What is the relationship between self-efficacy, motivation and re-motivation? Graduation Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of English Language and Literature Notre Dame Seishin University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Arts 1
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What is the relationship between self-efficacy, motivation and re-motivation?
Graduation Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the Department of
English Language and Literature
Notre Dame Seishin University
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Degree
Bachelor of Arts
by
Ayaka Sato
2015
1
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction of motivation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Motivation types
1.2.1 Intrinsic motivation and Extrinsic motivation
1.2.2 Demotivation
1.3 What is Self-efficacy?
1.3.1 The definition of self efficacy
1.3.2 Characteristic in level of self-efficacy
1.3.3 Source of self-efficacy
1.4 Relationship between motivation and self-efficacy
1.5 Research questions
1.6 Conclusion
Chapter 2: Data collection
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The questionnaire
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Method
2.2.3 Results
2.3 Summary
Chapter 3: The Discussion
3.2 Summary of the results
3.3 Answering the research questions
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3.4 Implications
3.5 Limitations of the thesis
3.6 Further research
3.7 Conclusion
References
Appendix
3
Abstract
English is used all over the world, and many people study English for their own
reasons. Not everyone has succeeded in studying English. Some people can’t keep
their motivation for studying and they give up. Motivation is one of the most important
sources of success in second language learning. To keep motivation constantly is
difficult for learners, they have experienced their motivation going up and down. Self-
efficacy affects the amount of effort and persistence that a person devotes to a task, so
student's self-efficacy may play an important role in his or her academic achievement
and keeping motivation. This thesis focuses on the relationship between self-efficacy,
motivation and re-motivation.
In Chapter One, we discussed the definition of motivation generally, demotivation,
self-efficacy and relation between motivation and self-efficacy.
In Chapter Two, we look at the result of questionnaire from 55 subjects. The
questionnaire helped analyze the subject’s motivation map for learning English, level of
self-efficacy, and motivation changes and reason why.
In Chapter Three, we discussed the result of the questionnaire. The results showed
subjects have various type of motivation and various way to keep their motivation. We
found out intrinsic motivation is helpful to recover and keep motivation, and especially a
subject with a high level of self-efficacy will do at keeping high motivation.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Motivation
1.1 Introduction
In recent years, second language learning, especially English, has become very
important in Japan. The number of people who are studying abroad in various countries
has been increasing, and we also see many foreigners everywhere. With the world
becoming more and more international, it is more essential for many people to learn
English. English is an official language in many countries in the world, not for only
students but also office workers and older people learn English for their own purpose.
For some people, learning English is a lot of fun and enjoyable. While, for others
learning English is just frustrating because they cannot find any interest in learning
English. These differences of opinion for learning English are often caused by the
different levels of motivation. If they have high motivation, they can learn English more
effectively and achieve their goal, but if they have low motivation, they may give up
learning. According to this theory, keeping high motivation is a key to successful
achievement.
This section outlines types of motivation, how to deal with demotivation and being
remotivated. We will look at self-efficacy theories (Bandura, 1977) to find some hint to
become re-motivated after we have looked at some types of motivation.
1.2 motivation types
1.2.1 Intrinsic motivation and Extrinsic motivation
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Motivation can be classified into two types which are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic
motivation. Gardner, Deri and Ryan (1985) asserted their motivation theories by saying
“Learners who are interested in learning tasks and outcomes for their own reasons
(intrinsic) rather than for rewards (extrinsic) are likely to become more effective
learners.”
(1) Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation is involved in an activity which is enjoyable and satisfying to do.
This type of motivation originates inside of the individual. For example, learners study
English, because they like it or because they want to speak English fluently. Nakamura
(1989) defines intrinsic motivation as "when the experience of doing something
generates interest and enjoyment and the reason for performing the activity lies within
the activity itself, then the motivation is likely to be intrinsic " (as cited in Williams &
Burden, 1999, p123).
(2) Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation is involved in behavior which is driven by external rewards such
as money, fame, grades. This type of motivation arises from outside the individual. For
example, learners study English to just pass the entrance exams or to get a good jobs
in the future. According to Nakamura (1989), "when the only reason for performing an
act is to gain something outside the activity itself, such as passing exam, or obtaining
financial rewards, the motivation is likely to be extrinsic" (as cited in Williams & Burden,
1999, p123).
