. ืืืืื ืืงืจื )ืจืฆืื ืืฆืืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืจืฉืืืช ืืืฉืืขื ืืืงืืงืืืช ืฉืื ืืกืคืืืืคืื(, ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืขื ืืืืฃ ืืืืืจืืข ืืฆื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืก ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืื ืืืกืงื ืกืงืืื.
ืคืืืื ื' ืืืืกืืืกืืจ
53
ื"ืจ ืขืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืขืืืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืขื ืืื ืข"ืฉ ืืืืื ืฆ'ืจื ื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืงืจ ืขืืจื ืืื ืืืืื. ื ืืงืืืก ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืคื, ืืืืืืืฆืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืกืืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืืืื. ืืืื ืื ืืื ืคื ืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืจ ืคื ื ืฉื ืฉื ืืืืจืืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืงืืช ืขืืืืชื ืืฉืงืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืชืืขืื ืืืืืืืืื. ื ืืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืชืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืจืืชื ืขืื ืืื ืืืกืคืจืืืช, ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืจืืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืื ืืื )ืืืคืจืืืจื, ืืขืืจ ืืงืืื ืืฉืชื ื ืฉื ืืืืชืืื ืืืคืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื(, ืื ืืจืืช ืืื ืืชืืขืืืช ืืืืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืืืืกืคืจืืื ืืืืืงืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืืื. ืขื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืข ืขื ืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืงืืื ืื ืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืงืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจืืื ืืขืืจ ืคืขืืืืช ืฉื ืืืงืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ืฉื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืง ืื ืืฉืืช. ืคืจืืืงื ืืืืงืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืงื ืืืงืืื
ืฉื ืื ืืืื ื-200 ืืืฃ ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช.
ืืืืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจ ืฆืจืคืช. ืืืจืกื, ื ืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืื รcole Nationale Supรฉrieure de Gรฉologie-ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืฆืจืคืชืืื, ืืืืคืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉื ืช ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืืข ืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืืืืื ืคืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืื ืืืช ืืืืข ืืืืชื ืืช ืืืขืืืจ ืืืืฆืขื ืืืืข, ืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืจืื. ืืฆืขืืจืื ืืื ื ืืชืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืืคืืืืงืื ืืจืืืื ืืจืื ืืง ื"ืจ ืืืืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืข ืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืง ืขืื ืืื ืงืืคื. ืคืจืืจืืง ืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืช-ืืืื, ืขื ืืืืืจื ืืคืืืืงื ืืืืืขื ืืื ืืืก ืขื ืขืืืื, ืฉืงืจืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืคืจืืช, ืขืื ืืื
ืื ืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืืจื.
ืขืื ืืื ืืืืจื
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
54
ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืช ืืื ืืจืืืืืืืจ ืืืชืืกืจ ื"ืจ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืขืืกืง ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืฉืืื. ืืื ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืคื, ืืืืืืื ืืคืืืืกืืคืืื ืืืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืฉืคื, ืืืืืงื ืืืชืืืืงื. ืืื ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืงืฉืจ ืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืืืช, ืืืืื ืื ืืงื ืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืงื ืคืืจืืืืช. ืืืืง ืฉืคืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืงืจื ืคืืืืกืืคืื, ืืื-ืชืืืืืช ืฉื ืคืืจืืืืืช ืื ืงืืืช ืืื ืืชืืืืงื ืืืืขื ืืืืฉื. ืขื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืืืืืจ ืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืคืืช ืฉื ืืืกืืืืื ืืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืจืืชืืื, ืืืืืฉืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืืืกืืคืืื, ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืืืื
ืืืืืืืช ืืฉืคืืื ืืชืืืืื.
ืืฉื ื ืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืื ืืืชืืกืจ ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจืืื. ืืืชืืืืงื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืฉืื ืืืงืกืคืืจื, ืงืืื', ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืื 2021 ืืฉื ืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืืื ืืง ืข"ืฉ ืืืืฉื ืืืืขื ืืืื. ืืืชืืกืจ ืืืื ืืืคืืืฉ ืืื ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืงืจืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืขื ืืืชืืืืงื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืชืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืจื ืืกืืืืืช ืืกืื ืืืืงืืช ืืืืืืงื ืื ืงืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืืืช.
ืืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืืืืืงื ืืืืืืืื ืขื ืจืขืืืชื.
ืืืชืืกืจ ืืจืืืืืืืจ
55
ื"ืจ ืืืืฆ'ืกืื )ืกืืื( ืืจืืืืฆ'ื ืงื ืืื ืขืืืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืชืืืืช ืืช ืืืงืืจ ืืชืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืข, ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืงืืืืื, ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืงืืืืช ืืชืืคืขื ืืชืืงื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืคืืคื. ืืฆืืง ืคืจืืค' ืื ืืืช. ืืคืืคื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืื ืจืฆืคื ืฉื ืืืกืงืจื ืช ื ืืืคืื ืคืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืื ื ืคืืฆื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืชืืคืขื ื ืืฆืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื. ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืจืฆืคืื ืขื ืืืงืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืืืช ืื ืืฉืื ืืืคืคืื ืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืคืืื ืืจืืืื, ืืื ืื "ื ืฉื ืจืฆืคืื ืืืืืืืืื, ืืืืืื ืื. ืืฉื ื ืืืชื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขื ืงืื ืืืฉืืขืืืืช ืงืจืืืช ืืื ืขื ืคืืื ืืจืืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื "ื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืื. ืคืจืืืงื ืืืืงืจ ืฉื ืกืืื ื ืืขื ืืืฉืืฃ ืืช ืจืฆืคื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืืคืคืื ืฉืื ืืขื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืคื ืฉืื ืื ื
ืืืืจืื ืืืชื.
ืืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืฆ'ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืงืจืืื ื ื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืช ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืจ .12ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืคืืจืืืืงื ืืกืืืืช ืืชืืงืืืช ืชืื ืืคืจืื, ืงืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืช-ืงืืืฆื ืืืจ ืืืืข ืฉืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืขืืฆืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืข ืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืจืฅ. ืืืืจ ืคื ื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื. ืืืืืจืืืืช ืื ืขื ืฉืคืืช, ืืืืื ืืืคืฉ ืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉื ื ืขืืืื ืชืื ืจืืขืฉืื ืืืื ืืฆืืจืื ืืืงืจืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืกืืื ืฉืื ืื. ืืกืืืื ืืืืข ืืืขืืจืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืื โ ืืกืงื, ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืืคื ืืื
ืืืจืืฆื.
ืืืืฆ'ืกืื ืืจืืืืฆ'ื ืงื
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
56
ื"ืจ ืจื'ืจืฉื ืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืจืื ื"ืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืกืื ืชืื ืืคืจื ืืืืจืื ืืช, ืืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืชืืื ืคืืชืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืจืคืืื. ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืชืืงื ืืคืืชืื ืฉื ืืืืงืืืืช ืงืื ืืช ืืืคืืจืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืจืืืื ืืกืคืงืช, ืืืืื ืืคืืชืืื ืฉืืื ื ืงืืืืื ืชืจืืคืืช ืฉืขืืจื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืงืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืืืืจ ืืืืฆืืืช. ืืืืื ืืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืข ืืืืืจืช ืืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืชืจืืคืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช; ืขื ืืืช, ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืคืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืืงืืืืช ืืงืืื ืจื'ืจืฉื ืืืชืืื. ืืื ืืืชืืจืช ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืช ืืชืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืคืืืืืจ ืื ืงืฉืจืื ืืชืจืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืช ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืงืืช
ืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืฆืื ืื ืืื ื.
