Vijay Bhurtel-Dravya Guna 1 | Page Ayurveda The science of life, intended by Ayurveda is much more than mere skill of treatment or diagnosis of a diseased condition. It is meant for the total concept of life, which includes both man and his environment. As we all know, Man is a biological entity. He needs to adjust to the physical environment and as a social and spiritual entity, he needs to adjust and react to the society in which he lives and to the spiritual ideals upheld by it. Such well-being alone is real and true of man in his entirety and such is the object of science of life achieved by Ayurveda. Hence it is called the “Science of life”. Ayurveda literally means knowledge of life. Ayurvedic medicines are based on the principle that every individual has a unique constitution that related to his vital energies translated into Ayurvedic nosology as dosha or humors. Ayurveda mainly composed of eight clinical specialties. They are as follows: General medicine ( Kaaya cikitsaa) Pediatrics (Baala cikitsaa), Psychiatry (Graha Chikitsa), Treatment of head and neck (S`aalakya tantra), Surgery (S`alya tantra), Toxicology (Agada tantra), Rejuvenation therapy (Rasayana tantra) and Reproductive medicine (Vajeekarana cikitsaa). The main aims of Ayurveda are to To prevent diseases To treat and cure diseases And both these are aimed towards the promotion of health on three levels: Mentally Physically Spiritually As we refer to Ayurveda as a holistic system of medicine and health native to ancient India & Nepal. Ayurveda has not restricted itself as the path, which treats diseases but being the science of life has covered all the aspects necessary to maintain health and to
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Vijay Bhurtel-Dravya Guna
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Ayurveda
The science of life, intended by Ayurveda is much more than mere skill of treatment or
diagnosis of a diseased condition. It is meant for the total concept of life, which includes
both man and his environment.
As we all know,
Man is a biological entity.
He needs to adjust to the physical environment and as a social and spiritual entity,
he needs to adjust and react to the society in which he lives and to the spiritual
ideals upheld by it.
Such well-being alone is real and true of man in his entirety and such is the object of
science of life achieved by Ayurveda. Hence it is called the “Science of life”.
Ayurveda literally means knowledge of life. Ayurvedic medicines are based on the
principle that every individual has a unique constitution that related to his vital energies
translated into Ayurvedic nosology as dosha or humors. Ayurveda mainly composed of
eight clinical specialties. They are as follows:
General medicine ( Kaaya cikitsaa)
Pediatrics (Baala cikitsaa),
Psychiatry (Graha Chikitsa),
Treatment of head and neck (S`aalakya tantra),
Surgery (S`alya tantra),
Toxicology (Agada tantra),
Rejuvenation therapy (Rasayana tantra) and
Reproductive medicine (Vajeekarana cikitsaa).
The main aims of Ayurveda are to
To prevent diseases
To treat and cure diseases
And both these are aimed towards the promotion of health on three levels:
Mentally
Physically
Spiritually
As we refer to Ayurveda as a holistic system of medicine and health native to ancient
India & Nepal. Ayurveda has not restricted itself as the path, which treats diseases but
being the science of life has covered all the aspects necessary to maintain health and to
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restore it when inflicted with a disease. There are certain rules and regulations of
Ayurveda, which are nothing but guidelines, which are to be followed to remain fit,
refrain from diseases and lead a healthy life.
Ayurveda was thus discovered & developed as a means to secure the 4 pursuits of
purusharthas of living for all of which health is indispensable & where Dharma is the most cardinal engagement. It is for the sake of Dharma that the science of Ayurveda was bought to light by the sages & not for fulfilling personal desires and lusts of the
individual. It is this basic ethicality where in the science of medicine is but incidental to assure it & the sweep of its thinking that to attends to all the activities of man that
Ayurveda becomes most praise worthy. It is this frame work of thinking that has made it through, all sufficient & truly holistic. However it is not merely a stance of philosophy or rules of ethics but also abounds in meticulous details of dietetics, healthful living,
diagnosis of disease therapy measures for their prevention and ever elixirisation of life whereby an individual attains an all round excellence, vitality and total resistance to
disease.
Besides, the sages has adopted two means; deep contemplation, almost a mystic state of heightened & expanded consciousness far beyond the normal states of the mind, and an inherent observation coupled with attention to meticulous details. The former gave
them not merely an intimate experience of the divine Atama and a capacity to arrive at a really astounding world vision & infallible knowledge, within where frame work and
amount of further details can be worked out without altering the basics even now. The later gave them the means of exploring the objective world as much as they needed. In fact Ayurveda intellect never made any hard line distinction between objective science &
subjective philosophy. It is not contradictory to scientific development but, it may give modern science something to which it is just still missing.