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Moreover, other researchers mention about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Dickinson (1987) argues that “success increases motivation in people who are focused
on learning goals, that is, who are intrinsically motivated.” Koestner & McClelland
(1990) suggest that ”if external actions improve feeling of capability, as when someone is
told s/he has done a task excellent, intrinsic motivation is likely to increase. On other
hand, actions which lead to feeling of lack of ability are probably to weaken intrinsic
motivation.” However, Williams & Burden (1999) believe that “it is not easy to
distinguish between these two types of actions in learning as “many of our action are
probably promoted by a mixture of both extrinsic and intrinsic reasons" (p. 123.)
In other words, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation effect one’s action and
need to succeed, increasing motivaion.
(3) Pink’s 3 factors
Daniel Pink (2009) suggests that intrinsic motivation is based on the three basic
sources, autonomy, mastery, and purpose. According to him, these intrinsic sources of
motivation are essential to maximizing performance.
1. Autonomy
Autonomy means giving people control over how they do tasks. That is what they
work on, when they work on it, how they perform the work and who they perform it with.
Pink (2009) said “Autonomy approaches assume people are active, looking for
interesting work and curious and self-engaging. Autonomous motivation has proven to
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promote greater conceptual understanding, result in better grades, enhance persistence
at school and in sporting activities, generate higher productivity, less burnout, and
greater levels of psychological well-being.” When people have autonomous motivation,
they do and keep good work.
2. Mastery
People have an innate drive to get better at things. Pink (2009) said “Mastery is the
desire to get better at what we do. First, mastery is a mindset, in that we either believe we
can get better or we don’t. Second, mastery is a pain, in that it involves not only working
harder but working longer at the same thing. Finally, mastery is an asymptote, or a
straight line that you may come close to but never reach.”
3. Purpose
Purpose gives people a reason to stretch, explore, and keep at it. It helps people to
figure out the high-level “why” question for the tasks like that what’s the point of doing
this task?, who does it affect?, why does it matter? It make a positive contribution to
others and progress every day.
1.2.2 Demotivation
Demotivation is one type of motivation. Generally speaking, a 'demotivated'
learner is someone who was once motivated but has lost his or her interest for some
reason. Because of some demotivational factors, the initial motivational levels of
learners gradually decrease. According to Dörnyei (2001), demotivation refers to
4
Rob Waring, 01/05/15,
now comment on this
Rob Waring, 01/05/15,
this too
“external forces that reduce or diminish the motivational basis of a behavioral intention
or an ongoing action." For instance,
1) the textbook lacks dynamic elements and variety,
2) class is at an inappropriate level or pace; too easy or too difficult, and
3) lack of clear explanations about what students should do or why.
However, Dörnyei describes three negative factors that are not instances of
demotivation.
1) “An attractive alternative action that serves as a powerful distraction.”
This is because they make people reduce motivation but do not carry a negative
value but present more attractive options. (e.g. watching TV instead of doing one’s
homework)
2) “The gradual loss of interest in a long-lasting, ongoing activity”
This is because it is only due to diminishing motivation, not something that is an
influence from others to lose one’s motivation.
3) “The sudden realization that the costs of pursuing a goal are too high”
This occurs because it is the result of an internal deliberation, but if it is caused by
the termination of action, that would be a case of demotivation.(e.g. the persuasion
of an influential friend)
From Dörnyei’s considerations, “demotivation concerns specific forces that reduce or
diminish the motivational basis of a behavioral intention or an ongoing action.”
5
Rob Waring, 01/08/15,
For example ...
1.3 What is Self-efficacy?
1.3.1 The definition of self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is a kind of personal expectation or judgment concerning one's
capability to accomplish some tasks. Schunk (1991) defines self-efficacy as "an
individual's judgments of his or her capabilities to perform given actions", Pintrich
(2003b, p. 107) defines it as "students beliefs about their ability to do the task." and
Bandura (1986) defines it as "people's judgments of their capabilities to organize and
execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performance" (p. 391)
Bandura also described “these beliefs as determinants of how people think, behave,
and feel (1994).”