ืืืฉืืจื ืืฉื ืงืื ื ืืขืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืื ืจื'ืจืฉื )Basirhat( ืืื ืงืืืงืื, ืืืื. ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืืืชืืืจ ืืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ื'ืืืืคืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืขืืจ ืืงื ืื, ืฉื ืงืืื ืืช ืืชืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืืืื ื"ืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืขืช ืืืชืื ืจืืื ืืืืจืื ืคืจืกื ืจื'ืจืฉื ืืจืืจื. ื' ืืืื ืืืขืืื. ืืื ืกืื ืืืงืจืื ืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืขืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืืื, ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืื ื ืจื'ืจืฉื ืืืงืจ,
ืืืงืืืืช ืืืฉืื, ืืฆืื ืืืืฉื.
ืจื'ืจืฉื ืืื ืื
57
ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืช ืืื ืื ืืจ ืืืื ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื, ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืจื ืขืืืช ืื ืืื ืฉืื. ืืืขื ืคืจืืค' ืืืืคืืืืืื ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจืื ืงืืืคืืจื ืื. ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืงืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืคืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืช โ ืชืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืืช ืืฉืคืืขืืช ืขื ืืืคืืืืืื, ืขื ืืืกืืืช ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืขื ืชืืืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืงืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืงืจื ืืืคืืืืืืื. ืืืจืชืืช ืืืื ืคืืืคืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืืืงืืืจื
ืืฉืคืืขื ืขื ืืขืืจืช ืืกืจืื ืืืคืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืจื ื.
ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื, ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื ืืืง ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืขืืืืช ืืืงืกืคืืจื. ืืืืื ืืืืืืืจ ืคืจืกืื ืฉืืืคืืืืืื ืฆืืืฆืื ื ืชืื ืืืืคืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืืืคืืืืืืืช. ืืชืขืจืืืช ื ืงืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืจ ืงืืืข ืชืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืงืืืืช, ืืชืืืชื ืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืื ืืื ืืืจืืช. ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืืช ืืคืจืกืืื The Hague Journal ืืขืช ืืชื ืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืขืืจื ืฉืืืชื ืืขืช ืืขืฆืื. ื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ,of Diplomacyืขืืืจ ืืกืคืื ืืืืืก ืืืืื ืืืืง ืขืืกืง ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืจืืื ืืฆืืคืื ืชื ืืขืช ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืจื ืืจืืื ื ืืืืืื ืกืืกืืืง ืคืืืจืืืืก ืืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื
ื ืืื ืืืฉืืง ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื.
ืืืื ืื ืืจ
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
58
ืืืชืจ- ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืชืช ืืื ืกืื ืงืื ืงืืจืื ื"ืจ ืืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืกื ืืคืงืืืื ืืืงืืืจื ืกืื-ืคืจืฅ. ืชืืจ ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืชืืงืืื ืืคืืชืืืื ืฉื ื ื ื-ืืื ื ืืืืจืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืื, ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืช ืขืืืจ ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืืืืืจืืืช ืืืืจื ืืช ืฉื ืืฉืื ืคื ื ืฉื ืขืฆืื ืกืืืืจ ืืืืืืช, ืฉืืื ืฉืืงืืข ืืื ืืงืช ืืืืงืจืืกืงืืค ืืชืงืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืง-ืงืืคืืืืืจืื,
ืืืงืืจืื ืื ืืืืงืจื ืคืืืืจ ืงืจื ื ืจื ืืื.
ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืขืืจ ืื'ืืืคืืจ, ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืงืืจืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืช ืขืจืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืฆืขืืจ. ืืืืจ ืฉืกืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืกืืืื ืืื ืื'ืืืคืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืฅ. ืืืืงืจ ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืงืจืช ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืงืจ ืขืจืื ืงืืจืื ืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื, ืฉื ,Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon ืืืืจื ืืช ืืืื ืืงืืช ืืืืจื ืืช, ืืืืฆืืจ ืืืืืืืชื ืืช ืคืืชืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืชืื ืชืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืขืืืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืืืืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืฉื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืื โ ืฉืื ืืชืืฆืขืช ืืืคืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืช, ื ืงืืืืืืช ืืขืืืช ืขื ืืืืง ืืคื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืจื ื, ื-ืกืืืืจืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืงืจ, ืืืืืจื ืืืืืื โ ืืืืจืืืืช ืืื ืืืจืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืฉืขืจ ืืืชืื ืขืช ืืืฉืชื ืืงืฉืืช ืคืื ื. ืืื ืืืืจืืคื. ืืคืื ืืื ืืฉืจื ืืื ืขื ืืืฉืจ ืืคืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื 2020 ืืฉื ืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืขื ืงืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืจืืื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืขืืช ืืชืงืฉืืจืช ืืชืขื ืืื ืืชื ืืขืงืืืช .)GTEP(ืืืืืื ืขืจืืฅ ืคืชืื ืืื ืืืืืขื ืื ืืืืข ืืืืืชื ืขืืืืช ืืื ืฉืขืืื ,Science Craft with Kirti ืืฉื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืืข ืืืืืช ื ืื ืืช ืงืืจืื ืืคื ืื. ืืืื ื
ืืืฉืคืืชื, ืืื ืืืืฉืื, ืจืืฆื, ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืงืจืืื.
ืงืืจืื ืกืื ืงืื
59
ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืช ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืจื ื"ืจ ืืคืงืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืืืจืื ืืืงืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืจื. ืืื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืชืืจืื ืืื โ ืื ืงื ืืงืืืืข ืืืฉืื ืงืืืืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืคืืฆืื ืืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืืืช ืืช ืืืจืืื ื ืืขื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืื ืงืชืืช, ืืืืืฆื ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืงืืจืืืืืืช ืกืื ืชืื ืขืฆืืื ืืืงืืจืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืกืืคืืช ืืืืจืชื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืืืืงืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืืืื
ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืง ืืืืจ ืืฉืืฉ.
ื ืืื ืืืืงืืืจ, ืืืื ื. ืืื ืืขื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืจืืงืืืช ืืืืืื )ืืืฆืืืื ืืช( ืืคืื )ืืืฆืืืื ืืช( ืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืจืื, ืืืงืืืจื ืกืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืกืืจืื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช )ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืชืจื( ืืงืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉืื'ื ืื"ืจ ืจืืื ืืจื ืืื ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืืืืช ืืืกืืจืื, ืฉื ืืืกืชืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืฃ ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืจืืืืื ืืจื. ืขื )confinement chemistry( ืืชืืืืช ืืืืื ืงืืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืคื ื ืืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืคืจืกื ืืืืจื .MXenes-ื MAX ืคืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืื, 14 ืืืืจืื ืืืชืื ืขืช ืฉืคืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืฉ ืชืื ืืืื, ืืืืืฆืจืืช ืจืืืงืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืงืื ืืืงื ืืืงืจ ืฉืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืชื: ืืืืื, ืฆืืจ ืื ืืื ืชืืช-ืืืืืช. ืืืืคืกื ืืืงืืจืื ืืงื ื ืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืฉืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉื ืืืื, )Fudan( ืคืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืฉื. ืืืืืื ื ืคืจืืค' ืฉื ืชืืช-ืืื ืืืืคืกืช ืกืื ืืืช ืืืืจืื ืืคืกื ืชืจ ืื ืื
ืืืืงืืจืื ืืงื ืขืืืจ ืืืขื ืื ืฆืขืืจืื ืฉืืคืชื ืื.