The strength & uniqueness of Ayurveda lies in its philosophical breadth of thinking in
true consonance to the typically pure élan. The later insists on a view of Dharma or the recognition of an order & regulation everywhere & the need to confirm ourselves to its
precepts for our own sustenance when ensures the all important ethical framework. It enters into dealing extremely analytically with such details of what we should eat in order to keep our balance of mind and so on. Ayurveda traces the origin & evolution of
sentional begins i.e. biology & not the inorganic world of physics or the 5 mahabhutas:-
1. Prithivi – Earth/mass (Solids) 2. Jala – Water (Liquids)
3. Agni – Fire/energy 4. Vayu – Air/movements 5. Aakas – Space/the sky which affords the medium.
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It is clear that there is nothing in this world form stars to our body, the food we eat & the drugs we employ that do not contain any of these 5 mahabhutas. The difference is
only in proportions of their composition in any given entry.
Dravyaguna Vigyan
The science in which dravya is studied in detail is called as Dravya-guna-vigyan
(Herbology). Dravya-guna-vigyan is based on the ideas of satva-raja-tama, panchmahabhootas and various experiences derived from the study of balance-imbalance
of basic components of the universe. Dravya-guna-vigyan has been formulated in context with swasthya (health) and rugna (disease). The basic ideas have been developed keeping the patient in mind. Dravya-
guna-vigyan is thus a science of treatment.
Dravya-guna-shastra is not only a useful factor for swasthya (maintenance of health) and chikitsa (treatment) but is also the chief factor involved in various substances as well as non-substances which are instrumental in vitiating health and creating disharmony in
the equilibrium of body components. The use of Dravya-guna-shastra is necessary for restoring this equilibrium. If drugs are to be used then thorough knowledge of these is
essential. It has been seen, that mention of the use of medicinal plant is found in all the four
Vedas namely Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. Ayurveda, which is a text on the preventive and curative aspects of disease, is a part of Atharvaveda.
The use of plants & animals as source of food & medicine is an old as humanity. One
can find abundant reference of use of plants as healing agents both in works of Indian
medicine and other works of antiquity like Papyrus Ebers (1550 B.C.), works of Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.), Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) in Historia Plantarum,
Dioscoorides (1st Century) in De Materia Medica (78 A.D.), Galen (131-200 A.D.) etc.
According to Ayurveda the best drugs are found in Himalaya i.e. Nepal. According to JADAN (2059) Nepal comprises about 6000 species of flowering plants, 380 species of pteridophytes, 1037 species of Bryophytes, 465 species of lichens, 687 species of algae
and over 1600 species of fungi.
Herbs occupy a very important place in all ages & in all civilizations unconcerned with the development of synthetic & chemotherapeutic agents.
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Herbs are being used since ancient time to maintain health, to treat disease and regain the healthy state of mind and body. All the above mentioned Vedas have described herbs
(medicinal plants) in different ways but the concept of pran (life) is common to all.
According to Rigveda one who possesses a variety of herbs should be called as a vaidya (Ayurvedic Physician). In Atharvaveda mainly four types of treatments have been
mentioned:
Atharvani Angirasi
Daivi Manushi
Among these four, Manushi refers to the use of plants in its treatment.
Treatment by dravyas or herbs of plant origin is given more emphasis than by animal source. The panchabhautik composition of herbs, their rasas, vipak, veerya etc. are classified on the basis of their action. Though medicinal classification is action based, it
is also done on morphological basis in relation to diet.
The Sapindaceae are mostly trees and shrubs, and tendril-bearing vines
comprising about 140 genera and 1,500 species. The leaves are alternate, simple, or more commonly pinnately compound; stipules are absent except
in the climbing forms. The flowers are small, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, and commonly functionally unisexual, although a given individual may bear seemingly bisexual flowers together with either male or
female flowers. The perianth typically is biseriate, consisting of calyx and corolla. The calyx comprises 4 or 5 distinct or sometimes basally connate
sepals. The corolla consists of 4 or 5 distinct petals or sometimes is absent. The petals commonly have basal appendages on the inner side. The stamens
are distinct, often have hairy filaments, and in quantity usually are equal to or twice the number of calyx lobes. The gynoecium consists of a single
compound pistil of usually 3 carpels, commonly an equal number of styles
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or style lobes, and a superior ovary usually with 3 locules, each containing 1 or 2 axile or axile-apical ovules. Most species have an extrastaminal, often
asymmetrical nectary disk situated between the stamens and corolla. The fruit is variable.