1.3.2 Characteristic in level of self-efficacy
Bandura and others have found that an individual’s self-efficacy plays a major role in
how to approach in one’s goals, tasks and challenges. There are some examples about
characteristic between difference level of self-efficacy. People with a strong sense of
self-efficacy tend to be people who:
● View challenging problems as tasks to be masterd
● Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they participate
● Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities
● Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments
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On the other hand, people with a weak sense of self-efficacy tend to be people who:
● Avoid challenging tasks
● Believe that difficult tasks and situations are beyond their capabilities
● Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes
● Quickly lose confidence in personal abilities
That is a reference to the end, but there are different reactions to the tasks in the level
of self-efficacy. So self-efficacy is related to how we feel, what we think, and what we
do.
1.3.3 Sources of self-efficacy
Bandura (1997) indentified four sources that affect self-efficacy: mastery
experiences, social experiences, social persuasion and phsysiological responses.
Mastery experience
Mastery experiences are our personal experience and the most influential source of
self-efficacy. Successful experiences, or efforts made to accomplish the tasks people
have performed in the past strengthen our sense of self-efficacy.
Vicarious experiences
This is other people’s experiences and another important source of self-efficacy. By
observing the success of others, people can predict as “I feel like I can do it." Through
social comparison, the abilities of others are recognized as own capabilities.(Bandura,
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1997).
Social persuasion
This is getting verbal encouragement from others about given tasks. Social
persuasion helps people overcome self-doubt and promote development of skills and
sense of personal efficacy and lead them to try hard enough to succeed. However, only
social persuasion is easy to decrease sense of self-efficacy.
Psychological responses
This is our own responses and emotional reactions to situations. Moods, emotional
states, physical reactions, and stress levels can impact how people feels about their
personal abilities in a particular situation. Negative moods or thoughts of previous
failures can disturb one’s capabilities and affect one’s self-efficacy. Otherwise positive
moods support positive memories and self-efficacy.
These four sources help develop seIf-efficacy, however, it is important to consider
that they may have negative influences on one's self-efficacy, too. For example
observing another person failing a task, may lead to the conclusion that also oneself
isn't capable to succed. Relating verbal persuasion, comments have to be made very
careful, as negative persuasions weaken self-beliefs. We need to make good use of
these four sources.
1.4 Relation between motivation and self-efficacy
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People have some goals they want to achieve and things they want to change,
however it’s not so quite simple to put these plans in to action. Acting for some goals
and sustaining the action is difficult, so we also need motivation to perform the tasks.
This is the same for several fields, of course, including language learning.
A student's self-efficacy may play an important role in their academic
achievement. Schunk (1991) claims that "there is evidence that self-efficacy predicts ...
academic achievement" (p. 207). According to Bandura (1977), “self-efficacy affects the
amount of effort and persistence that a person devotes to a task.”
1.5 Research Questions
We have looked at many types of motivation, demotivation, self-efficacy, relationship
between motivation and self-efficacy. When people learn language and get demotivated,
how do they keep learning? The following are three research questions.
1. Why do people get demotivated?
2. Is the locus of control internal, or external?
3. What can we do to help demotivated learners become re-motivated?
1.6 Conclusion
For learners motivation is very important. If learners a have high level of motivation,
they can learn English more effectively and achieve their goal, but if they have low level
of motivation, they may give up learning. In this chapter, we learned about the types of
motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and Pink’s 3 factors of intrinsic
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motivation, autonomy, mastery and purpose. However, it is difficult to keep motivation
for some learners have experienced demotivate in studying. We also saw about
demotivaton and self-efficacy which had a relationship with keeping motivation.
In Chapter 2, we will look at the experiment that I asked about English motivation,
demotivation and self efficacy to 55 University students who major in English
department.
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Chapter 2: Data Collection
2.1 Introduction
In Chapter One, we looked at types of motivation, self-efficacy and relationship
between motivation and self-efficacy. In this chapter, we will look at the result of a
questionaire to investigate about student motivation for English learning as well as at
their self-efficacy.
2.2 The questionnaire
2.2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we will examine the students’ motivation for English studying and
look at their motivation changes and their self efficacy. When their motivation goes up or
goes down, then what is the reason and what happened to them? What is the level of
student self-efficacy? To discover these, we made three types of questionnaire with 35
questions in total. Some were closed questions and others they had to write their
experiences or opinion and they had to make a graph.