ืืืืจื ืกืืื
Paul
Sch
ippe
rื
ืืจื
ืงืื
ืจ-ืช
ืื
ืืค"
ืฉืช
ื ื
ืืจื
ืขืื
ืชืื
ืขืช
ื ืื
ืชื
60
ืืืชืจ- ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืช ืืื ืงืืจืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืื ื"ืจ ืืืงืืืจื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข, ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืขืืื ืขืืืช. ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืฆืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืกืื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืข ืืืื ื ืืชืืงื ืืขืจืืช ืฉื ืื ืืงืื ืชืคืงืื ืืืื. ืืกืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืชืืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืชืคืชื ืืืืกืื ืืืืข. ืขื ืื ืช ืืฉืคืจ ืืช ืืืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืชืจืคื ืืกืจืื, ืืืชืืืื ืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืช ืืืคืืื ืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืื ืืืื ืืืืงืจื ืื ืืื ืืคืชื ืื ืืชืืจ ืขื ืืืชื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืื, ืืชื ืืจืืช ืืืฉืืช ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ืื ืชื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืขืืืื ืืขืจืืช ืฉื ืชืืื ืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืจืื-ืืื ืจืฆืฃ ืืช
ืืืืกืื ืืกืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืคืื ืืืฉืืช.
ืื ืืื ืืื ืจืคืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืืืืืก ืืืืืคืฉื, ืืขืื ืืืฉื ืฉื ืชืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืืจืืืืืื. ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืืจืืคืชืืืื ืืืฉืจืชื ืืช ืกืืื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืจืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืฆื ืืืจืืื ื ืคืจืืค' ืื"ืจ ืืจืคืืื ื"ืจ ืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืช ืื ืกืืื ืื ืคืืชื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืืืฉืืช ืืคืืืืกืืคืื. ืืืกืืจืช ืฉืืื. ืืื ืจืงืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืืขื ืืืืืจื, ืฉื ืชืืช-ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืจืื ืืืฆืืจ ืื ืืคืฉืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืืืฆืืืช ืืืงืจืืกืงืืคืืืช, ืฉืืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืืงืจ ืืืืช ืืืฆืืืืืจ. ืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืฉืืชืฃ ืืืงืืช ืืืฉื ืืื ืืื-ืื ืืกื ืคืชืจืื ืืช ืืืกืคืงืช ืคืืืคืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืงืืจืื ื. ืืืคืช ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืืกืงืกืืคืื. ืืื ืื ืคืชืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืื ืืกืืืคืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืขืืืง ืืืืื ืืืื ืื
ืืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื, ืืืื ืคืืืืืืงื, ืืืื ืืช ืืคืืืืกืืคืื.
ืื ืืื ืงืืจืฉื ืืืื
Attila Szvacsek
61
ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืชืช ืืื ืงืืก ืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืืืฆืื ืืืงืืืืืื, ืืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืกืืืืจืื ืืืืกื ืืจ ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ื"ืจ ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืื. ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืฉืืืจืช ืืืข ืืคืจืืืืืืืืื, ืงืจื ืืืงืจืช ืืืืืืกืืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืืจืื, ืืื ืฉื ืงืืฃ ืื ืืฆื ืืกืื ืช ืืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืงืืขื ืืขืจ ืืฆ'ืืืคืก, ืฉื ืืืฉืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืงืกืืงื. ืืื, ืืขืจ ืืืงืืขื ืืงืืคืื ืฉืืกืคื ืืืืืืืช ืื "ื ืืงืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืฉื ืงืจื ืืืงืฉืช ืคืจืืืืื ืฉื ืชื ืืขืชื ืขื ืื ืชืจืืคืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืงืืขื ืืขืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืช ืืขืฆืืื ืืืขืจ ืงืืืืข ืืขืงืืืช ืืชื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืจื ืขื ืืืชืจ ืจื ืืืข ืขื ืืืืืืืกืืื. ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืงืืืืข ืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืขืจ ืืฉืคืืขืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืงืจื ืืงืืื ืืชืจืื ืื ืจืง ืืืืฆืขื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืกืกื ืจืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืจ, ืืฉืืื ืขืืืจ ืจืืืืช ืืืจืชืืื ืืื ืงืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืชืจ
ืฉืืื ื ืืขืจ ืืืฉืคืขืื ืืืืืื ืื ืคืืฅ ืืื.
ืขื ืืืืืืชื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืืขื ืืฉืืงืื ื ืืืื ืงืจื ืืืืขื ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืฉืกืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืคืืชื. ืืื ืืขืืจืืช, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืกืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืจืง. ืื ืื ืงืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืข ืืืืจืชืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืช ืืงืจื ืงืจื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืื ืืฉื ืืงื ืื, ืืืื ืื ืื ืืกืื ืงืืคืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืฆืืข ืืงืืคืื ืืืืชื ืืช ื ืืกืคืช ืฉืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืืช. ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืข ืืฉืืืจืช ืืืืืืืช ืขืืืื ืฉื ืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืืงื ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืงืจื ืกืืืื ืืื ืชืจืืคืืืืืื ืืืืืืฆืืื ืืช, ืืื ืืืืช ื"ืจ ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืช ืืงืจื ืืื ืืืืงืจืื. ื'ืืื ืื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืงืืืืข ืืชื ืืืืื ืขื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืงืืคื ืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืขื ืืืืืืจืคืื ืฉื ืืืืืืกืืืชื ืืืงืืขื ืืขืจ ืกืืื ืืคืืจืง ืืืืืื ืคืื ืงื ืืืงืกืืงื. ืืฆืืจื ืขืืืืช ืืืงืกืืงื ืฉื ื ืืืฉื ืงืจื ืฉืืชื ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ื ืคืืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ื ืืฆืขืืจ, ืื-ืืืื ืขื ืืืืฉืื ืืืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืืชืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืืื,
ืืืืข ืืืืืื ืฆืืืื ื ืืื.
ืงืจื ืงืืก
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
62
ื"ืจ ืืจืื ืงืืจืืกื ืืืื ืืื ืขืืืชืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืงื ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืข, ืืื ืืืืช ืคืจืืค' ืืืืืจ ืงืจืื ืืง. ืืืืงืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืงื ืืืงืืจืช ืืืื ื ืืืืงืืจืื ื ืืืืืคืืื ืื ืื-ืืืืืื. ืืืืจืื ืฉื )ืืงืกืืืื ืืื( ืืืืคืืืื ืืืงืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืืืคื ืืืื, ืืืืคื ืืืงืกืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืชืืืจืื ืจื-ืืืคืืช, ืฉืื ืจืืืช ืขืืฆืื ืื ืืงืจืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืฉืืืืช, ืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืช ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืจืื ืืืืฉืืช ืืช ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฆืคืืคืืช ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ื ืชืืจืช ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืจืื ืืืืจืืืืื ืืืืคืฉืจืื ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืฉืืืืช ื ืืืื
ืืืืื ืืฉืืขืืชืืช.