Up to the Kingdom Kingdom Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Sapindales
Family Sapindaceae – Soapberry family
Contains 27 Genera and 40 accepted taxa overall
Down one level
Genus Alectryon Gaertn. – alectryon P
Genus Allophylus L. – allophylus P
Genus Blighia K.D. Koenig – blighia P
Genus Cardiospermum L. – balloonvine P Genus Cupania L. – cupania P
Genus Cupaniopsis Radlk. – carrotwood P
Genus Dimocarpus Lour. – dimocarpus P
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Genus Dodonaea Mill. – dodonaea P
Genus Exothea Macfad. – exothea P
Genus Filicium Thwaites P
Genus Harpullia Roxb. – harpullia P
Genus Hypelate P. Br. – hypelate P
Genus Koelreuteria Laxm. – koelreuteria P
Genus Litchi Sonn. – lychee P
Genus Matayba Aubl. – matayba P
Genus Melicoccus P. Br. – melicoccus P
Genus Nephelium L. – nephelium P
Genus Paullinia L. – bread and cheese P
Genus Sapindus L. – soapberry P
Genus Schleichera Willd. – schleichera P
Genus Serjania Mill. – serjania P Genus Talisia Aubl. P
Genus Thouinia Poit. – thouinia P
Genus Tristiropsis Radlk. P
Genus Ungnadia Endl. – ungnadia P
Genus Urvillea Kunth – urvillea P
Genus Xanthoceras Bunge – xanthoceras P
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Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken
Kingdom Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Sapindales
Family Sapindaceae – Soapberry family
Genus Schleichera Willd. – schleichera P
Species Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken – lac tree P
Schleichera oleosa is included in the following B and T World Seeds flowering plant categories.
Exotic and Other Fruit and Nut Tree and Shrub List
Oriental Herb and Vegetable Seed List
Not all Oriental Herbs are Culinary, or even edible. Be sure to correctly identify and prepare all herbs and vegetables before use.
Indian Native and Introduced Plants
Seeds of Cereals Legumes - Food and Oilseed Plants
South East Asian Native Plant Seeds
Preferred Scientific Name Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken
Cussambium oleosum O. Kuntze Pistacia oleosa Lour.
SchleicheratrijugaWilld. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken (Kusum) is a
beautiful tree with a broad, shady crown, found widespread in Tropical Himalayas (Punjab to
Nepal), India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, Malaysia. This tree is mostly noticed
because of its bright red leaves when they are new. In India this happens around March. The
leaves are pinnate, with each leaf having 2-4 leaflets. Flowers are tiny, occuring in short
dense yellow clusters. The flowers are hardly noticeable. The fruit is about the size of a small
plum.
Botanic description Dioecious, deciduous tree, up to 40 m tall.
Bole occasionally up to 2 m in diameter, but generally much less, usually crooked and slightly buttressed. Bark smooth,
grey. Branches terete, striate, with sparse, short fulvous sericeous hairs when young and with sessile glands, black, later yellowish-brown to ashy. Leaves
parinnate, (2-)3(-4)-jugate, the topmost leaflet sometimes situated like a terminal leaflet; axial parts usually early glabrescent; petiole terete to
somewhat flattened or slightly grooved above, 2-6(-8) cm long, pulvinate; rachis terete to triangular; petiolule swollen, slightly grooved above, 1-3 mm
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long; leaflets elliptical to obovate, 4.5-18.5(-25) cm x 2.5-9 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, dark brown or greyish-green above, lighter brown to greenish
beneath, deep purple when young, base subacute to cuneata, often oblique, margin entire to repandous, apex obtuse or emarginate, sometimes shortly
acuminate, veins in 12-15 pairs, looped and joined near the margin. Inflorescence 6-15 cm long, situated in the defoliated part of branchlets
above leaf scars, sometimes axillary, consisting of a few simple (female) or sparsely branched (male) thyrses, the basal part with scattered, many-
flowered fascicles, the upper part spicate, sparsely hairy; flowers functionally unisexual, pale yellow or pale green; pedicel up to 5 mm long;
sepals 4-5, connate at base, lobes ovate to deltoid, about 1.5 mm long, obtuse to acute, with thin hairs on both sides, margin ciliate and sometimes
glandular, deciduous in fruit; disk uninterrupted, petelliform, sinuate; petals absent; stamens 5-9, filaments about 2 mm long, sparsely hairy, much
reduced in female flowers; ovary ovoid, slightly 3-angular and indistinctly 3-sulcate, about 1.3 mm long, style rather thick, up to 1.5 mm long, pistil much reduced in male flowers. Fruit a broadly ovoid, ellipsoid to
subglobular berry, 1-2 seeded, 1.5-2.5 cm x 1-2 cm, base narrowed, apex pointed, yellow, hard-crustaceous, smooth or slightly spiny. Seed
subglobular, about 12 mm x 10 mm x 8 mm, hilum orbicular, testa brown, smooth, glabrous; arillode completely covering the seed, thin papery,
yellow.
