Ayo Thesis Defense

GEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A SALINE RESERVOIR FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION:

THE PALUXY FORMATION,CITRONELLE DOME, GULF OF MEXICO BASIN,

ALABAMA

Ayobami Timothy Folaranmi

SECARB III – “ANTHROPOGENIC”

2

MHI 25 Mw CO2 CAPTURE PLANT, MOBILE

CO2 absorberRegenerator

ElectricalControl room

Pipeline in

Compressor, pipeline out

Facility cost = ~$100 Million Taxpayer cost = $0Capacity ~ 500 tons CO2/d 3

4

D-9-7 #2 INJECTION WELLHEAD

150,000 metric tonnes of CO2 Stored

STUDY AREA

Koperna et al., 2012

5

1. Proximity to CO2

sources.

2. Abundant porous and permeable sandstone bodies that lack faults.

3. Multiple regional seals.

4. Maturity of field and well developed infrastructure for carbon storage.

Total storage capacity is estimated between 500 million and 2 billion tonnesof CO2.

OBJECTIVE

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Analyze the depositional and diagenetic controls on reservoir quality and architecture.

STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

Pashin et al., 20087

Regional seal thickness:

Midway Group ~800 ft

Selma Group ~1,200 ft

Marine Tuscaloosa Shale ~400 ft

Wash-Fred seal ~150 ft

Reservoir zone thickness:

Paluxy Fm. ~1,150 ft

Paluxy

Formation

0 ft

10,000 ft

5,000 ft

GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND

Pashin and Jin, 2004 8

STRUCTURAL CONTOUR MAPSTop Ferry Lake Anhydrite Top Lower Tuscaloosa Group

Plant

Barry

Pashin and Jin, 2004

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DATA AND METHODSCORE DESCRIPTION

208.7 feet of core

4 cores

3 wells

WELL LOG & CORE ANALYSIS

Field-scale correlation and analysis

43 vintage well logs with

Spontaneous Potential and

Resistivity curves.

3 modern wells with robust

well log suites.

Petrophysical analysis

- Porosity and permeability

data from core plugs.

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METHODSTHIN SECTION ANALYSIS X-RAY DIFFRACTION SEM ANALYSIS

37 thin sections

- 10 T.S stained with

cobalt nitrite. Qualitative determination

of major minerals

- Clay minerals

OSU Microscopy Lab

- Clay Morphology

- Authigenic cement

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WELL D-9-8 #2

Paluxy Fm.

Washita-Fredericksburg

interval

Main targets in

upper Paluxy SS

Cored interval

10,000 ft

10,500 ft

9,500 ft

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GRAPHIC CORE LOGS

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CONGLOMERATE FACIESSharp basal contact Shale intraclasts Clay-coated caliche clasts

Mudstone cobble

Calcite

cement

Core width = 10 cm 14D-9-7 #2, 9,632 ftD-9-7 #2, 9,624.5 ft

D-9-9 #2, 9,419 ft

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SANDSTONE FACIES (RESERVOIR)Meniscate burrows

(insects and other soil dwellers)

Cross-beds

Ripple cross-laminae

Core width = 10 cm

D-9-8 #2, 9,449 ft

D-9-7 #2, 9,570 ft

D-9-7 #2, 9,568 ft

D-9-7 #2, 9,582 ft

MUDSTONE (BAFFLES, BARRIERS, SEALS)Caliche profile

Red mudstone

with blocky peds Calcite-filled cracks,

caliche nodules

Core width = 10 cm 16D-9-7 #2, 9,634 ft

D-9-9 #2, 9,424.5 ft

D-9-7 #2, 9,590.5 ft

NW-SE CROSS SECTION

1 mi

500 ft

Ferry Lake Anhydrite

Mooringsport Fm.

