Axial skeleton: skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) bony thorax (ribs and sternum) Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae) upper limbs (arms) pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx) lower limbs (legs) Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed. Regions of the Human Skeleton
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Axial skeleton: skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)
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Axial skeleton:skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles
associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
The Fetal Skull: Superior View (10.9)•Skull bones are still incomplete •Fontanels (“little fountain”):
•Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes•Pulse can be felt surging in these “soft spots”•Allow infants head to be compressed slightly during birth•Accommodate brain growth in fetus & infant
•Anterior fontanel remains soft until 1.5-2yrs of age•Others are replaced by bone by the end of the first year
Fetal Skull: Lateral View (10.9)
Paranasal Sinuses Paranasal Sinuses (10.6)(10.6)
• Mucus lined, hollow, air-filled portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
• Mucoase of sinus help to warm and humidify inspired air
The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Anchored by narrow stylohyoid ligaments to syloid process of temporal bone.
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
Spine has a normal curvature
Vertebrae vary in size and morphology
Each vertebrae named according to location:
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum (5 fused)
1 coccyx (4 fused)
Structure of a Typical VertebraeStructure of a Typical Vertebrae
•Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, costal cartilages•True ribs -directly attached to sternum (1st seven pairs•Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib•Two pairs of floating ribs