Found throughout A.P. and it is fairly abundant along Godavari, Mahadevpur and Pakhal Reserves and the adjoining forests. It is a shade
bearer and drought hardy. It is considered to be the best tree for lac. Identified by paripinnate leaves (lowest pair being smallest), pink colour of
the leaves when very young and grey bark (red inside). It preferes sandy or sandy loam soils. It is a good coppicer, produces root suckers freely and a good fodder species.
Flowering :
Racemes of greenish yellow flowers appear along with new leaves in March-April.
Fruiting :
Fruit ripen in June-July and quickly falls on the ground.
Morphology of the Fruit / Seed :
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Fruit 2.5 to 3 cms long, globose or ovoid, 1-3 celled, more or less abruptly tapering to a point, dry indehiscent. Seeds 1.5 cm long, smooth, brown,
enclosed in a succulent aril having an acid taste.
Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe fruits are collected in July-August, dried and trashed to separate the
seeds. Stored in gunny bags after smearing with ash for about 6 months without any deterioration.
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Ecology and distribution
History of cultivation
Occurs naturally from the foothils of the Himalayas and the western Deccan to Sri Lanka and Indo-China. It was probably introduced to Malesia and has
naturalized in Indonesia (Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali and Nusa Tenggara), Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Ceram and the Kai Islands). It is
occasionally cultivated throughout the tropics, especially in India. Natural Habitat S. oleosa occurs spontaneously in dry, mixed deciduous forest and
savanna with only scattered trees, sometimes gregariously. In Java, it is found in areas with natural teak forest. It grows on rather dry to occasionally
swampy locations on various, often rocky, gravelly or loamy, well drained, preferable slightly acid soil. S.oleosa is fire-resistant. Seedling are frost
sensitive and light-demanding. Occurs naturally from the foothils of the Himalayas and the western Deccan
to Sri Lanka and Indo-China. It was probably introduced to Malesia and has naturalized in Indonesia (Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali and Nusa Tenggara), Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Ceram and the Kai Islands).
Biophysicallimits Altitude: In Java, it occurs usually at low altitudes, but can be found up to
900(-1200) m; Annual rainfall: 750-2500 mm and dry season; Absolute maximum temperatures: 35-47.5 de. C; Absolute minimum temperatures: -
2.5 deg. C.
Reproductive Biology
S. oleosa is deciduous, but completely leafless for a few days only. In India, leaves drop in December. S. oleosa flowers at the beginning of the dry season and fruits about 6 months later.
Propagation and management
Propagation methods Natural regeneration is by seed and root suckers. Propagation is by direct
sowing in thoroughly prepared soil or by stump planting. In nurseries in West Bengal (India), seed is sown 7.5 cm apart immediately after collection.
Stumps are prepared after one year, when the seedling stem is about 1 cm in
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diameter. The stem is cut back to about 4 cm, the roots to 25 cm. Plant holes should be about 30 cm deep and wide. Regular weeding and protection from
grazing is required.
Tree Management Husbandry: In cultivation, it does not stand heavy prunning, since growth is
rather slow. When S. oleosa is employed as a host for lac insects in northern India, trees are inoculated early in the rainy season (June-July) or in January-
February. Shoots of 4-10 months old are most suitable for larval settlement. Lac is harvested after about 6 months. Only trees with a fully developed
crown produce a good yield of lac. Trees can be improved by heavy pollarding. Trees should be rested for 12-18 months before being
reinoculated.
Germplasm Management Seed can be stored in gunny bags for 1 year, in sealed containers for up to 2 years. The weight of 1000 seeds is 500-700 g.
Functional uses
Products
Fodder: Leaves, twigs and seed-cake are used to feed cattle. Food: The pleasantly acid arillodes of the ripe seeds are eaten, whereas immature fruit
is pickled. Cooked young leaves make a side dish. Fuel: The wood is suitable as firewood and makes excellent charcoal. Lipids: Oil extracted
from the seed, called 'kusum oil', is a valuable component of true Macassar oil used in hairdressing; it is also used for culinary and lighting purpose and
in traditional medicine it is applied to cure itching, acne and other skin afflictions. Unguents are made of the harder fraction of the oil. In Madura
and Java the oil is used in the batik industry, and in southern India as a cooling bath oil. Medicine: Powdered seeds are applied to wounds and ulcers of cattle to remove maggots. The bark is astringent and used against
skin imflammations and ulcers, while an infusion is taken against malaria. Tannin or dyestuff: A dye and tannin are obtained from the bark. Tannin
used to be utilised occasionally for tanning leather. Timber: The pinkish-brown heartwood is very hard and durable, execellent to make pestles,
cartwheels, axles, ploughs, tool handles and rollers of sugar mills and oil presses. Other products: In India, it is used as host for the lac insect
(Laccifer lacca). The product is called kusum lac and is the best in quality and in yield.