ืงืืืื ืฉื ืกืคืจื, ืืกืืื ืงื, ืืืืขื ืืจืื ืฉื ื( ืืชืืืจ ืืงืืื ,Licenciatura( ืืืกื ืกืืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืคืืืืงื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืคืืืืงื ืืชืืืืืืืช ืืงืจื ืืื ืื ืืืกืืจืช ืจืื ืกืืืจื. ืกืคืื-ืืกืืื ืฆืืืื ืฉื ืคืืชืื ืืืืื ื ืงืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืชืื ืืืืื, ืืืืงืืื ืืืืกืกื ืืฆืืชืื ืืชืืจืช ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ื ืืฆืคืืคืืช ืืืืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืขื ืคืขืืื ืฉืืชืคื ืืจืื ืืืืงืจื ืืืืง ืืจืื. ืืืจืง ืื ืื ืงืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืงืจ ืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืืจื ืืคืจืื. ืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืคืืืืงื ืืืชืจืื ืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืืืข ืฉืื ืืืืจื. ืืื ืืจืื ื ืกืื ืืืช ืืืคืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ื ืืคื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืืช ืืจืืฅ, ืืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื
ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืคืืช ืืืชืืืืืื.
ืืจืื ืงืืจืืกื ืืืื
รngel Luis Fotรณgrafos
63
ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืช ืืื ืงืืช ืฆ'ืืชื ื"ืจ ืืืืืื ืืง ืข"ืฉ ืืืืฉื ืืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืช ื"ืจ ื ืืจ ืืื ืกืงื ืื"ืจ ืืกืืืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืืงืจื ืืืืงืจ ืชืืื ืคื ื. ืขืืืจ ืืืืจืืืืช ืืชืืืจืืืช ืื ืืชืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฆืคื ื, ืืืงื ืืชืืืจืืืื. ืืืืฉื ืืืืืขื ืืืืฉืืืืช ืงืจืืคืืืืจืคืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืชืืืจืืืช ืืืืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืช. ืืืืงืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืชืื ืืช ืืื ื ืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืช ืืืงืืจ ืืชืื ื ืืื ืืชืงืืื ืงืจืืคืืืืจืคืืื, ืคืจืืืืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืืขืืืืช ืฉืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืจืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืคืจืืืืงืืืื ืงืจืืคืืืืจืคืืื ืืชืืื ื ืื ืืืชืจ.
ืฆ'ืืชื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืงืฆืจ ืืื ืฉืขืื ืืืืจ ืงืจืืื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืกื IT, ืืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืขืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ )IST( ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืขื ืฉืื ืคืืืฉืืง. ืงืจืืฉืืืฃ ื"ืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืกืืจืื, ืคืืกื-ืืืงืืืจื ืชืคืงืืื ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืงืฆืจืื: ืืจืืฉืื ืืฆื ื"ืจ ืื ืืื ืืืืงืก ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืืฆ'ืง ืคืื ื"ืจ ืืฆื ืืืฉื ื ื ืืจืช'ืืืกืืจื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืฆ'ืืชื ืืืงืจ, ืืืื ืงืืจื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฆืืงืื ืืืคืืก ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืกืคืืจื ืืคืขืืืืืืช
ืืืืืจืื. ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืืง ืฉืืื.
ืฆ'ืืชื ืงืืช
ืืืจ
ืืง
ืืืจ-
ืชื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
64
ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืงื ืื ืืื ืขืืืชืช ื ืืื ื"ืจ ืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ ืกืืกืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื, ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฆืืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืขืืจืืืื ืขืืืชื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืืจื, ืืืขื ื"ืจ ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื. ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืกืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืชืืจืื ืฉื ืืคืกืืืืืืืืื ืกืืฆืื- ืืชืขืจืืืืืช ืืคืชื ืื ืืกืืื ืขืืฉืืืืื, ืคืกืืืืืืืืืช ืืืืกืกืืช ืชืืืจืื ืืฉืืคืืจ ืืืกื ืงืืืฆืืช, ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืงืืืืื, ืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืคืจืืืงืืื ืืื ืขืชืืืืื. ืคืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืกืืืข ืืืฆื ืืืงืืจ ื ืืขื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืกืืจืช ืฉื ืืขืฆืื ืืืงืื ืืืืขืื ืจืื ืงืืืฆืืช ืืื ืืืืกืื
ืงืืืฆืืช ืืืืืฉืืช.
ื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืกืขื ืืืงืืื ืืชืืื ืืคืกืืืืืืืื ืขื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืืืื ืฅ-ืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืงืืจืกืื ืืืื ืืืืงืืื ืืืจืื ืื, ืืืงืืจืชืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืื-ืชืจืืืชื ืืื ืื ืงืจืืืื ืืืืืื, ืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืฉืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืงืืืื ืฅ-ืื ืืื, ื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืงืจืช ืืืจืืช. ืืืืจืฆืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืจืืกืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืคืจืงืืืงื ืืืืฆืขื ืืงืืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืื, ืชืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืข ืืืืื. ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืืช ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืชืคืงืืื ืืืข ืชืงืฉืืจืช ืฉื ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืขืืกืืง ืฉืืื, ืืคืกืืืืืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืื ืืืข ืคืกืืืืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืืืฆืจืช ืฉืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืืืฆื ืื. ืืืื ื ืืคื ืื ื ืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืจืงืื, ืืืืืื ืจืืงืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืกืืกื ืืืฆ'ืืื.