Paluxy Fm.

basal

middle

upper

Wash-Fred interval

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PETROLOGIC ANALYSIS

Illite coat

Vacuolized

feldspar

Quartz

overgrowth

Grain-size

pore

18D-9-7 #2, 9,595.60 ft

FELDSPAR DISSOLUTION

Quartz

Kaolinite

Vacuolized

feldspar

Illite

coat

19D-9-7 #2, 9,595.60 ft

CEMENTS AND CLAYS

Carbonate

rhomb

Euhedral

quartz

overgrowth

Pore-filling

kaolinite

Platy illite

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D-9-7 #2, 9,621 ft D-9-8 #2, 9,401 ft

D-9-8 #2, 9,439.5 ft

X-RAY DIFFRACTION

Illite

Kaolinite

D-9-9 #2, 9,441.5 ft.

2 Theta

Co

un

ts

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CLASSIFICATION & PROVENANCE

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Craton-interior to Transitonal Continental

origin.

Mainly subarkosic sandstone

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DIAGENETIC PROCESSES Major diagenetic processes associated with pedogenesis, oxidation.

Oxic and calcareous paleosols, intensely burrowed sandstone, and reddening provide evidence for long-term exposure of sand and mud.

Immature grain texture commonly preserved; quartz overgrowths generally localized, euhedral.

Feldspar dissolution critical control on reservoir quality.

Organic acids generated by vegetation probably contributed to development of pore-sized voids, vacuolized feldspar grains, pore-filling kaolinite, illite grain coats.

Clay coats probably represent combination of armoring during saltation, some illuviation.

Only lower parts of channel sandstone bodies escaped intense oxidation and clay coating.

Localized late-stage preciptation of ferroan calcite and dolomite during deep burial.

CORE ANALYSIS RESULTSP

erm

ea

bil

ity (

mD

)

Porosity (%)

CORE ANALYSIS

D-9-7 #2, 9,568–9,636 ft

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Clay Matrix

degrades

reservoir quality

DEPOSITIONAL MODEL

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MODERN ANALOGS

Sandstone resembles classic sandy braided stream deposits,

South Saskatchewan River

White channel sand and

Reddened longitudinal

bars forming along

Ganges River

MODERN ANALOGS

Lateral extent indicates

regionally extensive

braidplain setting

Paluxy braidplains

~500 miles wide;

no modern analog

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MODERN ANALOGS

Holocene muddy braidplains with calcrete in Cooper’s Creek,

Lake Eyre Basin, eastern Australia; maximum width ~10 miles

STORAGE STRATEGIESStrategies

Plume model

Multiple options available; multizone storage minimizes footprint, distributes pressure buildup.

Sandstone continuity, reservoir quality greatest in basal and upper Paluxy.

Available reservoir thickness greatest in upper Paluxy.

Individual sandstone bodies not mappableacross field; critical injection planning best conducted in specific plume areas.

Wash-Fred seal heterogeneous; in facies relationship with reservoir-quality sandstone, so care must be exercised.

Wash-Fred sandstone provides buffer capacity; security provided by numerous additional seals.

450 Kt 3 yr after

injection

Koperna et al., 2012

CONCLUSIONS

Multistorey, bedload-dominated fluvial deposits interbedded with interfluvial mudstone in braidplain setting.

Sandstone is very fine- to coarse-grained subarkose and arkose.

Diagenesis driven mainly by pedogenic processes.

Grain dissolution, quartz overgrowth, clay coating, carbonate cement influence reservoir quality.

Reservoir porosity commonly >20% and permeability up to 3.8 Darcies making the Paluxy Fm. an ideal CO2 injection zone.

Wash-Fred seal laterally extensive but in complex facies relationship with reservoir quality sandstone.

Delineating reservoir heterogeneity helps in identifying and prioritizing CO2 injection zones, understanding reservoir confinement, and subsurface flow pathways.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

U.S. Department of Energy-NETL

Southern Company

Advanced Resources International

Southeastern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB)

Denbury Resources, Incorporated

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr. Jack Pashin

Dr. Mary Hileman

Dr. Joseph Donoghue

Dr. Jim Puckette

Lisa Whitworth

Jenny, Ibrahim, Kitso, Mercy, Christian, Pride & others

Boone Pickens School of Geology

My Parents

GOD ALMIGHTY

THANK YOU!!!