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Services
Ornamental: In Central India, it is much planted as a wayside tree.
weberianus), white spongy rot (Daedalea flavida and Hexagonia apiaria) and white fibrous rot (Irpex flavus) are important diseases in India. Pests:
Several defoliators, borers and sap suckers cause damage. The seed is attacked by a bug (Serinetha augur).
Additional Information
Development
S. oleosa produces root suckers freely and pollards well. In Bihar (India), trees grow to a height of about 7 m and a stem diameter of 10 cm in 16
years; in Uttar Pradesh (India) coppice shoots reach a height of 2 m in 1 year, in South Kanara (India) 5 m in 3 years.
Properties Fuel: The energy value of the wood is about 20 800 kJ/kg. Fodder: The
leaves contain per 100 g dry matter appoximately: crude protein 10.5 g, ether extract 2 g, N-free extract 49 g, crude fibre 32.5 g. Timber: The
heartwood of S. oleosa is pinkish-brown, very hard and durable, but cracks very easly during seasoning. To avoid cracking, logs should be sawn when
green and the sawn timber closely stacked; the piles should be protected from the sun and from drying wind. The wood can be kiln-dried
satisfactorily. The wood is very durable under cover, but not durable when exposed. It takes preservatives well. Dry wood is very hard to saw, it can be
planed to a very smooth surface which takes a high, lasting polish. Lipids: The oil content of the kernel varies from 59-72%. The oil is yellowish-brown and semi-solid and consists of oleic acid (52%), arachidic acid (20%),
stearic acid (10%), gadoleic acid (9%). It also contains cyanogenic compounds, which may cause giddiness and should be removed if the oil is
used for human consumption. Tannin or dyestuff and Medicine: The bark contains about 10% tannin and the analgesic compound lupeol and the
antitumor agents betulin and betulic acid have been isolated from it. Food: The press cake contains per 100 g approximately : water 5.5 g, protein 22 g,
Yield: In India, a mature tree yields 21-28 kg depulped seed per year. Handling after harvest : For depulping, fruits are kept in heaps for 2-4 days
and are then rubbed clean. After crushing the depulped seed, the oil is extracted by boiling or pressing. The oil yield obtained by boiling is 32-35
% of the kernel weight, by pressing 25-27 %. Raw lac is harvested with the branches as stick-lac. It is washed, dried and winnowed to yield agranular
substance called seed-lac.
Prospects
Where wild S. oleosa occurs abundantly, it remains important as a fuelwood, but its growth is too slow to be planted for fuel. Where seed is available in
large amounts, pressing and refining of oil combined with the manufacturing of seed cake as cattle feed may be viable, although the quantity currently
processed is well below its potential. As a host of the lac insect, S. oleosa is preferable to other hosts. Depending on demand for natural lac, it may be useful in village industry.
Medicinal plants of Nepal
Nepali name: Kusum English name : Ceylon oak, Lac tree, Macassar tree, Honey tree
Distribution : Tropical Himalaya (Punjab to Nepal) India, Srilanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indo- china , Malaysia
Distribution Nepal : WCE, Tropical Description : Tree, leaves opposite, sub sessile, 1-16 ×0.6-6 cm lanceolate,
acuminate, entire, glabrous, flowers in raceme , greenish yellow
Parts used – Bark- Fruits oil Application – Powder, oil
Uses – Bark is astringent and antipyretic, if rubbed up with oil it cures itch, leprosy, skin disease, inflammation, ulcers, etc. It is also useful in arthralgia
and malaria, fruit are used in heat stroke seed oil is antihelminthic, purgative and tonic. It is efficious in alopecia, scald, burns, itch, dermatopathy, ulcers,
cephalgia, seed powder is applied to ulcers of animals to remove maggots.
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Kusum is also the popular name of another tree species ie. Garcinia cowa
Roxb. In Bihar which has been identified here with Kuvaka s'jn . It might be noted that kosamra being one of the constituent of Nyagrodhadigana should
be astringenty (;+uf|xL) and it might be presumed that the tree bark may have this property while the fruits and seed have purgative action.