ื ืืื ืงื ืื
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืชืฉืคืดื
ื ืื ืงืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืกืืฆืืืืืืื
ืจืคืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืืขื ืืืืื ื
66
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจึพืืืงืืืจื
ืชืืืจ ืืจืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืจืืืืืช
ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืขืืื ื ืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคืืชืจืคืื ืชืขืกืืงืชืืช
ื'ืื ืกื ืกืื ืืจืกืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืชืืืืงื
ื ื ืกืืืจืืืฃืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืกืืืจืื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืฉื ืืืืข
ืืืืช ืกืื ื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืขืืืื ืกืืฆืืืืืช
ืืืืื ืคืจืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืื ื
ืืืืงื ื'ืื ืกืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืกืคืจืืช ืขืืจืืช ืืืชืืช
ืื ืืืืืฉืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืกืืงืืืืืื
ื ืขื ืจืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืกืคืจืืช ืื ืืืืช
ื'ืืฉืืข ืจืืงืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืคืืืืงื
ื'ื ืืืื ืืืืืจ-ืืืงืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืืื
ืืจืืืจ ื'ืืื ืกืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืื ืื-ืืืจืื ืืช
ืืื ืืืจ-ืืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืชืืืืงื
ืืืืื ืืจืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืื-ืื ืืกื
ืืกืื ืืืื ืืจื ืืืืกืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืคืืืืืืืืืืื
ืื ื ืงืกืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืกืคืจืืช ืื ืืืืช
ืืืจื ืืืืืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฉืืื
ื ืืขื ืืจืกืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืกืื
ืืื ืืืฆืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืขืืืื ืกืืฆืืืืืช
ื'ืจื ืืืคืจื ืคืจืืืจืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืืื-ืืืงืืจืื ืืงื
ืื ืืจืื ืงืกืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืื ื
ืืืืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืจืฅืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืชืฉืข"ื ืชืฉืคืดื
ืชืฉืดืฃ
ืชืฉืข"ื
ืชืฉืข"ื
67
ืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืืงืจื-ืืจืืืืืืืื
ืคืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืขืื
ื'ืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืื ื
ืฆืืคืืจื ืื ืงืืืกืงื-ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื
ืืืื ืกืืจืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื
ืืื'ืืืื ืกืื ืืจืืจืื'ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืืืืืื
ืืืคื ื ืืืืืืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจืื
ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืกืืืืืื ืืืืืช
ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืืกืื ืืืื ืกืืืจืืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืืืืืช-ืืชืคืชืืืชืืช
ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืจืืื ืืืืืืกืคืืืืงืช ืืืงืืงืื ื ืืกืืืืช
ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืจืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืชืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืื ื ืืจืืืืชืืืจืืืืืช
ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืก ืืืืืืจืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืื
ืืืืก ืืืืช'ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืื
ืกืงืื ืื ืกืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืขื ืืกืืืื
ืืืืืืจ ืืื-ืงืืืงืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื
ืืืคืื ืืืืืจืืกืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืืืืืืืื
ืฉืืืืื ืฆ'ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืืชืืืืงื
ืชืฉืข"ืืชืฉืข"ืืชืฉืข"ื
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจึพืืืงืืืจื
68
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืชืจึพืืืงืืืจื
ืขืืืื ืืจืฉืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืืืืืืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืืืจื ืืืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืื ืืกื ืืืจืืืช ืืกืืืืชืืช
ืคืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืชืืืืงื
ืืืืกื ืืจ ืืืงืืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืื
ืืืจื ื ืืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืชืงืฉืืจืช
ืืจืืื ืคื ืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืื
ืื ืืืืืืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืจืคืืื
ืืื ืชื ืื ืืืจืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืคืืืืงื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืขืืื
ืฉืื ืื-ืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื
ืขื ืช ืืืืืื-ืืืชืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืื ืื
ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืื ืืืืงื
ืื ืืื ืคืืืืืจืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืืืืื ืชืืืืจืืืช
ืืืขื ืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืคืืืืกืืคืื
ืืืืขื ืจืืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืื ื
ืืืืื ืจืฆ'ืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืื ืืื-ืจืืืจื ืฉืืชืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืชืฉืข"ืืชืฉืข"ืืชืฉืข"ื
69
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืกืื ืืงืืืืืขืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืช ืชืฉืคืดื
ืคืจืืค' ืืืืช ืขืืื, ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืืโืจ:
ืคืจืืค' ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืคืจืืค' ืฉืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืคืจืืค' ืืืืงื ืืื ืืจ-ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืคืจืืค' ื ืขื ื ืืกื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืจืืค' ืจืืขื ืงืืฉืื ื, ืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืคืจืืค' ืื ืจืืืืจ-ืืืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืคื
ืคืจืืค' ืืืื ืงืจืืืจ-ื ืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืื"ืจ ืชืช-ืืืืขืื ืืืืขื ืืจืื, ืืืืจื, ืืืื ืื:
ืคืจืืค' ืืื ืจ ืืืืฆืื, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืืืคืจืืค' ืืืืฉื ืื ืืง, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืคืจืืค' ืืืกืฃ ืืขืืจื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืคืจืืค' ืื ืื ืคืืฉ, ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขืฆืช ืืงืืืืช ืืืืจืืคืจืืคโ ืืจืืื ื ืฉืืจืง, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
71
ืืื
ืงื
ื ืกื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
72
ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืกืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืจื ืฉื ื"ืจ ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืชืืืืงื ืืืฆืืืช ืืชืืจืช ืืชืืงืืช ืืขืืงืจืืช ืืืืืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืก, ืฉืืื ืืงืจ ืืืคืจื ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืืจืคืืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืชืื ืืืืืืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืกืืืืจืืืช ืืชืืจืช ืืืกืคืจืื ืืงืืืกืืช. ื ืืฉื ืืจืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืชืืฆืืืช ืืขืืืงืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืืืงืืื ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืชืืืจืื ืืืืืืืจืืื )ืืืฉื ืืจืคืื( ืืขืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืจืืืช ืืืืขื ืืืืืงืฉืืช ืืืคื, ืืืฆืืืช ืืงืืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืฆืขืช ืฉืืืืฉืืช. ืืืืชืืืืงื ืืชืืืจืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื, ืื ืชืืืช ืขื ืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืฉืชื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืงืฉืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืืก โ ืืกืืืื ืฉื ืืจืชืืจ ืขืืืจ ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืืืช ืงืืืกืืืช ืงืืืฆืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืืจืคืืืช ืืืฉืขืจื ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืจืืื ืื'ืื-ืคืืจืกืื โ ืขื ืื ืช Sarnak- ืืืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืฉืขืจืช ืฆืคืืคืืชืงืืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืกืืง Xue
ืงืืฆืื ืืื ืฉื ืืจืคืื, ืืืืืขืื ืืชืืจืช ืืืกืคืจืื.
ืื ืืกื ืืืื ืฉืืจืช ืืื ืืืกืฃ. ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืขืืจ ืืืืืจ ืฉืืจืืชื ืืฆืืื ืงืจืืืช ืืฆืโื ืืืคืื โ ืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืชืืืืงืื. ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ื ืืืขืช ืืืคืขื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืื ืฉืืข ืขื โืืืฉืคื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืคืจืืโ ืืืืืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืืก. ืืื ืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจืื, ืชืืื ืืช ืืืช ืืืชืืืืงื ืฉืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืื ืืืชืืืืงื, ืืฉืืืฉื ืฉื ื ืชืืืจ ืืืืก ืคืจืืคโ ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืชืืืืกื ืฉืื ืืชืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืฆืงื. ืืฉืขืจืช ืจืืื ืืโืื ืืืคืืจืกืืช ืืืืืืืชืื ืขื ืืขืืืช ืฉื ื ืกืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืืืืจืื. ืืงืืืืื ืืืจืืงื ืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจืืื: ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืคืจืื ืกืืื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืฉื ื ืโืจืื ื ืื ืืคืจืื ืกืืื, ืฉื ืืชืืืจืจ ืืจืืืืืช ืขื ืจืขืืืชื ืฆืคืจื ืืืืืชื ืืืืื.
ืฉื ืืืจื
73
ืืืื ืืืฉ ืกืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืงืืฆืงื ืืืขืื ืคืจืืคโ ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืขืืจืืช ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืขืืจืืช ืืกืคืจืืช ืืชืืงืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืชืจืืืช ืขื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืคื ื ืื ืืงื ืื ืืช, ืืจืื ืืืืขื ืืืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืจืืคืืช, ืืคืจืืืงื ืืืื-ืืืืืืืืจืคืืช. ืืจืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืข ืงืืจืคืืก ืขื ืืืจ ืฉืืคื ืืืขืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืจืจืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืืืืช ืืฆืืจืืช ืืืืช ืืขื: ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืชืจ, ืืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืฉืืื ืกืงื, ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืขืืืื. ืืื ืืื ื ืจืง ืฉืคืืจืกืื ืืฆืืจืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืขืืืืื ืื ืืชืื ืคืขื ืืืช ืืขืืชืื ืืช. ืืืืืื ืฉืฉืืจืื ืืื ืื ื ืืกืคื ืืฆืืจื ื ืฉืืื. ืืืขื ืื ืืืืจืืื, ืืื ืขื ืืกืคืจ ืฉื ืืืืืข ืืงืืจืคืืก ืืช ืืขืฉืืจื ืื ืืฉื ื-ืืืฉื ืืชืืืชื, ืฉื ืืืืืฉืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืจืจ ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืงื, ืฉื ืืชืืื ืืืฉืืคืช ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืฉื ืชืจืืืชื ืืืืืงื ืืฉืืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืืจืืช, ืืื ืฉื ืชืืืืืื
ื ืกืชืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืืจืช ืงื ืื.
ืืืขืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืขืช ืืืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืฉืืขืืจื ืกืคืจืืช ืขืืจืืช ืืกืคืจืืช ืฆืจืคืชืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื )ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืกืืจื( ืืืืืจ ืืช ืกืคืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืจืืฉืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืกืืคืจ ืืฆืจืคืชื ืื ืืืื ืื ืกื ื ืืงืืืคืจื, ืืืืจ โืื ืกืื ืืงืืโ. ืืืืจ ืฉืฉืืจืช ืืฆืโื ืืืฉื ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ืื ืืืืืข ืืืจืืช ืจื-ืกืจื, ืกืืื ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืกืคืจืืช ืขืืจืืช ืืฆืจืคืชืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืกืืืื ื ืืืืืชื ืืืื. ืชื ืืื ื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืชืคืงืื ืขืืจื ืืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื, ืืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืช ืขืจื ืืืขืื ืืฉืืชืฃ. ืจืืฉื ืขืืจื ืืชืคืงืื ืงืืื ืกืื ืคืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืงืจ ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืคื ืกืืืื ืื. ืืื ืืชืืืจืจ ืืชื ืืืื ืขื
ืื-ืืืื ืืืจื, ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืโ.
ืืืขืื ืืืงืืฆืงื
ืืื
ืงื
ื ืกื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
74
ืโืจ ืืจืกื ืื ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืกืื ืืืฉ ืืคืงืืืื ืืจืคืืื ืขโืฉ ืกืืงืืจ ืืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืกืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืฆื ืชืืงืืจ ืฉืื ืืืขืืื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืื ืืจืืงืฆืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืืขืืจืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืงืืื ืืืืืืืช, ืืืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืื ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืฆื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืฉืื. ืืืืจื ืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืืจืื, ืขื ืืื ืฆืคืืื ืืขืช ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืจืื ืืช. ืืฆืคืืื ืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืืืฉืชืืช ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืคืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืืืืชืืื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืฉืืช. ืืืคืืืืช ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืขืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืืืช ืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ื ืืกืฃ ืฉื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืจืกื ืื ืชืืงืืจ ืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืื ืืขืฆืืื(: ืืขืจืืช ืฉื )ืืคืืกืืืืช ืชืื )ื ืืืจืืืื ืจืฆืื(, ืขืฆืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืจืฉืชืืช
ืืชืืงืืืช ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืงืืืช ืฉืืฅ.
ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืจืกื ืื ืฉื ืืกืขื ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข, ืืืฉืจ ืขืื ืขื ืคืืชืื ืืฆืืจื ืขืฆืื. ื ืืืื ืืืคืจืขืืช ืืืกืื ืืืืกืกื ืืืคืืืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืงืืืจ ืฉืื, ืฉืืืฆืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืื, ืคืืืืืืืืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืื ืชืคืงืืื ืืืืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืจืืืกืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืชืืงืืืช ืชืื ืจืืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืขืฆืืืื ืฉื ืขืืืคืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ื-Janelia Research Campus ืืืืื ืืืจืโืื ืื ืืืฉืืืจื, )HHMI( ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืจืคืืื ืืงืืืช ืืืขืืจืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืจืกื ืื ืืงืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืคืืืฆืื ืืืคืืืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืคืืชื ืืืืืืช ืคืขืืืืช ืขืฆืืืช ืืืื. ื ืืกืฃ ืขื ืืืืงืจ ืืืงืืื ืฉืื, ืืจืกื ืื ืจืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืืืคื ืงืืืข ืืจืื ืืืฆืืืืจ ืชืืืื ืืชืืืืื ืืกืืจื ืืคืขืืืืืืช ืืืืคืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืื. ืืืืขื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฆืืืื, ืืฆืืืจ ืืฆืืจืชืืช, ืืืชืืื ืขืืกืง ืืจืกื ืื ืืืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืื ืืข ืคืขื ืืื ืืจืืืชื ืืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืื. ืืจืกื ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืื ื โ โืืฉืืชืคื ืืคืฉืขโ ืืืืชืืงื ืขื ืจืืืช
ืืจืืงืืืื.
ืืจืกื ืื ืคืื ืงืืฉืืืื
Ham
za Yildirim, M
ona Lisa Photography
75
ืโืจ ืืืจื ืคืจื ืงื-ืคืื ืืจ ืืื ืืืจืช ืกืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืฉืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืข ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื โ ืชืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื, ืืืชืืื. ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืฆืืจืชื ืืืื ืืช ืจืืชืืช ืืืจื ืืชืืืืช ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืืืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืืืช ืืคืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืืืืฉืืืื )ืคืืืืืจืื( ืืืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืืขืืืชืช ืขืืจืืืื ืืื ืชืืงื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืฉืืฆืจื ืืช ืืคืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืฆืืจ ืืืคืชื ืคืืืืืจืื ืืืืืฆืืช ืกืคืฆืืคื ืืืืคื ืื ืงืฉืจืื ืคืื ืงืฆืืื ืืืื ืืจืขืื ืืืืืฆืืื ืืืชื. ืืื ืช ืืืกืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช ืชืืคืฉืจ ืื ื โืืืืฃโ ืืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ืืืช, ืชืจืืคืืช, ืืกืคืงืช ืืืื ืชืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืขื
ืืงืืืืช ืืื ืืกืช ืจืงืืืช.
ืืืจื ืืขืืช ืชืืืจ ืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืืฉื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืฉื, ืืชืืืจ ืืชืืืืื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืคืจืืคโ ืกืื ืื ืืื ืคืจืืคโ ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืงืืืืืฆืื ืชืคืงืื ืืช ืืืจื ืืืื ืืคืชืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืช ืืืฆืืืืืจ, ืืืฉืืชืืฃ ืขื ืคืจืืคโ ืกืื ืชืื ืืื ืืจ-ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืจืืืืืคืืจ ืฉื ืืืืงืืคืคืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืคืขื ืฉื ืืืืงื ืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืจื ืคืคืืืืื. ืฉื ืขืฆืืืช ืืจืืื ืขื ืืขืืืชื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืฉื ื ืืกโื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืขื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื, ืโืืจืโืื ืฉื Center for Chemical-ืืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืืจื ืืืืงืืจืืช ื ืืกโื ืืืจืื ืฆืืืช ืืืืืืืช Evolutionืืืืืจืช ืืชืืงืื ืืืจื ,)Origins of Life( ืืืืื ืคืจืืื-ืคืคืืืืื ืืืืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืคื ืกืคืื ืื ื ืืืฆืืจ ืคืืืืืจืืืฆืื, ืืืชืงืคื ืคืจื-ืืืืืืื. ืืชื ืืื ืืจืขืื ืืืืฆืืช ืขื ืืืชืงืฉืจ ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืคืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืช ืืงืจื, ืขื ืื ืื ืืชืืื, ืืฉืชื
ืืืืืืืื ืขื ืื ื ืืฉืคืื ืืืืจืื.