2.2.2 Method
Aim
The first questionnaire aimed to find people who had become remotivated in their
English studying and examined what happened to them and then what they did to
remotivate themselves. Moreover, through their answers, we can also find some
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tendencies of people who motivate, demotivate and remotivate.
1) Subjects
The subjects were 41 Notre Dame Seishin University students, who were members
of the English department and 16 Okayama University students, who were members of
the education department and were English majors. Six of them are female and 10
male. All of those subjects are majoring in English in university because this study is
about motivation for English, we focused on people continuing to study English. We
didn’t care about their English levels because this study is to find any types of motivated
people.
2) Test design
The questionnaire had three types.
Type 1 was writing the subject’s motivation map. The first section was a motivation
question and asked whether or not the subject had been lost their motivation and the
reason why they dropped their motivation. The second section was about changing the
subjects’ motivation and which was done by drawing a motivation map. The reason why
this questionnaire was designed this way to research to find out some types of English,
the learner’s motivation and changes about their motivation.
Type 2 had 16 closed questions about subjects’ self-efficacy. The aim was to
research their levels of self-efficacy subjects. The Japanese version is in the appendix.
Self-efficacy Questionnaire
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Gender
● Male
● Female
1. At work (or part-time job), you have a confidence in what you do?
● Yes
● Maybe
● No
2. You often feel down when you recall your failures or bad experiences in
the past.
● Yes
● No
3. You have better ability than your friend.
● Yes
● No
4. After finishing the work, you often feel you didn't do well.
● Yes
● No
5. You worry more than other people.
● Yes
● No
6. When you decide something, you aren't irresolute.
● Yes
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● No
7. When doing something, you often worry abou bad outcomes.
● Yes
● No
8. You think you are shy.
● Yes
● No
9. You have superior to memory.
● Yes
● No
10. You tackle the tasks positively which is unclear the outlook of result.
● Yes
● No
11. you often can't start the tasks because you can't determine how to do.
● Yes
● No
12. You have a particularly good knowledge as a field than friends.
● Yes
● No
13. You do any things aggressively.
● Yes
● No
14. You worry about than people even if it's a small failure.
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● Yes
● No
15. You are not good at acting positively.
● Yes
● No
16. You have ability to contribute to the world.
● Yes
● No
Type 3 had 15 marked questions and 4 free-writing questions about their motivation
for learning English. They asked about the reason why the subjects are study English
and about their motivational experiences and opinions through their learning English
life. The aim was to find some clues to find how to recover as well as keeping their
motivation. The Japanese version of the questionnaire is in the Appendix. the English
version is below.
Background
What is your English level?
1 2 3 4 5
High Low
I like studying English.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
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● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I’m interested in foreign language.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I like English teacher.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I enjoyed speaking with native people.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I want to communicate in English fluently.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I want to make foreign friends.
16
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I want to improve my English ability.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I want to understand foreign movies and books in English.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I belong to the English department at my university.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I have to good grade and want to graduate.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
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● Not At All True
It is worth to get English skill.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I use English in business in the future.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
I would like to travel abroad.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
Other people respect me more if I have knowledge of a foreign language.
● Exactly True
● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
It’s cool to speak in English.
● Exactly True
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● Moderately True
● Hardly True
● Not At All True
1, What happened to lower your motivation and what was your reaction to
it?
2, How did this experience change you?
3, For those who were demotivated in the past, how did you revive or
remotivate yourself?
4, Is there anything you do to keep motivated in your English study?
3) Procedure
The questionnaire Type 1 was printed and handed out to the participants. The
researcher collected as many questionnaires as possible and got 55 papers. The data
of motivation map was converted into numerals.
Here you should put an example of a Motivation map
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Figure 1: A sample motivation map
The motivation map has two arrows. A vertical line was the level of motivation and was
classified 1 to 10. The horizontal line was time (e.g. Elementary year 6 (E6), JH1, SH2,
Un3 etc.), the beginning of the line is the time when participants begin to study English
and the end of the line is now. Time was classified into ten sections, 0~E3, E4~E6,