ืืืจื ืคืจื ืงื-ืคืื ืืจ
ืืื
ืงื
ื ืกื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
76
ืืืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืฉ ืกืื ืืืจ ืืื ืงืืืื ืืื ืชื ืโืจ ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืืื ืืืืขื ืกืคืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืช ืืื ืืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฆืื. ืืกืืก ืืืืื ืืื ืจืงืืช ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืขืจืืืช ืชืืืจืืืช, ืืคืืืืงื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืฉืืืฆืจืื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืื ืกื ืืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืฆืื ืืืชืืจืช ืฉืืื ืืืชืคืชืืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืืืชืืช ืืืคืฉืจืช ืืืืจืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืคืืขืืืช, ืืืืืืช ืขื ืจืฉืชืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืืฉืื ืืืชืืื ื ืืืขื ืืชืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืชืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฆืืขื ืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืืืงืจ ืงืืืฆืช ืืงืจืืืืช, ืืฉื ืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืกืื ืจืืืืช ืชื ืฆื ืืืจื ืืืื. ืขืฆืืืืช ืจืฉืชืืช ืคืืขืืืช ืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืืืชืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืฉืชืืฉื ืืงืืืฆื ืฉื ืขืงืจืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืืืช, ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืชืืืืฃ ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืงืืืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืืจืฉืชืืช ืืืกืงื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื, ืื ืื ืืคืชืื ืืืืืจืืชืืื ืืืืืขืืื ืืืืฉืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืขื ืฉื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืคืฉืจืื ืืืกืืกืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื ืขืฆืื ืชืงืื ืืช ืืื ืชื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืชืคืงืื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืง ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืื ืืฉืคืขื ืคืืื ืฆืืืืืช
ืขื ืชืืืืื ืืืจืื.
ืืคื ื ืฉืืฆืืจืฃ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืกืื ืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืงืจ ืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืงืจ ืขืฆืืื ืืงืจื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืกืื ืคืืจื ืืกืืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืจืงื ืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจื ืืช ืกืืื ืืื ืืจืืืืจื. ืืฉืชืืฉ ืฉื ืืขืืจืืช, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืคืืกืืงื ืืชื ืืืืชื ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืืชืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืจืฉืชืืช ืขืฆืืืืช ืืืืืืช. ืืฆื ืืงืจืืืจื ืืืงืืืืช ืชืืื ื ืืืคืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืฉื ืขืื ืืื ืชื ืฉืื, ืืื ืชืืืื ื. ืืืืื ืกืืฃ ืืื ืฆืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื
ืืจ ืขื ืจืขืืืชื ืชืืจ ืืฉืืืฉืช ืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืจ ืฆืื.
ืืื ืชื ืงืืืื
77
ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจืช ืืื ืจืฆืื ืืฉืื ืโืจ ืืืจืขืืื ืืช ืืืืขืื ืฉื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืืืืืงื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืชืืื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืืจื ืจืงืข ืขื ืืขืชืืงื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืข ืืงืืื. ืืื ืืชืืงืืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืกืคืจืืช ืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืคืกืืืืคืืืจืคืื. ืืืคืืงืจืืคื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืืืช ืืชืืืืื ืืืืจืืื, ืืืื ืืืืงืจื ืืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืื ืืงืืจืืช. ืคืจืืืงื ืืืืงืจ ืืืงืืจ ืขืืจืืืื, ืขืืืชื ืชืืื ืืช ืืื ืขื ืื ืชืื ืฉืื, ืืฉืื ืืืื. ืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืกืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืช ืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืคื ืชืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืขืจื ืืชืฆืื ืืืงืื ืืจืืืช, ืืืกืืจืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื. ืืืืขื ืืชืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ื ืชืื ืื ืฉืืขืื ืจืขืืื ืืช ืฉื ืกืื ืชืื ืชืฆืืข ืืื ืืฉื ื ืืฉืื ืืืชืืื ืงืืืืื ืขื ืืจืื, ืืื ืืชื ืืขื, ืืชืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืกืืคืืืืื, ืืกืืืื: ืืชืจืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืจืขืืื ืืช
ืืฆืจืื ืืืชืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืช-ืจืืืืืช.
ืืืืจ ืฉืกืืืื ืืช ืืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืืื ืืืคื ื ืืฉืืจืืช ืืืืจืฉื. ืฉื ืชืืื ืืืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืคืืืืงื ืจืืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืชืืื ืืช ืืจื-ืชืืืืืช ืืืืขื ืืจืื ืืชืืืจ ืฉื ื ืืืื ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืฉื ืืืืกืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืกืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืงืืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืช, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื, ืืขืืืืช ืืืืงืืืจื ืฉืื ืืื ืขื ืชืคืืกืช ืืืงืื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืื ืโ. ืืืืจ ืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืโื, ืืืจืฅ ืืืกืืืช ืืืกืคืจ ืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืืืืืช ืคืจืื ืกืืื. ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืคืืืืจืืื ืืขืืืชืช ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืชืืืจืจืช ืืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืขืื ืขืงืืื
ืืืื ืืืจืืข ืื ืืชืืื.
ืืฉืื ืจืฆืื
ืืื
ืงื
ื ืกื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
78
ืืืื ืืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืขื ืช ืคืจืืคโ ืืืจืืฉืืื. ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืืงืืืช ืืืฉื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืชืืงื ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืืืชืืืืงื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื, ืฉื ืืฆืืืช ืืขืืงืจ ืืขืืกืง ืืืืงืจ ืืจืืื ื ืืฉื ืื. ืืชืงืืคื ืืืชืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืคืื ืขื ืขืืืืช ืืื ืืืจืืข ืืื ืกืืฃ, ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืงืืืื(, )ืืื ืกืืฃ Ontic Infinity ืืฉื )ืืืฉื, ืืื-ืืืืชื ืืื ืืชืืืืื( )ืืืฉื, ืืืืชื ืืื ืชืืืืืืืืื( ืืืื ืืฉืืข-ืขืฉืจื. ืืื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืงืืืช, ืืืืฉื ืืชืงืืคื ืืจืืืืื ืคืืืืกืืคืื ืโืื ืืืืื ืืฅ, ืโื ืฉืคืื ืืื, ืืจืื ืืงืืจื, ืจื ื ืืื ืืื
ืืืง ืื ืืงืืืก ืืืืจืื ืฉ.
ืขื ืช ืืืื ืืงืืกืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืกืคืจ ืชืืืื ืืืืจื. ืืช ืกืืืื ืืืืืขืื, ืืงืฆืื ืช ืืฆืโื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืชืืืืงื ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืกืืจืช ืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉืืืฉื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืื ืื. ืืกืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืจืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืฉืืงืื, ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืกืงืื ืกืื-ืืืืกืื. ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืกืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืขื ืช ืืช ืงืืจืก ืืืืจื ืขืืืจื, ืืืืฆืขืืช ืฉืืคืืืืกืืคืื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืคืืชืื ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืขืืช ืืืืื. ืืื ืืจื ืขื ืืงืจืื, ืื ืื ืืช ืืืขืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืโืื ืื-ืืืื
ืืืฉื, ืืขืฉืืช ืกืคืืจื ืืืืืื.
ืขื ืช ืฉืืืื
Masakatsu Yuasa, Fotostudio Bloom
79
ืืืืช ืืืฉื ืกืื ืืืจืช ืืื ืฉืฉ-ืื ืืืืืข ืโืจ ืืกืคืจ ืืืืงืจ ืืื-ืจืคืืื ืืืืงืจ ืืกืจืื ืขโืฉ ืฉืืื ืืก ืืืื. ืชื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืคืงืืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืงืจืช ืฉืื ืืืืงืจ ืงืืืฆืช ืืืืจื ืื ืื ืืืืืกืืช )RNA( ืจื "ื ืืืืกืกื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืช. ืืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืช ืืืชืืื ืืืืืืืฆืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืคืืกื ืืคืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืชื ืืจืืื ืืืงื ืืืืืงืืืจืืืช ืืคืื ืงืฆืืืช ืืืงืจ ืจื "ื ืฉื ืืืืืื ืืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืชืืืื ืืืืชืืช ืกืืืืชืืื ืืืืืงืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืชื ืื. ืืืชืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืืืจืื ืืื, ืชืื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืชืืืืืืืืืช ื ืืกืืื ืืืช ืืืืฉืืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืช, ืืืขืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืช ืืกืจืื ืืืชืงืืืืช ืืจื "ื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืื ืืฉืืืช. ืืืืงืจ ืฉืื ืืืช ืืจื "ื ืืืืงืืืืช ืฉื ืชืคืงืืื ืืช ืืคืขื ื ื ืืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืืกืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืฃ ืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืงืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืคืื ืืืืืื.
ืืขืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืข ืฉื ืฉืืืื โ ืคืกืืื-ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืื. ืืืืขื ืืชืืงืืืช ืชืื ืืืืืืืืื, ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืงืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืงืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืงืจ ืืชืคืงืืืื ืฉื ืืืืงืืืืช ืจื "ื ืืืชืงืืืืช ืกืจืื ืืฉื ืืืืืืื ื. ืืืืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื, ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืื, ืจืืฉื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืข ื ืชืื ื ื ืืชืื ืขื โืจืืืืโ ื ืืกืืื ืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืคืืชืื ืืื .)Big Data( ืขืชืง ืืืืืื ืงืืืื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืงืืืืช ืืจื "ื ืืืืืืช ืชืืืื ืชืืืืืื ืืืืืกืืช ืืฉืคืขืชื ืืืืงืจ ืื ืืฉืืืช. ืืืืืื ืืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจื ืฉืื ื ืชืืื ืืืืื ืืชืจ-ืืืงืืืจืืืืืช ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืืืขื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืโื ืืงืืืื ื ืฉืื ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืืืืื ืคืขืืื ืืฉืืชืืคื ืืืืืื ืืืืข, ืืืืืข ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ, ืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืขื ืื-ืืืื ืืืืฆืืจ ืืคืกื ืชืจ ืื ืื ื ืื ืืช ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืื ื ืงืืื.
ืชืืฉืืืื.
ืืืืืข ืฉืฉ-ืื
ืืื
ืงื
ื ืกื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืชืฉืคืดื
80
ืฉืืื ืืึพืขืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืกืืจืืคืืืืงื
ืืืืช ืงืจืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืืื ืชื ืืืื ืงืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืฉืืืืช
ืจืื ื ืคืืจืชืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืคืืืืืืช
ืืืืจ ืืจืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืืืจ ื ืืฆืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืฉื ืืืจืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืชืืืืงื
ืขืืจ ืจืืกืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืฉืืืืช
ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืชืงืืืื ืชืฉืดืฃ
81
ืื ื'ืืื ืคืืืืจืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืืืืืื
ื'ื ืืคืจ ืจืกื ืืงืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืขื ืื ืื-ืขืื ืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื/ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืงืืฉื ืงืืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืืจื ืื-ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืื ืืืงื ืืืืงืืืจืืช
ืขืืื ืงืืืฅืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืงืืกืืืืืืื
ืืืชื ืฉืืจืงืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืขืืืจ ืคื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื
ืืืขืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืื ืืกืช ืืฉืื
ืืื
ืงื
ื ืกื
ืื
ืค"ืฉ
ืชื
ืื
ืจืืขื
ื ืช
ืืืข
ืช ื ื
ืืชื
8282
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืกืื ืืงืืื
ืืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืืืืืื
ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืจืคืืื
ืืืืืืช ืืืืกืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืฉืืช ืืฉืจืื
ืืืจื ืืกืขืืจืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืจืคืืื
ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื
ืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืื ืืกื ืืื-ืจืคืืืืช
ืืงืืจ ืคืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืชืืืื ืืืืืืืื ืงืืืกืืื
ืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืื
ืชืฉืข"ืืืืื ืืืจื-ืกืืืกืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืขื ืืืื
ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืจึพืืืื
ืคืืืืงื ืืืืืืืืช
ืืจืื ืื ืจืืืืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืืืื ืื-ืืืจืื ืืช
ืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืืืืงื
ืืื ืชื ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืช ืืฉืืืืชืืช
ืขื ืช ืคืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืกืืืืืืืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืช
ืขืื ืงืืื ืจืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจื
ืืืคืืืงื, ืคืืืื ืืงื ืื ื ื-ืืื ืืืืืื
ืฉืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืื
ืืืืื ืคืืืืงืืืช
ืชืฉืข"ืืื ืืืจืื
ืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืืืืืืืื ืืกืื
ืฆืื ืืืืืกืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืืื ืืกื
ืืืืื ืื ืืกืงืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืืชืืืืงื
ืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืืื
ืชืืจ ืกืื-ืคืจืฅืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืื ืืกื ืืืืืช
ืขืืืช ืกืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืชื ืืืืืืืืื/ืืืขื ืืืืจืื
ื ืขื ืงืคืืืืืื ืืื โ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื
ืจืคืืื
ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืื-ืืืจืืื ืื ืื
ืืืขื ืืืื ืงืืื ืืืืืืื
ืชืฉืข"ื
ืืืจื ืืฅืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืคืืืืงื ืืืฉืืืืช
ืจืื ื ืจืืื ืฆืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืืช
ืืืจื ืจืืืืื ืืืจืกืืื ืืขืืจืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื
ืืืขื ืืืืื
ืืื ืฉืืืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืข
ืืืืื ืืืืืื
ืชืฉืข"ื
ืืืืจื ืชืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืขืืจืืืื ืืกืื ืืงืืื
83
ืืฆืืืช ืฉืื ื
ืงืืื ืงืจืืืื ืืืช ืืงืืคืืื ืืืื ืืืืื
ื"ืจ ืืืื ืืืืื-ืจืืืฉืืฆืงืืื ืืืช ืชืืื ืืืช ืืขืืืชืื
ืื ืืืจืืืืื ืื ืชืืืืื ืืืืื
ืืจืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืืช
ืืคื ื ืกืืคืจืื-ืคืจืืืจืื ืืืกืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืคืจืืืงืืื[email protected]
ืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืชืืื ืืช
ื"ืจ ืืืืขื ืกืืืืืืื ืื ืืืื
85
ืืค"
ืฉืช
ื ื
ืืจื
ืขืื
ืชืื
ืขืช
ื ืื
ืชื